Virtual Systems & Services (CS-655)

Mr Afrasiab Kaikobad email id: afrasiab@biit.edu.pk Whatsapp# 03365291133

Lesson 12
Introduction to OpenStack

Introduction to OpenStack
OpenStack is a cloud OS that is used to control the large pools of computing, storage, and
networking resources within a data center. OpenStack is an open-source and free software
platform. This is essentially used and implemented as an IaaS for cloud computing.

We can call the OpenStack a software platform that uses pooled virtual resources to create and
manage private and public cloud. OpenStack offers many cloud-related services (such as
networking, storage, image services, identity, etc.) by default. This can be handled by users
through a web-based dashboard, a RESTful API, or command-line tools. OpenStack manages a
lot of virtual machines; this permits the usage of physical resources to be reduced.

Components of OpenStack

Major components of OpenStack are given below:

Compute (Nova): Compute is a controller that is used to manage resources in virtualized

environments. It handles several virtual machines and other instances that perform computing
tasks.

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Object Storage (Swift): To store and retrieve arbitrary data in the cloud, object storage is used.
In Swift, it is possible to store the files, objects, backups, images, videos, virtual machines, and
other unstructured data. Developers may use a special identifier for referring the file and objects
in place of the path, which directly points to a file and allows the OpenStack to manage where
to store the files.

Block Storage (Cinder): This works in the traditional way of attaching and detaching an external
hard drive to the OS for its local use. Cinder manages to add, remove, create new disk space in
the server. This component provides the virtual storage for the virtual machines in the system.

Networking (Neutron): This component is used for networking in OpenStack. Neutron manages
all the network-related queries, such as IP address management, routers, subnets, firewalls,
VPNs, etc. It confirms that all the other components are well connected with the OpenStack.

Dashboard (Horizon): This is the first component that the user sees in the OpenStack. Horizon
is the web UI (user interface) component used to access the other back-end services. Through
individual API (Application programming interface), developers can access the OpenStack's
components, but through the dashboard, system administrators can look at what is going on in
the cloud and manage it as per their need.

Identity Service (Keystone): It is the central repository of all the users and their permissions for
the OpenStack services they use. This component is used to manage identity services like
authorization, authentication, AWS Styles (Amazon Web Services) logins, token-based systems,
and checking the other credentials (username & password).

Image Service (Glance): The glance component is used to provide the image services to
OpenStack. Here, image service means the images or virtual copies of hard disks. When we plan
to deploy a new virtual machine instance, then glance allows us to use these images as
templates. Glance allows virtual box (VDI), VMware (VMDK, OVF), Raw, Hyper-V (VHD) and
KVM (qcow2) virtual images.

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Telemetry (Ceilometer): It is used to meter the usage and report it to OpenStack's individual
users. So basically, Telementry provides billing services to OpenStack's individual users.

Orchestration (Heat): It allows the developers to store the cloud application's necessities as a
file so that all-important resources are available in handy. This component organizes many
complex applications of the cloud through the templates, via both the local OpenStack REST
API and Query API.

Shared File System (Manila): It offers storage of the file to a virtual machine. This component
gives an infrastructure for managing and provisioning file shares.

Elastic Map-reduce (Sahara): The Sahara component offers a simple method to the users to
preplanned Hadoop clusters by referring to the multiple options such as the Hadoop version,
cluster topology and hardware details of nodes and some more.

Installation and Configuration of OpenStack

As we know, OpenStack is an open-source platform. OpenStack offers many options to install
and deploy it through different software distributions. It provides various deployment models.

OpenStack also provides the pre-installed ISO images of the OpenStack platform. To download
these pre-installed ISO images, click here.

Here, we will discuss the installation of the OpenStack using DevStack. Here, DevStack is the
best option to install and test OpenStack on your PC, laptop, or server. DevStack installs all the
components in one environment. It can be used to set up OpenStack on a virtual machine (VM)
or a single server.

We cannot use the DevStack for production purposes because sometimes, after reboot, it is
almost impossible to bring it up on the last state.

