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Scientific Programming

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Daniel adaramola
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12 views

Scientific Programming

Uploaded by

Daniel adaramola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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CSC 201- SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON Part 1: Introduction Python is a gencral purpose, interpreied, abject purpose PL. it means. it can be useq write code for any programming task. Being an interpreted language, it means that its code is transiated and executed by an interpreter, one statement at a time, Being an OOP language, it means hat datain python are objects that are created from classes, Versions of Python There are two versions of python that currently exist together. They are python 2 and python 3, The program written in python’ wit} pot ran on python2. Python3 is the newer version, but itis backward-compatible with python2, python3 provide a functionality that automatically convert code written in python? into the syntay that python} can use Writing a python program To write python program, there is need foran EDITOR, An editor that is specifically design for writing program is called INTERGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (IDE). An IDE Provide the following development: + Itprovides a way to run your program straight from the editor. « Itprovides highlighting and identification that can help as you write your program. Examples of IDEs for python development include the following; + NetBeans «Eclipse «© Bric «IDLE (Interactive development environment) « Wing IDE 101 To install python in windows O/S, go to this URL #http://python.org NOTE 1: IDLE is an IDE for python where you can create open, save, edit and run python programs. Bo the command-line python interpreter and IDLE are available after python is installed on your device. To install wing IDE 101 — HTTP/Avingwave.com NOTE :: Python programs are case sensitive; therefore, it will be wrong for example, to replace print in the program with print. Other contents > Elementary of python programming. {2} Mathematical functions Selections in python. Loops in python. Functions in python. Object and classes in python, Lists in python. : Inheritance and polymorphism, + Strings an object. vvvv yy Part 2: Elementary of Python Programming The focus of this part is on learning elementary of programming techniques to solve Problem python. Fundamental programming techniques, such as the use of variables, operators, expressions and input and output are discussed. Example: A program to compute the area ofa circle given the radius as 20 can be seen as follows ComputeArea.py 14 Assign a value to radius 2radius= 20 # radius is assigned 20 3 4# Compute area 5 area = radius * radius * 3.14159 6 7 # Display results 8 print("The area for the circle of radius”, radius, “Is", area) Note: In other programming languages, such as Java, one has to declare a variable with a data type to specify what type of values are being stored, such as integers or text characters. Python does not need such a declaration because it can automatically figure out the data type according to the value assigned to the variable. Reading Input from the Console ‘The input function can be used to ask user to input a value. For example, the following statement prompts the user to enter a value, and then it assigns the value to a variable: ") variable = input ("Enter 2 valu The value entered above is a string, the function eval can be used to evaluate and convert it toa numeric value. For example, eval("34,5") returns 34.5 eval("345") returns 345 eval("3 + 4") returns 7, and eval(""51 + (54 * (3 +2))") returns 321. —{?} ComputeAverage.py 1# Prompt the user to enter th, 2 number] = eval(input("Enter 3 number2 = eval(input("Enter th, fi umb' 4 number3 = evallinput("Enter the ‘hageumber 5 6 # Compute average 7 average = (number1 + number2 4 number3) /3 8 9 # Display result 10 print("The average of", number, nyumber2, number3, 41 "Is", average) : Identifiers in Python Identifiers are the names that identify the elements in a python program such as variables and functions. For example: numberl, number2, number3, average, input, eval, and print are the names of things that appear in the program. In programming terminology, such names are called identifiers. All identifiers must obey the following rules: * An identifier is a sequence of characters that consists of letters, digits, and underscores. * An identifier must start with a letter or an underscore. It cannot start with a digit. © Anidentifier cannot be a keyword also called reserved words which have special meanings in Python. * Anidentifier can be of any length. Avoid using abbreviations for identifiers. Using complete words is more descriptive. For example, numberOfStudents is better than numStuds, numOfStuds, or numOfStudents. Use lowercas letters for variable names, as in radius and area, If a name consists of several words, concatenate them into one, making the first word lowercase and capitalizing the first letter of each subsequent word—for example, numberOfStudents. Variables, Assignment Statements, and Expressions in Python Variables are used to reference values that may be changed in the program, Every variable has a scope. The scope of a variable is the part of the program where the variable can be referenced, The statement for assigning a value to a variable is called an assignment statement. \n Python, the equal sign (=) is used as the assignment operator. The syntax for assignment statements is as follows: variable = expression An expression represents a computation involving values, variables, and operators that, taken together, evaluate to a value. For example, consider