Chapter 2 Elementary Programming

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE-I

Course Supervisor: Syed Muhammad Hassan

1
4 Major Versions of Python
• “Python” or “CPython” is written in C/C++
- Version 2.7 came out in mid-2010
- Version 3.1.2 came out in early 2010

• “Jython” is written in Java for the JVM

• “IronPython” is written in C# for the .Net environment
Development Environments
what IDE to use?
1. PyDev with Eclipse
2. Komodo
3. Emacs
4. Vim
5. TextMate
6. Gedit
7. Idle
8. PIDA (Linux)(VIM Based)
9. NotePad++ (Windows)
10.BlueFish (Linux)
Motivations
Suppose, for example, that you need to take out a student
loan. Given the loan amount, loan term, and annual
interest rate, can you write a program to compute the
monthly payment and total payment? This chapter shows
you how to write programs like this. Along the way, you
learn the basic steps that go into analyzing a problem,
designing a solution, and implementing the solution by
creating a program.

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 Trace a Program Execution
Assign 20 to
# Assign a radius radius
radius = 20 # radius is now 20
radius 20
# Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159
# Display results
print("The area for the circle of radius " +
str(radius) + " is " + str(area))

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 Trace a Program Execution
Assign result to
# Assign a radius area
radius = 20 # radius is now 20
radius 20
# Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159 area 1256.636

# Display results
print("The area for the circle of radius“,
radius, " is "area)

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 Trace a Program Execution
print a message to
# Assign a radius the console

radius = 20 # radius is now 20

radius 20
# Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159 area 1256.636

# Display results
print("The area for the circle of radius",
radius, "is", area)

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 Reading Input from the Console

1. Use the input function

variable = input("Enter a string: ")
2. Use the eval function

var = eval(stringVariable)

eval("51 + (54 * (3 + 2))") returns 321.

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Comments in Python
• Anything after a # is ignored by Python
• Why comment?
• Describe what is going to happen in a sequence of code
• Document who wrote the code or other ancillary information
• Turn off a line of code - perhaps temporarily
 Identifiers/Variable Names
• An identifier is a sequence of characters that consists of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and asterisk (*).
• An identifier must start with a letter or an underscore. It
cannot start with a digit.
• An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix
A, "Python Keywords," for a list of reserved words.)
Reserved words have special meanings in Python, which
we will later.
• An identifier can be of any length.

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Python Variable Name Rules
• Must start with a letter or underscore _
• Must consist of letters and numbers and underscores
• Case Sensitive
• Good: spam eggs spam23 _speed
• Bad: 23spam #sign var.12
• Different: spam Spam SPAM
Reserved Words
• You can not use reserved words as variable names
/ identifiers

and del for is raise

assert elif from lambda return
break else global not try
class except if or while
continue exec import pass yield
def finally in print
Variables
• A variable is a named place in the memory where a
programmer can store data and later retrieve the data
using the variable “name”
• Programmers get to choose the names of the variables
• You can change the contents of a variable in a later
statement

x = 12.2 x 12.2100
y = 14
x = 100 y 14
 Variables
# Compute the first area
radius = 1.0
area = radius * radius * 3.14159
print("The area is ", area,
" for radius ", radius)
# Compute the second area
radius = 2.0
area = radius * radius * 3.14159
print("The area is ", area,
" for radius ", radius)
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 Expression
x = 1 # Assign 1 to variable x
radius = 1.0 # Assign 1.0 to variable radius

# Assign the value of the expression to x

x = 5 * (3 / 2) + 3 * 2

x = y + 1 # Assign the addition of y and 1 to x

area = radius * radius * 3.14159 # Compute area

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Assignment Statements
• We assign a value to a variable using the assignment
statement (=)
• An assignment statement consists of an expression on
the right hand side and a variable to store the result

x = 3.9 * x * ( 1 - x )
A variable is a memory
location used to store a x 0.6
value (0.6).

0.6 0.6
x = 3.9 * x * ( 1 - x )
0.4

Right side is an expression.