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DevStack will install the following components:

o Compute Service - Nove

o Image Service - Glance
o Identity Service - Keystone,
o Block Storage Service - Cinder
o OpenStack Dashboard - Horizon
o Network Service - Neutron
o Placement API - Placement
o Object Storage - Swift

Hardware Requirements

The following are the hardware requirements for OpenStack:

o Processor - at least two cores

o Memory - at least 8GB
o Hard Drive - at least 60GB
o NIC - at least 2 NICs

DevStack can be installed on the following kind of operating systems:

o Ubuntu 16.04/17.04/18.04
o Fedora 24/25
o Debian
o CentOS/RHEL 7
o OpenSUSE

Ubuntu operating system is the most tested and most reliable option for DevStack.

Installation of OpenStack
In order to install the DevStack in a system, first, you have to create a Linux VM on your
computer (such as using VirtualBox or VMware) or remotely in the cloud (such as using AWS).

The VM must have at least 4GB of memory, and the proper internet connection is also
important. Here, we are going to use one version of the ubuntu, i.e., 18.04.

Follow the following steps to install the OpenStack in your ubuntu virtual machine :
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Step 1: Update Ubuntu System

Open the terminal and run the following command to ensure that the system is up to date :

1. $ sudo apt update

2. $ sudo apt -y upgrade
3. $ sudo apt -y dist-upgrade

Sample Output :

Reboot the system after running the above command. To reboot the system, run the following
command :

1. $ sudo reboot

or

1. $ init 6

Step 2: Create Stack User

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It is important that the devstack must run as a regular user (non-root user) with the sudo
enabled.

To keep this note in mind, let's create a new user with the name "stack" and assign the sudo
permissions or privileges. To create a stack user, run the following command in your terminal:

1. $ sudo useradd -s /bin/bash -d /opt/stack -m stack

Output :

Now, to assign the sudo privileges to the stack user, run the following command :

1. $ echo "stack ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" | sudo tee /etc/sudoers.d/stack

Output :

You can switch to the 'stack' user by running the following command:

1. $ sudo su - stack

Output :

Step 3: Install the Git

In Most of the ubuntu systems, git comes by default. But if git is missing on your system, then
install it by running the following command:

1. $ sudo apt install git -y

Sample Output :

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Step 4: Download OpenStack

Once you install the git, use the git command to download the DevStack from Github.

1. $ git clone https://git.openstack.org/openstack-dev/devstack

Output :

Step 5: Create a DevStack Configuration File

First of all, go to the devstack directory by running the following command :

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1. $ cd devstack

Output :

Now, create a local.conf file in which you have to enter the four passwords and the host IP
address :

Output :

Copy the following line of content in the file :

1. [[local|localrc]]
2.
3. # Password for KeyStone, Database, RabbitMQ and Service
4. ADMIN_PASSWORD=StrongAdminSecret
5. DATABASE_PASSWORD=$ADMIN_PASSWORD
6. RABBIT_PASSWORD=$ADMIN_PASSWORD
7. SERVICE_PASSWORD=$ADMIN_PASSWORD
8.
9. # Host IP - To get your Server or VM IP, run the 'ip addr' or 'ifconfig' command
10. HOST_IP=192.168.56.103

Output :

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Press the ESC, then wq to save and then exit from the local.conf file.

Here, ADMIN_PASSWORD is the password that we will use to log into the OpenStack login
page. The default username for an OpenStack is 'admin'.

And HOST_IP is the IP address of your system. To get your Server or VM IP, run the 'ifconfig' or
'ip addr' command.

Step 6 : Install OpenStack with DevStack

To install and run the openstack, execute the following command :

1. $ ./stack.sh

DevStack will install the following components:

o Compute Service (Nova)

o Image Service- Glance
o Identity Service-Keystone,
o Block Storage Service - Cinder
o OpenStack Dashboard - Horizon
o Network Service - Neutron
o Placement API - Placement
o Object Storage - Swift

The installation will take about 10-20 minutes, mostly depends on your internet speed.