the following code: radius =1.0 —# Assign 1.0 to variable radius {3} x=5*(3/2)+3°2 # Assign the yalye of the exPression to x xzytl # Assign the addition of y and 1t0* area = radius *radius* 3.14159 tompute area Named Constants A named constant is an idemtifice that represen's @ permanent value. For example, jin the ComputeArea program, p is a constant which is equal to 3.14159, Python does not have a special variable to denote a constant, However, to syntax for naming constants. You can simply create distinguish a constant from a variable, use all uppercase letters to name a constant. For example, you can rewrite ComputeArea Program (o use a named constant for p, as follows: # Assign a radius radius = 20 # radius is mow 20 # Compute area p= 3.14159 area = radius * radius * Pl # Display results print("The area for the circle of radius", radius, js", area) Numeric Data Types and Operators eferred to as data, Python has two numeric The information stored in a computer is generally r types—integers and floating-point numbers—for working with the operators +, -y*)/, 44, **, and %, The operators for numeric data types include the standard arithmetic operators, as shown below. The operands are the values operated upon by an operator. Numeric Operators in Python Name Meaning Example Result + Addition 34+1 35 - Subtraction 34.0 - 0.1 33.9 Multiplication 300*30 © 9000 Float Division 1/2 0.5 Hf Integer Division 142 0 ** Exponentiation 405 2.0 % Remainder 20 %3 2 When more than one operator is used in an expression, the following operator precedence rule is used to determine the order of evaluation. od first. ion Oo integer division (//) , and remainder operators ression contains several multiplication, division, and plied from left to right. © Exponentiation (**) is applies * Multiplication (*), float divisi (%) are applied next. If an exP! remainder operators, they are aP * Addition (+) and subtraction (-) operators are applied last. If'an expression contains several addi, operators, th ie 7 or ‘on operators, they are applied from left to right. 1 and subtraction OP Example: Given two point, X1, Y1 gag x2, Y2 write a Python program that computes and display the distance between the two poigis, (Hint: Formula for computing distance is given asif (2 — 41)? + O2 - 1) ComputeDistance.py 1# Enter the first point with two float yalues 2x1, y1 = eval{input("Enter x1 and yz for Point 1: ")) 3 4 # Enter the second point with two float values § x2, y2 = evallinput{"Enter x2 and yz for Point 2: ")) 6 7 # Compute the distance B distance = ({x1 - x2) * (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) * (y-¥2)) ** os 9 10 print(“The distance between the two points is", distance) Example: Write a Python program to do the following tasks: 1. Prompts a user to enter two points. 2. Computes the distance between the points. 3. Use Turtle graphics to display the line that connects the two points. 4. Displays the length of the line at the center of the line. ComputeDistanceGraphics.py import turtle 2 3 # Prompt the user for inputting two points 4x1, y1 = eval(input("Enter x1 and y1 for point 5 x2, y2= eval(input("Enter x2 and y2 for point 2: 6 7 # Compute the distance B distance = ((x1 -x2) ** 2+ (yl - v2) ** 2) ** 0.5 9 10 # Display two points and the connecting line 11 turtle.penup() 12 turtle goto(x1, yl) # Move to (x1, ¥2) 13 turtle.pendown() 14 turtle.write("Point 1") 15 turtle.goto(x2, y2) # Draw a line to (x2, y2) 16 turtle.write("Point 2") v7 48 # Move to the center turtlepenupl) OF the tine pO turtle.gotol {xl +2) /2, (yr 4 21 turtle.write(distance) 22 turtle.done() 2) /2) Part 3: Mathematical Functions, Strings, and Objects This part introduces functions, strings, and objects in Python, and also uses them to develop programs. Part two introduced fimdamental programming techniques and how to write simple programs to solve basic problems, Python Functions A function is a group of statements that performs a specific task. Python, as well as other programming languages, provides a library of functions. Functions, such as eval, input, print, and int were used in the preceding parts, These are built-in functions and they are always available within the Python interpreter. It is not necessary 10 import any modules to use these functions. Additionally, other built-in functions include abs, max, min, pow, and round and ete. Also, many programs are created to solve mathematical problems. The Python math module provides the different mathematical functions. Two mathematical constants, pi and e, are ulso defined in the math module. They can be accessed using math.pi and math.c. Whenever amodule is to be used in a program, the module must be imported. For example, the math functions is defined in the math module. fabs(x) Returns the absolute value for x as a float. fabs(-2) is 2.0 ceil(x) Rounds x up to its nearest integer. ceil{2.1) is 3, ceil(-2.1) is -2 floor{x) Rounds x down to its nearest integer. floor{2.1) is 2, floor(-2.1) is -3 exp(x)_ Returns the exponential function of x (ex). exp(1) is 2.71828 log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x. log(2.71828) Is 1.0 log(x, base) Returns the logarithm of x for the specified base. log(100, 10) is 2.0 sqrt{x) Returns the square root of x. sqrt(4.0) is 2 sin{x) Returns the sine of x. x represents an angle in radians. sin(3.14159 / 2) is 1 sin{3.14159) is 0 asin(x) Returns the angle in radians for the inverse of sine. asin{1.0) is 1.57 asin(0.5) is 0.523599 cos{x) Returns the cosine of x. x represents an angle in radians. cos(3.14159 / 2) is 0 ¢05(3.14159) is -1 acos(x) Returns the angle in radians for the Inverse of cosine. acos(1.0) is 0 acos(0.5) is 1.0472 tan(x) Returns the tangent of x. x represents an angle in radians. tan(3.14159 / 4) is 1 tan{0.0) is 0 degrees{x) Converts angle x from radians to