Once expression is 0.93
evaluated, the result is
placed in (assigned to) x.
A variable is a memory
location used to store a
value. The value stored in a x 0.6 0.93
variable can be updated by
replacing the old value (0.6)
with a new value (0.93).

x = 3.9 * x * ( 1 - x )

Right side is an expression.

Once expression is
evaluated, the result is 0.93
placed in (assigned to) the
variable on the left side (i.e.
x).
Assignment Statements
x = 1 # Assign 1 to x
x = x + 1
i = j = k = 1

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 Simultaneous Assignment

var1, var2, ..., varn = exp1, exp2, ..., expn

x, y = y, x # Swap x with y

ComputeAverageWithSimultaneousAssignment

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 Named Constants
The value of a variable may change during the execution
of a program, but a named constant or simply constant
represents permanent data that never changes. Python
does not have a special syntax for naming constants.
You can simply create a variable to denote a constant.
To distinguish a constant from a variable, use all
uppercase letters to name a constant.

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Several Types of Numbers
• Numbers have two main
types
• Integers are whole numbers: - >>> xx = 1
>>> type (xx)
14, -2, 0, 1, 100, 401233
<class 'int'>
• Floating Point Numbers have >>> temp =
decimal parts: -2.5 , 0.0, 98.6, 98.6
14.0 >>> type(temp)
< class 'float'>
• There are other number >>> type(1)
types - they are variations < class 'int'>
on float and integer >>> type(1.0)
< class 'float'>
>>>
 Numeric Operators
Name Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 34 + 1 35

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Float Division 1 / 2 0.5

// Integer Division 1 // 2 0

** Exponentiation 4 ** 0.5 2.0

% Remainder 20 % 3 2
 The % Operator

2 3 3 1 Quotient
3 7 4 12 8 26 Divisor 13 20 Dividend
6 12 24 13
1 0 2 7 Remainder

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 Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a
number is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you
and your friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is
in 10 days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the
following expression:

Saturday is the 6th day in a week

A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days

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Variable Names Legal and
Illegal
• You've already learned three rules about naming a variable:
• 1. You can't enclose it in quotation marks.
• 2. You can't have any spaces in it.
• 3. It can't be a number or begin with a number.
• In addition, a variable can't be any of Python's reserved words, also
known as keywords—the special words that act as programming
instructions, like print
Concatenating text strings
In Chapter 1 you learned to display a string on the screen, coding it this You tell Python to combine the two strings this way:
way.

print("Hello, World!") whole_greeting = greeting + addressee

In Chapter 2, you learned that you could use a variable to do the same It's called concatenation. All it takes is a plus sign. Now, if you
thing.
code…
1 greeting = "Hello, World!"
2 print(greeting) print(whole_greeting)
But suppose you wanted to break the greeting into two parts, and
assign each part to a separate variable, like this: …Python displays HelloWorld

1 greeting = "Hello"
2 addressee = "World"
 Python Literals

Literals can be defined as a Types of Strings:

data that is given in a There are two types of Strings supported in Python:
variable or constant. a).Single line String- Strings that are terminated within a single
Python support the following line are known as Single line Strings.

literals: Eg:
I. String literals: 1. >>> text1='hello'
String literals can be formed by enclosing a text b).Multi line String- A piece of text that is spread along multiple
in the quotes. We can use both single as well as lines is known as Multiple line String.
double quotes for a String.
There are two ways to create Multiline Strings:
Eg:
"Aman" , '12345'
1). Adding black slash at the end of 2).Using triple quotation marks:-
each line.
Eg:
Eg:
1. >>> str2='''''welcome
1. >>> text1='hello\
2. to
2. user'
3. SSSIT'''
3. >>> text1
4. >>> print str2
4. 'hellouser'
5. welcome
5. >>>
6. to
7. SSSIT
8. >>>
Numeric Literals are immutable. Numeric literals can belong to
following four different numerical types.

