AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USED IN EDUCATION NEWS ARTICLE ON

ANTARA NEWS ONLINE NEWSPAPER ON THE EDITION NOVEMBER

2019 – MAY 2020 (A Study Documentation)

THESIS

Submitted as A Partial Requirements

for Writing the Thesis

By :

MURTAFI’ MABARROH FANI

SRN. 15.32.21.131

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

CULTURES AND LANGUAGE FACULTY
ISLAMIC STATE INSTITUTE OF SURAKARTA
2020
 ADVISOR SHEET

Subject : Thesis of Murtafi’ Mabarroh Fani

SRN. 15.32.2.1.131
To
The Dean of Cultures and Language Faculty
IAIN Surakarta
In Surakarta

Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb
After reading throughly and giving neceesary advies, here with, as the
advisor, we state that thesis of

Name : Murtafi’ Mabarroh Fani

SRN : 15.32.2.1.131
Title : AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USED IN EDUCATION NEWS
ARTICLE ON ANTARANEWS ONLINE NEWSPAPER ON
THE EDITION NOVEMBER 2019 – MAY 2020 (A STUDY
DOCUMENTATION).
has already, fulfilled the requirements to be presented before The Borad of
Examiners (munaqosyah to gain Undergraduate Degree in IAIN Surakarta.

Thank you for the attention

Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.

Surakarta, October 5th 2020

Advisor

Dr. Hj. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd

NIP. 19681017 199303 2 002

ii
 DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

1. My beloved family (Mr. Muhammad Niam, Mrs Titik Fauziah, Azzukhruf

Layala)

2. My lovely friend (Dwi Amanah Rahmawati Mahardhika)

3. My beloved friends

4. My Almamater IAIN Surakarta

iii
 DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

1. My beloved family (Mr. Muhammad Niam, Mrs Titik Fauziah, Azzukhruf

Layala)

2. My lovely friend (Dwi Amanah Rahmawati Mahardhika)

3. My beloved friends

4. My Almamater IAIN Surakarta

iv
 MOTTO

Once you bid farewell to discipline you say goodbye to success

(Sir Alex Ferguson)

Slow progress is better than no progress

v
vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah SWT the Lord of the universe, God

almighty, for all blessings so the researcher was able to finish this thesis entitled

AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USED IN EDUCATION NEWS ARTICLE ON

ANTARANEWS ONLINE NEWSPAPER ON THE EDITION NOVEMBER

2019 – MAY 2020 (A STUDY DOCUMENTATION).

The researcher realize and sure that this thesis would not be completed

without the supports, helps from several sides. Thus, the researcher would like to

express the deepest thanks to all of those sides who helped, supported during the

process of writing the thesis. This goes to:

1. Prof. H.Dr. Mudofir, S.Ag, M.Pd, the Rector of the State Islamic Institute of

Surakarta

2. Prof. Dr. Toto Suharto, S.Ag, M.Ag. as the Dean of Cultures and Languages

Faculty of State Islamic Institute of Surakarta

3. Budiasih, S.Pd, M,Hum. as the Head of English Language Education of State

Islamic Institute of Surakarta

4. Dr. Hj. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd. as the advisor, who has given help,

guidance, corrections to revise the mistake during the process of writing this

thesis

5. All of lecture at English Language Education and English Letters program and

also official employees of Lnaguage and Culture Faculty

vii
6. The researcher’s parents Mr. Muhammad Niam, Mrs. Titik Fauziah who

always love, give the best motivation, encouragement and help for the

researcher to finish this thesis.

7. The researcher’s little sister Azzukhruf Layala for being kind girl.

8. Thanks to Dwi Amanah Rahmawati Mahardhika who always help, advice to

finish this thesis.

9. Thanks to GAS-21 members who always teach the important of the process to

reach the goal.

10. Thanks to Delightfull class for all happiness, friendship, patience.

11. Thanks to IAIN Surakarta for approving the researcher to study here.

The researcher wishes that Allah SWT will give in return all good things

that have been given to her. The researcher realizes that this thesis is not perfect.

The researcher hopes that this thesis is useful for the researcher and the reader.

Surakarta, October 5th 2020

The researcher

Murtafi’ Mabarroh Fani

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover ..................................................................................................................i
Advisor Sheet ....................................................................................................ii
Ratification ........................................................................................................iii
Dedication .........................................................................................................iv
Motto .................................................................................................................v
Pronouncement .................................................................................................vi
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................vii
Table of Contents .............................................................................................ix
List of Table ......................................................................................................xii
List of Appendices ............................................................................................xiii
Abstract .............................................................................................................xiv
Chapter I
A. Background of The Study ......................................................................1

B. Problem Identification ............................................................................8

C. Problem Limitation ................................................................................8

D. Problem Statement .................................................................................9

E. Objectives of the Research .....................................................................9

F. The Benefit of the Research ...................................................................9

G. Definition of Key Term ..........................................................................10

Chapter II

A. Theoritical Description ...........................................................................12

1. Pragmatics .........................................................................................12
2. Reference ...........................................................................................17
3. Inference ............................................................................................22
4. Context ..............................................................................................23
5. Cotext ................................................................................................24

ix
 6. Deixis .................................................................................................30
7. Online Newspaper .............................................................................39

B. Previous Study .......................................................................................44

Chapter III

A. Research Design .....................................................................................48

B. Subject and Object of the Research .......................................................49

1. Subject of the Research ......................................................................49
2. Object of the Research .......................................................................49
C. Time of the Research .............................................................................49
D. Data and Source of the Data ..................................................................50
1. The Data of the Research ...................................................................50
2. The Source of the Data ......................................................................51

E. Technique of Data Collection ................................................................51

F. Technique of Analysis the Data .............................................................53

G. Trustworthiness of The Data ..................................................................55

Chapter IV

A. Research Findings ..................................................................................58

1. Deixis Found in Education News Article Antara News ...................59

a. Deixis Found in Education News Article on the first news ..........59
b. Deixis Found in Education News Article on the second news .....66
c. Deixis Found in Education News Article on the third news .........77
d. Deixis Found in Education News Article on the fourth news ......84
e. Deixis Found in Education News Article on the fifth news .........92
f. Deixis Found in Education News Article on the sixth news ........103
g. Dexis Found in Education News Article on the seventh news .....109
2. The Referent Meaning of Deixis Found in News Article ..................119

x
 a. The referent meaning of Person Deixis ........................................120
b. The referent meaning of Time Deixis ...........................................137
c. The referent meaning of Place Deixis ...........................................140
d. The referent meaning of Discourse Deixis ...................................140
e. The referent meaning of Social Deixis .........................................144
B. Discussion ..............................................................................................152

1. Types of Deixis and the Most Dominant Deixis ...............................152

2. The Referent Meaning of Deixis that Found in Education Article ...156

Chapter V

A. Conclusion .............................................................................................160

B. Suggestion ..............................................................................................162

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................164

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................167

xi
 LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 The Differencies Between Previous Study and This Research ..........47

Table 3.1 Time of the Research .........................................................................50

Table 3.2 The Data Sheet Example of the Data Findings ..................................54

Table 4.1 Types of Deixis in Education News Article on the First News .........65

Table 4.2 Types of Deixis in Education News Article on the Second News .....76

Table 4.3 Types of Deixis in Education News Article on the Third News ........83

Table 4.4 Types of Deixis in Education News Article on the Fourth News ......91

Table 4.5 Types of Deixis in Education News Article on the Fifth News .........102

Table 4.6 Types of Deixis in Education News Article on the Sixth News ........108

Table 4.7 Types of Deixis in Education News Article on the Seventh News ....114

Table 4.8 Tabulation Data of Deixis on Antara News Online Newspaper .........117

xii
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 List of Finding Data in Deixis Types .............................................168

Appendix 2 Education News Article from November 2019 – May 2020 ..........194

xiii
 ABSTRACT

Murtafi’ Mabarroh Fani. 2020. An Analysis of Deixis Used in Education News

Article on Antaranews Online Newspaper on the Edition November 2019 – May
2020 (A Study Documentation). Thesis. English Language Education. Cultures and
Language Faculty. State Islamic Institute of Surakarta.

Advisor : Dr. Hj. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd

Keywords : Deixis, Referents Meaning

This research studies about use of deixis in news article. There are two
objectives in this research. The first objectives is to know about the most dominant
deixis which is found in the education news article on Antaranews online newspaper
on the edition November 2019 until May 2020 and the second objectives is to know
the referent meaning in the education news article on Antaranews Newspaper on
the edition November 2019 until May 2020.
This research used descriptive qualitative research. The data of the research
in the form of words, sentences, phrases of deixis found in education news article
on Antaranews Online newspaper on the edition November 2019 until May 2020.
The source of the data is the news articles of Antaranews on the edition November
2019 until May 2020. The technique of data collection used documentation
technique. The technique of analysis the data, there were data reduction, data
display, drawing conclusion, and verification. There were credibility, dependability
for the trustworthiness of the data. Credibility was enhanced by the data sources
was compared through triangulation technique and data discuss with the advisor.
The results of this research showed that the most dominant deixis which is
found in education news article on the Antaranews online newspaper on the edition
November 2019 until May 2020 is person deixis which were 78 times. Meanwhile,
the writer of the news article use person deixis on the addressing someone who
include in the news, someone who do not include in the news and also to referring
something. While, the use of social deixis to addressee institution, refer on the
scales of social status and intimacy relive to the speaker. Then, the use of discourse
deixis for explain the discourse in upcoming and prior portion about the speaker
utterance contents inside of the news. In addition the time deixis referring the
specific time. Then, place deixis referring to the location near or away.

xiv
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of a background of the study, problems identification,

limitation of the study, problems statement, purpose of the study, benefits of the

study, and the last is keywords.

A. Background of Study

People in the world need each other. They interact and information to others

by communication. Language is an important part in our life for communication.

Kreidler, (1998: 19) states that languages are used to communicate and interact with

each other in our daily life, whether in family, society, environment, educational

institutions, recreational places. People can interact with each other using the

language to send a message about asking agreement, sharing information and so on.

Sending message also can be delivered by the government to the people. The

government can use mass media, social media, including offline newspaper and

online newspaper. So people moreover the government need language to transfer

information, ideas, and feelings to others.

News is one part of mass media that is easy to reach for all people. In the

globalization era people can enjoy news at any time, in any place through television,

even mobile phones.It prove that news is an important thing in life because news

presents events of facts that provide information to the reader. However as the

globalization era, the printed mass media or Newspaper is one of the most important

access in conveying information, because through the news, people can find

information from each country and another country. Newspaper is one of the

1
 2

information sources for people. The newspaper used by the government or certain

parties to transfer the message to the people. One of the functions is to provide

information in local or global. The function can be grouped into four categories,

there are: influencing, entertaining, providing a market place for good or service,

and transfer message. In Indonesia, there are two kinds of newspaper. First is an

offline newspaper, second is an online newspaper. The examples of an offline

newspaper in Indonesia are : Solo Pos, Sindo Newspaper, Jawa Pos, Joglosemar,

Suara Merdeka, etc. The examples of an online newspaper in Indonesia are : Antara

News, The Jakarta Post, Republika Online, Tempo, etc. As times develop, people

can enjoy news through internet use handphone or laptop.

The article is a piece of writing about a particular subject in a newspaper or

magazine. The purpose of the article is to explain the idea, fact that can educate,

entertain someone who has read it. The content of the article such as: history,

adventure, education, argumentative, research, and many other. The writer of the

article is person or institution who act inside the article writing process. The article

is a combination of several sentences make the reader know about new information.

The researcher chooses education article to analyze. In the article, there is some

edition such as edition in January 2018, February 2017, March 2018. The researcher

chooses Antara News Online Newspaper in November 2019 until May 2020

because information and technology growing fastly so the access for people to

obtain good information and services about education issue shortly and easily.

Those period is six month before this research is conduct so the news is still update.

Then, the researcher choose Antara News online newspaper because the newspaper
 3

have complete content in english, the sentences is easy to understand, up to date,

the researcher can find many vocabularies which are contained deixis there, the

researcher also can find so many article, both the oldest and newest article, the

content of Antara news is relevant because Antara is the first news agency in

Indonesia so its content is not hoax. The reader often read English term in Antara

News online newspaper. There are education, economics, politics, social, laws, and

sport.

The discipline of language studies called Linguistics. It is divided into

pragmatics, morphology, semantic, and so on. One of language studies domain is

called pragmatics. Pragmatics is a study which focusses on the meaning in the

context. Pragmatics is study of meaning in which the speaker and hearer areas the

role to interpret in the communicative situation (Leech,1981: 70). According to

Yule (1996: 3), Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning in context. Levinson

(1983: 9) also states that pragmatic is the study of those relationships between

languages and context that are grammatical or encode the structure of the language.

Therefore, pragmatic deals with the situation of speech and context. Mey (2001:

39) states that the context as a part that cannot be separated with pragmatics

discussions. By knowing the context, communication can be understood both the

speaker and hearer. In a communication to others, there are some aspects of

language that must be attended. For example the use of references of address, such

as: She, He, Sir, You, My Lord, This, Their, etc. The purpose is to point something.

All of these words called as Deixis. The language used in writing the news in mass

media is called the journalist language. The characteristics of journalist language

 4

are fluent, clear, brief, solid and interesting. Most people have a different level of

understanding and knowledge about journalist language. Thus, journalistic

language must be easy to understand and have the capability of conveying

information to the readers quickly and communicatively. In addition, to make

communicative news can be found by using the deixis.

Deixis is the words which the referents always change depending on the

context. Levinson (1983: 54) states that deixis is the single obvious way in which

the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures of

language themselves. He also categories deixis into five kinds, there are person

deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. In

addition, Deixis is a technical term from Greek for one of the most basic things we

do with an utterance that means ‘pointing’ via language (Yule.1996: 9). Yule also

categories deixis into three kinds there are to indicate people via person deixis, to

indicate location via spatial deixis, and to indicate time via temporal deixis. There

are two kinds of language based on its form, that is spoken and written language.

Spoken language is language in the form of the sound. For example is speech,

conversation, discussion, etc. Written language is the language in written form.

Example of written language is a journal, newspaper, article, essay. Deixis appears

in spoken and written language. Deixis can often cause a problem for readers who

do not know the context of deixis. In educational news on the Antara News, many

types of deixis can be found. Example of deixis that contained in education news

on The Antara News online newspaper can be understood from the fragment of the
 5

article entitled “Nadiem Makarim Keen to Give University Freedom to Learn”

Antara News, 04 December 2019.

“Makarim voiced his commitment to freeing the country’s education system

to drive novel innovations in the education sector”.

From the fragment above, the words of his are kinds of person deixis, which

refers to person who is being talked about is meant Makarim. The readers must have

the ability to translate to know the context of deixis. In this research, the researcher

wants to explain about the use of deixis in written language on the online newspaper

because there are many words that contain deixis in news which must be used

appropriately and effectively, so that the sentence will be communicative, there is

no mistake in describing news so it can be understood by the reader easily.

In this research by using the education articles of Antara News online

newspaper, the researcher wants to find kinds of deixis, what is deixis that

dominantly found in the education news article on the Antara News online

newspaper and the referent meaning deixis that found in the education news article

on the Antara News Newspaper. There are so many research about deixis, here are

some examples. The first previous study of this research is conducted by Fatimah

Aqillah Irani (State Islamic Institute of Surakarta) entitled “An Analysis of Deixis

Used by Teacher of Eleventh Grade Students of MAN Sukoharjo In Academic Year

of 2016/2017”. An Analysis of Deixis Used by Teacher done by Irani ( 2017) The

result finding of her research were most deixis used by the teacher was spatial

deixis. The differences between this research and this first previous study are the
 6

previous study analyze on deixis in teaching-learning process. The similarity

between this research and the previous study is on analyze deixis using Levinson

theory .

The second previous study of this research is conducted by Debi Ratna Wati

(State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta) in 2018 year entitled “ A

Deixis Analysis of Song Lyrics In Taylor Swift’s “Red” Album. The result finding

of her research presented there are three types of deixis found in Song Lyrics of

Taylor Swift’s ‘Red’ Album they are Person Deixis, Spatial Deixis, and Temporal

Deixis. The writer concludes that there are three types of person deixis that used in

that study, namely first-person deixis, second person deixis, and third-person deixis.

The difference between this research and this second previous study are this second

previous study analyze deixis in song lyrics, this previous study also using Yule’s

theory. The similarity between previous study and this research is on analyze deixis.

The third previous study of this research is conducted by Rafika Purba in

2017 (Trijaya Krama Polytechnic Medan) entitled “Deixis In Inaguration Speech

Of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono”. The result finding of her research

presented there are five types on the first and second inaguration speech of President

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. There are personal deixis, temporal deixis, spatial

deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. The first inaguration speech of President

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono uses the first plural pronoun “We (Kita)” as the most

dominant in this speech. While in the second inaguration speech of President Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono uses first singular pronoun “I (Saya)” as the most dominant

in this speech. The differences this research and this third previous study are this
 7

third previous study analyze deixis in the speech. The similarity between this

research and this third previous study is similiarity uses Levinson theory.

The fourth previous study of this research is conducted by Widya Ratna

Kusumaningrum (Tidar University) in 2019 entitled “Deixis Analysis On

Indonesian Shakespeare’s Comics Strip Of Julius Caesar”. The result finding of her

research presented there are 5 types of deixis found in this fourth previous research.

There are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, social deixis.

The writer concludes person deixis is most dominantly used which more than 90

percent. The similarity between this research and this fourth previous study is on

using Miles and Huberman’s theory on analyzing the data. The differences between

this research and this fourth previous study are in this fourth previous study analyze

deixis on comic. Based on the pre research and analysis, the researcher wants to

know about the most dominant deixis which found in the education news article on

the Antara News Newspaper in the edition November 2019 until May 2020 and

what are the referent meaning of deixis that found in education news on the Antara

News Newspaper in the edition November 2019 until May 2020. Thus, researcher

interested to conduct research by the title “AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USED IN

EDUCATION NEWS ARTICLE ON ANTARA NEWS ONLINE NEWSPAPER

ON THE EDITION NOVEMBER 2019 - MAY 2020 (A STUDY

DOCUMENTATION).
 8

B. Identification the Problem

Based on the background of the study above, the researcher finds some

problems.

1. The writer uses certain words to express the context of the article.

2. The readers have difficulty in reading English news especially

understanding the use of deixis in the article.

3. The readers have difficulty in understanding the content of the news.

C. Limitation of the Problem

Based on the background of the study above, this research limited only to

1. Analyze deixis used in the education news article on Antara News using

Levinson theory in the edition November 2019 until May 2020.

2. Explain the referent meaning about deixis that found in education news

article on Antara News using Levinson theory in the edition November 2019

until May 2020

3. The theory of deixis types is according to Levinson theory. It focuses on the

types of deixis. They are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse

deixis, and social deixis.

 9

D. The Problem Statement

Based on the limitation of the problem, the problem statements of this

research are:

1. What is the most dominant deixis which is found in the education news

article on the Antara News Newspaper on the edition November 2019 until

May 2020?

2. What are the referent meaning of deixis which is found in education news

article on the Antara News Newspaper in the edition November 2019 until

May 2020?

E. The Objective of the Study

According to the problem statements, the objectives of this research are as

follows:

1. To identify what is the most dominant deixis which is found in the education

news article on the Antara News Newspaper in the edition November 2019

until May 2020.

2. To identify the referent meaning of deixis which is found in education news

on the Antara News Newspaper in the edition November 2019 until May

2020.

F. The Benefit of the Research

1. Writers

This research is to provide information and knowledge about deixis. This

research is also provides how the deixis should be performed in the written

text about a news article. Thus, the article writer can evaluate how they are
 10

writing deixis in news article so the reader can understand what are the

writer wants to tell.

2. Readers

This research to make the readers would be easily understood about deixis

so the readers can understand the content of the education news article, and

what are the writer want to tell.

3. Further Researcher

This finding of the research can be one of the references in research about

analysis of deixis found in news article on newspaper.

G. Definition of Key Terms

1. Pragmatic

The study of the relationship between the linguistic form and the user that

form is pragmatic (Yule, 1996: 4)

2. Deixis

Deixis is the single most obvious way in which the relationship between

language and context is reflected in the structures of language themselves

(Levinson, 1983: 54). A technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic

things we do with utterances that are pointing to an object via language (Yule,

1996: 9)

3. Person Deixis

Person deixis is used to specify people and it functions on a basic three-part

division, exemplified by the personal pronouns such as ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘he’,

‘she’, ‘it’, ‘we’, and ‘they’.

 11

4. Spatial Deixis

Spatial deixis is related to the concept of distance. This type of deixis is used

to point to a location where an entity being referred to is in the context.

5. Temporal Deixis

The last type of deixis is temporal deixis. This deixis is used to indicate time.

‘Now’, ‘then’, ‘today’, ‘tomorrow’, ‘yesterday’ are examples of temporal

deixis.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

This part discusses the topic related matters which focus on several theories

related to this research and conceptual framework of this research. In the literature

review, those are the definition of pragmatics, deixis, kind of deixis, the definition

of an online newspaper, the benefit of reading online newspaper, kind of English

online newspaper, the previous study, and the conceptual framework.

A. Theoretical Description

1. Pragmatics

a. Definition of Pragmatics

Pragmatic has so many definitions, but some experts conclude

that pragmatic is the study about the meaning of the language that related

to between the users of language and the context or meaning of the

language. Levinson (1983: 9) stated that Pragmatics discusses the

relations between language and context grammatical, or encoded in the

structure of a language. The definition is seen that understanding

language refers to the fact that to understand a language expression also

requires knowledge beyond the meaning of words and the relationship

of grammar, and relationship with the context. Besides that, Griffiths

(2006: 1) said that pragmatic focuses on how language is expended as a tool

to create meaningful communication taking into explanation the situations

or contexts. Other experts Schiffrin (1994:191) states that pragmatics as the

study of the relationship between the signs and its interpreters

12
 13

Yule (1996: 3) proposes that pragmatics concerned four main

fields. First, pragmatics is the study of meanings of utterances as

communicated by the speaker and interpreted by the hearer. Second,

pragmatics has to do with the context that influences how the speaker

communicates their message. Third, pragmatics is the study of how more

gets communicated than is said which explore how the hearer succeeds

to receive the speaker's intended meaning. It means pragmatic is study

about the meaning of the speaker who ae different from the meaning of

words or sentence meanings. The limitation states that the meaning

intended by the speaker is a speech that has been affected by various

speech situations, it is different from the meaning of word or sentence

because the meaning of a word or sentence is a meaning that is

accordance with the meaning based on the written meaning only. Jenny

Thomas (1995:1-2) said that the most common definition of pragmatics

were: meaning in use or meeaning in context. The speaker often have

even more conflicting meanings with word that spoken in direct speech,

for example : “It’s hot in here!” that speech can mean “Please open the

window!” or “Is it all right if I open the window?” or “You’re wasting

electricity!”. We can get the meaning of that speech depend on the

context that influences the speaker. In addition, pragmatics is the idea of

the distance between the speaker and the hearer that determines the

choice between the said and the unsaid. As outcome pragmatics was the

study that analysis of what people’s meant with speech act rather than
 14

with separate meanings of words or phrases used in the speech itself.

Pragmatics is the study of the meaning of speakers. Based on the

explanation about, it can be concluded that pragmatic is the study of how

language is used in context expressed by the speaker and interpreted by

the hearer. Pragmatic cannot be explained by semantic theory, because

pragmatics facilitates people to interpret the speaker’s meaning when

they do not clearly say what the mean. Thus, understanding pragmatic

allow people to get a better understanding of the communication process.

b. Scopes of Pragmatics

There are some scopes of pragmatics. They include deixis,

cooperative principle, implicature, presupposition and speech acts

(Levinson, 1983: 27)

1) Deixis

Yule (1996: 9) states that the term deixis comes from Greek used

for one of the basic things people do with utterances that are pointing

to an object via language. The mean of pointing is one uses any

linguistic form called deictic expressions. Deictic expressions are

kind of referring is tied to the speaker's context. There are three types

of deixis, person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis (Yule,

2006: 15-24).

a) Person Deixis

Person deixis is used to specif people and it functions on a

basic three-part division by the personal pronouns such as ‘I',

 15

‘you', ‘he', ‘she', ‘it', ‘we', and ‘they'. These deictic expressions

are used to specify or indicate relative social status. Expressions

used to indicate higher social status are described as honorifics.

The use of honorifics is influenced by the circumstance where

the conversation takes place.

b) Spatial Deixis

Spatial deixis is related to the concept of distance. Spatial

deixis is used to point a location where an entity being referred

to is in context. The adverbs ‘here’ and ‘there’ are such

examples of spatial deixis as well as the adjectives ‘this’,

‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’. Spatial deixis is related to the

speaker’s ability to project himself or herself into a location at

which he or he is not yet present. The example is the use of

‘here’ on telephone answering machines: ‘I am’, not here at

the moment’.

c) Temporal Deixis

The last type of deixis is temporal deixis. This deixis is used

to indicate time. ‘Now’, ‘then’, ‘today’, ‘tomorrow’,

‘’yesterday’ are examples of temporal deixis. The basis of

spatial deixis seems to be at work to mark temporal deixis.

Temporal events can be treated as objects that move toward the

speaker (into view) or away from the (out of view). For

example, the speaker tends to treat the near future as being

 16

close to utterance time by using the proximal deictic ‘this’ such

as in ‘this weekend’ or ‘this Sunday’. Temporal deixis can also

be recognized by the choice of verb tense. For example:

- I study Biology. (Present tense)

- I studied Biology. (Past tense)

2) Implicature

Based on Yule (1996: 35), implicature means an additional

conveyed meaning more than just what being said, Thus, some

meaning is left implicit in actual language use. The context of the

situation and the distributed universe of discourse are of importance

in understanding the implied meaning from the speaker.

a) Conventional Implicature

Yule (1996: 45) states that conventional implicatures as

those implicatures that are not based on the cooperative principle

and are not compelled to the special context for their

interpretation. Conventional implicatures are signified by

specific words that communicate additional conveyed meanings.

The appearances of conventional implicatures are the English

conjunctions ‘and', ‘yet', ‘but', and ‘therefore'.

b) Conversational Implicature

Conversational implicatures are the implicatures that

dependent on the context. Conversational implicatures happen

when one gets what is said. A conversational implicature is

 17

something which is left implicit in utterances (Mey 1993: 45). It

is important to note that it is speakers who communicate meaning

via implicatures and it is listeners who recognize those

communicated meanings via inference.

3) Presupposition

A presupposition is something that is assumed by the

speakers as events before generating a speech (Yule 2006: 43). A

listener may have different intended about what the speaker says.

Yule (2006: 44) declares that Presuppositions are not the same as

entailment; something that logically follows from who own

presuppositions, not the sentences. So presuppositions are what is

taken for gifted in what a speaker says.

4) Speech Act

Speech acts are the terminology of such function of

language (Austin, 1975: 22). Speech acts theory explains these

utterances as having three parts: locutionary, illocutionary, and

perlocutionary acts. In general speech acts used by people in

conversation to deliver message or thoughts.

2. Reference

According to Brown and Yule (1983: 28) Reference is treated as an

action on the part of the speaker or writer. Strawson in Brown and Yule

(1983: 28) states, reference is not something an expression does; it is

 18

something that someone can use an expression to do. Brown and Yule

propose that a reference can be divided into endophoric and exophoric.

Endophoric is related to the interpretation lies within a text while exophoric

is related to the interpretation lies outside of the text. Endophoric divided

into two kinds. There are: anaphoric and cataphoric. The identities of the

presupposed items are given previously and refer to presupposition is

called anaphoric, next presupposition is given in the beginning and

presupposed items at the end is called cataphoric. For example:

Anaphoric: The student of IAIN should be diligent students, open your

mind.

(your refer back to the student)

Cataphoric: Open your mind, the students of IAIN should be diligent.

(your refer forward to the students)

"Deictic words can also be used as anaphoric items. Anaphora is a

kind of secondary reference in which a previous reference is recalled by

use of special function word". Kreidler (1998: 145). Yule (1996: 17)

proposes that a reference is an act in which a speaker uses linguistics form

to enable a listener to identify something. It is tied to the speaker’s goals

and the speaker’s belief. Briefly, the listener is expected to know the

particular thing, in the use of a language. The reference expression forms

can be a proper noun (for example: Shakespeare, Hawaii), noun phrases

which are definite (for example: the author, the island) or indefinite (for

example: he, her, it, them). Lyon in Yule (1983: 28) stated that the
 19

relationship which holds between words and things is the relationship of

reference: the word refers to things. For example, in the time the speaker

said: "give me your John Echols". The hearer should effort to

understanding that he or she impossible to give person by name John

Echols, an ask his or herself is there is same the word John Echols? If the

paradigm between speaker and listener is same the word "John Echols:"

will automatically refer to the dictionary, written by John Echols.

There appears to be a pragmatic connection between proper names

and objects that will be associated, within a socio-culturally defined

community, with those names. Using proper name referentially to identify

any object invites the listener to make the expected inference (for example,

from the name of the writer to book by writer) and thereby show him or

herself to be a number of the same community as the speaker Yule (1996;

20-21). Yule (1996; 19) stated that there is a convention that certain

expressions will be used to identify certain regularly. People's daily

experience may cause to assume that referring expressions can only

designate very specific entities. For example, the word ‘Levinson' can only

is used to identify one specific person. With certain given context,

‘Levinson' will refer to the book, not a person. Consider in the following

example;

Rommy: “May I borrow your Levinson?”