degrees, degrees(1.57) is 90 a PY for example: Given the length of ghe yhree sides of 8 triangle, use the formula below to write a hon program (0 comput py pute the angles, cos(fata-b™b-c*c)/(2epe scab "b-8t3-c%e)/fae nc, Ceacosl(e*c-b*B-3*3)/(-2* a0 pH)) Here in this example, in ofder to compute the lengths of the sides, we need to know the coordinates ofthe three comer points and compute the distances between the points. Below is the program that rompis the user to enter the x- and y.coordinates of the three corner points in a triangle and then displays the figures angles. ComputeAngles.py 1 import math 2 3 xt, v1.2, y2,%3, ¥3 = evallinput("Enter three points: ")) 4 $ a=math.sart((x2 = x3) * (x2 = x3) + (y2- y3) * (v2 -¥3)) 6 b= math.sqrt((xd - x3) * (x1 - x3) + (y2- y3) * (vt -y3)) 7x math.sart((ed - x2) * (x2 = 2) + (yd -y2) * (yh -¥2)) 8 9 A= math.degrees(math.acos{(a *a-b*b-c* o/(-2*b*c))) 10 B = math.degrees{math.acos{(b*b-a* a-C* o/t2*a*o))) 11c=mathdegrees{mathacos((c* ¢-b*b-a* a)/ (2° 3 “on cr 13 print("The three angles are", round(A * 100) / 100.0, 14 round{B * 100) /:100.0, round(C * 100) / 100.0) Strings and Characters Inaddition to processing numeric values, you can process strings in Python. A string isa sequence of characters and can ine quotes "Jor double quotes (" string represents a character For exam| Jude text and numbers. String values must be enclosed in matching single '), Python does not have a data type for characters. A single-character ple, letter ='A' # Same as lette ‘a # Same as numchar Good morning” # Same a5 me! Sage Part 4: Introduction to Objects and Methods TaPyihon,a number 1s an object, a Str js an object, and every datum is an o} Objects of th same kind have the same type- You can. use the id function and type function to get these pi et _R {information about an obj, teat . the class for string is str, for Also in python, an object’s type is defined by a class. For example, bject-oriented programm integer js int, and for float is float. The term “class” comes from ng, mnony! invoked to perform operations a Farther, cases ‘and types are synonymous. Methods can be e object. prawing Various Shapes The Python turtle module contains meihods for moving the pen, setting the pen’s size, lifling, and putting down the pen. A turtle is agiyally an object that is created when you import the turtle module. You then invoke the turtle object's methods to perform operations. When a turtle object iscreated, its position is set at (0,0) (the center of the window) and its direction is set to go straight io the right, The turtle module uses a pen to draw shapes. By default, the pen is down (like the tip of an actual pen touching a sheet of paper), When you move the turtle, it draws a line from the current position to the new position, Below are the lists of methods for controlling the pen's drawing state and the lists of methods for moving the turtle. Turtle Pen Drawing State Methods Method Description turtle.pendown() Pulls the pen down—drawing when moving. turtle.penupQ) Pulls the pen up—no drawing when movin: turtle.pensize(width) Sets the line thickness to the specified width. Turtle Motion Methods Method Description turtle.forward(d) Moves the turtle forward in the direction the turtle is headed. turtle. backward(d) Moves the turtle backward in the opposite direction the turtle is headed, The turtle’s direction is not changed. turtleright(angle) Turns the turtle right by the specified angle. turtle.Jeft(angle) Turns the turtle left by the specified angle. turtle.goto(x, y) Moves the turtle to an absolute position. turtle,setx(x) Moves the turtle’s x-coordinate to the specified position. turtlesety(y) Moves the turtle’s y-coordinate to the specified position. Sets the orientation of the turtle to a specified angle. 0-East, 90- North, 180-West, 270-South, turtle. home() Moves the turtle to the origin (0, 0) and east direction. Draws a circle with the specified radius, extent, and step. Draws a circle with the specified diameter and color. Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Sets the turtle’s speed to an integer between 1 and 10, with 10 peing the fastest turtle.setheading(angle) furtle.circle(r, ext, step) turtle.dot(diameter, color) turtle.undoQ) turtle.speed(s) e code for drawing a triangle, a square, a pentagon, 2 The following program shows sampl hexagon, and a circle. simpleShapes.py import turtle 2 3H Set pen thickness to 3 pivets 4#{Pull the pen up 5 6# Pull the pen down 74 Drawa triangle 8 gturtle.penup() 10 turtle.goto(-100, -50) 11 turtle.pendown() 12 turtle.circle(40, steps = 4) # Draw a square 2B 14 turtle.penup() 15 turtle.goto(0, -50) 16 turtle.pendown() 17 turtle.circle(40, steps = $) # Draw a pentagon 18 19 turtle.penup() 20 turtle.goto(100, -50) 21 turtle.pendown() 22 turtle.circle(40, steps = 6) # Drawa hexagon 23 24 turtle.penup() 25 turtle.goto(200, -50) 26 turtle.pendown() 27 turtle.circle(40) # Drawa circle 28 29 turtle.done() Line 1 imports the turtle module. Line 3 sets the pen’s thickness to 3 pixels. Line 4 pulls the pen Up so that you can reposition it to (-200, -50) in line S. Line 6 puts the pen down to draw a triangle in line 7, In line 7, the turtle object invokes the circle method with a radius of 40 and 3 steps to draw atriangle, Similarly, the rest ofthe program draws a square (line 12), a pentagon (line 17), a hexagon (line 22), and a circle (line 27)- Drawing with Colors and Fonts A turtle object contains the methods for setting colors and fonts. This section introduces more Pen control methods and shows you how (© Set colors and fonts and write text. Below are the lists of pen methods for controlling drawings color, and filling. Example of program that draws a Wiangle, a square, a pentagon, a hexago" and acircle in different colors, as shown below. The Program also adds text to the