Int(signed integers) Long(long integers) float(floating point) Complex(complex)

In the form of a+bj where a forms the real
Numbers( can be both positive and Integers of unlimited size followed by Real numbers with both integer and
part and b forms the imaginary part of
negative) with no fractional part.eg: 100 lowercase or uppercase L eg: 87032845L fractional part eg: -26.2
complex number. eg: 3.14j

III. Boolean literals:

A Boolean literal can have any of the two values: True or False.
IV. Special literals. V.Literal Collections.
Python contains one special literal i.e., None.
Collections such as tuples, lists and Dictionary are used in
None is used to specify to that field that is not created. Python.
It is also used for end of lists in Python.
Eg:
List:
1. >>> val1=10  List contain items of different data types. Lists are mutable
2. >>> val2=None
i.e., modifiable.
3. >>> val1  The values stored in List are separated by commas(,) and
enclosed within a square brackets([]). We can store different
4. 10
type of data in a List.
5. >>> val2
 Value stored in a List can be retrieved using the slice
6. >>> print val2
operator([] and [:]).
7. None
 The plus sign (+) is the list concatenation and asterisk(*) is
8. >>>
the repetition operator.
 Problem: Displaying Time
Write a program that obtains hours and
minutes from seconds.

DisplayTime

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 Overflow
When a variable is assigned a value that is too
large (in size) to be stored, it causes overflow.
For example, executing the following
statement causes overflow.

>>>245.0 ** 1000
OverflowError: 'Result too large'

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 Underflow
When a floating-point number is too small (i.e., too close to
zero) to be stored, it causes underflow. Python
approximates it to zero. So normally you should not be
concerned with underflow.

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Scientific Notation
• - Floating-point literals can also be specified in
scientific notation, for example,
• - 1.23456e+2, same as 1.23456e2, is equivalent
to 123.456, and
• - 1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456.
• E (or e) represents an exponent and it can be
either in lowercase or uppercase.

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 Arithmetic Expressions

3  4 x 10( y  5)( a  b  c ) 4 9x

  9(  )
5 x x y

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

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Order of Evaluation
• When we string operators together - Python must
know which one to do first
• This is called “operator precedence”
• Which operator “takes precedence” over the others

x = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 ** 6
Operator Precedence Rules
• Highest precedence rule to
lowest precedence rule
• Parenthesis are always respected
• Exponentiation (raise to a power)
• Multiplication, Division, and
Remainder
Parenthesis
• Addition and Subtraction Power
• Left to right Multiplication
Addition
Left to Right
>>> x = 1 + 2 ** 3 / 4 * 5 1 + 2 ** 3 / 4 * 5
>>> print(x)
11 1+8/4*5
>>>
1+2*5

Parenthesis
Power 1 + 10
Multiplication
Addition
Left to Right
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>>> x = 1 + 2 ** 3 / 4 * 5 1 + 2 ** 3 / 4 * 5
>>> print x
11 1+8/4*5
>>> Note 8/4 goes before 1+2*5
4*5 because of the
left-right rule.
Parenthesis 1 + 10
Power
Multiplication
Addition 11
Left to Right
Operator
Precedence
• Remember the rules top to bottom Parenthesis
• When writing code - use parenthesis Power
Multiplication
• When writing code - keep Addition
Left to Right
mathematical expressions simple
enough that they are easy to
understand
• Break long series of mathematical
operations up to make them more
clear
Exam Question: x = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5
 How to Evaluate an
Expression
Though Python has its own way to evaluate an
expression behind the scene, the result of a Python
expression and its corresponding arithmetic expression
are the same. Therefore, you can safely apply the
arithmetic rule for evaluating a Python expression.
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 + 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 + 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 + 35 – 1
(5) addition
54 - 1
(6) subtraction
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42
Mixing Integer and Floating
• When you perform
an operation where
one operand is an
integer and the other
operand is a floating
point the result is a >>> print (1 + 2 * 3 / 4.0 – 5)
floating point -2.5
>>>
• The integer is
converted to a
floating point before
the operation
Augmented Assignment
Operators
Operator Example Equivalent
+= i += 8 i = i + 8
-= f -= 8.0 f = f - 8.0
*= i *= 8 i = i * 8
/= i /= 8 i = i / 8
%= i %= 8 i = i % 8

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 Type Conversion and
Rounding
datatype(value)

i.e., int(4.5) => 4

float(4) => 4.0
str(4) => “4”

round(4.6) => 5
round(4.5) => 4

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 Problem: Keeping Two Digits
After Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax with two digits
after the decimal point.