Tommy: “Yup, it is there in my bag.”

The example above that reference can be established from the

 20

convention. The intended referent and the inferred referent would not be a

person but probably a book. In addition, it is hard to draw the line between

text and context since the same forms may be used to signal important

information in either domain. An example of this the referential use of

demonstrative in English (example: this, that). For the following examples:

a. Child (pointing at the food on the plate in from of him): what

is this?

b. Claude thinks we should postpone the picnic. What do you

think of this?

In the first example, the referent of this is the food on the child's

plate. The referent is clear because the chid is pointing at what he is talking

about. We call this deictic reference, which is part of the context. In the

second example, the referent of this is an idea mentioned in the ongoing

discourse "we should postpone the picnic". We refer to this type of

reference as an anaphoric reference because we find the referent in the prior

text. Halliday (1976:31) states that reference are a special feature of

cohesion. Halliday also states that generally reference consist of two things,

first is exophoric and second is endophoric. In English reference divided

into three, there are personals, demonstrative and comparatives. First

reference is personal pronouns like “I, you, he, she, it, we and they” with

the object forms such as “me, him, us, him, her, them”. Second is

demonstrative such as “this, that, these, and those”. This and these points

something close, while that and those points something far from the
 21

speaker. Third is a comparative constructive where two or more things are

compared in a text and often contribute to cohesiveness.

According to Salkie (1995:64) reference word do not have complete

meaning in any situations. Reference must have the accompany word to

create complete meaning. Text reference involve accompany words or

sentence before or after. This is called text references. When reference

point to real situation called situation reference. It can be conclude that

refence is the relation between meaning from word with the accompany

word in the some text. Raphael Salkie explain reference word which

include text reference and situation reference are “he, we, it, its, this, today,

and larger. For the example :

A businessman would not consider a firm to have solved its problems of

production and to have achieved viability if he saw that it is was rapidly
consuming its capital. How, then, could we over look this vital fact when it
comes to that very big firm, the economy of Spaceship Earth? One reason
for overlooking this vital fact is that we are estranged from reality and
inclined to treat as valueless everything that we have not made ourselves.
Now, we have indeed laboured to make some of the capital which today
helps us to produce things – a large fund of scientific, technological, and
other knowledge; an elaborate physical infrastructure; innumerable types
of sophisticated capital equipment, etc – but all this is just a small part of
the total capital we are using. Far larger is the capital provided by nature
and not by man – and we do not even recognize it as such. This larger part
is now being used up at an alarming rate.

In the first sentence, there is a word “he” that we knnow that “he”

is a male pronoun. Text references are always accompanied by words or

sentences, so you can see words or sentences before or after. The word “a

businessman” shows that it is the right reference. Likewise with the word

“its problems”, this word cannot be interpreted directly ntil we really know
 22

the reference itself. In this case, “it” refers to a firm. The word “we” are

included in the situation reference. “We” for the example refer to a group

of people including writers and readers. The meaning of “we” in the text

means that the writer belongs to the group of people in that group.

3. Inference

Brown and Yule (1983: 256) proposes inference is processing

which the reader or hearer must go through to get from the literal meaning

of what is written or said to what the writer or speaker intended to convey.

Reference is the collective term for all possible implicit information which

can be derived from a discourse. The term inference is from the Latin

"inferre" that the meaning is "to carry in" used to denote the phenomena

that discourse summons up knowledge or information which can be used

to know the information.

Grundy (2000: 7) explains that inference is an understanding of it

is indirect meaning to get an understanding from the literal meaning. So the

receivers have to draw inferences or come to conclusions to what the writer

intends to convey. For example: "I am a man”. The meaning of these words

is conveyed by the writer is more important than the literal meaning of the

utterance. It means somebody who said he is a man; it is not only to

convince that he is a man but also to show his power. So the readers create

the meaning by what they take the words to mean and how they process the

sentence to find out the meaning. If we told that all the girls in Mr. Rudy’s
 23

class are smokers and that Mila is a girl in Mr. Rudy’s class, we can

conclude that Jessica is a smoker. In writing this conclusion, we are

effectively making explicit information that is contained implicitly within

what we have been told. This extraction of new, implicit information from

given explicit information is the basis of the process of inference.

Yule (1996: 17) states that for successful reference to occur, the

hearer must also recognize the role of inference. It concludes that reference

and inference can not be separated from each other. Because there is no

relationship between entities and words, the listener must infer correctly

which entity the speaker intends to identify by using a particular referring

expression. So, when the hearer or reader has no direct access to a speaker's

or a writer' intended meaning in producing an utterance, they often have to

rely on the process of inference to arrive at an interpretation for utterances

of connections between utterances.

4. Context

In communication, the context has an important role because if the

conversation is run based on the context so communication can easily be

understood by the listeners. Context is a local action concomitant of talk

and interaction, epithermal and centered on the emergent process of

speaking (Retnaningsih, 2014: 143). Mey (1993: 39-40) proposes that

context is more than a matter of preference and of understanding what

things are about. It gives a deeper meaning to utterances. The utterances "it

is a long time since we visited your friend" when uttered at the classroom
 24

by the student, has a different meaning from. If it is uttered by the student

while they are standing in front of the monkey enclosure at the zoo, in

which it can be considered as a joke.

Context is a physical environment that uses reference expressions

(Yule, 1996:21). In addition, Cuting (2002: 2) said that context as

knowledge of the physical and social world, and sociopsychological factors

that influence communication and also knowledge of the time and place

where words are spoken or written. From the definition of context above it

can be concluded that context is the situation around which influences the

conversation.

5. Cotext

In the analysis of texts, cotext refers to linguistic material in the

surrounding text. Context refers to information outside of the text, available

to a reader through understanding of genre, situation, and world

knowledge. In the structure of the enthymeme, for example, one premise is

part of the cotext of a conclusion, while the suppressed premise is not in

the text, but available in the context. Cotext is knowledge that got from the

speaker from the dialogue before. Cotext is closely related with cohesion.

Cohesion is the relationship between an element with other elements in

some text. There are two kinds of cohesion inside of cotext. There are

grammar cohesion and meaning cohesion.

Grammar cohesion is the relationship between word with other

word such as reference,substitution,and elipsis. Reference is changing

 25

word with other word. That word can be pronoun. Reference can be done

in the beginning its called anaphora and can be done in the end its called

cataphora. Substitution is changing word with other word like word “one”.

Elipsis is word removal. The removal word is the word that we know before

or considered not important word. Reference, substituition, and elipsis use

to change the common word or remove the word so the speakers don’t get

bored.

Meaning cohesion is the relationship between the meaning of the

word with other word such as repetition, superordinate, and common word.

Repetition is repeating word. The repeating word is done to emphasize that

thing being said. Superordinate is changing word with the common word

for example the word “Rose” change with the word “Flower”. Common

word is changing word with the common word but remove specific

characteristic from the word that remove, for example the word “Rose”

change with “Flower” then change with word “things”.

Hymes states that understanding the meaning of speakers when

communicating requires a variety of tools as an interpreter, that is, place and

time, language users, topic of content, purposes, tone, media or channel.

These are all also cotexts. Leech explains that when a person communicates

not enough to only use the intralingual aspect but also must pay attention to

aspects of politeness. Leech proposed seven principles that must be

considered for communication in addition to clear intent and politeness to

speakers and interlocutors; these are known as maxims, that is, the maxim
 26

of wisdom, the maxim of humility, the maxim of generosity, the maxim of

conclusion, the maxim of consent, the maxim of praise, and the maxim of

consideration. The seven maxims are also cotext. Further, Pranowo (2015)

distinguishes the cotext into two, namely the intralingual cotext and the

extralingual cotext. The intralingual cotext is the cotext associated with the

linguistic element, while the extralingual cotext is the cotext associated with

the nonlinguistic element.

From the various points of mind identified by these experts, it can

be concluded that the cotext can be internal and external. The internal cotext

(intralingual) is the cotext that still exists between the language structures.

Brown and Yule mention as the term cotext, while the extralingual cotext is

all aspects that relate to elements outside the language. The elements outside

the language include: the cultural background of speakers and interlocutors,

the knowledge that speakers and interlocutors have, local interpretations

related to local knowledge, presuppositions, speech acts, deixis, and

implicature, aspects of politeness, principles of cooperation, the acronym

speaking.

Both intralingual and extralingual cotexts can be integrated into

language learning. The integration of these two cotexts is called `educational

pragmatics'. It is a language learning that integrates the intralingual cotext

with the extralingual cotext so that language learning can solve all the

problems that often lead to ambiguity in language usage. Halliday and

Hasan state that the cotext of discourse is a text that accompanies other texts.
 27

The notion of a text that accompanies other texts includes not only spoken

and written but also nonverbal events, as well as the overall environment of

the text. The meaning of the cotext that Halliday and Hasan refer to is a text

that accompanies other texts actually including the intralingual cotext or

cotext. Events outside the language (including nonverbal ones) and the

entire text environment outside the language are known as the extralingual

extralingual cotext. Thus, the notion of both cotexts can be called a

pragmatic cotext.

The use of language by taking into account the cotext has an

important role in communication. Among other things, it: can obviate the

blurring of meaning (lexically, such as fuzziness of meaning because of

homonyms or ambiguous meaning because of polysemy) and fuzziness of

meaning grammatically), may be an indicator as to what certain words refer

to, for example, the use of deixis of person, deixis of place, deixis of time),

can detect conversational implicatures (whether the speaker's intent is the

same as linguistic meaning). This is due to the use of various cotexts, such

as the linguistic cotext, the social cotext, the cotext of the situation, and the

cultural cotext. Widdowson states that “cotext is the aspect of the use of

language that is relevant to its meaning.” He further says that “cotext is the

builder of a pragmatic meaning scheme with a linguistic code appropriate to

its cotextual scheme.” Meanwhile, Cook states that the cotext can be used

in a narrow sense and in a broad sense; in a narrow sense, the cotext refers

to `cotext'. At the same time, Brown and Yule state that cotext is the physical
 28

environment in which words are used. Although Yule sees different

perspectives for different purposes, this definition makes the same important

point, namely that one major point of cotext is the environment (the state or

factors) in which the discourse occurs. This is called the `linguistic cotext'.

Educational pragmatics is an instruction for language used to

communicate in real situations by taking into account the linguistic and

nonlinguistic aspects that are integrated into language activities. The

linguistic aspect to be considered in language learning encompasses all

elements of language, that is, phonology, morphology, syntax, and

semantics, while nonlinguistic aspects of the cotext (extralingual cotext) can

be integrated into all aspects of language activities. As Widdowson

described, the cotext is the builder of a pragmatic meaning scheme in

accordance with the linguistic code it uses, or, in a narrow sense, the cotext

refers to a factor outside the text called `cotext', and in a broad sense the

cotext refers to nonlinguistic factors and the physical environment in which

a word is used. In certain situations, the cotext as a means of interpretation

of intent is related to a set of knowledge that is believed to be true by the

local people (local interpretation) or a tool for drawing conclusions from an

inference.

Therefore, educational pragmatics is a language learning that

integrates linguistic elements and pragmatic elements in learning. The

pragmatic element in question is a form that is outside the linguistic.

Pragmatic competence refers to the ability to understand, construct, and

 29

convey meaning accurately and appropriately in the social and cultural

situations in which communication occurs. Barwise and Perry identify

pragmatic competence as an element of communicative competence that

places pragmatic competence as a part of competence illocution, which is a

combination of speech acts and speech functions along with the proper use

of language in the right cotext.

Cotext has an important role in the use of language. Among other

things: it can negate blurred meaning (meaningless because of a homonym

or meaningless because of polysemy) and grammatical meaninglessness), it

can be an indicator of what a particular word is referring to (for example,

the use of deixis of person, deixis of place, deixis of time), and it can detect

conversational implicatures (whether the speaker's intentions are the same

as the linguistic meaning . Therefore, the cotext can be identified in various

ways, such as by (a) establishing a common ground of understanding, (b)

recognizing the cultural background, (c) capturing the speaker's assumption

of the interlocutor, (c) recognizing the knowledge of the speaker's world, (d)

recognizing the courtesy of speakers, and (e) recognizing the speaker's

nonverbal language. Thus, educational pragmatic learning, in addition to

being understood linguistically on the basis of linguistic structure, can also

be understood as what the speaker means based on his/her pragmatic cotext.

On the basis of this principle, regional dialectic problems (requiring local

interpretation), presuppositions, participant roles, speech situations, can be

called a `pragmatic cotext'.

 30

Based on description of cotext above it can be concluded that: (1)

language learning that is limited to the intralingual cotext cannot solve any

problems that arise in the use of language because there are other cotexts

that are not referred to in the intralingual cotext; (2) educational pragmatic

learning is language learning that integrates the intralingual cotext and the

extralingual cotext in order to solve any problems arising in language usage.

The extralingual cotext is the builder of the pragmatic meaning scheme

according to the linguistic code it uses, whereas events outside the language

(including nonverbal ones) as well as the entire text environment that lies

outside are called the `extralingual cotext'; and (3) the pragmatic cotext is

the whole cotext, including the linguistic cotext, the social cotext, the cotext

of the situation, and the cultural cotext.

6. Deixis

a. Definition of Deixis

People necessary need to know the meaning to understand the

context. The context related to the reference. Reference used to

interpret people and things that have a relation in the context. People

necessary to understand the context with deixis. Levinson in Horn and

Ward (2006: 97) says deixis introduces subjective, attentional,

intentional, and context-dependent properties into natural languages.

Meyer (2009: 182-183) defines that deixis is the words have a pointing

function commonly referred to as having meaning. Although the

utterances contain the same words, they are not redundant. The words
 31

may have the same meaning in both utterances, it has two referents:

two different individuals in the external world to which the phrase

refers, or points.

Cutting (2002: 7) said that deixis is words referent to points the

entity of referring expression in the context. Deictic expressions are

words, phrases, and features of grammar that have to be interpreted

with the situation in which they are uttered such as ‘me' the sender of

the utterances or ‘here' the place where the sender ‘is' (Griffiths 2006:

14). Deixis is persuasive language because in indicating ‘when',

'where', ‘who', ‘what', and so on, it is very useful to start with

coordinates of the situation of utterance.

Moreover, Kreidler (2002:144) says English examples of

deictic words include (1) pronouns I, you and we, which ‘point’ to the

participants in any speech act; he, she, it and they, when they are used

to refer to others in the environment; (2) locative expressions here and

there, which designate space close to the speaker or farther away;

this/these and that/those, which respectively indicate entities close to

or removed from the speaker; and (3) temporal expressions: now, then,

yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, next month and so on. These

last are all relative to the time when they are used.

We use deixis to point to things (it, this, these boxes) and

people (him, them, those idiots) sometimes called person deixis.

Words and phrases used to point to a location (here, there, near, that)
 32

are examples of spatial deixis, and those used to point to a time (now,

then, last week) are examples of temporal deixis.

The function of deixis is to interpret the words or phrases

depending on the speaker and the hearer utterance. Than, deixis is to

point something surround the speaker or the writer and the reader or

hearer in the context.

b. Kinds of Deixis

According to Cruse (in Pangaribuan, et al, 2015:172) says that there

are five main types of deixis, namely 1) person deixis, 2) spatial deixis,

3) temporal deixis, 4) discourse deixis, and 5) social deixis. The kinds

of deixis can be explained as follow:

1) Person deixis

According t o Levinson in Horn and Ward (2006: 112) state

that, the grammatical category of the person directly reflects the

different roles that individuals play in the speech event: speaker,

addressee, and other. Person deictics designate the basic roles in

a speech event, namely the speaker (‘first-person’), the person(s)

spoken to (‘second person’), and the person or persons who are

neither speaker nor addressee (‘third person’) (Cruse 2006: 126-

127). Person deictics include pronouns (I, you, him; mine, yours,

hers; myself, yourself, herself), possessive adjectives (my, your,

her), and verb inflections (Latin amo, amas, amat, ‘I love, you

love, he or she loves’). Personal pronouns can have singular and

 33

plural forms.

Cutting (2002: 7) states that when we talk of person deixis,

we mean the use of expressions to point to a person with personal

pronouns ‘I’, ‘you ‘, he’,’ she ‘, ‘it’, ‘we’ , and ‘they’. Based on

the definition above, person deixis is speaker or things reference

in the utterance of the context. Person deixis divided into three

types in pronoun. They are first-person, second-person, and third

person. The first person indicates to the speaker him/herself, the

second person is the hearer of the speaker’s utterance and more

addresses, and the third person points to neither speaker nor

addressee.

Person deixis in grammar indicates to personal pronouns.

There are some categories of pronouns such as subjective

pronouns (I, You, We, They, He, She, It), objective pronouns (me,

him, her, them), possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, their,

our), and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, her, their, its).

For example:

- They are reading a book.

- We must practice a lot for the match.

- She seated in her new chair.

- He should eat fruit.

- You can get any present at your graduation.

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that

 34

person deixis is used to point people and things in the context. The

first-person deixis (I and We) refers to the person spoken and the

speaker., second person deixis (You and They) refers to the

addressee, third-person deixis (He, She, It) refers to a person who

talks to the first or second person.

2) Place Deixis

The categories of words most commonly used to express

spatial deixis are demonstratives (this, that) and adverbs (here,

there). Levinson (1983: 80) state that place deixis concerns the

encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants

in the speech. There are some place deictic words in English the

adverbs “here” and “there” and demonstrative pronoun “this and

“that”. Cutting (2002: 8) defines spatial or place deixis is words use

to point a location, the place where an entity is in the context, as in

the demonstrative adverbs ‘there’, ‘here’, the demonstrative

adjective and pronoun ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, ‘those’. For example :

- They were like this

- That was nice

- There is another one here

- Right. We've got thirty-five there, haven’t we?

Moreover, Cruse (2006:166) states that spatial deictics

indicate a location in space relative to the speaker. The most basic

spatial deictics are the adverbs here and there. These can be glossed
 35

‘place near to the speaker’ and ‘place not near to the speaker’.

Cummings (2006:37) says place deixis can be described along

many of the same parameters that apply to time deixis. So it is, for

example, that references to place can be absolute or relational in

nature.

- The railway station is five kilometers from the

post office

- The nearest mosque is two miles away.

Place reference, in the first example, does not depend on the

utterance. The distance between the post office and the bank is

absolute wherever the speaker utterance’s location. However, the

location of the gas station may be less than one mile or more. In

the place deixis, ‘here’ can refer to the location of the speaker or

location at a various distance of the speaker.

- Your pencil is here

Based on the example above, ‘here’ refers to the location

near the speaker. Place deixis also known as spatial deixis. This

deixis explained about the location where the utterances occur.

3) Time Deixis

According to Cutting (2002: 8) defines time deixis is

expressions to point to a time, as in ‘next day', then’ and ‘now’.

 36

Moreover, Levinson (1983: 77) state that time deixis makes ultimate

reference to participant role. It is important to distinguish the

momennt of utterance from the moment of reception. Time deixis to

indicate time at which speaker producing the utterance. Example

“now”, “yesterday”, “tomorrow”, “today”, “last months”.

Cummings (2007: 35) claims time deixis is most often

encoded in English in adverbs such as ‘now’, ‘and ‘then’, and in

calendrical terms (terms based around the calendar) like

‘yesterday’, ‘today’, and ‘tomorrow’. Time deixis or temporal deixis

is a reference of time when the utterances occur. Time deixis related

verb tense. The tense divided into two present and past. Time deixis

refers to the time when the utterances and the moment occur. For

example:

- I went to the railway station yesterday.

- I will go to Jakarta now.

- My uncle goes to the office early morning.

- We watched the movie ‘The Incredible' last week.

- Our parents will go to Salatiga tomorrow.

4) Social Deixis

According to Levinson in Horn and Ward (2006:119-120),

social deixis has involved the marking of social relationships in

linguistic expressions, with a direct or oblique reference to the social

status or role of participants in the speech event. However special

 37

expressions exist in many languages such as Thai, Japanese, and

Korean.

Cruse (2006:166) said that social deictics are expressions

whose function is to indicate the position of the referent on the scales

of social status and intimacy relive to the speaker. The social

attributes of speakers and addressees are not grammaticalized, the

wider social context of utterances is often essential to the location of

a person referent (Cummings (2007: 32). Social deixis divided into

two. They are:

a. Relational social deixis is a deictic reference to social relationship

between speaker and addressee, the addressee and the person who

is talked, speaker and person who is talked: my wife, my teacher,

uncle, their family.

For example:

- My wife cook noodle

The word my wife refer to relational social deixis

b. Absolute social deixis is deictic reference expressed in certain

form of address, no comparison of the ranking the speaker and

addressee: your honor, Mr. President, Your majesty. For

example:

- President Joko Widodo is The Seventh President of

Indonesia.

- A former Indonesia Education Minister wins the race

 38

of Jakarta election.

- The King of Saudi Arabia visited Indonesia last year.

5) Discourse Deixis

Levinson (1983: 85) state that discourse deixis concerns the

use of expressions within some utterances to refer some portion of

the discourse contents that utterance. Example such as “below”,

“next”, “this”, “that”. The word “this” can be used to refer to a

portion of the discourse and “that” to previous portion. Discourse

deixis is when reference is made to discourse items which occur

either before or after the current time of speaking. When functioning

as discourse deictics that typically refers to a previously occurring

item and this to something which is still to come:

That was the best story I have heard for a long time, Wait till

you hear this

Example :

- You must make a strong point there.

- That claim was rather weak.

- The next section I present an opposing view.

- Last chapter was extremely boring.

Based on the example above, ‘That' and ‘There' is discourse

deixis because they refer to utterance before. ‘Next' and ‘Last' refers

to the words before and after in the context. ‘Next' and ‘Last' indicate

of the time to convey the utterances use in discourse deixis.

 39

7. Online Newspaper

a. Definition of Online Newspaper.

In this era, the newspaper is not only printed but also online. Some

newspaper company make sites on the internet or make an application

for android and IOS to publish the online edition of the newspaper. An

online newspaper is a newspaper that exists on the web or internet. In the

globalization era, the newspaper company extends the readers to read the

newspaper from their gadgets, so the readers can get the information

easily.

A newspaper consists of information, news, from another country.

The information arranged in an article according to a particular topic like

sport, education, health, and science. The newspaper has a specific period

such as a weekly period or daily. Online journalism has certain attributes

of print journalism and of broadcast journalism, and other attributes that

are unique to the Web. Some web sites offer news articles to be read, just

as they would be in a printed newspaper.

The audience may select a video clip, so the Web site resembles a

TV broadcast. An online story that takes full advantage of the new

medium makes the reader become a participant, choosing his or her path

through the information presented. It can be concluded that by using the

modern technology people can get more information faster and easier.

They can use a smartphone, laptop to connect the internet. So they prefer

to read online newspaper. An online newspaper usually constituted by

 40

five key parts there are :

- The headline is a short, attention-getting statement about the event.

- The byline tells who wrote the story.

- The lead paragraph contains what happened, where and when did it

happen, who was involved, how did it happen, why is it newsworthy.

To answer these questions must be written in the opening sentences

of the article and often provide the basis as to whether the reader

continues with the rest of the story or not.

- The body/explanation comprises of the relevant facts or details that

the intended audience needs to know after reading the headline and

lead paragraph. Depending on the context of the event, it could

include direct quotes from the researcher, study participants and or

community stakeholders.

- The additional information part contains those details that are of least

importance. In other words, these are details that even if the editor

opted to delete from the article, the author would not have to rewrite

it to convey the intended meaning.

b. The benefit of Reading Online Newspaper

Reading activity especially reading an online newspaper is a good

habit that can provide a great sense of educational value, because in the

online newspaper there is a lot of information about the economy,

politics, sport, education, entertainment, business, and industry. Here are

the benefits of reading the online newspaper :

 41

 Online news services allow the user to choose which articles they

watch or read, so people don't waste their time on articles that do

not interest them. They only get informed about which articles do

interest them.

 If we want to get news from different countries we can access

from one place in the same online newspaper. There is no need to

switch between multiple websites.

 There is no limit to how many articles one can read. If we read an

offline newspaper, people can only read the articles contained

within the newspaper.

 It can be updated automatically and instantly, so there is no need

towait for these to be put in place. Offline newspaper cannot

update themselves, because they are physical, so if a story has had

someadvantages, people will have to wait for.

 Online news services can make articles more interactives. Videos

can be added to the news articles. It is impossible to added videos

in newspapers because they are physical.

 It is more economical compared to all other methods of news

distribution, as all that is needed is a journalist, and a website for

the journalist to post the article. Offline newspaper, the paper is

needed, so many trees have to be cut down. There is a need for

ink, large printers, and distributors as well as the journalist who

investigate an event.
 42

Newspaper is an important thing for most people in the world. By

reading newspaper people can get information about politic, economic,

business, education, entertainment, and sport. In the mass era, a

newspaper published on the web and called the online newspaper. One

of online newspaper is Antara newspaper. Antara newspaper delivers

realtime information on various events from Indonesia and around the

world. The website is www.antaranews.com and www.antara.net.id. The

researcher chooses Antara news online newspaper for the research object

because Antara is the first news agency in Indonesia, so they deliver

realtime information. The words in Antara online newspaper is easy to

understand by the reader and everyone in Indonesia mostly know Antara.

 43

Image 1. Education news article Antara Newspaper

 44

Antaranews.com published in January 1996 to fulfill the public's

right and gives accurate information. This newspaper used two languages

so people around the world will know about Indonesia today.

B. Previous Study

The researcher takes previous study to strenghten this research. The

first previous study of this research is conducted by Fatimah Aqillah Irani

(State Islamic Institute of Surakarta) entitled “An Analysis of Deixis Used

by Teacher of Eleventh Grade Students of MAN Sukoharjo In Academic

Year of 2016/2017”. The result finding of her research presented there were

397 words from 194 utterances, which also contained three types of deixis,

those were the 331 of 139 in-person deixis as the most types used by the

teacher. The second most deixis used by the teacher was spatial deixis which

only found 46 words in the 36 utterances. The third types of deixis used by

the teacher were temporal deixis with only 20 words from 19 utterances.

The differences between this research and this first previous study are the

previous study analyze on deixis in teaching-learning process. The

similarity between this research and the previous study is on analyze deixis

using Levinson theory .

The second previous study of this research is conducted by Debi

Ratna Wati (State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta) in 2018

year entitled “ A Deixis Analysis of Song Lyrics In Taylor Swift’s “Red”

Album. The result finding of her research presented there are three types of
 45

deixis found in Song Lyrics of Taylor Swift’s ‘Red’ Album they are Person

Deixis, Spatial Deixis, and Temporal Deixis. The writer concludes that there

are three types of person deixis that used in that study, namely first-person

deixis, second person deixis, and third-person deixis. Person deixis is most

used by the songwriter is singular first-person ‘I’ because all of these song

lyrics tell about life story the songwriter itself. Spatial deixis is indicating

the location between the speaker and hearer, including the locative adverb

here and there and demonstrative adjective this and that. Temporal deixis is

used to point to a time of event relative to the time of speaking, including

the adverbs like now, yesterday, tonight, future. The difference between this

research and this second previous study are this second previous study

analyze deixis in song lyrics, this previous study also using Yule’s theory.

The similarity between previous study and this research is on analyze deixis.

The third previous study of this research is conducted by Rafika

Purba in 2017 (Trijaya Krama Polytechnic Medan) entitled “Deixis In

Inaguration Speech Of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono”. The result

finding of her research presented there are 5 types on the first inaguration

speech of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. There are 57 deixis as

personal, 25 deixis as temporal, 11 deixis as spatial, 29 deixis as social, and

13 deixis as discourse. Second is the types of deixis in the second

inaguration speech of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono are 5 types.

There is 53 deixis as personal, 20 deixis as temporal, 2 deixis as spatial, 30

deixis as social, and 14 deixis as discourse. The first inaguration speech of

 46

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono uses the first plural pronoun “We

(Kita)”. It is dominant used than the other pronoun in his speech. While in

the second inaguration speech of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

uses first singular pronoun “I (Saya)” as the most dominant in this speech.

The differences this research and this third previous study are this third

previous study analyze deixis in the speech. The similarity between this

research and this third previous study is similiarity uses Levinson theory.

The fourth previous study of this research is conducted by Widya

Ratna Kusumaningrum (Tidar University) in 2019 entitled “ Deixis

Analysis On Indonesian Shakespeare’s Comics Strip Of Julius Caesar. The

result finding of her research presented there are 5 types of deixis found in

this fourth previous research. There are person deixis, place deixis, time

deixis, discourse deixis, social deixis. The writer concludes from 5 Chapter

of the comic, Person deixis is most dominantly used which more than 90

percent. While, other types of deixis less than 5 percent using in the comic.