drawing. Turtle Pen Color, Filling, and Drawing Methods Method turtle.color(c) turtle-fillcolor(c) Description Sets the pen color. Sets the pen fill color. eet Calls this method before filling a shape. bein fill, Fills the shapes drawn before the last call to wwrte-ingO Retums the fill state: True if filling, False if not e.clear() filling. " turtles Clears the window, The state and the position of the turtle are not affected. turtlesreset0) Clears the window and reset the state and position : to the original default value. turttesereensize(w, h) Sets the width and height of the canvas. turlesnidetore Makes the turtle invisible. arte ee Makes the turtle visible. rartledsvisibteQ) ari Returns True if the turtle is visible. turtle.write(s, font=("Arial", 8, "normal”)) Writes the string s on the turtle position. Font is a triple consisting of fontname, fontsize, and fonttype. ColorShapes.py 1 import turtle 2 3 turtle.pensize(3) # Set pen thickness to 3 pixels 4turtle.penup() # Pull the pen up 5 turtle.gato(-200, -50) 6turtle.pendown(} # Pull the pen down 7turtle.begin_fill!) # Begin to fill color in a shape Bturtle.color("red") 9 turtle.circle(40, steps = 3) # Draw triangle 10 turtle.end_fill(}# Fill the shape u 12 turtle.penup() 23 turtle.goto(-100, -50) 14 turtle.pendown() 15 turtle begin_fill{) # Begin to 16 turtle.color("blue") T7turtle.circle(4o, steps = 4) # raw 2 § 18 turtle.end_fill{) # Fill the shape 19 20turtle.penup() Zune goto(0, -50) turtle.pendown| 3 faicceuncii Begin to fill color ina shape fill color in a shape quare gaturtle.color("green") psturtle.circle(40, steps = 5), gg turtle.end_fill) # Fill the shape a pentagon 7 ggturtle.penup() ygturtle.goto(100, -50) 30turtle.pendown() iturtle.begin_fill) # Begin to fj 32turtle.color("yellow") 33turtle.circle(40, steps = 6) # jaturtle.end_fill)# Fill the mera hexagon 35 36turtle.penup() 37 turtle.goto(200, -50) 38turtle.pendown() 39turtle.begin_fill() # Begin to fill color ina shape 40turtle.color("purple") Atturtle.circle(40) # Draw acircle 42turtle.end_fill() # Fill the shape 43 turtle.color("green") 44turtle,penup|) 45 turtle.goto(-100, 50) 46 turtle.pendown() 47turtle.write("Cool Colorful Shapes", 48 font=("Times", 18, "bold")) 49turtle.hideturtle() 50 51turtle.done() ll color in a shape Note the following: count = count + 1 can be written in Python asi Count = count -1 as: : count -= 2 count = count * 1 as: count *= Lett: count += 1 Type Conversions and Rounding , ; Ione afte cede forte ure operators aot vale, the result wil be @ loa vas This i called pe conversion. S° « 4.5 is the same as 3.0 * 4.5, Sometimes, it is desirable 10 called spe conversion. 50+ obiain the integer part of a fractl integer part of a float value. For ¢ onal number. You can use the int(value) function to return the xample: poo value = 5.6 >>? int(value) 5 2? Note that the fractional Partofy function {0 round a numbers 2 Mmber is rncated, not rounded up. You ean also use the round the nearest whole value. For Example: >> value = 5.6 >»> round(value) 6 >> Part 5: Selection Statements in Python A program can decide which statements ip exeome based on a condition, Like all high-level programming languages, Python provides sefection statements that let you choose actions with two or more alternative courses, Python provides six comparison operators (also known as relational operators), shown below, which can be used to compare two values. Operator — Maths Symbol Name Example Output IfR=5 < < less than R greater than R>0 True >= > greater than or equal to R>=0 True = = equal to R=0 False & % not equal to Ri=0 True if Statements Aone-way if statement executes the statements if the condition is true. If the condition is not true the computer will skip to the statements after the if statement. Python if Statement (also called a one-way if'statement) . ‘The if statement contains a logical expression (test) which data is compared and a decision is made based on the result of the comparison. if (condition) (statement(s)) {expression and will execute statement(s) only if the text Here, t es the tes the program evaluates U te E 1 ee sion is False, the statement(s) is not executed. “xpression is True. If the text expre tt 2 example below is a programs th | of 5. the program display: 'at Prompts the user to enter an integ ay ger. Ifthe number is a multiple HiEven. © result Hipive. Ifthe number és divisil ible by 2, the program displays simplelfDemo.py number = evallinput("Enter an ing ‘eae 2 3 ifnumber % 5 = 4 print("HiFive") 5 gifnumber % 2 Tprint("HIEven The ET TE the user to enter an integer (line 1) and displays HiFive ifitis divisible by 5 (lines 3-4) and HiEven if it is divisible by 2 (lines 6-7). Python if-else statement Aone-way if statement takes an action if the specified condition is True. If the condition is False, nothing is done. Assuming, there is need to take one or more alternative actions when the condition is False. A two-way if-else statement can be utilized, The actions that a two-way if-else statement specifies differ based on whether the condition is True or False.The syntax for a two- way if-else statement is shown below: if (condition): statement(s)-for-the-true-case else: statement(s)-for-the-false-case Ifthe condition evaluates to True, the statement(s) for the true case are executed; otherwise, the slatement(s) for the false case are executed, For example, consider the following code: radiusCirele.py Wradius 5 area = radius * radius * math.pi print(“The area for the circle of radius else: Print(“Negative Input") ", radius, “is", area) Ifradius >= 0 is true, area Is computed and displayed; If It is false, the message Negative input is displayed. Here is another example: Write 4 python program using If,,.Else statement to find the factorial of number provided by the uscr- et 8 HR The factorial of a numbe, of 6 (denoted as 61) j NE Brodct of gl the integers from 1 to that number, For example, the factorial of zero is one, 0! 