SalesTax

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Problem: Displaying Current Time
Write a program that displays current time in GMT in the
format hour:minute:second such as 1:45:19.
The time.time() function returns the current time in seconds
with millisecond precision since the midnight, January 1,
1970 GMT. (1970 was the year when the Unix operating
system was formally introduced.) You can use this function
to obtain the current time, and then compute the current
second, minute, and hour as follows.
Elapsed
time ShowCurrentTime
Time
Unix epoch Current time
01-01-1970 time.time()
00:00:00 GMT

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Software Development Process
Requirement
Specification

System
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

Deployment

Maintenance

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 Requirement Specification
A formal process that seeks to understand
Requirement the problem and document in detail what
Specification
the software system needs to do. This
System phase involves close interaction between
Analysis
users and designers.
System
Design

Implementation

Testing

Most of the examples in this book are simple,

and their requirements are clearly stated. In Deployment
the real world, however, problems are not
well defined. You need to study a problem Maintenance
carefully to identify its requirements.
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 System Analysis
Requirement
Specification Seeks to analyze the business
System process in terms of data flow, and
Analysis
to identify the system’s input and
System output.
Design

Implementation

Testing
Part of the analysis entails modeling
the system’s behavior. The model is Deployment
intended to capture the essential
elements of the system and to define Maintenance
services to the system.
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 System Design
Requirement
Specification
The process of designing the
system’s components.
System
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

This phase involves the use of many levels

Deployment
of abstraction to decompose the problem into
manageable components, identify classes
and interfaces, and establish relationships Maintenance
among the classes and interfaces.
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 IPO(Input, Process, Output)
Requirement
Specification

System
Analysis Input, Process, Output

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

The essence of system analysis and design is input,

Deployment
process, and output. This is called IPO.

Maintenance

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 Implementation
Requirement
Specification The process of translating the
System system design into programs.
Analysis Separate programs are written for
System each component and put to work
Design
together.
Implementation

Testing

This phase requires the use of a

Deployment
programming language like Python.
The implementation involves
Maintenance
coding, testing, and debugging.

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 Testing
Requirement
Specification
Ensures that the code meets the
System requirements specification and
Analysis
weeds out bugs.
System
Design

Implementation

Testing

An independent team of software

engineers not involved in the design Deployment

and implementation of the project

Maintenance
usually conducts such testing.

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Deployment
Requirement
Specification
Deployment makes the project
System available for use.
Analysis

System
Design

Implementation

Testing

Deployment

Maintenance

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 Maintenance
Requirement
Specification
Maintenance is concerned with
System changing and improving the
Analysis
product.
System
Design

Implementation

Testing

A software product must continue to

perform and improve in a changing Deployment

environment. This requires periodic

Maintenance
upgrades of the product to fix newly
discovered bugs and incorporate changes.
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 Problem:
Computing Loan
Payments
This program lets the user enter the interest
rate, number of years, and loan amount, and
computes monthly payment and total
payment.
loanAmount monthlyInt erestRate
monthlyPayment 
1 1
(1  monthlyInt erestRate ) numberOfYe ars12

ComputeLoan
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Case Study: Computing Distances

This program prompts the user to enter two

points, computes their distance, and displays
the points.

ComputeDistance Run
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Case Study: Computing Distances

This program prompts the user to enter two

points, computes their distance, and displays
the points and their distances in graphics.

ComputeDistanceGraphics
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