The similarity between this research and this fourth previous study is on

using Miles and Huberman’s theory on analyzing the data. The differences

between this research and this fourth previous study are in this fourth

previous study analyze deixis on comic. The following previous study can

read on the table below :

 47

Table 2.1

Nu Title Similiarity Differences

1 “An Analysis of Deixis This first previous study This first previous study
Used by Teacher of analyzing deixis and referent analyze on deixis in teaching-
Eleventh Grade meaning. learning process while this
Students of MAN research analyze deixis in the
Sukoharjo In Academic news article.
Year of 2016/2017”. The previous study use Yule’s
(Fatimah Aqillah) theory
2 “ A Deixis Analysis of Both of this research and the This second previous study
Song Lyrics In Taylor second previous study is analyze deixis in song lyrics,
Swift’s “Red” Album analyze deixis. this previous study also using
(2018) (Debi Ratna) Yule’s theory.

3 “Deixis In Inaguration While analyze deixis use This third previous study
Speech Of President Levinson theory analyze deixis in the spoken
Susilo Bambang thing about speech
Yudhoyono”
(2017) (Rafika Purba)

4 “Deixis Analysis On Using Miles and Huberman’s This fourth previous study
Indonesian theory on analyzing the data analyze deixis on comic
Shakespeare’s Comics
Strip Of Julius Caesar.
(2019) (Widya Ratna)
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss how the research is conducted. This

chapter is broken down into some sub-headings include research design, subject of

the research, data, and source of the data, research instrument, techniques of data

collection, techniques of data analysis and trustworthiness of the data.

A. Research Design

In this study, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative

research is research that produces data in the form of words that emphasize the

characteristics and quality of the data. According to Sugiyono (2015: 23 research

data divided into two, qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data describes in

words, sentences, or pictures. While quantitative explains by numbering the data.

In this research, the researcher uses a qualitative method because the date

describes deixis from the articles. Creswell (2012: 626) states that qualitative

research is an inquiry approach useful for exploring and understanding a central

phenomenon. Bogdan and Taylor in Djamal (2015: 9) state that qualitative is a

method that produces descriptives data in written or spoken words by observing

human behavior.

This study is qualitative research that the researcher did not include the

calculation number as the result of the research, but the descriptive form. This

research also concern identifying an issue into general then the researcher

intrepet the data. Based on the explanation above, the researcher uses descriptive

48
 49

qualitative in this study. The method are collect, analyze, then draw conclusion

in the form of sentences. So, the data in the form of sentences. This research uses

descriptive qualitative because the research focuses on understanding deixis

found in the education news article of Antara News online newspaper. The

research aims to understand the most dominant types of deixis found in

education news on the Antara News Newspaper and referent meaning those

deixis in the education news article on the Antara News online newspaper. The

researcher uses Levinson's theory to conduct this study.

B. Subject and Object of the Research

1. Subject of the Research

The main subject of this research is the education news article.

2. Object of the Research

The object of the research is utterances of deixis used in the

education news article.

C. Time of the Research

The time of the research conducted the pre-observation at July 2019. It

has be done by the researcher through review the journal, article, thesis,

document. The researcher analyzed the utterances used in written language

especially education news article in online newspaper. In addition the

researcher only analyzed one online newspaper in this research. It caused at the

online newspaper which is analyzed by the researcher there are many news

article both from the oldest and the newest news article. It is called Antaranews

online newspaper. The researcher was conducted and analyzing the data on
 50

November 2019 until May 2020 in this research. There is seventh education

news article which is analyzed by the researcher from the November 2019 until

May 2020. In detail, the activities can be seen in this following schedule.

Activities In Year of 2019 In Year of 2020

Jul Agt Sept Oct Nov May Jun Sept Oct Nov
Creative
Proposal
Reviewing
Literatures
Developing
Instruments
Collecting
and
analyzing
data
Writing
the report
Submitting
the
documents

Table 3.1 Time of the Research

D. Data and Source of the Data

1. The Data of the Research

The researcher needs the data to conduct this research, the data of

the research is qualitative data. According to Lofland (in Moleong, 2004:

157) the main data source in qualitative research is words and actions, the

rest is additional data such as documents and others. The data of this

research is type of deixis which is found in education news articles from

November 2019 until May 2020. The data were in the form of words,

sentences, phrases of deixis found in the education news article.

 51

2. The Source of the Data

The researcher gets the data from one source. The main data is the

news articles from education content in Antara News online newspaper. The

article will be analyzed by the deixis found. The deixis will be divided into

five: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social

deixis.

E. The technique of Data Collection

Data is information that has been collected by conducting research.

Sugiyono (2008: 222) stated that in qualitative research, the instrument is the

researcher themselves. Hence, the researcher should be validated by themselves

about their ability in conducting research. To get correct and reliable data, the

researcher has to do some techniques for collecting those data. The data

collection technique is an important step in research because the research aims

to get the data. Collecting data can be done in any setting, any sources, and any

methods. There is five data collecting technique. Those are interviews,

observation, questionnaires, documentation, and triangulation.

In qualitative research, collecting data mostly is done in participant

observation, depth interview, and documentation. Sugiyono (2008: 225) stated

that the fundamental method relied on by qualitative researchers for gathering

information is participation in the setting, direct observation, in-depth

interviewing, and documentation review. In this research, the researcher uses

documentation technique. Written document and files is important source data

in qualitative research (Sutopo, 2006:80). Document can be written, picture,

 52

monumental works from someone. Document in written form for exampke are

diary, life histories, story, biography, rule, policy. Document in form of picture

for example are photo, life picture, sketch. Document is a study material in

form of writing, photos, film or things that can be used as a source of study

than through interviews and observation in qualitative research. Document are

natural, according in context. Document are not difficult to obtain, but

douments must be sought and found. The result of document review can be

used to expand the study that being examined (Moleong, 2007:217). Document

collected by the researcher are selected and sorted to be taken which is in

accordance with the focus of the research. The documents taken were used as

supporting data for the research. So, the result of studies and research

conducted can be presented more valid and complete, the result will be more

accurate for credible and scientific study. Document in this research are news

article in Antara News online newspaper. A valuable source of information in

qualitative research can be documentation analysis. Sugiyono (2008: 240)

stated that documentation can be written and picture by someone that can be

used to obtain information. In conducting a documentation method, the

researcher can provide magazines, books, documents. The function of the

documentation method is to make credible the result of observation or

interview. In this research, the researcher takes the articles from

antaranews.com that saved from the internet. The researcher uses some

techniques to analyze the data as follow:

 53

1. Finding the Antara News online newspaper on the web

www.antaranews.com

2. Selecting education articles from Antara News online newspaper in edition

President Joko Widodo’s government from November 2019 until May 2020.

3. Reading the articles of Antara News.

4. Finding kinds of deixis from sentences of the articles.

5. Classifying all sentences in a different category of the articles.

F. The Technique of Analysis the Data

This research adopted the framework of analysis data developed by Miles and

Huberman (1994:10) to describe the procedures of the data analysis. Based on

the Miles and Huberman theory, the data analysis consists of four steps: data

reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, and verification. This process is

called interactive analysis. The explanation of the steps as follows:

1. Data Reduction

Data reduction is concerned with the process of selecting, focusing,

simplifying, reducing, and organizing the data that has been collected. At this

step, the data that has been obtained was organized and the irrelevant data

were discarded. This was done through the process of coding. Coding is the

process of labeling and segmenting units of meaning to the descriptive or

inferential information compiled during the study. The purpose is to help the

researcher in organizing and classifying the data. The process of coding as

follows:
 54

a. The data of deixis in the education news article on the Antara News

were carefully read.

b. The data of deixis in the education news article on the Antara News

related to the objectives of the study were identified and selected.

c. Each datum was assigned a code.

The format of the data-sheet is presented below:

Table 3.2 The Data Sheet Example of the Data Findings of the Classification

Deixis

Classification of Deixis Function of

No Code Data Context Deixis
Data PD PLD TD SD DD
1 N1/01/7.9. He √
2018

Notes :
N1 :First news / Number DD :Discourse
Transcript Deixis
01 : Number of Data
7.9.2018 : Date
PD : Person Deixis
PLD : Place Deixis
TD : Time Deixis
SD : Social Deixis

2. Data Display/Description

Data display deals with providing an organized, compressed,

assembly of information that allows conclusion drawing. A display can be

 55

in the form of texts, graphs, diagrams, charts, matrices, or other graphical

formats. In this study, the data were presented in the form of table and

descriptions. The researcher displayed the data about the deixis in the

education news article in the Antara News on the edition November 2019

until May 2020.

3. Conclusion Drawing

Conclusion drawing involves moving back to consider what the

analyzed data mean and to assess whether the data findings fit the objectives

of the study. At this stage, the data of deixis found in the education news

article on the Antara News online newspaper that has been analyzed were

read and re-read to develop the conclusions regarding the study. The

conclusions, then, were verified by revisiting the data as many times as

necessary.

4. Verification

The last step of the data analysis is verification. Verification was also

enhanced by conducting peer checking and consultation with the

supervisors. Thus, the verifications of deixis found in education news

articles on the Antara News online newspaper can be drawn in this research.

E. The Trustworthiness of the Data

According to Moleong (2016: 324), to reach the trustworthiness data there

are four criteria: credibility, dependability, transferability, and confirmability.

In this study, the researcher focused only on credibility and dependability, and
 56

conformability as tools to check the trustworthiness of the data. The most

principle criterion is credibility. While to examine the credibility data, there

were seven techniques; extension observation, increase the diligence,

triangulation, discussion with partner, member check, analyzing negative case,

and using references.

In this research, the researcher used the triangulation technique to observe

the data validation. Moleong (2002: 178) states that triangulation technique is

the technique of examining the trustworthiness of the data which uses things

outside the data in order to examine the data and to be comparer of the data.

Triangulation has four basic types that identified by Norman Denzim in Hales

(2010:14) there are:

1. Data Triangulation

The use of variety data sources including time, space, an persons in

a research. Data triangulation is the process rechecked and compared

information by researcher which obtained in different source. For example,

it has been done by comparing observation data with interview data result,

comparing what the informant said, and comparing circumstance and

perspective of different people toward the similiar event.

2. Investigator Triangulation

The ability to confirm findings across investigators without prior

discussion or collaboration between them can significantly enhance the

credibility of findings. Inveestigator triangulation is particularly important

for decreasing bias in gathering, reporting and analyzing the data.

 57

3. Theory Triangulation

Theory triangulation is the use of multiple theories when examining

a situation or phenomenon. The idea is to look at a situation or phenomenon

from different perspectives, through different lenses, with different

questions. The different theories do not have to be similar or compatible, in

fact the more divergent they are, more likely they are to identify different

issues

4. Methodological Triangulation

Methodological Triangulation is the use of multiple methods to

conduct a situation or phenomenon. The intention is to decrease the

deficiencies and bias that come drom any single method. This types of

triangulation technique is similar to the mixed method approaches used in

social science research, where the results from one method are used to

enhance, augment and clarify the results of another.

In this research, the researcher used theory triangulation. The researcher

compared the data from the analysis and the deixis theory propoed by Levinson

to recheck the data and to support the trustworthiness of the data.

Besides, the researcher also will check the data of deixis found in education

news article on the Antara News online newspaper by consulting them with

some articles, books, and journals that were relevant to the objectives of the

study, discussion with the writer friend which is their research is about deixis. The

researcher also discuss the deixis data with advisor.

 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher analyzes the data from the research. The data

were obtained from documentation. This chapter was divided into two sections,

research finding and discussion. This chapter presents research findings of deixis

on the education news article in Antaranews online newspaper from November

2019 until May 2020. The discussion section provides the explanation of the

research finding related to the statements and suggestion from experts.

A. Research Findings

The research classified data in this research based on the types of deixis, and

referents meaning of those deixis. In explaining the research findings, the researcher

did some steps. First, the researcher presented types of deixis used in education

news article on Antaranews online newspaper; person deixis, place deixis, time

deixis, social deixis, discourse deixis. Second, the researcher presented the referents

meaning of those deixis used in education news article. The data were analyzed

based on the data classification. The deixis data that were analyzed were collected

from documentation Antaranews online newspaper. The data collected from seven

edition Antaranews online newspaper about education from November 2019 until

May 2020. The news are 1) ANTARA, 25th November 2019, Education Minister

Urges Teachers to Initiate Changes in Classrooms, 2) ANTARA, 4th December

2019, Nadiem Makarim Keen to Give University Students Freedom to Learn, 3)

ANTARA, 17th January 2020, China Increases Scholarship Quota to 3000 for

Indonesian Students, 4) ANTARA, 3rd February 2020, Industry’s Involvement to

58
 59

Usher in Improvement in Educational Quality, 5) ANTARA, 24th March 2020,

Government Revokes 2020 National Exams, 6) ANTARA,24th April 2020, UI,

UGM, and IPB Among World’s 100 Top of THE’s Impact Rankings, 7) ANTARA,

2nd May 2020, Indonesia Should Have a National Education Blueprint in Place:

PGRI.

The following are some analysis made by the researcher related to the types

of deixis that found and the referents meaning of deixis.

1. Deixis Found in Education News Article Antaranews Online Newspaper

a. Deixis Found in Education News Article Antaranews Online Newspaper

on the first news

The first news is entitled “Education Minister Urges Teachers to

Initiate Changes in Classrooms” published on 25th November 2019 the editor

“Fardah Assegaf”. The news tells about Nadiem Makarim give speech in front

of teachers on the event the commemoration of National Teachers' Day on

Jakarta. Based on those news article the deix that found in those article are:

1) Person Deixis

In the first news there was person deixis which found in those

news.From the analysis, there were following data N1/01/25.11.2019/PD,

N1/03/25.11.2019/PD three times, N1/04/25.11.2019/PD,

N1/06/25.11.2019/PD, N1/07/25.11.2019/PD, N1/08/25.11.2019/PD three

times. Based on the data there is third person deixis, in those news.
 60

a. Third Person Deixis

This type of deixis in the first news is tenth times this type of person

deixis using the word “He” fourth times, and the word “They” twice,

“Them” twice, “Their” twice. The data can be seen below:

“Through these small changes made by teachers, Indonesia will move

forward, he noted”.

Code. N1/04/25.11.2019/PD

The data N1/04/25.11.2019/PD, Education minister tells that if we

made the small changes, Indonesia will move forward. From those

sentence, based on Levinson, the word “He” is categorized third

person deixis the function as subject pronouns. The word “He” has

referent meaning to someone who is speak. In the first news, the news

tell us that Nadiem Makarim speak to the teacher in event National

Teachers Day in Jakarta. So, the word “He” has refferent meaning to

Nadiem Makarim. Another type of deixis can be found on the data

N1/08/25.11.2019/PD. The data can be seen below:

“Makarim vowed to not make promises he could not fulfill, but he

ascertained that he would fight for the freedom of education in

Indonesia”.

Code.N1/08/25.11.2019/PD

The data N1/08/25.11.2019/PD, Education minister promise that he

would fight for the freedom of education in Indonesia. From those

sentence, based on Levinson, the word “He” is categorized third

 61

person deixis the function as subject pronouns. The word “He” has

refferent meaning to someone who is speak. In the those sentence tells

about Makarim promises. So, the word “He” has refferent meaning to

Nadiem Makarim.

Another type of third person deixis can be found on the data

N1/06/25.11.2019/PD. The data can be seen below:

“Teachers are responsible for shaping the future of the nation, but at

the same time, they are bogged down by administrative issues”.

Code. N1/06/25.11.2019/PD

From those fragment, Makarim say that although teachers are

responsible for shaping future of the nation, but they are bogged down

by administrative issues. The word “They” is third person deixis as

subject pronouns. In those sentence, the word “They” has refferent

meaning to The teachers. Next type of person deixis in the first news

is twice and can be found on the data N1/03/25.11.2019/PD. The data

can be seen below:

“The minister has called on teachers to encourage student

engagement in discussions instead of telling them to listen,
offer them an opportunity to teach in class, initiate a social
program that involves all students, assist students with
confidence issues discover their talents, and provide guidance
to other teachers in need”.
Code. N1/03/25.11.2019/PD

The data N1/03/25.11.2019/PD the Education and Culture Minister

Nadiem Makarim tell teacher to encourage student engagement in

discussions instead of telling them to listen, offer them an opportunity

 62

to teach in class, initiate a social program that involves all students,

assist students with confidence issues discover their talents. The word

“Them” reffered to someone and speaker. The word “Them” was

categorized as a third person deixis plural as object pronoun. The word

“Them” has referent meaning to the student. Next type of deixis in the

first news is twice and can be found on the data N1/01/25.11.2019/PD,

N1/03/25.11.2019/PD. The data can be seen below:

“Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim has appealed to

teachers to start small changes in their classrooms”.

Code.N1/01/25.11.2019/PD

The data N1/01/25.11.2019/PD, The Education and Culture Minister

Nadiem Makarim tell teacher to make small changes in their

classrroom. The word “Their” reffered to someone and speaker. The

word “Their” was categorized as a third person possesive adjective.

The word “their” has referent meaning to the teacher’s classrooms.

The another data of person deixis as Possesive Adjective can be seen

below:

“The minister has called on teachers to encourage student

engagement in discussions instead of telling them to listen,
offer them an opportunity to teach in class, initiate a social
program that involves all students, assist students with
confidence issues discover their talents, and provide guidance
to other teachers in need”.
Code. N1/03/25.11.2019/PD
 63

The data N1/03/25.11.2019/PD, the Education and Culture Minister

Nadiem Makarim tell teacher to encourage student engagement in

discussions instead of telling them to listen, offer them an opportunity

to teach in class, initiate a social program that involves all students,

assist students with confidence issues discover their talents. The word

“Their” reffered to someone and speaker. The word “Their” was

categorized as a third peson possesive adjective. The word “their” has

referent meaning to the students talent.

2) Social Deixis

In the first news there was social deixis which found in those

news. From the analysis, there were following data

N1/01/25.11.2019/SD, N1/02/25.11.2019/SD, N1/03/25.11.2019/SD

twice, N1/04/25.11.2019/SD, N1/05/25.11.2019/SD,

N1/06/25.11.2019/SD twice, N1/07/25.11.2019/SD. According to the

analysis the word “teacher”, and minister is categorized to social deixis

on the first news. The following analysis can be seen below:

“Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim has appealed to

teachers to start small changes in their classrooms”.

Code.N1/01/25.11.2019/SD

From the sentence above, there is the word that contain deixis

“Education and Culture Minister”. That word is categorized absolute

social deixis. “Education and Culture Minister” aim to define that is

important position in Indonesia. The function is different social class.

 64

“Education and Culture Minister” has refferent meaning to Nadiem

Makarim. Another analysis of social deixis in the first news are:

“The minister has called on teachers to encourage student engagement

in discussions”.

Code.N1/03.25.11.2019/SD

Based on the sentence above, there are word that contain deixis “The

Minister”. Levinson (1983: 91) stated that There are also in many

languages forms reserved for authorized recipient, including restrictions

on most titles of address. That word was categorized absolute social

deixis. “The Minister” aim to define that is important position in

Indonesia, that word also define degree. The function is different social

class. “The Minister” has refferent meaning to Nadiem Makarim. Those

sentence above also contain another deixis word, there is “Teachers”. A

degree can also show job, position, profession. The mention of titles

relating to the profession for example manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The

mention of title shows higher status, class, social status. The word

“teachers” was categorized absolute social deixis because “teacher”

mean profession, job. The mention of “teacher” is to show higher social

class and different social level. The word “teacher” has refferent

meaning to the teacher that come to National Teacher’s Day and

globally to the teacher around Indonesia.

3) Discourse Deixis
 65

In the first news there is one discourse deixis which found in

those news. From the analysis, there were following data

N1/04/25.11.2019/SD. The analysis can be seen below:

“Through these small changes made by teachers, Indonesia will move

forward”.

Code.N1/04/25.11.2019/DD

From the fragmnet above, the word “These” is discourse deixis. In

general, the word these use as demonstrative plural noun. On that

sentence “these” has referrent meaning to utterance small changes.

Types of Deixis Found in Education News Article Antaranews

Online Newspaper on the first news

Table 4.1
Type of Deixis Total
No
Person First Person Deixis -
Deixis Second Person Deixis -
1

Third Person Deixis 10

2 Time Deixis -

3 Place Deixis -

Social Relational -
4 Deixis
Absolute 9

5 Discourse Deixis 1
Total in every activity 20
 66

From the table 4.1 about tabulation above can be seen that

the types of deixis according to the Levinson, were found on the first

news of education news article entitled “Education Minister Urges

Teachers to Initiate Changes in Classrooms”. The researcher found

20 deixis words, there were Third person deixis 10 word, absolute

social deixis 9 words, and 1 discourse deixis word. Based on the table

4.1 above, The most dominant was third person deixis were 10 times

and the second most dominant is absolute social deixis were 12 times.

So, from the explanation above, it can be concluded that the mostly

types of deixis found was person deixis in the first news. Whereas, the

mostly types of person deixis found were using third person deixis

“he” which were found 4 words found in the education news article

on the Antaranews online newspaper.

b. Deixis Found in Education News Article Antaranews Online Newspaper

on the second news

The second news is entitled “Nadiem Makarim Keen to Give

University Students Freedom to Learn” published on 4th December 2019 the

editor “Yuni Arisandy Sinaga”. The second news is about Minister Nadiem

Makarim give speech at the inauguration of the new rector of the University

of Indonesia (UI). Based on those news article the deixis that found in those

article are:
 67

1) Person Deixis

In the second news there was person deixis which found in those

news. From the analysis, there were following data N2/01/04.12.2019/PD

twice, N2/02/04.12.2019/PD three times, N2/04/04.12.2019/PD,

N2/05/04.12.2019/PD, N2/06/04.12.2019/PD, N2/07/04.12.2019/PD,

N2/08/04.12.2019/PD fifth times, N2/09/04.12.2019/PD fourth times,

N2/10/04.12.2019/PD, N2/11/04.12.2019/PD three times,

N2/13/04.12.2019/PD. Based on the data there are first person deixis, third

person deixis, in those news. The following analysis can be seen below:

a. First person deixis

This type of deixis in the second news is three times using the

word we, our, my. It can be found on the data

N2/02/04.12.2019/PD,N2/11/04.12.2019/PD, twice. The data can be

seen below:

“University students should study in accordance with their respective

wishes and interests. We must make this change," the minister noted

...”

Code N2/02/04.12.2019/PD

Based on the sentence above, the minister say that we it

means government, related parties make the change through instuct

that university students should study with their respecive wishes and

interest. In the data N2/02/04.12.2019/PD there was first person

deixis. The word of “We” is plural pronoun of first person deixis in

 68

Levinson theory. The deixis “we” had different form of subject and

object in English. “We” was used for a subject. It was changed

to pronoun “us” when it was used as an object. The referent meaning

of person deixis “we” were people that come to inaguration include

Minister Nadiem and all attendance from the student, lecturer,

related parties, because they were involved in that event. Another

example of first person deixis is on data N2/11/04.12.2019/PD:

"In accordance with the president's directives, our mission

in the Education and Culture Ministry is to free the
education unit, to free teachers, and to free students. This is
my commitment," he remarked.
Code. N2/11/04.12.2019/PD

First person deixis in those sentence are the word “our” and

“my”. The word “our” is plural pronoun of first person deixis as

possesive adjective. The referent meaning of our were Nadiem

Makarim and all staff’s in Ministry of Education. Next first person

deixis in those sentence is “my”. The word “my” in those sentence

is first person deixis as possesive adjective. The referent meaning

were Nadiem Makarim.

b. Third person deixis

In this news, deixis that found are 18 third person deixis.

From the analyzing, the data following were N2/01/04.12.2019/SD

twice, N2/02/04.12.2019/PD twice, N2/04/04.12.2019/PD,

N2/05/04.12.2019/PD,N2/06/04.12.2019/PD,

N2/07/04.12.2019/PD, N2/08/04.12.2019/PD fifth deixis,

 69

N2/09/04.12.2019/PD fourth deixis, N2/10/04.12.2019/PD,

N2/11/04.12.2019/PD, N2/13/04.12.2019/PD. The following

analysis can be seen below:

"The president's vision has two interpretations, specifically freedom

in learning and teachers as activators," he stated.

Code. N2/05/04.12.2019/PD

The data N2/05/04.12.2019/SD Nadiem Makarim tell about

interpretations of The Presidenr’s vision. The deixis word on that

news is “he”. Accoding to Levinson “he” is third person deixis as

subject pronoun. “He” on the data above has refferent meaning to the

man who is speak in the news, he is Nadiem Makarim. The researcher

also found third person deixis “his” and “their” in those news on the

data N2/01/04.12.2019/PD:

“Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim spoke of his keen

intent to give university students the freedom to learn in line with their

aspirations, capabilities, and interest”.

Code. N2/01/04.12.2019/PD

The sentence tell about Nadiem Makarim spoke that his keen intent

to give university student freedom to learn according to their

aspiration,interest. The deixis word are “his” and “their”. The word

“his” is categorized to third person deixis as possesive adjective.

“His” on that news is refer to Nadiem Makarim because the word

“his” show ownership of word keen. Next third person deixis is

 70

“their”. The word “their” is categorized third person deixis plural as

possesive adjectives. “Their” on that news has refferent meaning to

university student because it shows ownership from the word

aspiration, capabilities, and interest. The researcher also found third

person deixis “Them” and “They”. The following data can be seen on

data N2/09/04.12.2019/PD:

“Teachers and lecturers should feel a sense of pride if their students

are smarter than them, and they would not feel threatened, he

remarked”.

Code. N2/09/04.12.2019/PD

In those news, Nadiem Makarim tell that teachers and lecturers

should feel a sense of pride if their students are smarter and do not fell

threatened. According to Levinson, the word “them” and “they” is

categorized to third person deixis. “Them” is third person deixis as

object pronoun while “They” is third person deixis as subject

pronoun. Based on the sentence “them” has refferent meaning to

teachers and lecturers as object while “they” has refferent meaning to

teachers and lecturers as subject.

2) Discourse Deixis

On the second news, there was 3 discourse deixis that found in those

news. From the analysis there were following data

N2/02/04.12.2019/DD, N2/06/04.12.2019/DD, N2/11/04.12.2019/DD.

The following analysis can be seen below:

 71

... We must make this change," the minister noted ...

Code.N2/02/04.12.2019/DD

The data N2/02/04.12.2019/DD tell about minister want to all people

that involved in education system must make change to be better. The

discourse deixis marked by the word “this”. According to Levinson,

the word “this” is discourse deixis. “This” on those sentence explain

the utterance change, so “this” on those sentence, refer to change.

Another deixis that found is:

“Within the next five years, indeed, it would not be convenient at all for

various education institutions. However, the change must be brought

about...”

Code.N2/06/04.12.2019/DD

The data N2/02/04.12.2019 tell about Minister Nadiem want in next

five years the change must be brought about. The discourse deixis

marked with the word “next”. According to Levinson the word “next”

is discourse deixis and has refferent meaning to years between 2019-

2024. Last discourse deixis that found is:

“This is my commitment," he remarked”.

Code.N2/11/04.12.2019/DD

The data N2/11/04.12.2019/DD tell about minister commitment to

make better Indonesian education. The discourse deixis marked by the

word “this”. According to Levinson, the word “this” is discourse

 72

deixis. “This” on those sentence explain the utterance commitment, so

“this” on those sentence, refer to commitment.

3) Place Deixis

On the second news there is place deixis that found. Based on the

analysis there is the data N2/02/04.12.2019/PLD. The following data is:

“... minister noted in his remarks at the inauguration of the new rector

of the University of Indonesia (UI) Prof. Ari Kuncoro at UI Campus,

Depok, here ...”

Code. N2/02/04.12.2019/PLD

On that sentence Minister speak at the inaguration of new rector

University of Indonesia. The deixis word is “here”. According to

Levinson the word “here” is discourse deixis. “Here” refer to place, in

those sentence the place is UI Campus, Depok.

4) Social Deixis

There are social deixis that also found on this news. Based on the

analysis there are data N2/01/04.12.2019/SD, N2/02/04.12.2019/SD

three times, N2/03/04.12.2019/SD twice, N2/04/04.12.2019/SD twice,

N2/05/04.12.2019/SD twice, N2/07/04.12.2019 twice,

N2/09/04.12.2019/SD twice, N2/11/04.12.2019/SD twice,

N2/12/04.12.2019. All of those types of those deixis is absolute social

deixis. The analysis can be seen below:

 73

“Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim spoke of his keen

intent to give university students the freedom to learn ...”

Code.N2/01/04.12.2019/SD

Based on the sentence above, there are word that contain deixis

“Education and Culture Minister”. Levinson (1983: 91) stated that

There are also in many languages forms reserved for authorized

recipient, including restrictions on most titles of address. That word was

categorized absolute social deixis. “Education and Culture Minister”

aim to define that is important position in Indonesia, that word also

define degree. The function is different social class. “Education and

Culture Minister” has refferent meaning to Nadiem Makarim. Another

deixis analysis can be seen below:

“... the minister noted in his remarks at the inauguration of the new

rector of the University of Indonesia (UI) Prof. Ari Kuncoro”.

`Code. N2/02/04.12.2019/SD

On those sentence there are twice deixis word. There are “the

minister” , “Prof”. Those two words deixis above are absolute social

deixis. “the Minister” aim to define that is important position in

Indonesia, that word also define degree. The function is different social

class. “the Minister” has refferent meaning to Nadiem Makarim.

“Prof” is also absolute social deixis, because those word is define a title

that someone has. “Prof” wrote to make politeness to someone. The

word “Prof” has refferent meaning to Ari Kuncoro. Another deixis that
 74

found are the word “President”, “student”. The analysis can be seen

below:

“A university capable of providing education to students plays a

crucial role in realizing President Joko Widodo’s vision to produce

sound human resources ...”