5°6 = 799 Factorial is not defined for negative numbers and the factorial 4 Python program to find gchange the value for a qj num=7 auncomment to take input from gnum = int(input("Enter a numbers na factorial = 1 " a check if the number is negative tou 205 Positive or zero print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers”) elif num == 0: print("The factorial of O is 1") else: fori in range(1,num + 1): factorial = factorial*i print{"The factorial of", the factor, Ib er itera of a num ‘Mt result num, "is" factorial) Nested if and Multi-Way if-elif-else Statements One if statement can be placed inside another if statement to form a nested if statement. The statement in an if or if-else statement can be any legal Python statement, including another if or if- else statement. The inner if statement is said to be nested inside the outer if statement, The inner ifstatement can contain another if statement; in fact, there is no Timit to the depth of the nesting. For example, the following is a nested if statement: ifi>k: ifj>k: print(" else: Print("i is less than or equal to k") and jare greater than k") The it j> k statement is nested inside the if 1> k statement, The nested if statement can be used to implement multiple alternatives. For example, the statement below assigns a letter value to the Variable grade according to the score. 8 ifscore >= 90.0; grade ‘AY If score >= 90.0; else: grade ='A' i'score >= 80,0: elif score >= 80.0: grade = elif scor grade = elif score grade ='D' else: grade = better format multiple alternatives is shown in the second figure using a multi- if-elif-else statement. Example: Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of health based on weight. It can be calculated by king your weight in kilograms and dividing it by the square of your height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for people 16 years and older is as follows: BMI Interpretation Below 18.5 | Underweight 18.5-24.9 __| Normal 25.0-29.9 Overweight Above 30.0 Obese Using nested if statement, write a program thal prompts the user to enter a weight in pounds and height in inches and then displays the BMI. Note that one pound is 0.45359237 kilograms and one inch is 0.0254 meters. body\Weight.py 4 Prompt the user to enter weight in pounds weight = eval{input( "Enter weight in pounds: ")) # Prompt the user to enter height in inches height = eval{input{"Enter height in inches: ")) KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.45359237 METERS_PER_INCH = 0.0254 4 Compute BMI Weightinkilograms = weight * ravoaRAMe.Pen POUND heightinMeters = height * MeTERS_PER. T * heightinMeters) bmi = weightinkilograms / (heightinMete ers) et g pisplay result rint("BM1 is", for . i 18s em "amy print("Underweight") lif bmi < 25: print(’Normal") elifbmi < 30: print("Overweight") else: print("Obese") Python Loops Aloop is 4 construct that controls the repeated execution of a block of statements. Python provides two types of loop statements: while loops and for loops. The while Loop Awhile loop executes statements Tepeatedly as long as a condition remains true. The syntax for the while loop is: while cexpression>: # Loop body Statement(s) When a while loop is encountered, the expression is evaluated. If it is true, the loop body is executed. Then is checked again, and if still tue, the body is executed again, This continues until becomes false, at which point program execution proceeds to the first statement after the loop body. Suppose we are to display a string (¢.8. Programming is fun!) 100 times. It would be tedious to ype the statement 100 times: Print("Programming is fun!") Print("Programming is fun!") Print("Programming is fun!") (rol how many times in succession an operation (or a Pyth construct to contr y ‘ mt am uses the powerful erformed. By using loop statements, [tis no longer necessary to write s aa ie of operations) ne dd times; the code below can be used to display the string in a specified Statement a hun Hi written as VS! numberof times, The loop statement cat P& follows: count =o. While count < 100: _ ee ("Program print ming Is fun count = count +1 fun") gsample: The problem ig program thal randomly gen’, 8458 what number a computer has in mind. You are to white & sompts the user to enter ny “rates an integer between O and 100, inclusive. The program should foreach user input, the fem TS continuously until it matches the randomly generated number. the user can choose the next inp tould reports whether the number is too low or too high, so that intelligently. guessNumber.py jImport random 2 3# Generate a random numbe number = random.randint(o, to be guessed 100) 5 6 print("Guess a magic number between 0 and 100") 7 pguess=-2 g while guess != number. 10 # Prompt the user to guess the number 31 guess = eval(input("Enter your guess; ")) 12 13if guess == number: 14print("Yes, the number is", number) 15 elif guess > number: 16 print("Your guess is too high") else: 18 print("Your guess is too low") The program generates the magic number in line 4 and prompts the user to enter a guess continuously in a loop (lines 9-18). For each guess, the program determines whether the user's. h, or too low (lines 13-18). When the guess is correct, the program ©: umber is correct, 100 hig i mt guess isc the loop (line 9), Note that guess is initialized to-1. Ths sto avoid iitlizing it toa value between Oand 100, because that could be the number to be guessed. Nested While Loop i=. print" * 50 while i< 11: nel while n <= 10: print “%4d" % (i * n), n pring ise print ". The Python for Loop Python for loop itera a tes thy S esthe 01 james the loop body needs ig he L8H each value in a sequence Ofien you know exactly how many ‘ble can be used to count