At the very end of the installation, you will get the host's IP address, URL for managing it and
the username and password to handle the administrative task.
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Step 7: Accessing OpenStack on a browser

Copy the horizon URL given in the installation output and paste it into your browser :

1. http://<IP Address>/dashboard

To login to OpenStack with the default username - admin or demo and configured password -
secret.

Once you login into the OpenStack, you will be redirected to the Dashboard of OpenStack. This
dashboard screen is called the Openstack management web console.

Step 8: Create an Instance

On the main dashboard screen, you will see the instance's overview.

You can also create your own instance in the OpenStack. Instances are nothing but a virtual
machine. To create a new virtual machine, click on the instances from the left side of the page.

And then click on Launch Instances. Fill in all the required fields. Once you fill all the required
fields, an instance will create.

OpenStack Architecture
There are several components that form OpenStack's architecture.

Nova (Compute)
Nova is one of the most common and important components of OpenStack. Compute is a
controller that is used to handle virtualized environments' resources. It handles several virtual
machines and other instances that perform computing tasks.

Nova is written in Python language. VMware, Xen, and KVM are the hypervisor technologies
that could be used, and this choice is contingent on OpenStack's version.

Functionality :

o The Nova-api processes the requests and responses to and from the end-user.
o When a request is submitted, the Nova generates and removes the instances.
o The Nova-scheduler schedules nova-compute jobs.
o The Glace Registry, along with its metadata, stores the image information.
o The Image stores predefined images for the user or admin.
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o The nova-network assures connectivity and routing of the network.

Neuron (Networking)
This component is used for networking in OpenStack. Neutron manages all the network-related
queries, such as IP address management, routers, subnets, firewalls, VPNs, etc. It confirms that
all the other components are well connected with the OpenStack.

Glance (Image)
This component offers image services to OpenStack. Here, image service means the images or
virtual copies of hard disks. When we plan to deploy a new virtual machine instance, glance
allows us to use these images as templates.

Swift (Object Storage)

To store and retrieve arbitrary data in the cloud, object storage is used. In Swift, it is possible to
store the files, objects, backups, images, videos, virtual machines, and other unstructured data.

Cinder (Block Storage)

This works in the traditional way of attaching and detaching an external hard drive to the OS
for its local use. Cinder manages to add, remove, create new disk space in the server. This
component provides the virtual storage for the VMs in the system.

Horizon (Dashboard)
This is the first component that the user sees in the OpenStack. Horizon is the web UI (user
interface) component used to access the other back-end services.

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Keystone (Identity)
It is the central repository of all the users and their permissions for the OpenStack services they
use. This component is used to manage identity services like authorization, authentication, AWS
Styles (Amazon Web Services) logins, token-based systems, and checking the other credentials
(username & password).

How does OpenStack Work?

Basically, OpenStack is a series of commands which is called scripts. And these scripts are
packed into packages, which are called projects that rely on tasks that create cloud
environments. OpenStack relies on two other forms of software in order to construct certain
environments:

o Virtualization means a layer of virtual resources basically abstracted from the hardware.
o A base OS that executes commands basically provided by OpenStack Scripts.

So, we can say all three technologies, i.e., virtualization, base operating system, and OpenStack
must work together.

Let's discuss how OpenStack works!

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As we know, the Horizon is an interface for the appliance environment. Anything that the user
wants to do should use the Horizon (Dashboard). The Dashboard is a simple graphical user
interface with multiple modules, where each module performs specific tasks.

All the actions in OpenStack work by the service API call. So, if you are performing any task, it
means you are calling a service API. Each API call is first validated by Keystone. So, you will have
to login yourself as a registered user with your login username and password before you enter
the OpenStack dashboard.

Once you successfully log in to the OpenStack dashboard, you will get many options to create
new instances, volumes, Cinder, and configure the network.

Instances are nothing but a virtual machine or environment. To generate a new VM, use the
'instances' option from the OpenStack dashboard. In these instances, you can configure your
cloud. Instances can be RedHat, OpenSUSE, Ubuntu, etc.

The formation of an instance is also an API call. You can configure network information in the
instances. You can connect these instances to the cinder instance or volume to add more
services.