Code.N2/05/04.12.2019/SD

On those sentence there are two social deixis “students” ,

“President”. According to Levinson the word “president” is absolute

social deixis. “President” aim to define that is important position in

Indonesian government, that word also define degree. The function is

different social class. “president” has refferent meaning to Joko

Widodo. “Student” means mention of titles relating to the profession

for example manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title shows

higher status, class, social status. The word “student” was categorized

absolute social deixis because the mention of “student” is to show

higher social class and different social level. The word “student” has

refferent meaning to the teacher that come to inaguration of new rector

in UI Depok and globally to the student around Indonesia. Another

social deixis analysis can be seen below:

“Teachers and lecturers should feel a sense of pride if their students

are smarter than them, and they would not feel threatened, he

remarked”.

Code. N2/09/04.12.2019/SD
 75

The sentence above tell about minister argue if the student are

smarter than teachers and lecturers, they would not feel threatened.

Based on the sentence above, both of word “teachers” and “lecturers”

is absolute social deixis. A degree can also show job, position,

profession. The mention of titles relating to the profession for example

manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title shows higher status,

class, social status. The word “teachers” and “lecturers” was

categorized absolute social deixis because “teacher” and “lecturers”

mean profession, job. The mention of “teacher” and “lecturers” is to

show higher social class and different social level. Both of the word

“teachers” and “lecturers” refer to teachers and lecturers that come to

inaguration event but globally refer to teachers and lecturers around

Indonesia. Next social deixis analysis is data N2/12/04.12.2019/SD:

“To prepare future national leaders, the former boss of Gojek Internet

technology-based company vowed to further promote character

building education”.

Code. N2/12/04.12.2019/SD

The sentence tell about Nadiem Makarim vowed to further promote

character building education. Based on the sentence above, there is

absolute social deixis “the former boss GOJEK internet technology-

based company”. The word “the former boss GOJEK internet

technology-based company” means title that mentioned to show higher

social class, it also means title relating to the profession. The word “the
 76

former boss GOJEK internet technology-based company” has refferent

meaning to Nadiem Makarim.

Types of Deixis Found in Education News Article Antaranews

Online Newspaper on the second news

Table 4.2

Type of Deixis Total

No
Person First Person Deixis 3
Deixis Second Person -
1
Deixis
Third Person Deixis 20

2 Time -
Deixis
3 Place 1
Deixis
Social Relatio
4 Deixis nal
Absol 18
ute
5 Discourse Deixis 3
Total in every activity 45

From the table 4.2 about tabulation above can be seen that

the types of deixis according to the Levinson, were found on the

second news of education news article entitled “Nadiem Makarim

Keen to Give University Students Freedom to Learn”. The researcher

found 45 deixis words, there were first person deixis were 3 times,

third person deixis were 20 times, place deixis was 1 time, absolute

social deixis was 18 times, and 3 times for discourse deixis. Based on
 77

the table 4.2 above, The most dominant was third person deixis were

20 times and the second most dominant is absolute social deixis were

18 times. So, from the explanation above, it can be concluded that the

mostly types of deixis found was third person deixis in the second

news. Whereas, the mostly types of person deixis found were using

third person deixis “he” which were found 9 words found in the

education news article on the Antaranews online newspaper.

c. Deixis Found in Education News Article Antaranews Online

Newspaper on the third news

The third news is entitled “China Increases Scholarship Quota to

3000 for Indonesian Student” published on 17th January 2020 the editor

“Yuni Arisandy Sinaga”. The third news is about Chinese government

decided increases scholarship quota for Indonesian College students.

Based on those news article the deixis that found in those article are:

1) Person Deixis

On the second news there was person deixis which found in those

news. From the analysis, there were following data

N3/02/17.01.2020/PD, N3/05/17.01.2020/PD, N3/07/17.01.2020/PD.

Based on the data there is third person deixis in those news. The

following analysis can be seen below:

 78

“Of course, they has planned to increase the scholarship quota

significantly than that in 2019," Yaya Sutarya ...”

Code. N3/02/17.01.2020/PD

The data N3/02/17.01.2020/PD tell about Yaya Sutarya make

statement that Chinese government has planned to increase scholarship

quota than in 2019. Based on Levinson, the word that contain third

person deixis on those utterance is “they”. The word “they” is

categorized third person deixis plural as subject pronoun. “They” has

refferent meaning to the Chinese Government. Next third person deixis

can be seen below:

“In the meantime, he stated that the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing had

started Indonesian language classes at 19 universities in various

regions in China”.

Code. N3/05/17.01.2020/PD

The data N3/05/17.01.2020/PD about Yaya Sutarya state that the

Indonesian Embassy in Beijing had started Indonesian language classes

at 19 universities in various regions in China. Based on Levinson, the

word that contain third person deixis on those utterance is “he”. The

word “he” is categorized third person deixis as subject pronoun. “He”

has refferent meaning to Yaya Sutarya.

2) Time Deixis
 79

The third news also contain time deixis, it happen twice on the data

N3/04/17.01.2020/DD, and one time on the data

N3/07/17.01.2019/DD. The analysis can be seen below:

“With an increase in the number of students receiving scholarships last

year, the total number of Indonesian students in China reached 15,780,

or increase of some 1,420 people, from last year”

Code.N3/04/17.01.2020/TD

The sentence is about increasing of number Indonesian student in

China then last year. According to Levinson, the word last year is time

deixis, the word last year is indicate time and has refferent meaning to

2019, because the year of this news published is on 2020.

3) Discourse Deixis

Discourse deixis in this news is happen one time marked with the

word “this”, on the data N3/01/17.01.2020/DD. The analysis can be

seen below:

“The Chinese government has decided to increase the scholarship

quota for bachelor and master’s degree for Indonesian college

students to up to three thousand this year”.

Code.N3/01/17.01.2020/DD

According to Levinson, the word “this” is discourse deixis. “This” on

those sentence explain the utterance year, so “this” on those sentence,

refer to year.
 80

4) Social Deixis

Social deixis on this news happen 13 times on the data

N3/01/17.01.2020/SD twice, N3/02/17.01.2020/SD,

N3/03/17.01.2020/SD three times, N3/04/17.01.2020/SD twice,

N3/06/17.01.2020/SD, N3/08/17.01.2020/SD twice,

N3/08/17.01.2020/SD twice. The analysis can be seen below:

“The Chinese government has decided to increase the scholarship

quota for bachelor and master’s degree for Indonesian college

students to up to three thousand this year”.

Code.N3/01/17.01.2020/SD

The sentence above tell about the Chinese Government decided

increase the scholarship quota for Indonesian college students up to

three thousand this year. The social deixis happen twice on those

sentence, first is “The Chinese Government”, then “Indonesian College

Student”. The word “The Chinese Government” aim to define for of

respect to government in China and has refferent meaning to

government. The deixis form is absolute social deixis while

“Indoneisan College Student” means title that show higher social status

and class.”Indonesian College Student” has refferent meaning to the

student. It also absolute social deixis. Second social deixis is on data

N3/03/17.01.2020/SD. The analysis can be seen below:

 81

“Of course, they has planned to increase the scholarship quota

significantly than that in 2019," Yaya Sutarya, Education and Culture

Attaché of the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing, told Antara”.

Code. N3/03/17.01.2020/SD

Those sentence is about Yaya Sutarya tell that Chinese Government

has planned to increase the scholarship quota than in 2019. The word

“Education and Culture Attache of the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing”

is absolute social deixis because those word show titile, position,

profession from Yaya Sutarya. It aim to show higher social class and

status. Those word has refferent meaning to Yaya Sutarya. Third social

deixis is on data N3/03/17.01.2020/SD. The analysis can be seen below:

“In 2019, some 820 Indonesian students had received

scholarships from the Chinese government, specifically 380
scholarships for bachelor and master’s degree as well as 440
scholarships for vocational education”.
Code.N3/03/17.01.2020/SD

The sentence tell about some 820 Indonesian student had received

scholarships from Chinese Government. The deixis word happen three

times. There are “Indonesian students”, “Chinese government”,

“bachelor and master’s degree”. The explanation of “Chinese

government” can be seen on the data N3/01/17.01.2020/SD. The

explanation of “Indonesian students” can be seen on data

N3/01/17.01.2020/SD. The word “bachelor and master’s degree” is

absolute social deixis. It means to define title for differences social class

and status. “Bachelor and master’s degree” has refferent meaning to

 82

the Indonesian student. Next social deixis is on data

N3/08/17.01.2020/SD. The analysis is:

“In 2019, China had received five million foreign college students, a

notable rise from 2001 when the country had only some two million

foreign college students”.

Code.N3/08/17.01.2020/SD

Those sentence tell about in 2019 China had received five million

college student from another country. The deixis word is “college

student” that happen twice. Those word is absolute social deixis.

“College student” is title that show higher social status. “College

student” has refferent meaning to student around the word who come

and study in China. Next social deixis is on data N3/09/17.01.2020/SD:

“China has also sent some 662 thousand of its college students to study

abroad. Some 720 students from China currently study in Indonesia”.

Code.N3/08/17.01.2020/SD

The sentence above is tell about China sent some 662 thousand its

college students to study abroad. The deixis word are “college

students” and “students”. Both of those word is absolute social deixis.

It is mention of title that show higher social status. Both of those words

has refferent meaning to the China students.

 83

Types of Deixis Found in Education News Article

Antaranews Online Newspaper on the third news

Table 4.3

Type of Deixis Total

No
Person First Person Deixis -
Deixis Second Person -
1
Deixis
Third Person Deixis 3

2 Time 3
Deixis
3 Place -
Deixis
Social Relatio -
4 Deixis nal
Absol 13
ute
5 Discourse Deixis 1
Total deixis 20

From the table 4.3 about tabulation above can be seen that the

types of deixis according to the Levinson, were found on the third

news of education news article entitled “China Increases Scholarship

Quota to 3000 for Indonesian Students”. The researcher found 20

deixis word. Which are third person deixis were 3 times, time deixis

were 3 times, place deixis was 1 time, absolute social deixis were 13

times, and 1 time discourse deixis. Based on the table 4.3 above, The

most dominant was absolute social deixis were 13 times then both of

time deixis and third person deixis were 3 words. So, from the
 84

explanation above, it can be concluded that the mostly types of deixis

found was absolute social deixis in the third news.

d. Deixis found in Education News Article Antaranews Online

Newspaper on the fourth news

The fourth news is entitled “Industry’s Involvement to Usher in

Educational Quality” published on 3rd February 2020 the editor

“Suharto”. The fourth news is about the industry's involvement in

vocational education will improve the quality of education, it also tell the

constuction of new vocational schools in Jakarta.

Based on those news article the deixis that found in those article are:

1) Person Deixis

On the fourth news there was person deixis which found in those

news. From the analysis, there were following data

N4/03/03.02.2020/PD, N4/04/03.02.2020/PD, N4/09/03.02.2020/PD,

N4/10/03.02.2020/PD, N4/11/03.02.2020/PD. All of the person deixis

word of this fourth news is third person deixis marked by the word

“He”. The following analysis can be seen below:

"Comprehending the importance of this, the Ministry of Education and

Culture has created a special directorate to handle the cooperation,"

he expounded.

Code. N4/03/03.02.2020/PD
 85

Those sentence above tell about Ministry of Education and Culture

has created a special directorate to hande the cooperation. The deixis

word of those sentence is the word “he”. Based on Levinson “he” is

third person deixis, the function as subject pronouns male and the

fuction is refer to someone who is speak. This news tell about statement

from two people. First, he is Acting Director General of Vocational

Education Patdono Suwignjo, second, he is Acting Chief of the Jakarta

Provincial Education Office Bowo Irianto. On the data

N4/03/03.02.2020/PD, the man who speak is Patdono Suwignjo, so the

word “he” on the data N4/03/03.02.2020 refer to Patdono Suwignjo.

The other person deixis is on the data N4/09/03.02.2020/PD. The

analysis can be seen below:

“The 10 new vocational schools are deemed necessary since only 63 of

the 590 vocational schools in the capital belong to the government,

while the rest are run by private institutions, he added”.

Code. N4/09/03.02.2020/PD

The sentence above tell about statement from Acting Chief of the

Jakarta Provincial Eduction Office Bowo Irianto that new 10 vocational

schools are deemed necessary since only 63 of 590 vocational schools

in the Jakarta. On the data N4/09/03.02.2020/PD, the man who speak is

Bowo Irianto, so the word “he” on the data N4/03/03.02.2020 refer to

Bowo Irianto.

2) Discourse Deixis
 86

On the fourth news there was discourse deixis which found in those

news. From the analysis, there were following data

N4/03/03.02.2020/DD, N4/05/03.02.2020/DD, N4/07/03.02.2020/DD,

N4/11/03.02.2020/DD. The analysis can be seen below:

"Comprehending the importance of this, the Ministry of Education and

Culture has created a special directorate to handle the cooperation,"

he expounded.

Code. N4/03/03.02.2020/PD

Those sentence above tell about Ministry of Education and Culture

has created a special directorate to hande the cooperation. The deixis

word of those sentence is the word “this”. Based on Levinson “this” is

discourse deixis, “this” tell about the utterance before. On the previous

sentence, it tell about vocational education involves the industry so the

refferent meaning of the wod “this” is vocational education involves

the industry.

Another discourse deixis analysis can be seen on the data

N4/05/03.02.2020/DD. The analysis can be seen below:

“In addition to the tax cut policy for industries involved in the

development of human resources, Suwignjo believes it had yet to show

optimal results”.

Code. N4/05/03.02.2020/DD

The sentence tell that Suwignjo believes the cut policy for industries

involved in the developement of human resources show optimal results.

 87

According to Levinson, the word “it” is discourse deixis and used to

mentioned tax cut policy for industries involved in the development of

human resources itself. The referent meaning of word “it” is tax cut

policy for industries involved in the development of human resources.

Next discourse deixis on the data N4/07/03.02.2020/DD. The following

deixis can be seen below:

“The Jakarta provincial government had earlier set aside Rp2.3 trillion

in funds to build 10 new vocational schools and renovate 137 school

buildings this year”.

Code. N4/07/03.02.2020/DD

The sentence tell that The Jakarta provincial government had earlier

set aside Rp.2.3 trillion in funds to build 10 new vocational schools and

renovate 137 school buildings. Based on Levinson, the word “this” is

discourse deixis. “This” on data N4/07/03.02.2020/DD has refferent

meaning to the 2020 year. The last discourse deixis that found in fourth

is on the data N4/11/03.02.2020/DD:

‘Construction of vocational schools and the renovation of school

buildings must be completed this year. ...”

Code. N4/11/03.02.2020/DD

The sentence tell that that construction schools and renovation of

school buildings must be completed in 2020 year. Based on Levinson,

the word “this” is discourse deixis. “This” on data

N4/11/03.02.2020/DD has refferent meaning to the 2020 year.

 88

3) Time Deixis

On the fourth news there was time deixis which found in those news.

From the analysis, there is following data N4/11/03.02.2020/TD. The

analysis can be seen below:

"Hopefully, the contracts would be signed in early May at the latest,"

he added.

Code. N4/11/03.02.2020/TD

The sentence tell that Bowo state the contracts would be signed in

early May at the latest. The word “early” is time deixis because indicate

time. In those sentence the word “early” has refferent meaning the date

at the beginning of May.

4) Social Deixis

On the fourth news there was time deixis which found in those news.

From the analysis, there were following data N4/01/03.02.2020/SD,

N4/02/03.02.2020/SD, N4/04/03.02.2020/SD twice,

N4/06/03.02.2020/SD, N4/08/03.02.2020/SD. The analysis can be seen

below:

“Acting Director General of Vocational Education Patdono Suwignjo

affirmed that the industry's involvement in vocational education will

improve the quality of education”.

Code.N4/01/03.02.2020/SD

The data N4/01/03.02.2020/SD is about Patdono Suwignjo tell the

industry involvement in vocational education will improve the quality

 89

of education. The deixis word is the word “Acting Director General of

Vocational Education”. Based on Levinson, a degree can also show job,

position, profession. The mention of titles relating to the profession for

example manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title shows higher

status, class, social status. The word “Acting Director General of

Vocational Education” was categorized absolute social deixis because

mean profession, job, or position. The mention of is to show higher

social class and different social level. The word “Acting Director

General of Vocational Education” refer to Patdono Suwignjo. Next

social deixis can be seen on the data N4/02/03.02.2020/SD:

"The basic principle of Minister Nadiem Makarim is to bring the

industry to schools and campuses, ...”

Code. N4/02/03.02.2020/SD

The data N4/02/03.02.2020/SD tell about basic principle of Minister

Nadiem Makarim that to bring the industry to schools and campuses.

The social deixis word is “Minister”. The word “Minister” is social

deixis because “Minister” mean important position. The mention of

those word is for politeness to someone who had higher position, social

class and status. “Minister” has refferent meaning to Nadiem Makarim.

Next social deixis is on the data N4/04/03.02.2020/SD twice:

 90

“A university capable of providing education to students plays a

crucial role in realizing President Joko Widodo’s vision to produce

sound human resources, he remarked”.

Code. N4/04/03.02.2020/PD

The deixis word on this sentence are “students” , and “President”.

The word student is absolute social deixis that means a differences of

social status. “Students” has refferent meaning to students around

Indonesia. Based on Levinson, the word “President” is social deixis.

President is high position and social class. The mention of “President”

mention to show the politeness to the someone who had higher title,

job, degree. “President” has refferent meaning to Joko Widodo. Next

social deixis is on the data N4/08/03.02.2020/SD:

"The construction of 10 vocational schools and the renovation of 137

school buildings will cost Rp2.3 trillion," acting chief of the Jakarta

provincial education office Bowo Irianto noted in a short text message

Code. N4/08/03.02.2020/SD

The data N4/08/03.02.2020/SD is about Bowo Irianto noted in a

short text message about The construction of 10 vocational schools and

the renovation of 137 school buildings will cost Rp2.3 trillion. The

social deixis word is “acting chief of the Jakarta provincial education

office”. The mention of titles relating to the profession for example

manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title shows higher status,

class, social status. The word “acting chief of the Jakarta provincial
 91

education office” was categorized absolute social deixis because mean

profession, job, or position. The mention of is to show higher social

class and different social level. The word “acting chief of the Jakarta

provincial education office” refer to Bowo Irianto.

Types of Deixis Found in Education News Article

Antaranews Online Newspaper on the fourth news

Table 4.4

Type of Deixis Total

No
Person First Person Deixis -
Deixis Second Person -
1
Deixis
Third Person Deixis 5

2 Time 1
Deixis
3 Place -
Deixis
Social Relatio
4 Deixis nal
Absol 6
ute
5 Discourse Deixis 4
Total in every activity 16

From the table 4.4 about tabulation above can be seen that

the types of deixis according to the Levinson, were found on the

fourth news of education news article entitled “Industry’s involvement

to Usher in Improvement in Educational Quality”. The researcher

found 16 deixis words. Based on the table 4.2 third person deixis were
 92

5 times, time deixis was 1 times, absolute social deixis were 6 times,

and 4 times for discourse deixis. Based on the table 4.4 above, The most

dominant was absolute social deixis were 6 times and the second most

dominant is absolute third person deixis were 5 times, discourse deixis

4 times. So, from the explanation above, it can be concluded that the

mostly types of deixis found was absolute social deixis in the fourth

news.

e. Deixis found in Education News Article Antaranews Online

Newspaper on the fifth news

Fifth news is entitled “Government Revokes 2020 National Exams”

published on 24th March 2020 the editor “Rahmad Nasution”. The fifth

news is about Indonesian government decided to revokes 2020 national

exams. Based on those news article the deixis that found in those article

are:

1) Person Deixis

On the fifth news there was person deixis which found in those news.

From the analysis, there were following data N5/01/24.03.2020/PD

twice, N5/03/24.03.2020/PD, N5/04/03.02.2020/PD,

N5/05/24.03.2020/PD, N5/06/24.03.2020/PD twice,

N5/07/24.03.2020/PD three time, N5/08/24.03.2020/PD,

N5/10/24.03.2020/PD fourth time, N5/12/24.03.2020/PD,

N5/13/24.03.2020/PD twice, N5/17/24.03.2020/PD. The following

analysis can be seen below:

 93

“After our deliberation and discussion with the president and other

instances, we have decided to revoke the 2020 national exams,"

Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim stated ...”

Code. N5/01/24.03.2020/PD

The sentence above tell about government decided to revoke the

2020 national exams. The person deixis words are “our” and “we”.

Based on the Levinson,the word “our” and “we” is categorized third

person deixis , “our” as possesive adjective, “we” aas a subject

pronoun. “Our” and “we” has refferent meaning to the President,

Minister of Education, other institution that related in education, it can

be called government. Next person deixis is on data

N5/03/24.03.2020/PD:

“Makarim pointed to the risk being posed to the health of students

participating in national exams at their designated venues”.

Code. N5/03/24.03.2020/PD

The data N5/03/24.03.2020/PD tell about Minister Nadiem pointed

to the risk being posed for the health of students if participate in national

exams. The person deixis word is “their”. The word “their” is third

person deixis as possesive adjectives. The word “their” has refferent

meaning to the student. Other person deixis can be found in the data

N5/04/24.03.2020/SD:
 94

"The risk looms large not only for the students themselves but also their

families and grandparents”.

Code.N5/04/24.03.2020/PD

The sentence above tell that the risk of COVID-19 is not only for

student but also for their family. The person deixis word are

“themselves” and “their”. The word “themselves” is third person

deixis as object while the word “their” is third person deixis as

possesive adjectives. “Themselves” and “their” has refferent meaning

to the student. Next person deixis can be seen on the data

N5/05/24.03.2020/PD:

“The number of students scheduled to take the national exams is quite

significant, reaching eight million," he noted.

Code. N5/05/24.03.2020/PD

The sentence above tell that the number of students take national

exams reach eight million. The deixis word on the data

N5/05/24.03.2020/PD is the word “he”. The word “he” on those news

categorized in third person deixis as subject. “He” refer to the someone

as subject. On those news the person who is speak is Minister Nadiem

so the word “he” has refferent meaning to Minister Nadiem. Next

person deixis can be found on the data N5/07/24.03.2020/PD:

“We are also already aware that the exams are not a requisite
for graduation or higher education selection requirements. I
think at the ministry, the risks outweigh the benefits to
proceeding with the exams," he noted”.
Code. N5/07/24.03.2020/PD
 95

The sentence above tell that Minister thought that the risk i outweigh

the benefits to proceeding with the exams. The deixis word of data

N5/07/24.03.2020/PD are “we”, “I”, “he”. The word “we”

categorized first person deixis as plural. “We” has refferent meaning to

the Minister and all the staff in education ministry it can called

government. “I” categorized as first person deixis as subject pronouns.

The word “I” talked about speaker himself. The speaker of this fifth

news is Minister Nadiem Makarim so “I” has refferent meaning to

Minister Nadiem Makarim. The word “he” is third person deixis as

subject. “He” refer to someone as subject. On this news the word “he”

has refferent meaning to Minister Nadiem Makarim. Next person deixis

is on data N5/08/24.03.2020/PD:

“This means that schools can still hold their own exams, but no tests

should be held that involve students gathering in classrooms”.

Code. N5/08/24.03.2020/PD

The data above tell that schools can still hold their own exams, but

no tests should be held that involved students gathering in classrooms.

The deixis word is “their”. The word “their” is third person deixis as

possesive adjectives. “Their” on those sentence refer to schools. Next

person deixis is on the data N5/10/24.03.2020/PD:

We are not compelling schools to measure curriculum

achievements. There are several online schools that have yet to
be optimal, but we do not compel them to measure the
achievements disrupted by COVID-19," he expounded.

Code. N5/10/24.03.2020/PD
 96

The data N5/10/24.03.2020/PD tell that Government are not

compelling schools to measure curriculum achievements. The deixis

words are “We” twice, “them”, “he”. “We” categorized as first person

deixis as subject pronouns. “We” has refferent meaning to the minister

and all staff it also means the government. “Them” categorized as third

person deixis as object pronouns. “Them” has refferent meaning the

schools. Based on Levinson, “he” categorized third person deixis as

subject pronouns. “He” has refferent meaning to the man who is speak.

So the referents meaning of “he” is Minister Nadiem Makarim. Next

person deixis is on the data N5/12/24.03.2020/PD:

‘At the start of the meeting, he stated that the students are currently

affected by the spread of COVID-19 and are studying from home owing

to the circumstances”.

Code. N5/12/24.03.2020/PD

The data N5/12/24.03.2020/PD above tell that President Joko

Widodo state that the students are currently affected by the spread of

COVID-19 and are studying from home owing to the circumstances.

The word “he” on those data categorized third person deixis as subject

pronouns. “He” has refferent meaning to the man who is speak. On the

data N5/12/24.03.2020/PD the man who speak is President Joko

Widodo so “he” on the data N5/12/24.03.2020/PD has refferent

meaning to President Joko Widodo. Other person deixis can be seen on

the data N5/13/24.03.2020/PD:

 97

"The main principle is that the policy we decide on should not impinge

upon the rights of 8.3 million students scheduled to take the exams," he

reiterated.

Code. N5/13/24.03.2020/PD

The data N5/13/24.03.2020/PD tell that government decide on

should not impinge upon the rights of 8.3 million students scheduled to

take the exams. The deixis word are “we”, and “he”. We” categorized

as first person deixis as subject pronouns. “We” has refferent meaning

to the president and all minister that related to the national exams things

it also means the government. “he” on those data categorized third

person deixis as subject pronouns. “He” has refferent meaning to the

man who is speak. On the data N5/13/24.03.2020/PD the man who

speak is President Joko Widodo so “he” on the data

N5/13/24.03.2020/PD has refferent meaning to President Joko Widodo.

Next person deixis is on the data N5/17/24.03.2020/PD:

“Hundreds of thousands and also millions of students are at risk if the

national exams continue to be held,” he remarked

Code. N5/17/24.03.2020/PD

The data N5/17/24.03.2020/PD tell about Chief of the House of

Representatives’ Comission X he is Syaiful Huda state that Hundreds

of thousands and also millions of students are at risk if the national

exams continue to be held. The word “he” on those data categorized

third person deixis as subject pronouns. He has refferent meaning to the

 98

man who is speak. The man who is speak in the data

N5/17/24.03.2020/PD is Syaiful Huda, so “he” on the data

N5/17/24.03.2020/PD has refferent meaning to Syaiful Huda.

2) Time Deixis

On the fifth news there was time deixis which found in those news.

From the analysis, there were following data N5/11/24.03.2020/TD

twice. The following analysis can be seen below:

President Widodo had earlier stated during the meeting that the
policy on the 2020 national exams should not impinge upon the
rights of the 8.3 million students scheduled to take the test at the
end of March and into April.

Code. N5/11/24.03.2020/TD

The data above about President Widodo stated that the policy on the

2020 national exams should not impinge upon the rights of the 8.3

million students scheduled to take the test at the end of March and into

April. The word “the end of” and “into” on the data

N5/11/24.03.2020/DD has refferent meaning to the date between end

of March until beginning of April

3) Discourse Deixis

On the fifth news there was discourse deixis which found in those

news. From the analysis, there were following data

N5/08/24.03.2020/PD, N5/16/24.03.2020/PD. The following analysis

can be seen below:

 99

“This means that schools can still hold their own exams, but no tests

should be held that involve students gathering in classrooms”.

Code. N5/08/24.03.2020/PD

The data above tell that schools can still hold their own exams, but

no tests should be held that involved students gathering in classrooms.

Based on Levinson, “this” categorized discourse deixis. The word

“this” on the data N5/08/24.03.2020/DD has refferent meaning to the

high risk if 2020 national exams held, because the word “this” mention

the utterance before. Next discourse deixis is on the data

N5/16/24.03.2020/DD:

"This decision is taken after taking into account the plague that has

continued to spread”.

Code. N5/16/24.03.2020/DD

The data N5/16/24.03.2020/DD tell that the decision to revokess

2020 national exams is taken after taking into account the plague that

has continue to spread. According to Levinson, the word “this” on the

data N5/16/24.03.2020/DD is discourse deixis. “This” on the data

N5/16/24.03.2020/DD has refferent meaning to the decision to revokes

of 2020 national exams.

4) Social Deixis

On the fifth news there was discourse deixis which found in those

news. From the analysis, there were following data

 100

N5/01/24.03.2020/SD three times, N5/02/24.03.2020/SD,

N5/04/24.03.2020/SD, N5/06/24.03.2020/SD, N5/08/24.03.2020/SD,

N5/09/24.03.2020/SD, N5/11/24.03.2020/SD, N5/12/24.03.2020/SD,

N5/13/24.03.2020/SD, N5/14/24.03.2020/SD twice,

N5/15/24.03.2020/SD, N5/17/24.03.2020/SD. The following analysis

can be seen below:

After our deliberation and discussion with the president and

other instances, we have decided to revoke the 2020 national
exams," Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim
stated after a videoconference meeting, led by President Joko
Widodo
Code. N5/01/24.03.2020/PD

The sentence above tell about government decided to revoke the

2020 national exams. The social deixis word are “President” and

“Minister of Education and Culture”. According to Levinson the word

“president” is absolute social deixis. “President” aim to define that is

important position in Indonesian government, that word also define

degree. The function is different social class. “president” has refferent

meaning to Joko Widodo. Levinson (1983: 91) stated that There are also

in many languages forms reserved for authorized recipient, including

restrictions on most titles of address. That word was categorized

absolute social deixis. “Minister of Education and Culture” aim to

define that is important position in Indonesia, that word also define

degree. The function is different social class. “Minister of Education

and Culture” has refferent meaning to Nadiem Makarim. Next social

deixis can be seen on the data N5/02/24.03.2020/SD:

 101

“The decision to revoke the 2020 national exams was taken following

deliberations concerning several factors, including the health and

safety aspect of the students”.