the executions. Aloop of this type is called gg X°euted, so a control varia . “ al, the syntax of for loop is: . Ounter-controlled loop. In gener: for var in sequence: # Loop body sequence holds multiple items of data, + fored one after the other. example: A Python progr: | | given by a user. Bram that uses for Joop to display the multiplication table any number souree Code Mullt1.py 1gPython program to find the #multiptication table (from 1 to 10) num = 12 3# To take input from the user 4# num = int(input("Display multiplication table of? “)) 5 # use for loop to iterate 10 times 6fori in range(1, 11): 7print(num, *x’, i, '=num*i) for xin range(1, 10): print (" {)",format(x), end="") print() foryin range(1, 10); print("(:<}", format(y)) for 2 in range(1, 10, Ui ans=y*Z print(” {}”, format(ans), end="") Corererere rrp th Pere Panay 6 SO aca Cae FUE print("{:<}" -format(y)) . Peseta PLP aa eet aoe Nested For..loops Joop can be nested ing, ins sanet loops. Each time thes emther loop, Nested loops he PFOBFAM Below uses nosye COP is repeated, the inne 4 for jagps to display & multiplication able. onsist of an outer loop: ‘and one or more ‘loops are reentered and started anew. utiplicationTable,p for x an range(a, Be: print” (2".Format(x) int) ender) fon for 2 in range(1, 10, ye) aszy*? print(” — {}"-format(ans), eng sy Python Break and Continue statements ‘The ae statement is used to skip the rest of the code inside @ Joop for the current iteration oi - not terminate but continues on with the next iteration while the break statement teminates the loop containing it, Contr ofthe program flows to the staternent immediately after the body of the loop. Example: Write a Python program using the break statement to search for the number °88” in the given list of numbers, 11, 9, 88, 10, 90, 3, 19. The program is to display all the numbers till the umber '88" is found and when itis found, the loop should be terminated and rest of the numbers should not be displayed. searchNum.py 1# program to display all the element: 2for num in [11, 9, 88, 10, 90, 3, 19]: 3 print(num) 4 if{num==88): S print("The number 88 is found") 6 print{"Terminating the loop") Tbreak s before number 88 Example: The program that uses the continue statement to skip letter ¢ in the word string and x : The then print the output. letterNum.py 14 Program to show the Use 2for val in "string": 3 If val eee of continue statement Inside loops { ee _———_ 4 continue 5 print(val) gprint("The end") part 6: Input ana °O Aquming You Rave ie is ee tro keyboard Mis Possible to stope® WO enter, Tt woud be tedious (0 type all the entries trom ty using the following command” data in a text file (input.txt, for example) and run the program python SentinelVatuespy « inn y Ut txt This command is called jp, jeyboard at runtime, the pr PUC Fedircetion, Instead of having the user type the data from the ° : BAM lakes the input from the file input.txt. similarly, output redirecti The command for output redirect the output to a file instead of displaying it on the sereen. Nis: python Script.py > output.txt ut and output redirecti i tpt a out u redirection can be used in the same command. For example, the following oo Sets input from input.txt and sends output to output.txt: python SentinelValue.py output.txt Part 7: Function in Python pe A Function in Python are used to utilize the code in more than one place in a program, sometimes also called method or procedures. Python provides you many inbuilt functions like print().A. function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action. Functions provide better modularity for your application and a high degree of code reusing. Python gives you many built-in functions like print(), etc. but it also gives you freedom to create your own functions which are called user-defined functions Ex P «og you are to find the sum of integers from 1 to 10, 20 to 37, and 35 to 49. To eestor ire these three sets of numbers, the code might look like this: sum =0 for iin range(1, 11): sum += print("Sum fram 1 to 10/5", sum) sum=0 for iin range(20, 38): sum += j et }R pit("SUM from 20%9 59, so range(35, 50); gmszi "sum from 3 printl S to 49 jg sum) snstead of repeating the co ’ my i Pan 1 z, commonly used code oneg ean to add these numbers as shown above, it is possible to write cnables US 10 create reusatje Wen reuse it. This can be done by defining a function, which functions, as follows: Code. For example, the preceding code can be simplified by using def sum(it, 1 zresult = 0 3for iin range(it, 12 + 1): gresult += 7 5 greturn result 7 8def main(): gprint("Sum from 4 to 10s", sum(1,20)) 10print("Sum from 20 to 37 is", sum(20, 37)) 11 print("Sum from 35 to 49 is", sum(35, 49)) 2 13 main() # Call the main function Lines 1-6 define the function named sum with the wo parameters il and i2. Lines 8-11 define the main function that invokes sum(1, 10) to compute the sum from 1 to 10, sum(20, 37) to compute the sum from 20 to 37, and sum(35, 49) to compute the sum from 35 to 49. How to Define a Function in Python ‘A function definition consists of the function's name, parameters, and body. The syntax for defining a function is #s follows: def functionName(list of parameters) numbers is bigger. We can create a function, named max that has Example: To find which of 80 OM seger of which is returned by the function. two parameters, mum} and num def max(numt, eum?) . ifnumt > num2! smati'y} enumt result =num a else: vs pram result = num? return result a et Afunction contains h fynction’s nam der om 2 parame Pa tens beds The header beens with the def keyword, fllosed by he tssed 10 the param Paramect” ends witha colon. The variables in the function header are optional; that i eter. This yay, 8 like a placeholder: When a function is invoked, a value is art oP ae ma tS funetion mee i Feferred to as an actual parameter or argument, Parameters function pes Ho) Parameters '8Y not have any parameters. For example, the random.random() operations without retumnin. ™ fimations return a value, while other functions perform desired jnction. The function body's. ue. If a function returns a value, itis ealled a value For example, the fiction bods acollection of statements that define what the function does. number is larger and return the v0! the max function uses an if statement to determine which igrequired for a Value-retutnin Value of that number, A return statement using the keyword return ck Ng Func : satement is executed. 