After the successful creation of an instance, you can configure it, you can access it through CLI,
and whatever data you want to add, you can do it. Even you can set up an instance to manage
and store the snapshots for future reference or backup purposes.

OpenStack vs. AWS

OpenStack and AWS are both cloud computing platforms. Both serve different purposes. The
AWS got introduced in 2006. And since 2006, the success of AWS API has been rising rapidly.
Similarly, OpenStack had also grown since its beginning in 2010.

AWS
AWS (Amazon Web Services) is an on-demand cloud computing platform that can perform
almost any kind of process. AWS offers a processing unit, storage, Big Data platform, ML
platform, etc. Since AWS is an on-demand platform and charges very little, anyone can afford
it according to their needs. It follows the concept of pay-as-you-go, but you just pay for the
things you are using. Unlike OpenStack, AWS is not an open-source platform. Only as a user we
can use it.

AWS is a public cloud and is mostly used by a small or medium level of companies who do
cannot afford and don't want to spend on server infrastructure.

Highlights of AWS Services

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Let's see some services of AWS:

o IAM (Identify Access Management) to authenticate several services.

o For quick deployment and cloud app management, Amazon provides Elastic Beanstalk.
o Amazon director services set up a separate, stand-alone directory of AWS.
o Amazon Cloud Watch for tracking services or programs.
o AWS Key Management Services (KMS) for the development or management of encryption keys.
o Amazon beta for handling billing or payroll.
o To send transactional emails, Amazon provides SES (Simple Email Service).
o Amazon provides Cognito for user data processing and synchronization.
o Amazon offers ML (Machine Learning) services for building regression models from publicly
available datasets.

OpenStack
Like AWS, OpenStack provides a cloud computing platform. Using OpenStack, we can perform
all types of services.

But OpenStack is an open-source platform. Using OpenStack, we can create our own cloud and
configure the things as per our needs.

We can deploy OpenStack in both private and public networks. Users can access the OpenStack
via a web-based dashboard component or APIs.

Highlights of OpenStack

o OpenStack has made it possible for companies such as Bloomberg and Disney to handle their
private clouds at very manageable prices.
o OpenStack offers mixed hypervisor environments and bare metal server environments.
o RedHat, SUSE Linux, and Debian have all been active contributors and have been supporting
OpenStack since its inception.
o OpenStack is used by Walmart to organize more than one lac cores, which offers 100 % uptime
during last year's Black Friday.

Difference between AWS and OpenStack

The difference between AWS and OpenStack usually depends on your company's specific
requirements. Let's see the difference between OpenStack and AWS:

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S.No. OpenStack AWS

1. OpenStack is categorized as Cloud AWS Lambda is categorized as a Cloud

Management Platforms and Platform as a Service (PaaS).
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

2. Glance handles the images. AMI (Amazon Machine Image) handles

the images.

3. LBaaS of OpenStack handles the The ELB (Elastic Load Balancer)

load balance traffic. automatically distributes the incoming
traffic from the services to the EC2
instances.

4. Each virtual instance will AWS allocates a private IP address to

automatically be allocated an IP every new instance using DHCP.
address. It is handled by DHCP.

5. Identity authentication services are Identity authentication services are

handled by Keystone. handled by IAM Identity and Access
management.

6. Swift handles object storage. Object storage is managed by S3

(simple storage service) bucket

7. A cinder component manages Block storage is managed by EBS

block storage. (Elastic Block Storage)

8. OpenStack provides MYSQL and Users of AWS use an instance of MySQL

PostgreSQL for the relational or Oracle 11g.
databases.

9. OpenStack uses MongoDB, For a non-relational database, AWS

Cassandra, or Couchbase for a non- uses EMR (Elastic Map Reduce).
relational database.

10. For networking, OpenStack uses For networking, AWS uses VPC (Virtual
Neutron. Private Cloud).

11. Machine learning (ML) and NLP Machine Learning (ML) and NLP
(Natural Language processing) are (Natural Language processing) are
not readily available. possible in AWS.

12. OpenStack has no Speech or Voice Lex is used for speech or voice
recognition solution. recognition solutions.

13. It has the Mistral - Workflow It follows the Simple Workflow Service

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Service. (SWF).