Code. N5/02/24.03.2020/SD

The data N5/02/24.03.2020/SD tell that decision to revoke 2020

national exams was taken following deliberations concerning several

factors, including the health and safety aspect of the students. The deixis

word on the data N5/02/24.03.2020/SD is “student”. The word student

is absolute social deixis that means a differences of social status.

“Students” has refferent meaning to students around Indonesia.

Types of Deixis Found in Education News Article Antaranews

Online Newspaper on the fifth news

Table 4.5
Type of Deixis Total
No
First Person Deixis 7

1 Person
Deixis Second Person Deixis -
Third Person Deixis 13
2 Time Deixis 2
3 Place Deixis -

Social Relational -
4
Deixis Absolute 17
5 Discourse Deixis 2
Total in every activity 41
 102

From the table 4.5 about tabulation above can be seen that

the types of deixis according to the Levinson, were found on the fifth

of education news article entitled “Government Revokes 2020 National

Exams”. The researcher found 41 deixis words, there were first person

deixis were 7 times, third person deixis were 13 times, time deixis were

2 times, absolute social deixis was 17 times, and 2 times for discourse

deixis. Based on the table 4.5 above, The most dominant was absolute

social deixis were 17 times and the second most dominant is third

person deixis were 13 times. So, from the explanation above, it can be

concluded that the mostly types of deixis found was absolute social

deixis in the fifth news.

f. Deixis found in Education News Article Antaranews Online

Newspaper on the sixth news

Sixth news is entitled “UI,UGM, and IPB Among World’s 100 Top

of THE’s Impact Rankings” published on 24th April 2020 the editor

“Rahmad Nasution”. The sixth news is about three Indonesian colleges

among world’s 100 top of THE’s Impact Rankings. Based on those news

article the deixis that found in those article are:

1) Person Deixis

On the fifth news there was person deixis which found in those news.

From the analysis, there were following data N6/02/24.04.2020/PD,

N6/03/24.04.2020/PD, N6/04/24.04.2020/PD, N6/06/24.04.2020/PD

three times. The following analysis can be seen below:

 103

"We are immensely proud of this achievement since it demonstrates that

Indonesian universities have played a significant role in sustainability

development”.

Code.N6/02/24.04.2020/PD

The data N6/02/24.04.2020/PD tell that government happy with the

achievement that UI, UGM, IPB among world’s 100 top ranking. The

person deixis word is “we”. According to Levinson, the word“we” is

plural pronoun of first person deixis The referent meaning of person

deixis “we” were Acting Director General of Higher Education in The

Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs and all staff and related

parties, it can be called government. Next person deixis is on the data

N6/03/24.04.2020/PD:

They are not merely the "ivory tower" but indeed the "water tower" that

distributes water to people to use," Nizam noted

Code. N6/03/24.04.2020/PD

The data N6/03/24.04.2020/PD tell that Nizam state the universities

which get world’s 100 ranking is water tower that distributes water to

people to use. The deixis word is “they”. The word “they” categorized

third person deixis as subject pronouns. The word “they” has refferent

meaning to Indonesian Universities those get world’s top 100

universities. Next person deixis is on the data N6/04/24.04.2020/PD:

"Indonesian universities' dedication toward the community has been

recognized by the international community," he pointed out.

 104

Code. N6/04/24.04.2020/PD

The data N6/04/24.04.2020/PD tell that Professor Nizam state

Indonesian universities dedication toward the commnit has been

recognized by the international community. The deixis word is “he”.

Based on Levinson, the word “he” categorized in third person deixis as

subject pronouns. The word “he” has refferent meaning to the man who

is speak on the utterance. On the data N6/04/24.04.2020/PD the man

who speak is Professor Nizam so “he” has refferent meaning to

Professor Nizam. Other person deixis found in the data

N6/06/24.04.2020/PD happen three times:

"During this COVID-19 pandemic, we also expect Indonesian

universities to intensify their role and contribution in prevention to

contain the disease," he affirmed.

Code. N6/06/24.04.2020/PD

The data N6/06/24.04.2020/PD tell that during in COVID 19

pandemic government expect that Indonesian universities contribute in

prevention contain the disease. The deixis word on the data

N6/06/24.04.2020/PD are “we”, “their”, “he”. Based on Levinson, the

word “we” is first person deixis as subject pronouns. “We” on the data

N6/06/24.04.2020/PD has refferent meaning to Acting Director

General of Higher Education in the Ministry of Education and Cultural

Affairs with staff and other instance that related in Education thing, so

it can be called government. The word “their” is categorized to third

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person deixis as possesive adjectives. The word “their” has refferent

meaning to the universities. The word “he” based on Levinson

categorized to third person deixis as subject pronouns. “He” has

refferent to the someone who is speak. On the data

N6/06/24.04.2020/PD the man who speak is Professor Nizam, so “he”

has refferent meaning to Professor Nizam.

2) Discourse Deixis

On the fifth news there was person deixis which found in those news.

From the analysis, there were following data N6/02/24.04.2020/DD

twice, N6/05/24.04.2020/DD. The following analysis can be seen

below:

"We are immensely proud of this achievement since it demonstrates that

Indonesian universities have played a significant role in sustainability

development”.

Code.N6/02/24.04.2020/PD

The data N6/02/24.04.2020/DD tell that government happy with the

achievement that UI, UGM, IPB among world’s 100 top ranking. The

deixis word are the word “this”, “it”. Based on Levinson, the word

“this” is dicourse deixis. The word “this” has refferent meaning to

achievement. The word “it” is discourse deixis because it used to

mention achievement. “It” has refferent meaning to the achievement.

Next discourse deixis is on the data N6/05/24.04.2020/DD:

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“Some 766 universities across the globe joined THE Impact Rankings

this year”.

Code. N6/05/24.04.2020/DD

The data N6/05/24.04.2020/DD tell that 766 universities in around

the word joined THE Impact Rankings in 2020. The discourse deixis

words is “this”. Based on Levinson, the word “this” is dicourse deixis.

The word “this” has refferent meaning to utterance after so “this” has

refferent meaning to 2020 year.

3) Social Deixis

On the fifth news there was person deixis which found in those news.

From the analysis, there were following data N6/01/24.04.2020/SD. The

following analysis can be seen below:

“Acting Director General of Higher Education in the Ministry of

Education and Cultural Affairs, Professor Nizam, stated that the

achievement is a matter of pride for the entire nation”

Code. N6/01/24.04.2020/SD

The data N6/01/24.04.2020/SD tell that Professor Nizam state that

the achievement of UI, UGM, and IPB Among World’s 100 Top of THE’s

Impact Rankings is a matter of pride for the entire nation. The social deixis

word are “Acting Director General of Higher Education in the Ministry

of Education and Cultural Affairs” , and “Professor”. The word

“Acting Director General of Higher Education in the Ministry of

Education and Cultural Affairs” is absolute social deixis. It mention the

 107

important position from someone while the word “Professor” is also

absolute social deixis. “Professor” mention the title that someone have,

the mention aim to politeness. Both of “Acting Director General of

Higher Education in the Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs” ,

and “Professor” has refferent meaning to Professor Nizam.

Types of Deixis Found in Education News Article

Antaranews Online Newspaper on the sixth news

Table 4.6
Type of Deixis Total
No
Person First Person Deixis 2
Deixis Second Person -
1
Deixis
Third Person Deixis 4

2 Time -
Deixis
3 Place -
Deixis
Social Relatio -
4 Deixis nal
Absol 2
ute
5 Discourse Deixis 3
Total in every activity 11

From the table 4.6 about tabulation above can be seen that the

types of deixis according to the Levinson, were found on the sixth

news of education news article entitled “UI, UGM, and IPB Among

World’s 100 Top of THE’s Impact Rankings”. The researcher found 11

deixis words, there were first person deixis were 2 times, third person
 108

deixis were 4 times, absolute social deixis were 2 times, and 3 times for

discourse deixis. Based on the table 4.6 above, The most dominant was

third person deixis were 4 times and the second most dominant is

discourse deixis were 3 times. So, from the explanation above, it can be

concluded that the mostly types of deixis found was third person deixis

in the sixth news. Whereas, the mostly types of person deixis found

were using third person deixis “he” which were found 2 words found

in the education news article on the Antaranews online newspaper.

g. Deixis found in Education News Article Antaranews Online

Newspaper on the seventh news

Seventh news is entitled “Indonesia Should Have a National

Education Blueprint in Place: PGRI” published on 2nd May 2020 the

editor “Fardah Assegaf”. The seventh news is about PGRI want

government expected to draft the country’s national education blueprint to

prepare Indonesians to be at par with global community members. Based

on those news article the deixis that found in those article are:

1) Person Deixis

Based on the analysis, the person deixis that found on the seventh

news are on the data N7/02/02.05.2020/PD, N7/03/02.05.2020/PD,

N7/04/02.05.2020/PD, N7/05/02.05.2020/PD, N7/06/02.05.2020/PD,

N7/07/02.05.2020/PD, N7/08/02.05.2020/PD twice,

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N7/09/02.05.2020/PD, N7/11/02.05.2020/PD, N7/12/02.05.2020/PD.

The analysis can be seen below:

"The blueprint is expected to be formulated by emphasizing on a

foundation that education is an endeavor to prepare students to stand

among the global community members," she noted

Code. N7/02/02.05.2020/PD

The data N7/02/02.05.2020/PD above tell that Unifah Rosyidi noted

that the blueprint is expected to be formulated by emphasizing on a

foundation that education is an endeavor to prepare students to stand

among the global community members. The person deixis word on

those data is “she”. Based on Levinson, the word “she” categorized in

third person deixis as subject pronouns. The word “she” has refferent

meaning to the women who is speak on those news. The word “she” on

the data N7/02/02.05.2020/PD has refferent meaning to Professor

Unifah Rosyidi because women who is speak on the seventh news is

Professor Unifah Rosyidi. Next person deixis can be seen on the data

N7/03/02.05.2020/PD:

“The national education blueprint, supported by the PGRI, also

stresses on the significance of preparing students to become good and

productive citizens by edifying them on culture and values of

pluralism”.

Code. N7/03/02.05.2020/PD
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The data N7/03/02.05.2020/PD tell that national education blueprint

supported by PGRI stresses on the significance of preparing students to

become good and productive citizens by edifying them on culture and

values of pluralism. The person deixis word from the data

N7/03.02.05.2020/PD is “them”. “Them” is categorized to the third

person deixis as object pronouns. The function for the object from the

utterance. The word “them” on the data N7/03.02.05.2020/PD has

refferent meaning to the students. Other person deixis can be seen on

the data N7/08/02.05.2020/PD twice:

"Amid this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we have realized the need to

strengthen online-based educational services,…." she noted.

Code. N7/08/02.05.2020/PD

The data N7/08/02.05.2020/PD tell that Professor Unifah advice to

the Indonesian people that must realized the need to strengthen online-

based educational services. The deixis word on the data

N7/08/02.05.2020/PD are “we”, and “she”. The word “we” is

categorized into first person deixis as subject pronouns. The word “we”

on the data N7/08/02.05.2020/PD has refferent meaning to the

Indonesian people including PGRI Chairperson because on those data

PGRI Chairperson give advice to all people in Indonesia. According to

Levinson, the word “she” is categorized into third person deixis as

subject pronouns. The word “she” has refferent meaning to the women

who is speak. On the data N7/08/02.05.2020/PD the women who speak

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is Professor Unifah Rosyidi so “she” has refferent meaning to Professor

Unifah Rosyidi. Next person deixis can be found on the data

N7/11/02.05.2020/PD:

“The association has also called on the government to handle

the matter pertaining to K2 non-permanent teachers, who had
passed the working contract-based civil servants (PPPK) tests
by taking into account their age and years of services”.
Code. N7/11/02.05.2020/PD

The data N7/11/02.05.2020/PD tell that PGRI has also called on the

government to handle the matter pertaining to K2 non permanent

teacher, who had passed the working contract based civil servants

(PPPK) test. The person deixis word is “their”. The word “their” is

categorized into third person deixis as possesive adjectives. The word

“their” on the data N7/11/02.05.2020/PD has referent meaning to the

teachers.

2) Discourse Deixis

Based on the analysis, the discourse deixis that found on the seventh

news are on the data N7/04/02.05.2020/DD, N7/08/02.05.2020/DD.

The analysis can be seen below:

“Last but not least, the blueprint also enables teachers to continue to

learn and adapt to changes to ensure the smooth and unhindered

running of educational activities, she stated”.

Code. N7/04/02.05.2020/DD

The data N7/04/02.05.2020/DD tell that Professor Unifah statement

about the blueprint enables teachers to continue to learn and adapt to

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changes to ensure the smooth and unhindered running of educational

activities. The deixis word of the data N7/04/02.05.2020/DD is the

word “Last but not least” because if those word translated into

Indonesian language it will be translate to the word “terakhir”. The

word “Last but not least” to mention the last thing that speaker want to

tell. ”Last but not least” has refferent meaning to the function of

national education blueprint. Next discourse deixis can be seen on the

data N7/08/02.05.2020/DD:

"Amid this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we have realized the need to

strengthen online-based educational services," she noted.

Code. N7/08/02.05.2020/DD

The data N7/08/02.05.2020/DD tell that Professor Unifah advice

that Indonesian people must realized the need to strenghten online

based educational services. Based on Levinson, the word “this” is

discourse deixis. “This” used to refer to a portion of the discourse.

“This” has refferents meaning to ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

3) Social Deixis

Based on the analysis, the discourse deixis that found on the seventh

news are on the data N7/01/02.05.2020/SD twice,

N7/02/02.05.2020/DD, N7/03/02.05.2020/SD, N7/04/02.05.2020/SD,

N7/05/02.05.2020/SD, N7/06/02.05.2020/SD, N7/10/02.05.2020/SD,

N7/11/02.05.2020/SD, N7/12/02.05.2020/SD twice. The analysis can

be seen below:
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“The government is expected to draft the country's national

education blueprint to prepare Indonesians to be at par with
global community members, according to Indonesian Teachers
Association (PGRI) Chairperson Professor Unifah Rosyidi”.

Code. N7/01/02.05.2020/SD

The data N7/01/02.05.2020/SD tell that PGRI Chairperson stated

that the government is expected to draft the country's national education

blueprint to prepare Indonesians to be at par with global community

members. The social deixis word from the data N7/01/02.05.2020/SD

are “Indonesian Teachers Association (PGRI) Chairperson” and

“Professor”. “Indonesian Teachers Association (PGRI) Chairperson”

is social deixis because those word mention occupied position by

someone, so it means absolute social deixis. The word “Indonesian

Teachers Association (PGRI) Chairperson” has refferent meaning to

Unifah Rosyidi. While the word “Professor” is categorized absolute

social deixis. The word “Professor” mention the earned degree from

someone. It also mention to show the politeness by mention the degree.

“Professor” has refferent meaning to Unifah Rosyidi. Next social

deixis can be seen on the data N7/02/02.05.2020/SD:

"The blueprint is expected to be formulated by emphasizing on a

foundation that education is an endeavor to prepare students to stand

among the global community members," she noted

Code.N7/02/02.05.2020/SD

The data N7/02/02.05.2020/SD above tell that Unifah Rosyidi noted

that the blueprint is expected to be formulated by emphasizing on a

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foundation that education is an endeavor to prepare students to stand

among the global community members. The social deixis word on the

data N7/02/02.05.2020/SD is “students”. The word “students” is

categorized into absolute social deixis as differences social status. The

word “students” has refferent meaning to student around Indonesia.

Next social deixis can be seen on the data N7/06/02.05.2020/SD:

“However, teachers, who are not technologically sound, would easily

be replaced by technology, ….” she stated

Code.N7/06/02.05.2020/SD

The data N7/06/02.05.2020/SD tell about teachers who are not

technologically sound, would easily be replaced by technology. The

social deixis word on the data N7/06/02.05.2020/SD is “teachers”. The

word “teachers was categorized absolute social deixis because

“teacher” mean profession, job. The mention of “teacher” is to show

higher social class and different social level. The word “teachers” refer

to teachers around Indonesia.

Types of Deixis Found in Education News Article

Antaranews Online Newspaper on the seventh news

Table 4.7

Type of Deixis Total

No
Person First Person Deixis 1
Deixis Second Person -
1
Deixis
Third Person Deixis 10
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2 Time -
Deixis
3 Place -
Deixis
Social Relatio -
4 Deixis nal
Absol 11
ute
5 Discourse Deixis 2
Total in every activity 24

From the table 4.7 about tabulation above can be seen that the

types of deixis according to the Levinson, were found on the sixth

news of education news article entitled “ Indonesia Should Have a

National Education Blueprint in Place: PGRI”. The researcher found 24

deixis words, there were first person deixis was 1 times, third person

deixis were 10 times, absolute social deixis were 11 times, and 2 times

for discourse deixis. Based on the table 4.7 above, The most dominant

was absolute social deixis were 11 times and the second most dominant

is third person deixis were 10 times. So, from the explanation above, it

can be concluded that the mostly types of deixis found was absolute

social deixis in the seventh news.

After giving the sample of the data, and categorized based on

Levinson’s theory which they are five types of deixis namely

person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and dicourse

deixis. Here were the whole findings of the type of deixis found in

education news article on The Antaranews Online newspaper consisting

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of seventh education news article from November 2019 until May 2020.

The table can be seen in the next page.

Tabulation Data of Deixis Found on the Education

News article in the Antara News Online Newspaper.
Table 4.8

Types of Deixis

News Person Deixis Social

Deixis
Total Types of

Discourse
Place Deixis
Time Deixis

Deixis
Relational
Deixis in Every

Absolute
Second
Person

Person
Deixis

Deixis
Third

News
Person
Deixis
Fisrt

1st News - - 10 - - - 9 1
20
2nd News 3 - 20 - 1 - 18 3
45
3rd News - - 3 3 - - 13 1 20
- - 5 1 - - 6 4
4th News 16

7 - 13 2 - - 17 2
5th News 41

2 - 4 - - - 2 3
6th News 11

1 - 10 - - - 11 2
7th News 24

Total Deixis 13 - 65 - 76
Word
in Every
Types 78 6 1 76 16
177
Total Types of Deixis found in Education News Article on the Antara News
Online Newspaper
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Based on the table 4.8 above, it can be seen that types of deixis were

found on the education news article in the Antaranews online newspaper from

the first news until seven news on the edition of Novermber 2019 until May

2020. The researcher found 177 deixis words. In the first news entitled

“Education Minister Urges Teachers to Initiate Changes in Classrooms”,

found 20 deixis words, In the second news entitled “Nadiem Makarim Keen

to Give University Students Freedom to Learn” found 45 deixis words, in the

third news entitled “China Increases Scholarship Quota to 3000 for

Indonesian Students” found 20 deixis words. Meanwhile in the fourth news

entitled “Industry’s involvement to Usher in Improvement in Educational

Quality” found 16 deixis words, in the fifth news entitled “Government

Revokes 2020 National Exams” found 41 deixis words, in the sixth news

entitled “UI, UGM, and IPB Among World’s 100 Top of THE’s Impact

Rankings” found 11 deixis words, in the seventh news entitled “Indonesia

Should Have a National Education Blueprint in Place: PGRI” found 24 deixis

words.

The most dominant of deixis that found in every news is different. Both

of the first news, second news and sixth news the most dominant deixis is

person deixis. While both of the third news, fourth news, and seventh news

the most dominant deixis is social deixis. Generally, the most dominant deixis

that found from first news until seventh news in education news article on the

Antaranews online newspaper was person deixis, which there were 78 person

deixis words including 65 third person deixis word and 13 third person deixis.
 118

There were the third person deixis “he” that found 29 times. There were also

the word “we” that found 9 times. The second dominant deixis was social

deixis, which there were 76 deixis word that all the word is absolute social

deixis. There were the word from the profession and position like “teacher”,

“Chairperson”, “Education and Cultural Minister”, “students”, “The former

boss”, “Education and cultural attache”, “Acting Director General”, “Acting

chief”, and “Chief of the House of Representatives' Commission X”. There

were also the word form of degree and show politeness such as Minister,

President, Professor. Third dominant deixis was discourse deixis which there

were 16 times such as “this”, “these”, “it”, “next”. Fourth dominant deixis

was time deixis with the word “last year”, “last few year”, “early”, “the end”,

“into”. The least dominant was place deixis there is only 1 times with the

word “here”. From the explanation, it can be concluded that deixis that most

dominant is person deixis in the third person deixis were 65 in which of word

“he”. The mostly frequency of deixis words was in the second news entitled

“Nadiem Makarim Keen to Give University Students Freedom to Learn”

which there were 45 deixis words.

2. The Referent Meaning in Deixis that found in Education News Article

Antaranews Online Newspaper

The second research question was to analyze the referents meaning of

deixis those found in education news article on the Antaranews online

newspaper. This part was provide data to answer the second question from
 119

this research. The complete refferents meaning can be seen on the appendices.

The referents meaning of deixis those found in education news article aim to

make the reader to know and identify the entity being referred so the reader

can know the meaning and content from the news. There were some data

provided by the researcher:

a. The referent meaning of Person deixis in Education News Article on

the Antaranews Online Newspaper

Personal deixis concerned encoding of the participants in the speech

event in which the utterance in question is delivered. The first person refers

to the speaker, second person refers to addressee and third person is refer

to other participant in the situation of speech. In this research, the

researcher found first person deixis and third person deixis which 78

person deixis words. The data can be seen below:

1) First Person Deixis

The first person deixis is refers to the speaker. The referents meaning

of the deixis that found in education news article using the word “I”,

“We”, “My”, “Our”. This research found 13 first person deixis. The

data can be seen below:

a) The word of “I” has referent meaning to the minister

In this referents meaning of the minister, there was 1 data which

found in this research on the fifth news entitled “Government

revokes 2020 National Exams”. The data is on

N5/07/24.03.2020/PD:
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“... I think at the ministry, the risks outweigh the benefits to

proceeding with the exams, …." he noted.

Code. N5/07/24.03.2020/PD

The data above tell that the Minister Nadiem Makarim speak

to media that the risks is higher than the benefits if national exam

held. The word “I” is singular pronoun of first person deixis which

reffered to the minister who speak to the media during press

conference and also reffered to the role person deixis in which the

utterance narrated by one person. So it was tird to the speaker which

was the minister himself. The referent meaning of “I” is the minister.

b) The word of “My” has refferent meaning to the minister Nadiem

Makarim

In this refferents meaning, there was 1 data which found in

this research on the second news entitled “Nadiem Makarim Keen to

Give University Students Freedom to Learn”. The data is on

N2/11/24.03.2020/PD:

“... This is my commitment, …." he remarked.

Code. N2/11/24.03.2020/PD

The data N2/11/24.03.2020/PD tell that Nadiem Makarim stated her

commitment. The word “my” is first person deixis as possesive

adjective. Possesive adjectives give a simple explanation about the

ownership a noun or object. On the data N2/11/24.03.2020/PD the

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word “commitment” is a noun which is owned by someone, on the

second news someone who is speak is The Minister Nadiem

Makarim. So, the word “my” has refferents meaning to The Minister

Nadiem Makarim.

c) The word of “We” has refferent meaning to the government

In this refferents meaning, there were 7 data on the data

N5/01/24.03.2020/PD,N5.07/24.03.2020/PD, N5/10/24.03.2020/PD

twice, N5/13/24.03.2020/PD, N6/02/24.04.2020/PD,

N6/06/24.04.2020/PD. The analysis can be seen below:

“After our deliberation and discussion with the president and other

instances, we have decided to revoke the 2020 national exams,…"

Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim stated ...

Code. N5/01/24.03.2020/PD

The data N5/01/24.03.2020 tell that after videoconference meeting

led by President Joko Widodo, government decided to revokes 2020

National Exams. Based on Levinson, the word “we” is first person

deixis. “We” used as a subject pronoun. The word “We” has

refferents meaning to the government because mostly the data of this

deixis explained about someone who had a position like on this data

Minister, President and the other instances, Chairperson from state

institutions and other instances, but on this data explain that the

referents meaning of “we” is President, Minister and other instances

so it can be say that they are the government.

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d) The word of “We” has refferent meaning to Indonesian people

In this refferents meaning, there were 2 data on the data

N2/02/04.12.2019/PD, N7/08/02.05.2020/PD. The analysis can be

seen below:

"Amid this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we have realized the need

to strengthen online-based educational services,…." she noted.

Code. N7/08/02.05.2020/PD

The data above tell that The PGRI Chairperson advice that

Indonesian people must realized the need to strenghten online based

educational services. Based on Levinson, the word “we” is first

person deixis. The word of “we” has refferents meaning to the

Indonesian people beceause the PGRI Chairperson tell to the

governmen, to herself, to journalist, generally Indonesian people to

realized the need to strenghten online based educational services. So

“we” has refferents meaning to Indonesian people.

e) The word of “Our” has refferent meaning to Government

In this refferents meaning, there were 2 data on the data

N2/11/04.12.2019/PD, N7/08/02.05.2020/PD. The analysis can be

seen below:
 123

“After our deliberation and discussion with the president and other

instances, we have decided to revoke the 2020 national exams,…"

Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim stated.

Code. N5/01/24.03.2020/PD

The data N5/01/24.03.2020 tell that after videoconference

meeting led by President Joko Widodo, government decided to

revokes 2020 National Exams. The word “our” is first person deixis

as possesive adjective. The word “our” has refferent meaning to the

government because on those data explain that minister, president,

other instances make discussions about the revokes of 2020 national

exams. The minister, president, other instances can be say that they

all the government.

2) Third Person Deixis

The third person deixis is refers to other participants in situation of

speech. The referents meaning of the deixis that found in education

news article using the word “He”, “His”, “She”, “They”, “Them”,

Their”. This research found 65 third person deixis. The data can be seen

below:

a) The word of “He” has refferent meaning to the Minister Nadiem

Makarim

In this refferents meaning, there were 29 data on the data

N1/04/25.11.2019/PD, N1/08/25.11.2019/PD three times,

N2/04/04.12.2019/PD,N2/05/04.12.2019/PD,N2/06/04.12.2019/PD
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,N2/08/04.12.2019/PD,N2/09/04.12.2019/PD,N2/11/04.12.2019/P

D,N2/13/04.12.2019/PD,N5/05/24.03.2020/PD,N5/06/24.03.2020/

PD,N5/07/24.03.2020/PD, N5/10/24.03.2020/PD. The analysis can

be seen below:

"The president's vision has two interpretations, specifically freedom

in learning and teachers as activators, …." he stated.

Code. N2/05/04.12.2019/PD

From the data N2/05/04.12.2019/PD the deixis word based on

Levinson is “he”. The function is a subject pronoun from the man in

situations of speech. That man is Nadiem Makarim so “he” refer to

Minister Nadiem Makarim.

b) The word of “He” has refferent meaning to the Yaya Sutarya

In this refferents meaning, there were 2 data on the data

N3/05/17.01.2019/PD, N3/07/17.01.2019/PD. The analysis can be

seen below:

“In the meantime, he stated that the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing

had started Indonesian language classes at 19 universities in various

regions in China”.

Code. N3/05/17.01.2020/PD

From the data N3/05/17.01.2020/PD the deixis word based

on Levinson is “he”. The function is a subject pronoun from the man

in situations of speech. The man from the third news is Yaya Sutarya

so “he” refer to Yaya Sutarya.

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c) The word of “He” has refferent meaning to the Patdono Suwignjo

In this refferents meaning, there were 2 data on the data

N4/03/03.02.2020/PD, N4/04/03.02.2020/PD. The analysis can be

seen below:

"Comprehending the importance of this, the Ministry of Education

and Culture has created a special directorate to handle the

cooperation, …." he expounded.

Code. N4/03/03.02.2020/PD

From the data N4/03/03.02.2020/PD the deixis word based on

Levinson is “he”. The function is a subject pronoun from the man in

situations of speech. The man from the third news are Acting

Director General of Vocational Education Patdono Suwignjo and

Acting Chief the Jakarta Provincial Education Office Bowo Irianto.

But on the data N4/03/03.02.2020/PD the man in situation of speech

is Patdono Suwignjo so “he” refer to Patdono Suwignjo.

d) The word of “He” has refferent meaning to the Bowo Irianto

In this refferents meaning, there were 3 data on the data

N4/09/03.02.2020/PD,N4/10/03.02.2020/PD,N4/11/03.02.2020/PD

. The analysis can be seen below:

“The 10 new vocational schools are deemed necessary since

only 63 of the 590 vocational schools in the capital belong to
the government, while the rest are run by private institutions,
he added”.
Code. N4/09/03.02.2020/PD
 126

From the data N4/09/03.02.2020/PD the deixis word based on

Levinson is “he”. The function is a subject pronoun from the man in

situations of speech. The man from the third news are Acting

Director General of Vocational Education Patdono Suwignjo and

Acting Chief the Jakarta Provincial Education Office Bowo Irianto.

