S-Space.: Differential Equations 1.3 Inverse Laplace Transform - Part 1
S-Space.: Differential Equations 1.3 Inverse Laplace Transform - Part 1
S-Space.: Differential Equations 1.3 Inverse Laplace Transform - Part 1
• Laplace transform is an integral operator that maps a function f(t) in t-space into a function F(s) in
s-space.
1
(a) 1 = ℒ−1 (b) tn = ℒ−1{n!/sn+1}, n = 1, 2, 3, …
s
1 k
(c) eat = ℒ−1 (d) sin kt = ℒ−1 2 2
s − a s + k
s k
(e) cos kt = ℒ−1 2 2
(f) sinh kt = ℒ −1 2 2
s + k s − k
s
(g) cosh kt = ℒ −1 2 2
s − k
• Example 1.3.1
Evaluate:
1
(1) ℒ −1 5
s
By Theorem 1.3.1(b), we identify n + 1 = 5 or n = 4. Hence,
1 1 4
ℒ−1 5 = 1/4! ℒ−1{4!/s5} = t
s 24
1
(2) ℒ −1 2
s + 7
By Theorem 1.3.1(d), we identify k2 = 7, so k = 7 . Hence,
1 1 7 1
ℒ −1 2 = ℒ−1 2 = sin 7t .
s + 7 7 s + 7 7
4 4 3 4
(3) ℒ−1 = ℒ−1 2 2 = sinh 3t
s −9 s −3
2
3 3
s 1 s
(4) ℒ −1 = ℒ − 2 2 = cosh 2t
( s − 2 )( s + 2 ) s − 2
5 6s 3 1 1 s 3 −1 1
(1) ℒ −1 s − 6 − s 2 + 9 + 2 s = 5ℒ−1 − 6ℒ− 2 2
+ ℒ
s − 6 s + 3 2 s
3
= 5e6t − 6 cos 3t +
2
− 2s + 6 1 − 2s 6
(2) ℒ −1 2 = ℒ− 2 + 2 termwise division
s +4 s + 4 s + 4
s 6 −1 2
= −2ℒ−1 2 + ℒ 2 linearity and fixing up constant
s + 4 2 s + 4
= −2 cos 2t + 3 sin 2t
If ℒ{ f(t)} = F(s) exists for s > c, and a is any real number, then
1 1
= e t
3t
(a) ℒ−1 ( s − 3) 2 = ℒ−1 s 2
s →s −3
2 2 −1 4! 1 −1 4!
= 1 t4e3t
(b) ℒ−1 ( s − 3) 5 = ℒ ( s − 3) 5 = ℒ s5
4! 12 s → s −3 12
s −1
1 s −1
(c) ℒ −1 2 = ℒ− completing the square
s − 2s + 5 ( s − 1) + 2
2 2
s
= ℒ −1 2 = e cos 2t
t
s + 2
2
s → s −1
3 3 −1
(d) ℒ −1 = ℒ−1 3
= ℒ 2
1
2s + 8s + 10 ( )
2
2 s 2
+ 4 s + 5
2 s + 4s + 5
3 1 3 −1 1
3 −2t
= ℒ −1 2
= ℒ 2 2 = e sin t
(s + 2) + 1 s +1
2
2 2 s → s −( −2 )
2
s / 2 + 5/3
(e) ℒ −1 s 2 + 4 s + 6
s / 2+5/3 s / 2 + 5/3
= completing the square
s 2 + 4s + 6 ( s + 2) 2 + 2
1 5 2
( s + 2) + −
= 2 3 2 write in terms of (s + 2) on the numerator
( s + 2) + 2
2
1 2
( s + 2) +
= 2 3
( s + 2) + 2
2
1 s+2 2 1
= + separate term wise
2 ( s + 2) + 2
2
3 ( s + 2) 2 + 2
s / 2 + 5/3 1 −1 s + 2 2 1 1
ℒ−1 s 2 + 4s + 6 = ℒ + ℒ−
( s + 2) + 2 ( s + 2) + 2
2 2
2 3
1 −1 2
s 2
= ℒ 2 + ℒ−1 2
2 s + 2 s →s −( −2)
3 2 s + 2 s → s −( −2)
1 −2t 2 −2t
= e cos 2 t + e sin 2 t .
2 3
• Theorem 1.3.4: Second-Shift Property
If F(s) = ℒ{f(t)} exists and a > 0, then ℒ{f(t − a)U(t – a)} = e−as ℒ{f(t)} = e−as F(s). (4)
e − as
ℒ{U(t – a)} = .
s
ℒ{g(t)U(t – a)} = e g (t )dt e g (v + a)dv = e−as ℒ{g(t + a)}
− st −s ( v+a )
= (5)
a 0
e− s
(a) ℒ −1 2
s
e− s 1 1
ℒ−1 2 = ℒ−1 e− s 2 = ℒ−1 e − s F ( s ) where a =1, F(s) = 2 then f(t) = t
s s s
e− s
ℒ −1 2 = f ( t )U ( t ) t →(t −1) = t U (t ) t →t −1 = ( t − 1) U (t − 1)
s
1 −2 s
(b) ℒ −1 s − 4 e
1
then ℒ− {F(s)} = f(t) = e , we have
1 4t
Using (6), with a = 2, F(s) =
s − 4
1 −2 s
ℒ−1 s − 4 e = f ( t )U ( t ) t →(t −2) = e4tU (t ) = e4(t −2) U (t − 2)
t →t − 2
s − πs / 2
(c) ℒ−1 s 2 + 9 e
Using (6), with a = /2, F(s) = s/(s2 + 9), ℒ−1{F(s)} = cos 3t, we obtain
s − πs / 2
ℒ−1 s 2 + 9 e = cos 3t U ( t ) = cos 3 t − π U t − π = −sin 3t U t − π
t → t −
2 2 2 2
Exercises 1.3 – Part 1
Answer
1)
6
et t 3
ℒ−1 4
( s − 1)
2) 2 sin 2t
ℒ−1
s + 4
2
3) s +1 e−t cos3t
ℒ−1
s + 2s + 10
2
4) 4 4
ℒ−1 sin 3t
s + 9
2
3
5) 1 1 −2t
ℒ−1 e sin 2t
s + 4s + 8
2
2
6)
3
3 2 −5t /2
ℒ−1 t e
3
( 2s + 5)
16
8) 1 1 4
ℒ−1 5
t
s 24
9) 3s − 15 3 t
e cos 2t − 3et sin 2t
ℒ−1
2 s − 4 s + 10
2
2