14. Ceilometer - the Telemetry based AWS Usage and the Billing Report.
billing, resource tracking etc.

15. No Serverless Framework. Lambda is a serverless framework.

Benefits of OpenStack
There are a lot of benefits of OpenStack in the cloud computing platform. Let's see one by one
:

1. Open Source
As we know, using the open-source environment, we can create a truly defined data center.
OpenStack is the largest open-source platform. It offers the networking, computing, and
storage subsystems in a single platform. Some vendors (such as RedHat) have developed and
continue to support their own OpenStack distributions.

OpenStack source code is available at github. The two main advantages of the open-source
OpenStack project is :

o OpenStack can be modified according to your rising demand - As per your requirement, you can
add the extra features in OpenStack.
o It can be used without any limitations - Since OpenStack is a freely available project, so there are
no limitations or restrictions to use it. You can use it as per your requirement. There are no limits
for what purpose you use it, where you use it, or how long you use it.

2. Scalability
Scalability is the major key component of cloud computing. OpenStack offers better scalability
for businesses. Through this feature, it allows enterprises to spin up and spin down servers on-
demand.

3. Security
One of the significant features of OpenStack is security, and this is the key reason why
OpenStack is so popular in the cloud computing world.

o With OpenStack, your data is always secure - When company owners want to move their IT
infrastructure to the cloud, they always fear data loss. But there is no need to think about data
loss with OpenStack. It offers the best security feature.
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o OpenStack provides security professionals who are responsive to OpenStack's strong security.

4. Automation
Automation is one of the main keys selling points of OpenStack when compared to another
option. The ease with which you can automate tasks makes OpenStack efficient. OpenStack
comes with a lot of inbuilt tools that make cloud management much faster and easier.
OpenStack provides its own API or Application Program Interface that helps other applications
to have full control over the cloud. This function makes it easier to build your own apps that
can communicate with OpenStack to perform tasks such as firing up VMs.

Development Support

Since OpenStack's source code is freely accessible, experts from all over the world can improve
the platform. If a new feature is being designed, it can be built easily and professionally by a
development team. OpenStack is like Linux in that have many distributions with different
features but share the same component.

Support from companies - For development, OpenStack gets support from IT founders,
including Intel, IBM, AT&T, Cisco, Red Hat, Dell, Ubuntu, and so on. So, by leaps and bounds,
it's changing, which is a massive benefit for you.

Support from the developers' community - Many developers are working on the enhancement
of OpenStack. They are continuously working hard to make the OpenStack better.

5. Easy to Access and Manage

We can easily access and manage OpenStack, which is the biggest benefit for you. OpenStack
is easy to access and manage because of the following features :

Command Line Tools - We can access the OpenStack using command-line tools.

Dashboard - OpenStack offers users and administrators to access and manage various aspects
of OpenStack using GUI (graphical user interface) based dashboard component. It is available
as a web UI.

APIs - There are a lot of APIs (Application Program Interface), which is used to manage
OpenStack.

6. Services
OpenStack provides many services required for several different tasks for your public, private,
and hybrid cloud.

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List of services - OpenStack offers a list of services or components such as the Nova, Cinder,
Glance, Keystone, Neutron, Ceilometer, Sahara, Manila, Searchlight, Heat, Ironic, Swift, Trove,
Horizon, etc.

Each component is used for different tasks. Such as Nova provides computing services, Neutron
provides networking services, Horizon provides a dashboard interface, etc.

7. Strong Community
OpenStack has many experts, developers, and users who love to come together to work on the
product of OpenStack and enhance the feature of OpenStack.

8. Compatibility
Public cloud systems like AWS (Amazon Web Services) are compatible with OpenStack.

Compute (Nova)
Nova is one of the most common and important components of OpenStack. Compute is a
controller that is used to handle virtualized environments' resources. It handles several virtual
machines and other instances that perform computing tasks.

Nova is written in Python language. VMware, Xen, and KVM are the hypervisor technologies
used, and this choice is contingent on OpenStack's version.