But on the data N4/09/03.02.2020/PD the man in situation of speech

is Bowo Irianto so “he” refer to Bowo Irianto.

e) The word of “He” has refferent meaning to the President Joko

Widodo

In this refferents meaning, there were 2 data on the data

N5/12/24.03.2020/PD, N5/13/24.03.2020/PD. The analysis can be

seen below:

“At the start of the meeting, he stated that the students are currently

affected by the spread of COVID-19 and are studying from home

owing to the circumstances”.

Code. N5/12/24.03.2020/PD

From the data N5/12/24.03.2020/PD explain that President

Joko Widodo state about the students are currently affected by

COVID 19 and are studying from home owing the circumstances.

The deixis word based on Levinson is “he”. The function is a subject

pronoun from the man in situations of speech. The man in situations

of speech from the fifth news are Minister Nadiem, President Joko
 127

Widodo, and Syaiful Huda. But on the data N5/12/24.03.2020/PD

“he” refer to President Joko Widodo.

f) The word of “He” has refferent meaning to Syaiful Huda

In this refferents meaning, there was 1 data on the data

N5/17/24.03.2020/PD. The analysis can be seen below:

Hundreds of thousands and also millions of students are at risk if the

national exams continue to be held," he remarked

Code. N5/17/24.03.2020/PD

From the data N5/17/24.03.2020/PD explain that Chief of

the House of Representatives Commission X Syaiful Huda stated

that hundreds of thousands and also millions of students are at risk

if the national exams continue to be held. The deixis word based on

Levinson is “he”. The function is a subject pronoun from the man in

situations of speech. The man in situations of speech from the fifth

news are Minister Nadiem, President Joko Widodo, and Syaiful

Huda. But on the data N5/17/24.03.2020/PD “he” refer to Syaiful

Huda.

g) The word of “He” has refferent meaning to Professor Nizam

In this refferents meaning, there were 2 data on the data

N6/04/24.03.2020/PD, N6/06/24.03.2020/PD. The analysis can be

seen below:
 128

"Indonesian universities' dedication toward the community has been

recognized by the international community," he pointed out.

Code. N6/04/24.03.2020/PD

From the data N6/04/24.03.2020/PD explain that Acting

Director General of Higher Education in the Ministry of Education

and Cultural Affairs Professor Nizam stated that Indonesian

universities dedication toward the community has been recognized

by the international community. The deixis word based on Levinson

is “he”. The function is a subject pronoun from the man in situations

of speech. The man in situations of speech from the sixth news is

Professor Nizam. So “he” refer to Professor Nizam.

h) The word of “She” has refferent meaning to Professor Unifah

Rosyidi

In this refferents meaning, there were 8 data on the data

N7/02/02.05.2020/PD,N7/04/02.05.2020/PD,N7/05/02.05.2020/PD

,N7/06/02.05.2020/PD,N7/07/02.05.2020/PD,N7/08/02.05.2020/P

D,N7/09/02.05.2020/PD, N7/12/02.05.2020/PD. The analysis can

be seen below:

Last but not least, the blueprint also enables teachers to continue to

learn and adapt to changes to ensure the smooth and unhindered

running of educational activities, she stated.

Code. N7/04/02.05.2020/PD
 129

From the data N7/04/02.05.2020/PD explain that PGRI

Chaiperson Professor Unifah Rosyidi stated that the national

education blueprint also enables teachers to continue to learn and

adapt to changes to ensure the smooth and unhindered running of

educational activities. The deixis word based on Levinson is “she”.

The function is a subject pronoun from the women in situations of

speech. The women in situations of speech from the seventh news is

Professor Unifah Rosyidi. So “he” refer to Professor Unifah Rosyidi.

i) The word of “His” has refferents meaning to The Minister Nadiem

Makarim, and the teachers

In this refferents meaning, there were 3 data on the data

N2/02/04.12.2019/PD,N2/08/04.12.2019/PD,N2/10/04.12.2019/PD

. The analysis can be seen below:

Makarim voiced his commitment to freeing the country's education

system to drive novel innovations in the education sector.

Code. N2/10/04.12.2019/PD

From the data N2/10/04.12.2019/PD explain that Minister

Nadiem Makarim voiced his commitment to freeing the country's

education system to drive novel innovations in the education sector.

The deixis word is “his”. The function is a possesive adjectives. On

the data N2/10/04.12.2019/PD the commitment has have by Nadiem

 130

Makarim. So “his” refer to Minister Nadiem Makarim. Next analysis

can be seen on the data N2/08/04.12.2019/PD:

He would not waste time in class. Hence, in class, he would

organize a discussion or group study and implement various
projects outside though by involving his students to enable
them to have different experiences," he stated.
Code. N2/08/04.12.2019/PD

The data N2/08/04.12.2019/PD tell that Nadiem Makarim

stated that teacher would organize discussion involving his student.

The deixis word is the word “his”. The function is a possesive

adjectives. On the data N2/08/04.12.2019/PD the students has have

by teachers. So “his” refer to teachers.

j) The word of “They” has refferents meaning to the teachers, teachers

and lecturers, Chinese government, and Indonesian Universities

those get world’s top 100 universities.

In this refferents meaning, there were 6 data on the data

N1/06/25.11.2019/PD,N1/07/25.11.2019/PD,N2/07/04.12.2019/PD

,N2/09/04.12.2019/PD,N3/02/17.01.2020/PD,N6/03/24.04.2020/P

D. The analysis can be seen below:

Teachers are responsible for shaping the future of the nation, but at

the same time, they are bogged down by administrative issues. There

are more regulations than help for teachers, Makarim pointed out.

Code. N1/06/25.11.2019/PD

From the data N1/06/25.11.2019/PD explain that Minister

Nadiem Makarim motivate teacher that teacher is responsible for

 131

development future of the nation. The deixis word is “they”. The

function is a subject pronouns. If translated into Indonesian language

it would be “mereka”. On those data “they” has referent meaning to

teacher. Next analysis can be seen on the data N2/07/04.12.2019/PD:

Speaking in connection with teachers and lecturers as the stimuli,

Makarim said they would strive to seek knowledge and science to

bring about improvements in learning activities in classes.

Code. N2/07/04.12.2019/PD

The data N2/07/04.12.2019/PD tell that Nadiem Makarim

said that teacher and lecturer would strive to seek knowledge and

science to bring about improvements in learning activities in classes.

The deixis word is the word “they”. The function is a subject

pronouns. If translated into Indonesian language it would be

“mereka”. On those data “they” has referent meaning to teachers and

lecturer. Another analysis can be seen on the data

N3/02/17.01.2020/PD:

Of course, they has planned to increase the scholarship quota

significantly than that in 2019," Yaya Sutarya, Education and

Culture Attaché of the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing, told Antara

Code. N3/02/17.01.2020/PD

The data N3/02/17.01.2020/PD tell that Chinese

Government planed to increase schoarship quota than in 2019. The

deixis word is the word “they”. The function is a subject pronouns.

 132

If translated into Indonesian language it would be “mereka”. On

those data “they” has referent meaning to Chinese Government. Next

analysis can be seen on the data N6/03/24.04.2020/PD:

They are not merely the "ivory tower" but indeed the "water tower"

that distributes water to people to use," Nizam noted

Code. N6/03/24.04.2020/PD

The data N6/03/24.04.2020/PD tell that Nizam state that

those universities is water tower that distributes water to people to

use. The deixis word is the word “they”. The function is a subject

pronouns. If translated into Indonesian language it would be

“mereka”. On those data “they” has referent meaning to Indonesian

Universities those get world’s top 100 universities.

k) The word of “Them” has refferents meaning to the students, teachers

and lecturers, and schools

In this refferents meaning, there were 6 data on the data

N1/03/25.11.2019/PD twice, N2/09/04.12.2019/PD,

N2/08/04.12.2019/PD,N5/10/24.03.2020/PD,N7/03/02.05.2020/PD

. The analysis can be seen below:

The minister has called on teachers to encourage student

engagement in discussions instead of telling them to listen,
offer them an opportunity to teach in class, initiate a social
program that involves all students, assist students with
confidence issues discover their talents, and provide
guidance to other teachers in need.
Code. N1/03/25.11.2019/PD
 133

The data N1/03/25.11.2019/PD tell that the minister tells the

teacher to encourage student engagement. The person deixis word of

the data N1/03/25.11.2019/PD is “them” happen twice. The function

of “them” as a object pronouns. If translated into Indonesian it would

be “mereka”. On the data N1/03/25.11.2019/PD “them” refer to

students. Next analysis is on the data N2/09/04.12.2019/PD:

Teachers and lecturers should feel a sense of pride if their students

are smarter than them, and they would not feel threatened, he

remarked.

Code. N2/09/04.12.2019/PD

The data N2/09/04.12.2019/PD tell that Makarim stated

teacher and lecturer must pride if the students are smarter than them.

The person deixis word of those data is “them”. The function of

“them” as a object pronouns. If translated into Indonesian it would

be “mereka” as an object. On those data “them” refer to teachers and

lecturers. Other analysis is on the data N5/10/24.03.2020/PD:

We are not compelling schools to measure curriculum

achievements. There are several online schools that have yet
to be optimal, but we do not compel them to measure the
achievements disrupted by COVID-19," he expounded.
Code. N5/10/24.03.2020/PD

Those data tell that government are not compelling schools

to measure curriculum achievements. The person deixis word of

those data is “them”. The function of “them” as a object pronouns.

 134

If translated into Indonesian it would be “mereka” as an object. On

those data “them” refer to schools.

l) The word of “Their” has refferents meaning to the students or

university students, teachers, schools, universities

In this refferents meaning, there were 11 data on the data

N1/01/25.11.2019/PD,N1/03/25.11.2019/PD,N2/01/04.12.2019/PD

,N2/02/04.12.2019/PD,N2/09/04.12.2019/PD,N5/03/24.03.2020/P

D,N5/04/24.03.2020/PD,N5/06/24.03.2020/PD,N5/08/24.03.2020/

PD, N6/06/24.04.2020/PD, N7/11/02.05.2020/PD. The analysis can

be seen below:

Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim has appealed to

teachers to start small changes in their classrooms.

Code. N1/01/25.11.2019/PD

The data N1/01/25.11.2019/PD is about Nadiem Makarim

tell teacher to start changes begin in the their classrooms. The person

deixis word is “their”. The function as possesive adjectives. If

translated into Indonesian language it would be “mereka”. The word

“their” refer to the teacher because the word “classrooms” has have

by teachers on those data. Next person deixis is on the data

N2/01/04.12.2019/PD:
 135

Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim spoke of his keen

intent to give university students the freedom to learn in line with

their aspirations, capabilities, and interests.

Code. N2/01/04.12.2019/PD

The data N2/01/04.12.2019/PD about Nadiem Makarim

spoke that give university students freedom to learn in line with their

interest, aspirations, and capabilities. The person deixis word is

“their”. The function as possesive adjectives. If translated into

Indonesian language it would be “mereka”. The word “their” refer

to the university students. Other person deixis is on the data

N5/08/24.03.2020/PD:

This means that schools can still hold their own exams, but no tests

should be held that involve students gathering in classrooms.

Code. N5/08/24.03.2020/PD

The data N5/08/24.03.2020/PD is about schools can still

hold their own exams but no tests should be held that involved

students gathering in classrooms. The person deixis word is “their”.

The function as possesive adjectives. If translated into Indonesian

language it would be “mereka”. The word “their” refer to the

schools. Next person deixis is on the data N6/06/24.04.2020/PD:

 136

"During this COVID-19 pandemic, we also expect Indonesian

universities to intensify their role and contribution in prevention to

contain the disease," he affirmed.

Code. N6/06/24.04.2020/PD

The data N6/06/24.04.2020.PD is about government expect

during in COVID 19 pandemic, Indonesian universities contribute in

prevention contain the disease. The person deixis word is “their”.

The function as possesive adjectives. If translated into Indonesian

language it would be “mereka”. The word “their” refer to the

Indonesian universities.

b. The referent meaning of Time deixis in Education News Article on the

Antaranews Online Newspaper

Time Deixis used to indicate the time at which the speaker is

producing the utterance. In this research, there were found 6 times

deixis words found in Education News Article on the Antaranews Online

Newspaper. From the data analysis. They were can be seen below:

a) The word “last year” and “last few years” has referent meaning to the

past time

In this refferents meaning, there were 3 data on the data

N3/04/17.01.2020/TD twice, N3/07/17.01.2020/TD. The analysis can

be seen below:
 137

With an increase in the number of students receiving scholarships last

year, the total number of Indonesian students in China reached 15,780,

or increase of some 1,420 people, from last year.

Code. N3/04/17.01.2020/TD

The data N3/04/17.01.2020/TD is about total number of Indonesian

students in China reached 15,780, or increase of some 1,420 people,

from last year. The time deixis word is “last year”. “Last year has

refferents meaning to the past time. Last year refer to 2019 because the

news publish on January 2020. Next analysis is on the data

N3/07/17.01.2020/TD:

The number of Indonesian language classes has also increased in the

last few years," he remarked.

Code. N3/07/17.01.2020/TD

The data N3/07/17.01.2020/TD is about Number of Indonesian

language classes increase in China The time deixis word is “last few

years”. “Last few years has refferents meaning to the past time. Last

few years refer to last few years before 2020 because if translated into

Indonesian it would be “beberapa tahun sebelumnya”, however those

news publish on 2020 so last few years is last few years before 2020.

b) The word “Early May” and “The end of March and into April” has

referent meaning to the future time

 138

In this refferents meaning there were 2 data on the data

N4/11/03.02.2020/TD, and N5/11/24.03.2020/TD. The analysis can be

seen below:

... "Hopefully, the contracts would be signed in early May at the latest,"

he added.

Code. N4/11/03.02.2020/TD

The data N4/11/03.02.2020/TD about the minister hope the

contracts would be signed immediately. The time deixis word is “early

may”. “Early May” refer to the future time especially the date at the

beginning of May because the news published on February 2020. Next

time deixis is on data N5/11/24.03.2020/TD:

President Widodo had earlier stated during the meeting that the
policy on the 2020 national exams should not impinge upon the
rights of the 8.3 million students scheduled to take the test at the
end of March and into April.
Code. N5/11/24.03.2020/TD

The data N5/11/24.03.2020/TD about President Widodo stated that

the policy on the 2020 national exams should not impinge upon the

rights of the 8.3 million students scheduled to take the test at the end of

March and into April. Time deixis word is “the end of March and into

April”. Those time deixis word refer to future time especially the date

between end of March until April because the news publish before the

end of March 2020.

 139

c. The referent meaning of Place deixis in Education News Article on the

Antaranews Online Newspaper

Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial locations relative to the

location of the participants in the speech. In this research, there was 1 place

deixis found in Education News Article on the Antaranews Online

Newspaper. The analysis can be seen below:

"University students should study in accordance with their

respective wishes and interests. We must make this change," the
minister noted in his remarks at the inauguration of the new rector
of the University of Indonesia (UI) Prof. Ari Kuncoro at UI
Campus, Depok, here, Wednesday
Code. N2/02/04.12.2019/PD

The data N2/02/04.12.2019 about Nadiem Makarim tell that

university students should study in accordance with their interest and

respective wishes. Based on Levinson the place deixis word is “here”.

“Here” has referent meaning location near. From those data the word

“here” has referent meaning to the UI Campuss Depok because The

minister as speaker give speech at UI Campuss.

d. The referent meaning of Discourse deixis in Education News Article

on the Antaranews Online Newspaper

Discourse deixis concerns the use of expressions within some

uterances to refer to some portion of the discourse contents that utterance

including the use of utterance itself. In this research found 16 data. They

are as follow:
 140

a) The word “These”, “This” , “Next”, “Last but not least” has referent

meaning to the upcoming or forthcoming portion in utterance

In this refferents meaning there were 13 data on the data

N1/04/25.11.2019/DD, N2/02/04.12.2019/DD, N2/06/04.12.2019/DD,

N3/01/17.01.2020/DD, N4/03/03.02.2020/DD, N4/07/03.02.2020/DD,

N4/11/03.02.2020/DD, N5/08/24.03.2020/DD, N5/16/24.03.2020/DD,

N6/02/24.04.2020/DD, N6/05/24.04.2020/DD, N7/04/02.05.2020/DD,

N7/08/02.05.2020/DD. The analysis can be seen below:

Through these small changes made by teachers, Indonesia will move

forward, he noted.

Code. N1/04/25.11.2019/DD

The data N1/04/25.11.2019/DD about Nadiem Makarim tells the

teacher if make the small changes inside of the class Indonesia will

move forward. the word “These” is discourse deixis. In general, the

word these use as demonstrative plural noun. On that sentence “these”

has referrent meaning to upcoming portion in utterance small changes.

Next discourse deixis is on the data N2/06/04.12.2019/DD:

"Within the next five years, indeed, it would not be convenient at all for

various education institutions. However, the change must be brought

about," he stated.

Code. N2/06/04.12.2019/DD
 141

The data N2/06/04.12.2019/DD about Minister tell that the change

must be brought about in next five years. The deixis word according to

Levinson is the word “next”. The refferent meaning of “next” is

upcoming or forthcoming portion. So the refferent meaning is the years

between 2019-2024. Next discourse deixis is on data

N4/11/03.02.2020/DD. The analysis can be seen below:

Construction of vocational schools and the renovation of school

buildings must be completed this year. ...

Code. N4/11/03.02.2020/DD

The data N4/11/03.02.2020/DD is about Minister commitment is

free education unit. Based on Levinson the deixis word is the word

“this”. The refferent meaning of “this” is upcoming or forthcoming

portion and refer to 2020 year. Next discourse deixis is on data

N5/16/24.03.2020/DD:

"This decision is taken after taking into account the plague that has

continued to spread.

Code. N5/16/24.03.2020/DD

The data N5/16/24.03.2020/DD about the decision of revokes 2020

national exams is taken after taking into account the plague that has

continued to spread. Based on Levinson the deixis word is the word

“this”. The refferent meaning of “this” is upcoming or forthcoming

portion and refer to decision in revokes 2020 national exams. Next

discourse deixis on the data N7/04/02.05.2020/DD:

 142

Last but not least, the blueprint also enables teachers to continue to

learn and adapt to changes to ensure the smooth and unhindered

running of educational activities, she stated.

Code. N7/04/02.05.2020/DD

The data N7/04/02.05.2020/DD about the blueprint also enables

teachers to continue to learn and adapt to changes to ensure the smooth

and unhindered running of educational activities. The deixis word “last

but not least” same with the word “last”. According to Levinson the

word “last” is discourse deixis. The refferent meaning of “last but not

least” is upcoming or forthcoming portion and refer to decision in the

function of national education blueprint.

b) The word “It” has refferent meaning to the preceding or prior portion

on speaker utterance

In this refferents meaning there were 2 data on the data

N4/05/03.02.2020/DD, N6/02.24.04.2020/DD. The analysis can be

seen below:

In addition to the tax cut policy for industries involved in the

development of human resources, Suwignjo believes it had yet to show

optimal results.

Code. N4/05/03.02.2020/DD
 143

The data N4/05/03.02.2020/DD about the tax cut policy for

industries involved in the development of human resources, Suwignjo

believes it had yet to show optimal results. The deixis word is the word

“it”. The word “it” according to the reference and inference. “It” refer

to preceding or prior portion in speaker utterance. “It” has refferent

meaning to the tax cut policy for industries.

e. The referent meaning of Social deixis in Education News Article on

the Antaranews Online Newspaper

Social deixis refers to the level of the relationship between a person

and information, there were 76 social deixis words found in education

news article on the Antaranews online newspaper. They were can be seen

below:

a) Absolute Social Deixis

Absolute social deixis is reference expressed in certain forms of

address, which will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker

and addressee. In this research found 76 data. The explanation can be

seen below:

a) The word “Education and Culture Minister”, “Minister”,

“Teachers”, “Lecturer”, “Students”, “President”, “Acting Director

General of Vocational Education”, “The former boss of Gojek”,

“Acting Chief of the Jakarta Provincial Education Office” has refferent

meaning to the profession, and position. There were 56 data had

 144

occured in this research. They are as follow N1/01/25.11.2019/SD,

N1/02/25.11.2019/SD, N1/03/25.11.2019/SD twice,

N1/04/25.11.2019/SD, N1/05/25.11.2019/SD, N1/06/25.11.2019/SD

twice, N1/07/25.11.2019/SD, N2/01/04.12.2019/SD,

N2/02/04.12.2019/SD, N2/03/04.12.2019/SD twice,

N2/05/04.12.2019/SD twice, N2/07/04.12.2019/SD twice,

N2/09/04.12.2019/SD twice, N2/11/04.12.2019/SD three times,

N2/12/04.12.2019/SD, N3/04/17.01.2020/SD, N3/09/17.01.2020/SD,

N4/01/03.02.2020/SD, N4/02/03.02.2020/SD, N4/04/03.02.2020/SD

twice, N4/06/03.02.2020/SD, N4/08/03.02.2020/SD,

N5/01/24.03.2020/SD three times, N5/02/24.03.2020/SD,

N5/04/24.03.2020/SD, N5/06/24.03.2020/SD, N5/08/24.03.2020/SD,

N5/09/24.03.2020/SD, N5/11/24.03.2020/SD twice,

N5/12/24.03.2020/SD, N5/13/24.03.2020/SD, N5/14/24.03.2020/SD

twice, N5/17/24.03.2020/SD, N7/02/02.05.2020/SD,

N7/03/02.05.2020/SD, N7/04/02.05.2020/SD, N7/05/02.05.2020/SD,

N7/06/02.05.2020/SD, N7/10/02.05.2020/SD, N7/11/02.05.2020/SD,

N7/12/02.05.2020/SD twice. The data can be seen below:

Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim has appealed

to teachers to start small changes in their classrooms.

Code. N1/01/25.11.2019/SD

The data above tell about Nadiem Makarim as Education and

Culture Minister tell teacher to start small changes begin in the teachers
 145

classrooms. The social deixis word is the word “Education and Culture

Minister”. A degree can also show job, position, profession. The

mention of titles relating to the profession for example manager, doctor,

nurse, etc. The mention of title shows higher status, class, social status.

The mention of “Education and Culture Minister” is profession and

absolute social deixis. “Education and Culture Minister” has refferent

meaning to Minister Nadiem Makarim. Next data can be seen below:

The minister has called on teachers to encourage student engagement

in discussions instead of telling them to listen, offer them an opportunity

to teach in class, initiate a social program that involves all students, ...

Code. N1/03/25.11.2019/SD

The data N1/03/25.11.2019/SD is about the minister also tell to the

teacher in the event National Teacher’s day on Jakarta to encourage the

students engagement. The social deixis word are the word “The

minister”, and “teachers”. A degree can also show job, position,

profession. The mention of titles relating to the profession for

example manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title shows higher

status, class, social status. The mention of “The minister”, “teachers” is

profession and absolute social deixis. “The minister” has refferent

meaning to Minister Nadiem Makarim while “teacher” has refferent

meaning teacher that come to the National teacher’s day in Jakarta and
 146

generally to the teacher around Indonesia. Next analysis can be seen

below:

A university capable of providing education to students plays a

crucial role in realizing President Joko Widodo’s vision to produce

sound human resources, he remarked.

Code. N2/04/04.12.2019/SD

The data N2/04/04.12.2019/SD is about Nadiem Makarim tells that

university student plays a crucial role in realizing President vision. The

social deixis word are the word “student”, and“President”. A degree can

also show job, position, profession. The mention of titles relating to the

profession for example manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title

shows higher status, class, social status. The mention of “Student”,

“President” is profession and position from absolute social deixis.

“Student” has refferent meaning to student that come to inaguration

level while “President” has refferent meaning to President Joko

Widodo. Next analysis can be seen on the data N4/01/03.02.2020/SD:

Acting Director General of Vocational Education Patdono

Suwignjo affirmed that the industry's involvement in vocational

education will improve the quality of education.

Code. N4/01/03.02.2020/SD

The data N4/01/03.02.2020/SD tell about Patdono Suwignjo

affirmed that the industry’s involvement in vocational education will

improve the quality of education. The social deixis word is “Acting

 147

Director General of Vocational Education”. A degree can also show

job, position, profession. The mention of titles relating to the profession

for example manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title shows

higher status, class, social status. The mention of “Acting Director

General of Vocational Education” is profession and absolute social

deixis. “Acting Director General of Vocational Education” has refferent

meaning to Patdono Suwignjo. Next analysis can be seen below:

To prepare future national leaders, the former boss of Gojek

Internet technology-based company vowed to further promote

character building education.

Code. N2/12/04.12.2019/SD

The data N2/12/04.12.2019/SD about Nadiem Makarim vowed to

promote character building education. The deixis word is “the former

boss of Gojek Internet technology-based company”. A degree can also

show job, position, profession. The mention of titles relating to the

profession for example manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title

shows higher status, class, social status. The mention of “the former

boss of Gojek Internet technology-based company” is profession and

absolute social deixis. “Acting Director General of Vocational

Education” has refferent meaning to Nadiem Makarim. Next analysis

can be seen below:

"The construction of 10 vocational schools and the

renovation of 137 school buildings will cost Rp2.3 trillion," acting
chief of the Jakarta provincial education office Bowo Irianto
noted in a short text message
 148

Code. N4/08/03.02.2020/SD

The data N4/08/03.02.2020/SD about the construction of 10

vocational schools and the renovation of 137 school buildings will cost

Rp 2.3 trillion. The social deixis word is “acting chief of the Jakarta

provincial education office”. The mention of titles relating to the

profession for example manager, doctor, nurse, etc. The mention of title

shows higher status, class, social status. The mention of “acting chief

of the Jakarta provincial education office” is profession and absolute

social deixis. “acting chief of the Jakarta provincial education office”

has refferent meaning to Bowo Irianto.

b) The word “Professor has referent meaning to the degree

In this refferent meaning there were 3 times on the data

N2/02/04.12.2019/SD,N6/01/24.04.2020/SD,N7/01/02.05.2020/SD

. The analysis can be seen below:

... We must make this change," the minister noted in his remarks

at the inauguration of the new rector of the University of

Indonesia (UI) Prof. Ari Kuncoro at UI Campus, Depok, ...

Code. N2/02/04.12.2019/SD

The data N2/02/04.12.2019/SD about the minister noted in

the event of inaguration new rector of UI Prof. Ari Kuncoro that we

must make the changes. The social deixis word is the word “Prof”.

The word “Prof’ is stand for “Professor”. The mention of “Prof” is

 149

to show honorary degree, show high degree that have by someone.

The word “Prof” has refferent meaning to Ari Kuncoro. Next

analysis is on the data N6/01/24.04.2020/SD:

Acting Director General of Higher Education in the Ministry of

Education and Cultural Affairs, Professor Nizam, stated that the

achievement is a matter of pride for the entire nation,

Code. N6/01/24.04.2020/SD

The data N6/01/24.04.2020/SD about Professor Nizam

stated that the achievement from UI,UGM, and IPB is a matter of

pride for the entire nation. The mention of “Professor” is to show

honorary degree, show high degree that have by someone. The word

“Professor” has refferent meaning to Nizam. Next analysis is on the

data N7/01/02.05.2020/SD:

The government is expected to draft the country's national

education blueprint to prepare Indonesians to be at par with global
community members, according to Indonesian Teachers Association
(PGRI) Chairperson Professor Unifah Rosyidi.
Code. N7/01/02.05.2020/SD

The data N7/01/02.05.2020/SD is about PGRI Chairperson

stated that the government is expected to draft the country’s national

education blueprint to prepare Indonesians to be at par with global

community members. The mention of “Professor” is to show

honorary degree, show high degree that have by someone. The word

“Professor” has refferent meaning to Unifah Rosyidi.

 150

From the analysis of referents meaning above it can be seen

that most dominant deixis found in education news article on the

Antaranews online newspaper with the word of “he”. The word “he”

has refferent meaning to the man who is participant in situation of

speech for example Nadiem Makarim, Bowo Irianto. The second

most dominant of deixis types was absolute social deixis. The word

of absolute social deixis is “student” which tell about mention of

social position and profession. “Student” has refferents meaning

student who come in event, student around Indonesia. The third

types of deixis most dominant found in education news article on the

Antaranews online newspaper was discourse deixis in 16 times. The

word of “this”, “next” used for explain the discourse or thing in the

upcoming portion of discourse contents of the speaker’s utterance

and the word “it” for explain the discourse contents of the speaker’s

utterance in the prior portion of the discourse. Next deixis found is

time deixis which found 6 times. The words that found such as: last

year, last few year for speaker to indicate the past time. While the

word “early May”, “The end of March” used the speaker for indicate

future time because the news publish before those time.

From the result above, the researcher had found the data of

the freuency of deixis found in the education news article on the

Antaranews online newspaper and the most dominant type of deixis

that found. The researcher also explained about the referents

 151

meaning of those deixis found in education news article on the

Antaranews online newspaper on the edition November 2019 until

May 2020.

B. Discussion

Finally, after analyzing the data of the deixis that most dominant

found and the referent meaning of those deixis, the researcher wanted to

discuss about the findings that have been investigated in this section to

answer the research question. The researcher applied types of deixis using

Levinson theory to analyze the deixis which found in education news article

on the Antaranews online newspaper on the edition November 2019 until

May 2020. Based on Levinson, there were five types of deixis such as

person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.