8 function to return a result. The function terminates when a return How to Call a Function in Pyth ion function must be called or pe wins the code in the function. To use any Function defined, the ornot itretns a value fy ked. There are tivo ways to call a function, depending on whether swale Forename function returns a value, a call to that function is usually treated as larger = max(3, 4) alls max(3, 4) and assigns the result of the function to the variable larger. Another example of 2 call that is treated as a value is print(max(3, 4) which prints the return value of the function call max(3, 4). fa function does not return a value, the call to the function must be a statement. For exemple, the print function does not return a value, The following call is a statement: rint("Programming Is fun!") Example: A complete programto find which of two numbers is bigger. TestMax.py 14 Return the max of two numbers 2 def max(numi, num2): if num > num2: 4 result = numt 5 else: Sresult = num2 LEH 22 }# qT greturn result ‘i def main(): y ie5 y iF 3 k= maxli, j) # can y y4 print("The larger mee maK ‘unction rs FOP |, and”, j, "is", k) sgmain() # Call the main function The Scope of Variables ; The scope of a variable is the . tn Python iseusses the scope of variab| i Of the program where the variable can be referenced. This section fered to as a local variable ae the Context of functions. A variable created inside a function is sfalocal variable starts from ite cal variables can only be accessed within a function. The scope variable. In Python, you ean a} Creation and continues to the end of the function that contains the ‘accessible to all tunes: also Use global variables. They are created outside alll functions and ae ‘unctions in their scope. Consider the following examples. iglobalVar = 1 2def f1(): 3 localVar = 2 4 print(globalVar) 5 print(localVar) 6 7A) 8 print(globalVar) Sprint(localVar) # Out of scope, $0 this gives an error . afi It is accessed within the function in line 4 and outside the saci eated in line 1. eee 3 a ea ae A dlobat variable is ee | variable is created in line 3. It is accessed within the function in line 5. Pee line 8. A ca ie from outside of the function causes an error in line 9. lempting to access the Example 2 lesa 2def F211); 3 x=2 7 print(x) # Displays 2 Shay) 7 print(x) # Displays 2 pere a global Variat Ie ys in ine ren this Por is g ated function, the global Variat OF, the pfitine 1 and a local variable with the same name (x) is ereatted Able x ig Global variable x is not accessible in the function, Outside the “ill accessible. So, it prints 1 in line 7. st can STORET Ore TCoTD values. Suppose, ive nt A of way ; He to reaq any SUE. PROGFANTS COMMONS Teed To MOTE a TEE TUMEGT amany OF the numbers gpa’! read : 7 A re 00 numbers, comput verage, i ’ ii erage, then go? Shove numbers, compute their average, and then find out how i AES eagy © erage. the program first reads the numbers and computes swage. In order to ac lige’ ber With the average to determine whether itis above the ve will create 100 yar, this tsk, the numbers must all be stored in variables, To do thie, progam this Way is imprae |, qcheatedly write almost identical code 100 times, Writing a type called alist which stopega't 8 efficien, organized approach is needed, Python provides ¢ the 100 numbers in a list ang °@¥*Mtal collection of elements. In this example, we ean store all example Will 1OOk like this: “°®CSS them through a single list variable. The solution to this DataAnalysis.py 1NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS - 2 Create an empty Ten TS" 5 For simplicity use 5 instead of 100 3sum=0 4 Sfor jim range(NUMBER_OF. 4 ELEMENTS): Svalue = evallinput("Enter anew number: ")) 7 8sum += value 3 10 average = sum / NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS u 12 count = 0 # The number of elements above average 13 foriin range(NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS); 14 If numbers[i] > average: IS count +=1 16 17 print("Average is", average) bh ‘Number of elements above the average Is", count) List as a Sequence TYE pes in Fybon. A string is a sequence of characters, while a st jeune and lis bee cients ine common operations for sequences are summarized below, sequence of any clements. Common Operations for Sequence a iption Operation DeserPement x Is in sequence s, xins Tevet if elernent is not in sequence s, Xnotins — #R cq neattlenates two sequences st and s2 gil ith a of sequence s concatenated. jen) Slice sa" in sequences, yin(s) ‘sequence s from index itoj- 1. masts) $inuth of sequences, i. the numberof elements ins. © (8) ullest clement in sequence s. orioop g TBEH element in sequence s. Tray ot all sumbers in sequence s. Faverses elements {tom left to right in a for loop. Mpares two sequences. GP Functions for Lists some Python built-in funct : n function; ‘ qumber of elements in the lst yeu be used with lists. The len function can be used to return the grctest and lowest values jn ima Max/min functions can be used to retum the elements with the jist. The shuffle functio, 7 Fin lst and the sum function to return the sum of all elements in the u thelist. Here are some cxampeetttom module can be used