OpenStack Services which communicate with Nova

To ensure that Nova operates at its most basic level, certain OpenStack services are required.
These services are:

Keystone: Firstly, Keystone authenticates and offers an identity for all OpenStack services. The
first feature built on OpenStack is Keystone, and all projects, like Nova, are responsible for it.

Glance: It works to handle server images for your cloud. Therefore, it has the ability to upload
compatible images of OpenStack via the repository of compute images.

Neutron: The physical or virtual networks that compute instances within your OpenStack cloud
are given by Neutron.

Placement: Finally, Nova needs placement to track the inventory of resources to assist in
selecting which resource provider would be the right option when building a virtual machine
inside your OpenStack cloud.

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To ensure optimum accessibility and performance, these additional OpenStack services closely
interact with Nova.

Nova Architecture

The above diagram can be summed up in these functionalities :

o The Nova-api processes the requests and responses to and from the end-user.
o When a request is submitted, the Nova generates and removes the instances.
o The Nova-scheduler schedules nova-compute jobs.
o The Glace Registry, along with its metadata, stores the image information.

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o The Image stores predefined images for the user or admin.

o The Nova-network assures connectivity and routing of the network.

Block Storage (Cinder)

This works in the traditional way of attaching and detaching an external hard drive to the OS
for its local use. Cinder manages to add, remove, create new disk space in the server. This
component provides the virtual storage for the VMs in the system. Conceptually, Cinder is
similar in function to the EBS (Elastic Block Storage).

It is usually implemented in combination with other OpenStack services (e.g., Compute, Object
Storage, Image, etc.). Cinder and Nova logical architecture are:

Without needing to think about costly physical storage systems or servers, Cinder users are able
to reduce and expand their storage space significantly. In addition, by allowing users to use one
code for each operation, Cinder simplifies code management. With reliability and ease of usage,
Cinder can handle all the provisioning and eliminate consumers' needs.

Some of the goals of Cinder are :

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o Highly Available
o Recoverable
o Fault-Tolerant
o Component-based architecture
o Open Standards

Cinder Components

Object Storage (Swift)

Object storage is used in order to store and recover arbitrary data in the cloud. In Swift, it is
possible to store the files, objects, backups, images, videos, virtual machines, and other
unstructured data. Developers may use a special identifier for referring the file and objects in
place of the path, which directly points to a file and allows the OpenStack to manage where to
store the files to the API.

For longevity, availability, and competitiveness, it is scalable and optimized. For storing
unconstrained, redundant data, Swift is ideal. Since this is an object storage service, Swift
enables an API-accessible storage option that can be used around the cluster for backups, data
retention, or archives that are redundant.

Object Storage components are divided into the following key groups :

o Proxy Services
o Auth Services
o Storage Services

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o Account Service
o Container Service
o Objective Service

Let's see an example diagram for the OpenStack Object Storage :

Some Characteristics of OpenStack Object Storage are :

o There's a URL for all objects contained in Object Storage.

o All objects have their own metadata.
o It is possible to locate object data anywhere in the cluster.
o Via a RESTful HTTP API, developers communicate with the swift.
o Without downtime, new nodes can be connected to the cluster.
o It runs on industry-standard h/w, like HP, Dell, & Supermicro.
o Data should not be transferred to an entirely new storage system.
o For objects stored in the cluster, 'Storage Policies' can describe various durability levels.

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Shared File Systems (Manila)

It offers file-based storage to a VM. This component gives an infrastructure for managing and
provisioning file shares. Manila uses a SQL based central database shared by all manila services
in the system. The Manila service can operate in the configuration of a single node or multiple
nodes.

Usually, Manila is deployed with other OpenStack resources, such as Compute, Image or Object
Storage.