There were also referent meaning. The findings are discussed below;

1. Types of Deixis Found in the Education News Article on the

Antaranews Online Newspaper and the Most Dominant Deixis that

found.

Deixis is the single obvious way in which the relationship between

language and context is reflected structures of language themselves

which used to pointing or indicating something in language

grammaticalize features of the context of utterance (Levinson 1983: 54).

Deixis also concern ways in which interpretation of utterances depend of

that context. Deixis can occcur in our daily life. When find out types of
 152

deixis and the most dominant deixis that found in the education news

article from the Antaranews online newspaper, the findings show from

the statement by someone who include in those news, sentence that

wrote. On the education news article from Antaranews online newspaper

on the edition November 2019 until May 2020 the deixis and references

were uttered by someone depend on the news. For example the news

about Revokes of 2020 National Exam, so someone who is speak to

public is Minister of Education, President, Chief of the House of

Representatives Commission X. Usually in those news someone who

give information not just from someone but they can be from two, three

people. The types of deixis found in the education news article on the

Antaranews online newspapaer were person deixis, time deixis, place

deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis which declared by Levinson

(1983:68), Yule (1996: 1-14).

Based on the research finding, the most dominant deixis that found

in education news article was person deixis was 78 words with the most

dominant was third person deixis were 65 times. It caused that the news

tell about the man who speak from the news and the man as a other

participant in the situation of the speech. It was clear as Levinson

(1983:68) said that personal deixis concerns the encoding of the

participants in the speech event in which the utterance in question is

delivered. The first person refers to the speaker, second person refers to

addressee and third person refer to other participant in the situation of

 153

speech. It was also support by Yule (1996:10) stated that person deixis

clearly operates on basic three part division. There are first person,

second person and third person. Yule have concept of deixis tripartie

system (I, you, he). Speaker (I), addressee (you), and other (he, she, it).

As in English first person pronoun (I, we), second person pronoun (you,

they) and the third person pronoun (he, she, it).

In general, the most dominant deixis that found from first news until

seventh news in education news article on the Antaranews online

newspaper was person deixis, which there were 78 person deixis words

including 65 third person deixis word and 13 third person deixis. There

were the third person deixis “he” that found 29 times. There were also

the word “we” that found 9 times. The second dominant deixis was social

deixis, which there were 76 deixis word that all the word is absolute

social deixis. Third dominant deixis was discourse deixis which there

were 16 times such as “this”, “these”, “it”, “next”. Fourth dominant

deixis was time deixis with the word “last year”, “last few year”, “early”,

“the end”, “into”. The least dominant was place deixis there is only 1

times with the word “here”. Furthermore, this research finding was the

most dominant news found deixis types was in the second news entitled

“Nadiem Makarim Keen to Give University Students Freedom to Learn”

published on 04 December 2019. The news is about Minister Nadiem

Makarim give speech at the inaguration of the new rector of the

University of Indonesia in Depok. The researcher found 45 deixis on the

 154

second news. The second most dominant was in the fifth news entitled

“Government Revokes 2020 National Exams” published on 24 March

2020. Those news is about the policy from the government in revokes

the 2020 national exams. The researcher found 41 deixis. The third most

dominant was in the 7 news entitled “Indonesia Shoul Have a National

Education Blueprint in Place:PGRI”. Those news is about PGRI stated

that Indonesia Should Have a National Education Blueprint in Place. The

researcher found 24 deixis. The fourth dominant deixis were in the first

news and third news. First news entitled “Education Minister Urges

Teachers to Initiate Changes in Classrooms” published on 25 November

2019. First news is about Minister Nadiem Makarim give his speech

about teacher must start small changes begin in their classrooms at the

event National Teachers Day in Jakarta. Third news entitled “China

Increases Scholarship Quota to 3000 for Indonesian Students” published

on 17 January 2020. Third news is about the Chinese Government

increases scholarship quota to 3000 for Indonesian students. The

researcher found both in the first news and third news 20 deixis. Fifth

dominant deixis was on the fourth news entitled “Industry’s Involvement

to Usher in Improvement in Educational Quality” published on 03

February 2020. The fourth news about Acting Director General of

Vocational Education Patdono Suwignjo stated that the industry’s

involvement in vocational education wil improve the quality of

education. The researcher found 16 deixis. Least dominant deixis was on

 155

the sixth news entitled “UI, UGM, and IPB Among World’s 100 Top of

THE’s Impact Rankings” published on 24 April 2020. The sixth news

about UI, UGM, IPB ranked the worlds top 100 universities. The

researcher found 11 deixis.

2. The Referent Meaning of Those Deixis Found in the Education News

Article on the Antaranews Online Newspaper

In this research, the researcher also explain about the referent

meaning of those deixis that found in the education news article on the

Antaranews online newspaper. The type of deixis used by the researcher

to analyze the teache utterance was the type of deixis proposed by

Levinson. Levinson (1983:54) had classified the five main deixis, there

are person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis, and discourse

deixis. In this referent meaning used to show the meaning of those deixis

of the news so the reader can be easily understand the meaning of the

news.

In addition, Yule (2010: 131) states that as an act by which a writer

(or speaker) uses language to enable reader 9or listener) to identify

something and to perform an act of reference, we can use proper nouns

(Chomsky, Jennifer, Whiskas), other nouns in phrases (a writer, my

friend, the cat) or pronouns (he, she, it). Those expert proved that deixis

there was referent meaning which used to identify the entity being

reffered which can be nouns or nouns phrase. The referents meaning in

 156

the deixis is important to know the meaning, so there will not happen

missunderstanding in reading the news.

From the discussion above, it can be concluded that deixis can be

applied in the news article. By knowing the theory and the types from deixis

and reference, it can help the writer of the news to be creative on delivering

the news with use the pronoun to reffering someone or something. Beside

that, the writer also can enrich the vocabulary from the reader about the kind

of pronouns such as first and second person pronoun (I, you, your, we), third

person deixis (he,she), for social deixis such as absolute and relational social

deixis such as (President, Minister, Lecturer) for the discourse to explain the

content of someone utterance used deixis word such as (below, this, that,

next), for place deixis words or demostrative pronouns, whereas the

meaning depends on where the speaker is such as (here, there), time deixis

for word in pas, present and future time such as (now, today, two weeks ago,

next month, tomorrow, yesterday).

The result of this research can be compare with the result from the

previous study entitled An Analysis of Deixis Used by Teacher of Eleventh

Grade Students of MAN Sukoharjo In Academic Year of 2016/2017” by

Fatimah Aqillah. The result from Fatimah Aqillah concludes that analyze

deixis in spoken language especially teacher’s utterances. Fatimah also

found there were 397 words from 194 utterance that contained three types

of deixis based on Yule’s theory, those were the 331 of 139 in person deixis

as the most types used by the teacher. Fatimah also explain about the
 157

referent meaning and categorized the types of reference on her research into

anaphora and cataphora reference. The differences between the previous

study and this research are the previous study analyze deixis on the spoken

language especially in written language while this research analyze deixis

on the written language especially in news article, the theory which is use

from the previous study is kind of deixis based on Yule’s theory while the

theory which is use from this research is kind of deixis based on Levinson’s

theory, the previous study also conclude types of reference while this

research just explain about referent meaning.

In addition, by knowing and understanding about the deixis theory,

types and the refferent meaning it was can help the reader especially the

reader who is still student what is the written english such as news article

talked about, what is the news about. If the student study about news,

paragraph, story by knowing the deixis it also can help to easily understand

those material, beside that, in the outside the reader can easily understand

what people trying to tell them. Then the reader can avoid

missunderstanding and misscommuniacting when they doing the

communication with someone from another country talked in English. By

knowing about deixis, it also help the reader especially the reader who is

still student on arranging some paragraphs to make english written text.

Deixis can help the writers to use language more efficient in purpose of

delivering the meaning. Levinson (1983:54) stats that deixis concerns the

way in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of

 158

utterance or speech event, and thus also concerns the ways in which the

interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis off that context of

utterance. Thus, in writing activity, the writer should consider on how to use

deixis effectively and effiiciently which reflect the relationship between

language strucuture and context to discover the meaning of writing.

Then, the benefit of knowing the deixis material both from the reader

and writer in the translation. Especially, to make easy for the reader and the

writer translated from the English to another language and the opposite. If

the deixis were translated incorrectly, the readers would lose the sense that

the original text wanted to express. By knowing deixis it can be the wat of

the writer used variants words for pointing someone and something and

especially for applying social deixis in news article and written text.

Therefore, the understanding about deixis material was useful for the writer

and the reader especially who is still students. Instead deixis always used

conscious and unconsciously in human life.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presented parts conclusion and suggestion. The conclusion is

concerned with the summary of the result. This include types of deixis and

what is the most dominant deixis that found in education news article on the

Antaranews online newspaper on the edition November 2019 until May 2020

and include the referent meaning of those deixis. The suggeston is preesented

to offer some suggestion for reader, writer, and future researcher.

A. Conclusion

From the result that has been obtained and analyzed. The research

was to identify the the most dominant deixis that found in the education

news article on the Antaranews online newspaper and refferent meaning

from those deixis. There wee fives types of deixis based on Levinson’s

theory that were found in education new article. The researcher drew some

conclusions as follow:

1. The researcher found the deixis on the education news article. From the

analysis by the researcher found there were 177 deixis words on the

seventh education news article on the edition November 2019 until May

2020 which also contain five types of deixis. There were person deixis,

place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis which the

most dominant deixis that found was person deixis 78 times in which

159
 160

the first person deixis was 13 times and third person deixis was 65. The

second most dominant deixis there were social deixis was 76 times

which all 76 is absolute social deixis. The third most dominant deixis

that found was discourse deixis which 16 times. Then, the fourth

dominant deixis that found was time deixis were 6 times. The least types

of deixis was place deixis which there was 1 times. So, the used of

deixis types proposed by Levinson is still exist in the written text

especially news article. The most dominant found there were person

deixis and social deixis.

2. The researcher also explained about the referent meaning of the deixis

found in the education news article on the Antaranews online

newspaper. The researcher found that the writer used person deixis on

the addressing someone who include in the news, someone who do not

include in the news and also to referring something. The researcher also

found the used of social deixis to addressee institution, someone that

talked about in the news. Then, the used of discourse deixis for explain

the discourse in upcoming and prior portion about the speaker utterance

content inside of the news. In addition the researcher also found time

deixis which used for referring the specific time. The researcher also

found place deixis on referring to the location near or away.

 161

B. Suggestion

Based on the conclusions and the implications, some suggestions

were proposed as follows:

1. To Reader

The result of this research can give the reader knowledge about the

theory and types of deixis and referent meaning. By undestanding those

theory the reader can avoid the misunderstanding and

miscommunication in interpreting the English text referent meaning.

Then, it help on translating some text or conversation into target

language, this study also help them to speaking practice and writing

english text practice. Those benefits very useful for the reader who is

still study in university or in formal school like junior, senior

highschool. The researcher hope that the reader to be open minded in

undestanding the deixis to help them to be mastering in English.

2. To Writer

The result is expected to give writer an insight about types of deixis

and what is the most dominant deixis and referents meaning should be

used when they wrote english text especially news article. It is

recommended for the writer to use English optimally and more aware

in choosing the reference word to get the reader understanding about

what the writer refers to through the news, then the reader can

translating the writer utterance easily. Then, the use of variants deixis
 162

can make the english written text especially news article would be

variative.

3. To Others Researcher

The researcher suggested to next researcher to conduct another

research with a wider scope of pragmatics deixis feature. The researcher

hope another researcher conduct their research by using a different

theory and method analysis to get more accurate result. The researcher

hoped that other researcher are interested in analyzing other pragmatics

especially in English written text.

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APPENDICES 1
Note

First news “Education Minister Urges Teachers to Initiate Changes in Classrooms”

N1 : Number Transcript / Number News PLD : Place Deixis

01 : Number of Datum TD : Time Deixis
25.11.2019 : Date of News SD : Social Deixis
PD : Personal Deixis DD : Discourse Deixis

Classification of Deixis
Context Referent Meaning
Data
No Code PD PLD TD SD DD

1. N1/01/25.11. Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Nadiem Makarim tell   Education and Culture Minister
2019/SD Makarim has appealed to teachers to start teacher to start changes refers to Nadiem Makarim
N1/01/25.11. small changes in their classrooms. begin in the teachers Their refers to teacher
2019/PD classrroom
2. N1/02/25.11. Changes cannot be started from the top.It Makarim tell changes in the  The teacher refer to teacher
2019/SD begins and ends in the teachers' hand. teacher hand around Indonesia,teacher who
Makarim noted in his speech is coming in national teachers
day. Teacher can means
profession, so the social deixis
as different social level

166
 167

3. N1/03/25.11 The minister has called on teachers to The minister also tells   The minister mean profesion that
.2019/SD encourage student engagement in teacher to encourage refer to Nadiem Makarim.
discussions instead of telling them to listen, student engagement Them referto student as an
N1/03/25.11 offer them an opportunity to teach in class, obejct.
.2019/PD initiate a social program that involves all Their refer student as possesive
students, assist students with confidence adjective.
issues discover their talents, and provide Teacher means profesion /
guidance to other teachers in need. differences social level refer to
the teacher in Indonesia and the
teacher that come to National
Teacher’s day on Jakarta.
4. N1/04/25.11 Through these small changes made by Nadiem tells the teacher    Teacher means profesion /
.2019/DD teachers, Indonesia will move forward, he make the small change differences social level refer to
N1/04/25.11 noted. inside of class. Indonesia the teacher in Indonesia and the
.2019/SD will move forward teacher that come to National
Teacher’s day on Jakarta.
These refer to upcoming portion
N1/04/25.11
in utterance small changes
.2019/PD He refer to Nadiem
5. N1/05/25.11 Makarim has also touched on tough tasks Makarim tells teacher has  Teacher means profesion /
.2019/SD that teachers have to conduct. also another task differences social level refer to
the teacher in Indonesia and the
teacher that come to National
Teacher’s day on Jakarta.
 168

6. N1/06/25.11 Teachers are responsible for shaping the Makarim moTivate   Teacher means profesion /
.2019/SD future of the nation, but at the same time, teacher that teacher is differences social level refer to
they are bogged down by administrative responsible for the teacher in Indonesia and the
N1/06/25.11 issues. There are more regulations than development future of the teacher that come to National
.2019/PD help for teachers, Makarim pointed out. nation Teacher’s day on Jakarta.
They means teacher.

7. N1/07/25.11 Makarim affirmed that teachers are keen Makarim affirmed that   Teacher means profesion /
.2019/SD to help slow learners become at par with teachers must help slow differences social level refer to
other students in the class but they face learner in learning the teacher in Indonesia and the
N1/07/25.11 time shortages owing to extensive proccess in class teacher that come to National
.2019/PD administrative duties. Teacher’s day on Jakarta.
They refer to teacher

8. N1/08/25.11 Makarim vowed to not make promises he Makarim promise that he  He means Nadiem Makarim
.2019/PD could not fulfill, but he ascertained that would fight for
he would fight for the freedom of Indonesian education
education in Indonesia.
 169

Note

Second news “Nadiem Makarim Keen to Give University Students Freedom to Learn”

N2 : Number Transcript / Number News PLD : Place Deixis

01 : Number of Datum TD : Time Deixis
04.12.2019 : Date of News SD : Social Deixis
PD : Personal Deixis DD : Discourse Deixis

Classification of Deixis
Context Referent Meaning
Data
No Code PD PLD TD SD DD

1. N2/01/04.12. Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Nadiem Makarim spoke   Education and Culture Minister
2019/SD Makarim spoke of his keen intent to give that give university means different social class and
N2/01/04.12. university students the freedom to learn in students freedom to learn refers to Nadiem Makarim.
2019/PD line with their aspirations, capabilities, and in line with their interest His refer to Nadiem Makarim
interests. Their refers to university student

2. N2/02/04.12. "University students should study in Makarim tell that     University student mean
2019/SD accordance with their respective wishes and university students should different social level refer to
interests. We must make this change," the study in acordance with student that come to those
N2/02/04.12. minister noted in his remarks at the their interest. event and refer to student in
2019/PD inauguration of the new rector of the around Indonesia.
University of Indonesia (UI) Prof. Ari
Minister means different social
N2/02/04.12. Kuncoro at UI Campus, Depok, here, class and refers to Nadiem
2019/PLD Wednesday
Makarim.
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Their refer to student interest.

N2/02/04.12.
2019 / DD We refer to people that come to
inaguration event include
minister and all attenddance.

This is discourse deixis that

refer to the change that
Nadiem’s tell before.

His refer to Nadiem Makarim

Prof means different social

level and refer to Ari Kuncoro

Here is Place deixis refer to UI

Campus Depok

3. N2/03/04.12 The minister stressed on the need for The minister also tells  The minister mean absolute social
.2019/SD university students to also have the freedom student to have freedom deixis or different social class that
to conduct various activities beyond the to conduct various refer to Nadiem Makarim.
realm of education programs. activities beyond the University student is social
realm of education deixis refer to student that attend
programs. in inaguration event
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4. N2/04/04.12 A university capable of providing education Nadiem tells that   Student is social deixis refer to
.2019/SD to students plays a crucial role in realizing university student plays student that attend in inaguration
President Joko Widodo’s vision to produce a crucial role in event .
N2/04/04.12 sound human resources, he remarked. realizing President President is absolute social
.2019/PD vision deixis.
He refer to Nadiem Makarim

5. N2/05/04.12 "The president's vision has two Makarim tells president   Teacher means profesion /
.2019/SD interpretations, specifically freedom in vision has two differences social class refer to
N2/05/04.12 learning and teachers as activators," he interpretations the teacher in Indonesia .
.2019/PD stated. President is absolute social
deixis.
He refer to Nadiem

6. N2/06/04.12 "Within the next five years, indeed, it Minister tell that the   Next refer to year between 2019-
.2019/PD would not be convenient at all for various change must be brought 2024 so it is discourse deixis.
education institutions. However, the change about in next five years He refer to Makarim
N2/06/04.12 must be brought about," he stated.
.2019/DD

7. N2/07/04.12 Speaking in connection with teachers and Makarim said that   Teacher and lecturer means
.2019/SD lecturers as the stimuli, Makarim said teacher and lecturer absolute social deixis or
they would strive to seek knowledge and would strive to seek differences social class.
N2/07/04.12 science to bring about improvements in knowledge and science They refer to teacher and lecturer
.2019/PD learning activities in classes. to bring about
improvements in
learning activities in
classes.
 172

8. N2/08/04.12 "He (1) would not waste time in class. Makarim state that  He (1) refer to teacher or lecturer
.2019/PD Hence, in class, he (1) would organize a teacher would organize His refer to teachers
discussion or group study and implement discussion involving the Them refer to student
various projects outside though by student He (2) refer to Nadiem
involving his students to enable them to
have different experiences," he (2) stated.

9. N2/09/04.12. Teachers and lecturers should feel a Teacher and lecturer   Teacher and lecturer means
2019/PD sense of pride if their students are smarter must pride if the absolute social deixis or
N2/09/04.12. than them, and they would not feel students are smarter differences social class.
2019/SD threatened, he remarked. than them Their refer to teacher students.
Them refer to teacher or lecturer
as object.
They refer to teacher and lecturer
as subject
10.
N2/10/04.12 Makarim voiced his commitment to Makarim commit that  His refer to Nadiem
.2019/PD freeing the country's education system to he will make
drive novel innovations in the education innovations in
sector. education sector

11. President is absolute social

N2/11/04.12 "In accordance with the president's Minister commitmet is    deixis.
.2019/SD directives, our mission in the Education free education unit Our means Nadiem’s and all
N2/11/04.12 and Culture Ministry is to free the staff on ministry education it can
.2019/PD education unit, to free teachers, and to say the government
free students. This is my commitment," Teacher means absolute social
N2/11/04.12
he remarked. deixis or differences social class.
.2019/DD He refer to Nadiem
 173

Student means absolute social

deixis or differences social level.
This is Discourse deixis refer to
Nadiem’s talk before.
My refer to Nadiem

12.
N2/12/04.12 To prepare future national leaders, the Nadiem vowed to  The former boss of Gojek
.2019/SD former boss of Gojek Internet promote character Internet technology-based
technology-based company vowed to building education company refer to Nadiem mean
further promote character building absolute social deixis
education.

13.
N2/13/04.12 "Character education cannot be taught. The Minister state that the  He refer to Minister
.2019/PD best character education is to give example best character education
and to lead by it," he noted. is to give example and
to lead by it.
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Note

Third news “China Increases Scholarship Quota to 3000 for Indonesian Students”

N3 : Number Transcript / Number News PLD : Place Deixis

01 : Number of Datum TD : Time Deixis
17.01.2020 : Date of News SD : Social Deixis
PD : Personal Deixis DD : Discourse Deixis

Classification of Deixis
Context Referent Meaning
Data
No Code PD PLD TD SD DD

N3/01/17.01.
14. The Chinese government has decided to Chinese government   Chinese government is absolute
1. 2020/SD increase the scholarship quota for bachelor increase scholarship quota social deixis
N3/01/17.01.
2020/DD and master’s degree for Indonesian college for bachelor and master’s Indonesian college student
students to up to three thousand this year. degree for Indonesian means social deixis as different
student social class refer to Indonesia
studen
This is discourse deixis refer to
the year
15.
N3/02/ 17.01. Of course, they has planned to increase the Chinese government   They refer to Chinese
2020/PD scholarship quota significantly than that in planned to increase goverment
N3/02/17.01. 2019," Yaya Sutarya, Education and scholarship quota than in Education and Culture Attaché of
2. 2020/SD Culture Attaché of the Indonesian 2019 the Indonesian Embassy in
Embassy in Beijing, told Antara Beijing is absolute social deixis
and refer to Yaya Sutarya
 175

3 In 2019, some 820 Indonesian students had In 2019, some 820  Indonesian student means social
3. N3/03/17.01 received scholarships from the Chinese Indonesian students had deixis as different social class
.2020/SD government, specifically 380 scholarships received scholarships from
for bachelor and master’s degree as well as the Chinese government, Chinese government is absolute
440 scholarships for vocational education. specifically 380 social deixis
scholarships for bachelor
and master’s degree as well Bachelor and master’s degree
as 440 scholarships for means social deixis as different
vocational education social class refer to indonesiam
student

16.
N3/04/17.01 With an increase in the number of students Total number of   Student means social deixis as
4. .2020/SD receiving scholarships last year, the total Indonesian students in different social class and refer to
N3/04/17.01 number of Indonesian students in China China reached 15,780, or Indonesian student.
.2020/TD reached 15,780, or increase of some 1,420 increase of some 1,420 Last year is time deixis indicate
people, from last year people, from last year time, refer to 2019
Indonesian student means social
deixis as different social class.

17. In the meantime, he stated that the Yaya state that the  He refer to Yaya Sutarya
5. N3/05/17.01 Indonesian Embassy in Beijing had started Indonesian Embassy in
.2020/PD Indonesian language classes at 19 Beijing had started
universities in various regions in China. Indonesian language
classes at 19 universities
in various regions in
China
 176

18. Indonesian government  Indonesian government is

6. N3/06/17.01 Furthermore, the Indonesian government had opened the IRC at 15 absolute social deixis
.2020/SD had opened the Indonesian Research Center universities in China
(IRC) at 15 universities in China.

19.   Last few years is time deixis that

N3/07/17.01 The number of Indonesian language Number of Indonesian indicate time spoke by Yaya and
.2020/TD classes has also increased in the last few language classes increase refer to the last few year before
7.
N3/07/17.01 years," he remarked. in China 2020
.2020/PD
He refer to Yaya

20. In 2019, China had received five million In 2019, China had  College student means social
8. N3/08/17.01 foreign college students, a notable rise received five million deixis as different social class
.2020/SD from 2001 when the country had only foreign college students and refer to students all around
some two million foreign college students. the word who come and study in
China

21. China has also sent some 662 thousand of its China has also sent some  College student, student means
9. N3/09/17.01 college students to study abroad. Some 720 662 thousand of its college social deixis as different social
.2020/SD students from China currently study in students to study abroad. class refer to China student
Indonesia. Student refer to China student
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Note

Fourth news “Industry’s involvement to Usher in Improvement in Educational Quality”

N4 : Number Transcript / Number News PLD : Place Deixis

01 : Number of Datum TD : Time Deixis
03.02.2020 : Date of News SD : Social Deixis
PD : Personal Deixis DD : Discourse Deixis

Classification of Deixis
Context Referent Meaning
Data
No Code PD PLD TD SD DD

1. N4/01/03.02. Acting Director General of Vocational Patdono Suwignjo  Acting Director General of
2020/SD Education Patdono Suwignjo affirmed that affirmed that the Vocational Education means
the industry's involvement in vocational industry's involvement in different social class and refers to
education will improve the quality of vocational education will Patdono Suwignjo .
education. improve the quality of
education.
2. N4/02/03.02. "The basic principle of Minister Nadiem The basic principle of  Minister means different social
2020/SD Makarim is to bring the industry to schools Minister Nadiem Makarim class and refers to Nadiem
and campuses, since the most obvious feature is to bring the industry to Makarim.
in several developed countries is that schools and campuses,
vocational education involves the industry.
 178

3. N4/03/03.02 "Comprehending the importance of this, the The Ministry of   “This” is discourse deixis that
.2020/DD Ministry of Education and Culture has Education and Culture has refer to utterrance before it is
created a special directorate to handle the created a special vocational education involves
N4/03/03.02 cooperation," he expounded. directorate to handle the the industry
.2020/PD cooperation . He refer to Patdono

4. N4/04/03.02 A university capable of providing education Students plays a crucial   Student is social deixis.
.2020/SD to students plays a crucial role in realizing role in realizing President is absolute social
President Joko Widodo’s vision to produce President Joko deixis.
N4/04/03.02 sound human resources, he remarked. Widodo’s vision to He refer to Patdono
.2020/PD produce sound human
resources

5. N4/05/03.02 In addition to the tax cut policy for industries The tax cut policy for  “It” is discourse deixis that refer
.2020/DD involved in the development of human industries involved in to utterance before ( the tax cut
resources, Suwignjo believes it had yet to the development of policy for industries involved in
show optimal results human resources, the development of human
Suwignjo believes it resources)
had yet to show optimal
results
 179

6. N4/06/03.02 The Directorate General of Vocational The Directorate General  Minister means is absolute social
.2020/SD Education is a new directorate during the of Vocational deixis and refers to Nadiem
era of leadership of Minister of Education Education is a new Makarim.
and Culture Nadiem Makarim. directorate

7. N4/07/03.02 The Jakarta provincial government had The Jakarta provincial  “This” is discourse deixis refer to
.2020/DD earlier set aside Rp2.3 trillion in funds to government had earlier year 2020
build 10 new vocational schools and set aside Rp2.3 trillion
renovate 137 school buildings this year. in funds to build 10 new
vocational schools and
renovate 137 school
buildings

8. N4/08/03.02 "The construction of 10 vocational schools The construction of 10  Acting chief of the Jakarta
.2020/SD and the renovation of 137 school buildings vocational schools and provincial education office is
will cost Rp2.3 trillion," acting chief of the renovation of 137 absolute social deixis and refer to
the Jakarta provincial education office school buildings will Bowo
Bowo Irianto noted in a short text message cost Rp2.3 trillion

9. N4/09/03.02 The 10 new vocational schools are deemed The 10 new vocational  He refer to Bowo
.2020/PD necessary since only 63 of the 590 schools are deemed
vocational schools in the capital belong to necessary since only 63
the government, while the rest are run by vocational schools in
private institutions, he added. the capital belong to the
government
 180

10.
N4/10/03.02 "Construction of the 10 new vocational Construction of the 10  He refer to Bowo
.2020/PD schools is in line with the strategic new vocational schools
activities and the vocational school is in line with the
revitalization program in the capital," he strategic activities and
added. the vocational school
revitalization program
in the capital
11.
N4/11/03.02 Construction of vocational schools and the Minister commitmet is    “This” is discourse deixis that
.2020/DD renovation of school buildings must be free education unit refer to year
N4/11/03.02 completed this year. The extension of Early is time deixis that indicate
.2020/TD project time will be permitted if it meets time refer to future time, the date
the terms and conditions. "Hopefully, the at the beginning of May
N4/11/03.02 contracts would be signed in early May at He refer to the speaker who is
.2020/PD the latest," he added. talked he is Bowo
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Note
Fifth news “Government Revokes 2020 National Exams”
N5 : Number Transcript / Number News PLD : Place Deixis
01 : Number of Datum TD : Time Deixis
24.03.2020 : Date of News SD : Social Deixis
PD : Personal Deixis DD : Discourse Deixis

Classification of Deixis
Context Referent Meaning
Data PD PLD TD SD DD
No Code
1. N5/01/24.03. After our deliberation and discussion with Government revokes   Our refer to Minister education,
2020/PD 2020 National Exams
N5/01/24.03. the president and other instances, we have education staff, President, other
2020/SD decided to revoke the 2020 national exams," institutions so it means
Minister of Education and Culture Government
Nadiem Makarim stated after a The president is absolute social
videoconference meeting, led by President deixis refer to Joko Widodo
Joko Widodo We refer to Minister education,
President, other institution so it
means Government
Minister of Education and
Culture is absolute social deixis
refer to Nadiem Makarim
 182

2. N5/02/24.03. The decision to revoke the 2020 national The decision to revokes  Student is different social level
2020/SD exams was taken following deliberations 2020 national exams refer to student around Indonesia
concerning several factors, including the because several factors,
health and safety aspect of the students. including health and safety
aspect for students

3. N5/03/24.03. Makarim pointed to the risk being posed to The risk being posed to the  The word “Their” refer to
2020/PD the health of students participating in national health of students students
exams at their designated venues participating in national
exams at their designated
venues.