to shuffle the elements randomly in 19> list = [2, 3, 4, 1, 32] 2>22 lenllista) 35 4 >>> max(list) 532 6 >>> min(list2} 71 B>>> sumflist1) 942 10>>> import random 11>>> random.shuffle(list1) # Shuffle the elements in list 12 >> list 134, 1,2, 32,3) Id>>> List Slicing (start : end] ‘The index operator allows us to select an element at the specified index. The sticing operator revue a slice of the list using the syn'ax list[start : end). The slice is a sublist from index start to index end ~ 1. Here are some examples: slicing operator >>> list) = [2, 3, 5,7, 9, 1] Qove list12: 4] 3{5,71 4>27 selection Sorting in List gyppose We Want ssupP° ‘sonar ppelistand swaps iy with 4 list in with the first cleme, ie following figure sho " ist Ascending order. A selection sort finds the smallest element Tt in the pa, Ist{j): 40 currentMin = Ist{j] itcurrentMinindex = j 12 138 Swap Ist[i] with Ist(currentmi 14if currentMinindex 15 Ist[currentMinindex] = Ist{i] 16 |Ist[i] = currentMin inindex] if necessary The selectionSort(Ist) function sons any list of elements. The function is implemented with a ested for loop. The outer loop (with the loop control variable i) (line 3) is iterated in order to find the smallest element in the list, which ranges from Ist[i] to Ist[len(Ist)-I[, and exchanges it with ti. The variable i is initially 0. After each iteration of the outer loop, Ist[i] is in the right place. Eventually, all the elements are put in the right place: therefore, the whole list is sorted. Part 9; Multidimensional Lists . wo-dimensional list. A two-dimensional list is a list . an be stored in at onal Datain a table or a matrix OM ys, The preceding section introduced how to use alist to store i contains other kiss a Jist can be used to store two-dimensional data, such as a matrix linear collections of elements: ora table. ‘ jists mensional us accessed through a row and column index. Pr i -Dit ‘ocessing Two-Di a liste Avvalue in a two-dimensi ues ut Ae ‘vith user input values: a hitializing Lists with The following loop initia sty lst Matrix = [] # Create an e™PYY per0'ROWS = EVAILINBUL"ENter the number of rows! ") a mns = tt gOICOIUMNS = evallinputrm ber PUL("Eny = ha cangetnumberOtmon eer the number of columns: ") (0 f xappendi(]) # Add an empty new ew vaune in range(numberOfColumng) zevallinput("Enter an element». oon Pen dlvatue) nt and press Enter: ")) este) peiatizing Lists with Random Values jiefollowing loop initializes alist that stores random values between O and 99: inport random exis [] # Create an empty list pumberOfRows = evallinput{"Enter the number of rows: ") numberofColumns = eval(input("Enter the number of columt fprrow in range(numberOfRows): ratrixappend([}) # Add an empty new row feecolumn in range(numberOfColumns): ratri(row].append(random.randint(0, 99)) print{matrix) Printing Lists Toprint a two-dimensional list, print cach clement in the list by using a loop like the following: matric= ([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9] # Assume a list is given fortow in matrix: forvalue in row: rrint(value, end =") Hint) # Print a new line o ‘atic [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6), (7, 8, $I] # Assume a list is given "row in range(len(matrix)): ‘orcolumn in range(len(matrix[row]}): Fntimatrix{row)[column], end Fin) 4 Print a new line Sumi ming Ele Column ; Fe each alia ioe able named total to store its sum. Add each element in the column to ‘Vsing a loop like this: "ies [2 2,3) 4, 5, 6), [7, 8, 9] Assume a lists given Es | 27 a jumn in range tr i Bt emtmatiaony, wefow In range(len(ma Hal+= matrix[rowlf co ('sum for column trix): umn] + Column, mign finding pew With the Larg ‘o find the Tow With the larpec est Sum Psck the largest sum anfan ‘Sum, you may use the variables maxRow and indexOfMaxRow pasRow arid IndexOPMaxpyy w°% Of the row. For each row, compute its sum and update Y if the new sum is greater. oe pei total) trix = [[, 2, 3], (4, 5, 6), ronROW = summatrvi ree Assimme a list is given indexO[MaxRow = 0 Of the first row in maxRow for row in range(1, len(matrix)): ifsum(matrix{row]) > maxRow: maxRow = sum(matrix{row]) indexOfMaxRow = row print("Row", indexOfMaxRow, "has the maximum sum of", maxRow) Example: Assuming there are eight numbers of students and ten different questions, and the answers (0 the questions are stored in a two dimensional list. Each row records a student's answers to the questions, as shown in the following illustration. Write a Python program to grade the test based on the key to questions and then display the result. 0123456789 ‘Student 0 ABACCDEEAD Student 1 DBABCAEEAD Student2 EDDACBEEAD Student 3 CBAEDCEEAD Student 4 ABDCCDEEAD Student 5 BBECCDEEAD Student 6 BBACCDEEAD Student? EBECCDEEA Key to the Questions: 0123456789 DBDCCDAEAD GradeExam.py ' def main(): 24 Students’ answers to the aU Sonswers = estions ao [CB *A', "EY 1p, 5 [EY "D', "Di, "A" 4 'C'"E, 8141, ‘D', 9 ‘A, Cc, ‘Be Ee tee ae 0 EDS TBA BSC) rar pee AS Dh PAS "BY TANI, CDS pe ‘BY "AY, 'D'), i EAC DT, 2 13 # Key to the questions weys=['D' "BY 'D','C'C Da 1B, 4,04] 5 16# Grade all answers 17 fori in range(len(answers) ): 18 # Grade one student 19 correctCount = 0 x) for j in range(len(answers[i)) ): al if answers|i][j] == keysfi]: 2 correctCount += I 3B 4 print("'Student", i, "'s correct count is", correctCount) 35 26 main() # Call the main function signment: s¢ YOU ATE to dey, sid randomly generate? * Progra, . . iber2 and asks the ES Ug sin 'M for a pry one pupil to practice subtraction. The program samoram should diene! a quegte igi integers, number! and number2, with numbert >= wee splays a te 'Stion such as "What is 9-2?" After the pupil enters the answer, 'SSage indicating whether the answer is correct. g thot: yep 1: Generate two sin, ; edit gp 2: number

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