Following are the goals of shared file system service :

o Highly Available
o Recoverable
o Open-Standards
o Fault-tolerant
o Component-based architecture

Manila offers the following set of services :

manila-api: It is an application for the Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI), which verifies and
guides requests via the shared file system service and also offers support to the OpenStack API.

manila-data: This service receives the requests, processes the data operations with long
running times such as backup, copying, or share migration.
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manila-scheduler: This service schedules and routes the requests to the shared file system
services. To route requests, the scheduler follows configurable filters and weighers. The Filter
Scheduler is the default and allows filters on items such as Availability Zones, Capacity,
Capabilities, and Share Types. Manila-scheduler also allows custom filters.

manila-share: This service manages back-end systems in which have a shared file system. A
manila-share service is capable of running in 1 of 2 modes, with or without the managing of
shared servers.

The shared file system (Manila) contains the following set of components :

o Back-end storage devices

o Users and tenants
o Basic resources
o Shares
o Snapshots
o Share networks

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Networking (Neutron)
This component is used for networking in OpenStack. Neutron manages all the network-related
queries, such as IP address management, routers, subnets, firewalls, VPNs, etc. It confirms that
all the other components are connected properly with the OpenStack.

Neutron delivers NaaS (Networking-as-a-service) in a virtual computing environment. It has

replaced the original API (Application Program Interface), called Quantum, in OpenStack.
Neutron is managed by other OpenStack components such as Nova.

Networking has a service on the controller node, called the neutron server, including a lot of
agents and plugins that use a messaging queue to communicate with each other. You can select
the various agents you want to use, dependent on the type of operation.

Some features of Neutron:

o Sets up the virtual network infrastructure.

o Switching and routing.
o Specialized virtual network functions like VPNaaS, FWaaS, LBaaS.
o Flexibility through agents, plugins, and drivers.
o Neutron integrates with various OpenStack services, i.e., Keystone, Nova, glance, and Horizon.

There are the following neutron plugins :

o VMware NSX
o Cisco switches (NX-OS)
o Ryu network OS
o NEC OpenFlow
o Open vSwitch
o PLUMgrid Director plugin
o Linux bridging
o OpenDaylight plugin
o Juniper OpenContrail
o Midokura Midonet plugin

Neutron Architecture
The neutron architecture is very simple. It is fully based on agents and plugins.

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Dashboard (Horizon)
This is the first component that the user sees in the OpenStack. Horizon is the web UI (user
interface) component used to access the other back-end services. Through individual API
(Application programming interface), developers can access the OpenStack's components, but
through the Dashboard, system administrators can look at what is going on in the cloud and
manage it as per their need.

At the core of its architecture and design, the Dashboard has many key values :

Core Support: Out-of-the-box provision for all core OpenStack projects.

Extensible: As a "first-class citizen", anyone can add a new component.

Manageable: The core codebase has to be easy to direct and should be simple.

Consistent: Throughout, visual and interaction paradigms are maintained.

Stable: A reliable Application program interface (API) with an emphasis on backward

compatibility.

Usable: Providing an amazing interface that individuals want to use.

Horizon is based on the Django web framework for both users and administrators of an
OpenStack cloud. It interacts with instances, images, volumes, and networks within an
OpenStack cloud. Through Horizon, we can manage Nova, Glance, Neutron, and Cinder services
within the OpenStack cloud.

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The image below shows how the Dashboard is connected to all the OpenStack components.
Notice that OpenStack with all seven core components is shown in this image :

Let's see the first screen. Once you open the Dashboard in your browser with the URL, you will
get the following screen :

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Identity Service (Keystone)

It is the central repository of all users and their privileges for the services they are using for
OpenStack. This component is used to manage identity services like authorization,
authentication, AWS Styles (Amazon Web Services) logins, token-based systems, and checking
the other credentials (username & password).

There are the following functions which usually perform by Keystone:

o Monitoring users and their permissions

o Providing a list of available resources with their API endpoints.

There are the following set of services or components that are provided by identity service :

Server: It is a central system that offers authentication and authorization services using a REST
interface.

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Drivers: These are integrated with the centralized server. Drivers access the identity data in
external repositories to OpenStack and may already exist in the infrastructure where OpenStack
is deployed (Such as LDAP or SQL database servers).

Modules: In the location of the OpenStack service, which uses the Identity service, middleware
modules run. These modules retrieve the requests for the service, extract user credentials and
send them for authorization to the server. For integration between middleware modules and
OpenStack services or components, the Python Web Server Gateway Interface is used.