4. N5/04/24.03. "The risk looms large not only for the The risk not only for   Student is social deixis as
2020/SD students themselves but also their families student but also their different social level refer to
and grandparents. families student around Indonesia
N5/04/03.02. Themselves is personal deixis
2020/PD because refer to student
Their is personal deixis because
refer to student families.
 183

5. N5/05/24.03. The number of students scheduled to take the The number of students  He refer to the man who is speak
2020/PD national exams is quite significant, reaching to take nationa exams in that news, he is Nadiem
eight million," he noted. reaching eight million Makarim

6. N5/06/24.03. Hence, he stressed that the safety and health Makarim state that the   He refer to Nadiem Makarim
2020/PD of students and their families were of health for students and Student is social deixis as
N5/06/24.03. paramount importance, and to this end, the their families is different social level refer to
2020/SD 2020 national examinations had been important so national student around Indonesia
cancelled. exams had been Their refer to student families as
canceled third person

7. N5/07/24.03. We are also already aware that the exams Government also  “We” refer to the minister and all
2020/PD are not a requisite for graduation or higher already aware that the staff in education ministry it also
education selection requirements. I think at exams are not a requisite called government
the ministry, the risks outweigh the for graduation or higher “I” refer to Nadiem Makarim
benefits to proceeding with the exams," he education selection “He” refer to Nadiem Makarim
noted. requirements

8. N5/08/24.03. This means that schools can still hold Schools can still hold    “This” refer to utterances before
2020/DD their own exams, but no tests should be their own exams, but no so it is discourse deixis and refer
N5/08/24.03. held that involve students gathering in tests should be held that to the the high risk if 2020
2020/PD classrooms. involve students national exams held.
N5/08/24.03. gathering in classrooms. “Their” refer to schools
2020/SD “Students” is social deixis as
different social level, refer to
students around Indonesia
 184

9. N5/09/24.03. Schools can also determine the students' Schools can determine  “Students” is social deixis as
2020/SD scores from the five semesters the students score from different social level, refer to
five semesters students around Indonesia

10.
N5/10/24.03. We are not compelling schools to measure Government are not  “We” refer to government
2020/PD curriculum achievements. There are compelling schools to “Them” refer to schools
several online schools that have yet to be measure curriculum “He” refer to man who is spoke
optimal, but we do not compel them to achievements in the news, he is Nadiem
measure the achievements disrupted by Makarim
COVID-19," he expounded.

11.
N5/11/24.03. President Widodo had earlier stated President Widodo stated   “President” is absoulute social
2020/SD during the meeting that the policy on the that the policy on the deixis refer to Joko Widodo
N5/11/24.03. 2020 national exams should not impinge 2020 national exams “Students” is social deixis as
2020/TD upon the rights of the 8.3 million students should not impinge upon different social level, refer to
scheduled to take the test at the end of the rights of the 8.3 students around Indonesia
March and into April. million students The word “the end of” and into
scheduled to take the test refer to time in that news refer to
at the end of March and future time, date between end of
into April. March until beginning of April
 185

12.
N5/12/24.03. At the start of the meeting, he stated that President state that the   “He” refer to President
2020/PD the students are currently affected by the students currently “Students” is social deixis as
N5/12/24.03. spread of COVID-19 and are studying affected by the spread of different social level, refer to
2020/SD from home owing to the circumstances. COVID-19 and are students around Indonesia
studying from home
owing to the
circumstances.
13.
N5/13/24.03. "The main principle is that the policy we The principle of policy   We refer to government
2020/PD decide on should not impinge upon the that government decide “Students” is social deixis as
N5/13/24.03. rights of 8.3 million students scheduled to on should not impinge different social level, refer to
2020/SD take the exams," he reiterated. upon the rights of 8.3 students around Indonesia
million students He refer to President
scheduled to take the
exams
14.
N5/14/24.03. National exams for high school students is National exams for high  “Students” is social deixis as
2020/SD scheduled to take place from March 30 to school students is different social level, refer to
April 2, while the government-issued tests scheduled to take place students around Indonesia
for students of middle-school level are from March 30 to April
scheduled for April 20-23. 2, while the government-
issued tests for students
of middle-school level
are scheduled for April
20-23.
 186

15.
N5/15/24.03. Moreover, Chief of the House of Syaiful Huda had  Chief of the House of
2020/SD Representatives' Commission X Syaiful inquired for the Representatives' Commission X
Huda had inquired for the government to government to cancel the is absoulte social deixis refer to
cancel the national exams for both levels national exams for both Syaiful Huda
altogether to protect students from the levels altogether to “Students” is social deixis as
spread of COVID-19. protect students from the different social level, refer to
spread of COVID-19. students around Indonesia

16.
N5/16/24.03. "This decision is taken after taking into The decision is taken  “This” is discourse deixis refer to
2020/DD account the plague that has continued to after taking into account decision to revokes of 2020
spread. the plague that has national exams
continued to spread.

17.
N5/17/24.03. Hundreds of thousands and also millions Syaiful state that   “Students” is social deixis as
2020/SD of students are at risk if the national hundreds of thousands different social level, refer to
N5/17/24.03. exams continue to be held," he remarked and also millions of students around Indonesia
2020/PD students are at risk if the “He” refer to Syaiful Huda
national exams continue
to be held
 187

Note
Sixth news “UI, UGM, and IPB Among World’s 100 Top of THE’s Impact Rankings”
N6 : Number Transcript / Number News PLD : Place Deixis
01 : Number of Datum TD : Time Deixis
24.04.2020 : Date of News SD : Social Deixis
PD : Personal Deixis DD : Discourse Deixis

Classification of Deixis
Context Referent Meaning
Data
No Code PD PLD TD SD DD
1. N6/01/24.04. Acting Director General of Higher Professor Nizam, stated  Acting Director General of
2020/SD Education in the Ministry of Education that the achievement is a Higher Education in the Ministry
and Cultural Affairs, Professor Nizam, matter of pride for the of Education and Cultural Affairs
stated that the achievement is a matter of entire nation, is social deixis, mention the
pride for the entire nation, position from someone and
Professor is mention of title that
someone have, the mention aim to
the politeness. Both of those
deixis word refer to Professor
Nizam
 188

2. N6/02/24.04. "We are immensely proud of this Government happy with   We refer to Acting Director
2020/PD achievement since it demonstrates that the achievement that General of Higher Education in
N6/02/24.04. Indonesian universities have played a UI,UGM, and IPB among the Ministry of Education and
2020/DD significant role in sustainability world's 100 top ranking Cultural Affairs with staff, or it
development. can be say the government
“This” is discourse deixis refer to
uttterance achievement
“It” is discourse deixis and refer
to the achievement
3. N6/03/24.04. They are not merely the "ivory tower" but Nizam state that those  “They” refer to Indonesian
2020/PD indeed the "water tower" that distributes universities is water tower Universities those get world’s
water to people to use," Nizam noted that distributes water to top 100 universities
people to use

4. N6/04/24.04. "Indonesian universities' dedication toward "Indonesian universities'  “He” refer to the man who is
2020/PD the community has been recognized by the dedication toward the speak in that news he is Professor
international community," he pointed out. community has been Nizam
recognized by the
international community
 189

5. N6/05/24.04. Some 766 universities across the globe joined In 2020, 766 universities  “This” refer to 2020 year
2020/DD THE Impact Rankings this year across the globe joined
THE Impact Rankings.

6. N6/06/24.04. "During this COVID-19 pandemic, we also Government expect  We refer to Acting Director
2020/PD expect Indonesian universities to intensify during in COVID 19 General of Higher Education in
their role and contribution in prevention to pandemic, Indonesian the Ministry of Education and
contain the disease," he affirmed. universities contribute in Cultural Affairs with staff with
prevention contain the staff, or it can be say the
disease government
“Their” refer to universities role
“He” refer to the man who is
speak in that news he is
Professor Nizam
 190

Note
Seventh news “Indonesia Should Have a National Education Blueprint in Place: PGRI”
N7 : Number Transcript / Number News PLD : Place Deixis
01 : Number of Datum TD : Time Deixis
02.05.2020 : Date of News SD : Social Deixis
PD : Personal Deixis DD : Discourse Deixis

Classification of Deixis
Context Referent Meaning
Data PD PLD TD SD DD
No Code
1. N7/01/02.05. The government is expected to draft the PGRI Chairperson stated  Indonesian Teachers Association
2020/SD country's national education blueprint to that the government is (PGRI) Chairperson is social
prepare Indonesians to be at par with global expected to draft the deixis and refer to Professor
community members, according to country's national Unifah Rosyidi
Indonesian Teachers Association (PGRI) education blueprint to Professor refer to Unifah Rosyidi
Chairperson Professor Unifah Rosyidi. prepare Indonesians to be
at par with global
community members,
 191

2. N7/02/02.05. "The blueprint is expected to be formulated The blueprint is expected   “Students” is social deixis as the
2020/SD by emphasizing on a foundation that to be formulated by different social level refer to
N7/02/02.05. education is an endeavor to prepare students emphasizing on a students around Indonesia
2020/PD to stand among the global community foundation that education “She” refer to Professor Unifah
members," she noted is an endeavor to prepare Rosyidi
students to stand among the
global community
members

3. N7/03/02.05. The national education blueprint, supported The national education   “Students” is social deixis as the
2020/SD by the PGRI, also stresses on the significance blueprint stresses on the different social level refer to
N7/03/02.05. of preparing students to become good and significance of preparing students around Indonesia
2020/PD productive citizens by edifying them on students to become good “Them” refer to students
culture and values of pluralism and productive citizens

4. N7/04/02.05. Last but not least, the blueprint also enables The blueprint also    “Last but not least” is discourse
2020/DD teachers to continue to learn and adapt to enables teachers to deixis, refer to the function of
N7/04/02.05. changes to ensure the smooth and unhindered continue to learn and national education blueprint.
2020/SD running of educational activities, she stated. adapt to changes to “Teacher” is social deixis as the
N7/04/02.05. ensure the smooth and different social level refer to
2020/PD unhindered running of students around Indonesia
educational activities “She” refer to Professor Unifah
Rosyidi
 192

5. N7/05/02.05. "The new coronavirus pandemic, currently The new coronavirus   “Teacher” is social deixis as the
2020/SD affecting various parts of the world, has pandemic, currently different social level refer to
N7/05/02.05. brought about a realization in the context of affecting various parts of students around Indonesia
2020/PD Indonesia's national education, specifically the world, has brought “She” refer to Professor Unifah
about teachers' role cannot be replaced by about a realization in the Rosyidi
technology," she remarked. context of Indonesia's
national education

6. N7/06/02.05. However, teachers, who are not Teachers, who are not   “Teacher” is social deixis as the
2020/SD technologically sound, would easily be technologically sound, different social level refer to
N7/06/02.05. replaced by technology, she stated, would easily be replaced students around Indonesia
2020/PD by technology “She” refer to Professor Unifah
Rosyidi

7. N7/07/02.05. To this end, the government must prioritize The government must  “She” refer to Professor Unifah
2020/PD improving and providing infrastructure prioritize improving and Rosyidi
required for long-distance education to providing infrastructure
enable Indonesians from various parts of the required for long-
country to get access to online learning distance education to
services, she emphasized. enable Indonesians from
various parts of the
country to get access to
online learning services
8. N7/08/02.05. "Amid this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, The PGRI chairperson   “This” is discourse deixis refer to
2020/DD we have realized the need to strengthen advice that Indonesian ongoing COVID 19 pandemic
N7/08/02.05. online-based educational services," she people must realized the “We” refer to people in Indonesia
2020/PD noted. need to strenghten online include PGRI Chairperson
based educational “She” refer to Professor Unifah
services Rosyidi
 193

9. N7/09/02.05. The PGRI is optimistic that the government The PGRI is optimistic  “She” refer to Professor Unifah
2020/PD would channel greater attention to that the government Rosyidi
investments in infrastructure necessarily would channel greater
required for facilitating broader access to attention to investments
affordable electricity and internet availability in infrastructure
across the country, she stated.

10.N7/10/02.05. PGRI would stay focused on boosting the PGRI would stay  “Teacher” is social deixis as the
2020/SD quality, prosperity, and protection of all focused on boosting the different social level refer to
teachers. quality, prosperity, and students around Indonesia
protection of all teachers

11.N7/11/02.05. The association has also called on the PGRI has also called on   “Teacher” is social deixis as the
2020/SD government to handle the matter pertaining to the government to different social level refer to
N7/11/02.05. K2 non-permanent teachers, who had passed handle the matter students around Indonesia
2020/PD the working contract-based civil servants pertaining to K2 non- “Their” refer to teacher
(PPPK) tests by taking into account their age permanent teachers, who
and years of services. had passed the working
contract-based civil
servants (PPPK) tests
12.N7/12/02.05. As part of its endeavors to enhance the PGRI has worked with   “Teacher” is social deixis as the
2020/SD capacity of teachers, PGRI has worked with the Mahir Academy of different social level refer to
N7/12/02.05. the Mahir Academy of Rumah Perubahan Rumah Perubahan students around Indonesia
2020/PD (House of Change) to co-organize a virtual (House of Change) to co- “She” refer to Professor Unifah
workshop for 13 thousand teachers from 34 organize a virtual Rosyidi
provinces across Indonesia on May 2-20, she workshop for 13
revealed. thousand teachers
APPENDICES 2
News 1

Education Minister urges teachers to

initiate changes in classrooms
25th November 2019

Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim. (ANTARA/Indriani/am/sh)

Changes cannot be started from the top. It begins and ends in the teachers' hand. Do
not wait for a command. Take the first step
Jakarta (ANTARA) - Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim has appealed to
teachers to start small changes in their classrooms.

"Changes cannot be started from the top. It begins and ends in the teachers' hand.
Do not wait for a command. Take the first step," Makarim noted in his speech during
the commemoration of National Teachers' Day here on Monday.

The minister has called on teachers to encourage student engagement in discussions

instead of telling them to listen, offer them an opportunity to teach in class, initiate a
social program that involves all students, assist students with confidence issues
discover their talents, and provide guidance to other teachers in need.

Through these small changes made by teachers, Indonesia will move forward, he
noted. Makarim has also touched on tough tasks that teachers have to conduct.

Teachers are responsible for shaping the future of the nation, but at the same time,
they are bogged down by administrative issues. There are more regulations than
help for teachers, Makarim pointed out.

194
 195

Makarim affirmed that teachers are keen to help slow learners become at par with
other students in the class but they face time shortages owing to extensive
administrative duties.

Makarim vowed to not make promises he could not fulfill, but he ascertained that he
would fight for the freedom of education in Indonesia.

National Teachers' Day is commemorated on November 25, concurrently with the

anniversary of Indonesian Teachers Association (PGRI).

EDITED BY INE

Reporter: Indriani, Sri Haryati

Editor: Fardah Assegaf
COPYRIGHT © ANTARA 2019
 196

News 2

Nadiem Makarim keen to give university

students freedom to learn
4th December 2019

Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim. (photo: Antara/Asprillah Dwi Adha/ FA)

Within the next five years, indeed it would not be convenient at all for various
education institutions. However, the change must be brought about.
Depok, Jawa Barat (ANTARA) - Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim
spoke of his keen intent to give university students the freedom to learn in line with
their aspirations, capabilities, and interests.

"University students should study in accordance with their respective wishes and
interests. We must make this change," the minister noted in his remarks at the
inauguration of the new rector of the University of Indonesia (UI) Prof. Ari Kuncoro at
UI Campus, Depok, here, Wednesday.

The minister stressed on the need for university students to also have the freedom
to conduct various activities beyond the realm of education programs.

A university capable of providing education to students plays a crucial role in

realizing President Joko Widodo’s vision to produce sound human resources, he
remarked.

"The president's vision has two interpretations, specifically freedom in learning and
teachers as activators," he stated.
 197

Streamlining regulations and bureaucracy are deemed necessary for freedom in

study, from the lowest educational level until university, Makarim remarked.

"Within the next five years, indeed, it would not be convenient at all for various
education institutions. However, the change must be brought about," he stated.

Speaking in connection with teachers and lecturers as the stimuli, Makarim said they
would strive to seek knowledge and science to bring about improvements in learning
activities in classes.

"He would not waste time in class. Hence, in class, he would organize a discussion or
group study and implement various projects outside though by involving his students
to enable them to have different experiences," he stated.

Teachers and lecturers should feel a sense of pride if their students are smarter than
them, and they would not feel threatened, he remarked.

In the meantime, on Nov 19, while speaking at the commemoration of the 107th
anniversary of Muhammadiyah, Indonesia's second-largest Muslim organization,
Makarim voiced his commitment to freeing the country's education system to drive
novel innovations in the education sector.

"In accordance with the president's directives, our mission in the Education and
Culture Ministry is to free the education unit, to free teachers, and to free students.
This is my commitment," he remarked.

Freedom is paramount to materializing innovations in every education unit.

To prepare future national leaders, the former boss of Gojek Internet technology-
based company vowed to further promote character building education.

However, character building education cannot merely be taught but must be applied
on an ongoing basis.

"Character education cannot be taught. The best character education is to give

example and to lead by it," he noted.

Reporter: Feru Lantara,Fardah

Editor: Yuni Arisandy Sinaga
COPYRIGHT © ANTARA 2019
 198

News 3

China increases scholarship quota to 3,000

for Indonesian students

17th January 2020

Education and Culture Attaché of the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing, Yaya Sutarya,
explained about the diploma equalization system to some Indonesian students in China.
(ANTARA/M. Irfan Ilmie/YAS)

With an increase in the number of students receiving scholarships last year, the total
number of Indonesian students in China reached 15,780, or increase of some 1,420
people, from last year
Beijing (ANTARA) - The Chinese government has decided to increase the scholarship
quota for bachelor and master’s degree for Indonesian college students to up to
three thousand this year.

"Of course, they (the Chinese government) has planned to increase the scholarship
quota significantly than that in 2019," Yaya Sutarya, Education and Culture Attaché
of the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing, told Antara here on Friday.

Apart from the three thousand scholarship quota for bachelor and master’s degree
courses, this year, China will also provide scholarships to some 600 Indonesians keen
on studying in vocational schools as well as some 1,500 scholarships for the short
course program.
 199

In 2019, some 820 Indonesian students had received scholarships from the Chinese
government, specifically 380 scholarships for bachelor and master’s degree as well as
440 scholarships for vocational education. Moreover, some 1,100 Indonesians
partook in the short course program in China.

"With an increase in the number of students receiving scholarships last year, the
total number of Indonesian students in China reached 15,780, or increase of some
1,420 people, from last year," Sutarya pointed out.

In the meantime, he stated that the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing had started
Indonesian language classes at 19 universities in various regions in China.

Furthermore, the Indonesian government had opened the Indonesian Research

Center (IRC) at 15 universities in China.

"The number of Indonesian language classes has also increased in the last few years,"
he remarked.

In 2019, China had received five million foreign college students, a notable rise from
2001 when the country had only some two million foreign college students.

China has also sent some 662 thousand of its college students to study abroad. Some
720 students from China currently study in Indonesia. EDITED BY INE

Reporter: Yuni Arisandy Sinaga

Editor: Fardah Assegaf
COPYRIGHT © ANTARA 2020
 200

News 4

Industry's involvement to usher in

improvement in educational quality
3rd February 2020

Acting Director General of Vocational Education Patdono Suwignjo.

Jakarta (ANTARA) - Acting Director General of Vocational Education Patdono

Suwignjo affirmed that the industry's involvement in vocational education will
improve the quality of education.

"The basic principle of Minister Nadiem Makarim is to bring the industry to schools
and campuses, since the most obvious feature in several developed countries is that
vocational education involves the industry. The quality of education will be good if it
brings the industry to the school or campus," Suwignjo stated in Jakarta on Monday.

To this end, Suwignjo affirmed that the Ministry of Education and Culture is striving
hard to bring the industry to schools and campuses.

Under the Directorate General of Vocational Education lies one directorate that
handles this problem: the Director of the Partnership and Alignment of Business and
Industrial World (DUDI).

"Comprehending the importance of this, the Ministry of Education and Culture has
created a special directorate to handle the cooperation," he expounded.

Suwignjo noted that the industrial world had yet to feel the tangible benefits by
working with schools and campuses. To this end, the educational institutions,
assisted by the Ministry of Education and Culture, are tasked with convincing the
 201

industrial world that several benefits can be availed through joint collaboration.

In addition to the tax cut policy for industries involved in the development of human
resources, Suwignjo believes it had yet to show optimal results.

"Maybe since it is new, so the impact has not been seen clearly. Perhaps, it will take
some more time," Suwignjo expounded.

The Directorate General of Vocational Education is a new directorate during the era
of leadership of Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim.

The Directorate General of Vocational Education comprises three directorates:

Vocational Directorate, the Directorate of Vocational and Professional Higher
Education, and the Directorate of the Partnership and Alignment of Business and
Industrial World (DUDI).

The Jakarta provincial government had earlier set aside Rp2.3 trillion in funds to build
10 new vocational schools and renovate 137 school buildings this year.

"The construction of 10 vocational schools and the renovation of 137 school

buildings will cost Rp2.3 trillion," acting chief of the Jakarta provincial education
office Bowo Irianto noted in a short text message on Friday.

The 10 new vocational schools are deemed necessary since only 63 of the 590
vocational schools in the capital belong to the government, while the rest are run by
private institutions, he added.

"Construction of the 10 new vocational schools is in line with the strategic activities
and the vocational school revitalization program in the capital," he added.

Construction of vocational schools and the renovation of school buildings must be

completed this year. The extension of project time will be permitted if it meets the
terms and conditions.

"Hopefully, the contracts would be signed in early May at the latest," he added.

EDITED BY INE

Reporter: Indriani, Azis Kurmala

Editor: Suharto
COPYRIGHT © ANTARA 2020
 202

News 5

Government revokes 2020 national exams

24th March 2020

Minister of Education and Culture, Nadiem Makarim (middle) during a meeting with the
House of Representatives' Commission X in the Parliament Complex, Senayan, Jakarta,
Thursday (20/2/2020). ANTARA FOTO/Rivan Awal Lingga/wsj/ac.

Jakarta (ANTARA) - The Indonesian government has canceled the 2020 national
examinations following several deliberations, particularly in the wake of the COVID-
19 pandemic.

"After our deliberation and discussion with the president and other instances, we
have decided to revoke the 2020 national exams," Minister of Education and Culture
Nadiem Makarim stated after a videoconference meeting, led by President Joko
Widodo, on the 2020 National Examinations Policy in Jakarta, Tuesday.

The decision to revoke the 2020 national exams was taken following deliberations
concerning several factors, including the health and safety aspect of the students.

Makarim pointed to the risk being posed to the health of students participating in
national exams at their designated venues.

"The risk looms large not only for the students themselves but also their families and
grandparents. The number of students scheduled to take the national exams is quite
significant, reaching eight million," he noted.
 203

Hence, he stressed that the safety and health of students and their families were of
paramount importance, and to this end, the 2020 national examinations had been
cancelled.

"We are also already aware that the exams are not a requisite for graduation or
higher education selection requirements. I think at the ministry, the risks outweigh
the benefits to proceeding with the exams," he noted.

This means that schools can still hold their own exams, but no tests should be held
that involve students gathering in classrooms.

"School tests can be administered through several options, with online being one
example. Schools can also determine the students' scores from the five semesters.
We are not compelling schools to measure curriculum achievements. There are
several online schools that have yet to be optimal, but we do not compel them to
measure the achievements disrupted by COVID-19," he expounded.

President Widodo had earlier stated during the meeting that the policy on the 2020
national exams should not impinge upon the rights of the 8.3 million students
scheduled to take the test at the end of March and into April.

At the start of the meeting, he stated that the students are currently affected by the
spread of COVID-19 and are studying from home owing to the circumstances. "The
main principle is that the policy we decide on should not impinge upon the rights of
8.3 million students scheduled to take the exams," he reiterated.

National exams for high school students is scheduled to take place from March 30 to
April 2, while the government-issued tests for students of middle-school level are
scheduled for April 20-23.

Moreover, Chief of the House of Representatives' Commission X Syaiful Huda had

inquired for the government to cancel the national exams for both levels altogether
to protect students from the spread of COVID-19.

"This decision is taken after taking into account the plague that has continued to
spread. Hundreds of thousands and also millions of students are at risk if the national
exams continue to be held," he remarked in Jakarta on Monday, March 23.
 204

Reporter: Hanni Sofia/Indra Arief/Aria C

Editor: Rahmad Nasution
COPYRIGHT © ANTARA 2020

News 6

UI,UGM, and IPB among world's 100 top

of THE's impact rankings
24th April 2020

Universitas Indonesia's Directorate Building. (ANTARA/Feru Lantara)

Indonesian universities' dedication toward the community has been recognized by the
international community.
Jakarta (ANTARA) - Times Higher Education’s Impact Rankings showed three
Indonesian universities -- Universitas Indonesia (UI), Universitas Gadjah Mada
(UGM), and IPB University -- placed among the world's top 100 universities.

Acting Director General of Higher Education in the Ministry of Education and

Cultural Affairs, Professor Nizam, stated that the achievement is a matter of pride for
the entire nation, as UI ranked 47th, UGM was placed 72nd, and IPB University took
the 77th position.

"We are immensely proud of this achievement since it demonstrates that Indonesian
universities have played a significant role in sustainability development. They are not
merely the "ivory tower" but indeed the "water tower" that distributes water to people
to use," Nizam noted in a statement issued on Friday.

"Indonesian universities' dedication toward the community has been recognized by the
 205

international community," he pointed out.

Some 766 universities across the globe joined THE Impact Rankings this year.

While the three universities are placed in the top 100, six other colleges also listed
comprise Universitas Padjajaran (Unpad) in the top 101-200; Universitas Brawijaya
(UB), 201-300; and Universitas Airlangga (Unair), 301-400.

Furthermore, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) was placed in the top 301-400;
Diponegoro University (Undip), 301-400; and Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
(ITS), 401-600.

Nizam has pinned high hopes on the universities to contribute more towards
developing the country.

"During this COVID-19 pandemic, we also expect Indonesian universities to intensify

their role and contribution in prevention to contain the disease," he affirmed.

Reporter: Indriani, Suwanti

Editor: Rahmad Nasution
COPYRIGHT © ANTARA 2020
 206

News 7

Indonesia should have a national education

blueprint in place: PGRI
2nd May 2020

Indonesian Teachers Association (PGRI) Chairperson Unifah Rosyidi stood on a stage with
Education and Culture Minister Nadiem Makarim. (BKLM Kemendikbud)

Amid this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we have realized the need to strengthen
online-based educational services
Jakarta (ANTARA) - The government is expected to draft the country's national
education blueprint to prepare Indonesians to be at par with global community
members, according to Indonesian Teachers Association (PGRI) Chairperson
Professor Unifah Rosyidi.

"The blueprint is expected to be formulated by emphasizing on a foundation that

education is an endeavor to prepare students to stand among the global community
members," she noted in connection with the commemoration of Indonesia's National
Education Day here, Saturday.

The national education blueprint, supported by the PGRI, also stresses on the
significance of preparing students to become good and productive citizens by
edifying them on culture and values of pluralism, Rosyidi noted.

Last but not least, the blueprint also enables teachers to continue to learn and adapt
to changes to ensure the smooth and unhindered running of educational activities,
she stated.
 207

"The new coronavirus pandemic, currently affecting various parts of the world, has
brought about a realization in the context of Indonesia's national education,
specifically about teachers' role cannot be replaced by technology," she remarked.

However, teachers, who are not technologically sound, would easily be replaced by
technology, she stated, adding that the education sector would enter a period of
"new normalcy" wherein old fashions of imparting education would no longer be a
reference.

Learning and training activities for educationists should be shifted, from content-
focused to process-focused paradigm.

To this end, the government must prioritize improving and providing infrastructure
required for long-distance education to enable Indonesians from various parts of the
country to get access to online learning services, she emphasized.

"Amid this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we have realized the need to strengthen
online-based educational services," she noted.

To this end, the PGRI is optimistic that the government would channel greater
attention to investments in infrastructure necessarily required for facilitating broader
access to affordable electricity and internet availability across the country, she
stated.

PGRI would stay focused on boosting the quality, prosperity, and protection of all
teachers. The association has also called on the government to handle the matter
pertaining to K2 non-permanent teachers, who had passed the working contract-
based civil servants (PPPK) tests by taking into account their age and years of
services.

As part of its endeavors to enhance the capacity of teachers, PGRI has worked with
the Mahir Academy of Rumah Perubahan (House of Change) to co-organize a virtual
workshop for 13 thousand teachers from 34 provinces across Indonesia on May 2-20,
she revealed.

EDITED BY INE

Reporter: Indriani, Rahmad Nasution

Editor: Fardah Assegaf
COPYRIGHT © ANTARA 2020