Image Service (Glance)

The glance component is used to provide the image services to OpenStack. Here, image service
means the images or virtual copies of hard disks. When we plan to deploy a new virtual machine
instance, then glance allows us to use these images as templates. Glance allows virtual box
(VDI), VMware (VMDK, OVF), Raw, Hyper-V (VHD) and KVM (qcow2) virtual images.

Glance contains a REST API from which you can query the metadata of a VM image and retrieve
an actual image. It is central to IaaS (Infrastructure as a service).

The OpenStack Glance service contains the following components :

glance-api: For image detection, retrieval, and storage, glance-api accepts image API calls.

glance-registry: It stores, processes, and retrieves image metadata. Where items like size and
type are included in the metadata.

Database: It is used to store image metadata, and according to your choice, you can select your
database. MySQL or SQLite are used for most deployments.

Storage repository for image files: Standard file systems (or any file system installed on the
glance-api controller node), HTTP, Object Storage, RADOS block devices, and VMware
Datastore multiple repository forms are supported.

Metadata definition service: It is a normal API to meaningfully define your own custom
metadata for suppliers, administrators, services, and users. Such metadata may be used for
various resource types, such as images, artifacts, volumes, flavors, and aggregates.

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Glance Architecture
It follows a client-server architecture. It provides the Rest API from which server request is made.
Client requests are accepted via the Rest API and wait for authentication from Keystone. The
Glance Domain Controller controls all internal processes, which are split into layers, and each
layer performs its own tasks.

Image service architecture contains the following components :

o Client
o REST API
o DAL (Database Abstraction Layer)
o Registry Layer
o Glance Store

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o Glance Domain Controller

Data Processing Service (Sahara)

The Sahara component offers a simple method to the users to preplanned Hadoop clusters by
referring to the multiple options such as the Hadoop version, cluster topology and hardware
details of nodes and some more.

Sahara is a data processing service, also called elastic map-reduce, which offers a platform for
the provisioning and management of instance clusters using processing frameworks like Spark
and Hadoop.

Following are the main features of Sahara :

o Fast and flexible deployment of Hadoop clusters.

o They were designed as an OpenStack service or component.
o Predefined Hadoop templates
o User-friendly UI for ad-hoc analytics queries based on Pig or Hive.
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o Supports multiple Hadoop distributions.

o Managed Hadoop workloads in a few clicks. No need to be an expert in Hadoop.
o It supports different kinds of jobs, such as Pig, Hive, and oozie workflows. The data could be
taken from several sources like SQL databases, Swift, HDFS, and NoSQL.
o Other features like unlimited scalability, elasticity, and data availability.

Architecture of Sahara
o Cluster Configuration Manager
o Auth Component
o Data Access Layer (DAL)
o Provisioning of Virtual Machines
o Installation
o Rest API
o Python Sahara Client
o Sahara Pages

Future Scope
As we know, cloud computing is getting wide in the last decade. Most of the biggest giants
investing heavily to leverage the growing trend, such as Google, AWS, Microsoft, or Rackspace.

OpenStack is Open Source freely available with Apache 2.0 license and is backed by thousands
of big technology companies. Over the years, it is kept on improving its popularity. Hundreds
of enterprises are using it to build their own private cloud, and some are delivering support
services. So, career-wise, in current business situations, I would suggest it is one of the best
innovations to look for. The future calls for such a stable environment, and as a free architecture
with some excellent long-term features, OpenStack will continue its legacy.

If you're looking for something that allows you to make better use of your current hardware,
doesn't lock you into costly support contracts and has a wide global engineering community
(over 100,000 members across 187 countries and increasing year on year by around 33 percent),
then OpenStack could be the solution for you.

One thing is to remain there for secure cloud computing, with OpenStack getting a promising
future for sure in at least the next ten years. OpenStack is a bundle of numerous cutting edge
items that offer the best experience for cloud computing. So learning it and gaining experience
in a few projects would not only make you a seasoned professional in the cloud but also help
you develop skills in problem-solving.
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