Theory

The history
History of massage
In the East, massage techniques have been valued for their properties since the earliest
times medicinal applications. The instinctive desire to "make better by rubbing," in
combination with skills refined and worked out by a long tradition and Eastern medical
theory, is the basis for the origin of traditional Chinese massage and the Japanese Shiatsu.
It has even been discovered that in China as early as two thousand to three thousand years
before our era, there was use of massage.

The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used massages to improve recover or stay
healthy. But massages were also used for relaxation. Hippocrates, "the father of medicine,"
wrote in the early 5th century Christ said: "The physician must be skilled in many things, but
specifically in rubbing. Because rubbing can retighten a joint that has become loose.” Pliny,
the famous Roman naturalist, was regularly rubbed to treat his asthma. Julius Caesar
suffered from epilepsy and every day massaged all over his body to treat his headache and
nerve pain.

After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Europe made little progress in the
medical field. The Arabs started to study classical messages and further develop. Avicenna,
the 11th century Arab philosopher and physician, noticed the purpose of a massage was to
get out the depleted substances that are found in the muscles and are not expelled by
movement.

Due to the aversion to physical pleasure, little was learned of massages in Europe during the
Middle Ages. The art of massage was revived in the 16th century, mainly through the work of
the French physician Ambroise Paré. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Swede Per
Hendrik Ling developed the Swedish Massage. In his system he combined his knowledge of
gymnastics and physiology with Chinese, Egyptian, Greek and Roman techniques.

Today, the relaxing value of massage is being re-recognized and massage continues to
develop, especially in the Western World, by both layman and professional practitioners.
Basic massage techniques
Basic massage techniques

The basic massage techniques consist of:

Intermittent compression
Effleurages: massage with a circular stroking movement
Petrissages: Pressure is applied, which is deep and it compresses the underlying muscles.
Friction
Tapotement

- Intermittent compression
Intermittent compression is a technique for experiencing the condition of the tissue. It's a
great technique to start with. This technique can also be used for (slight) edema control, in
other words drainage of excess fluid in the tissue.

*edema: Medications, pregnancy, infections, and many other medical problems can cause
edema. Edema happens when your small blood vessels leak fluid into nearby tissues. That
extra fluid builds up, which makes the tissue swell. It can happen almost anywhere in the
body.

Physiological effect: Intermittent compression generally has an analgesic and relaxing effect,
especially on painful nerves and nerve points. For example, it has a calming effect on nerve
points at the level of the xiphoid process (this is the lower part of the sternum, also known as
the xiphoid appendage). Intermittent compression on this spot can counteract hiccups.
However, be careful with the force of the pressure you apply here. The xiphoid appendage,
which lies directly below the sternum, consists of cartilage. In most people it is noticeable as
a slight hollow under the sternum. Intermittent pressing can also be used to improve blood
and lymph circulation.
 - Effleurages
Effleurages are frictions. They are performed by rubbing the skin with the full hand or the
(stretched) fingers in long, calm movements.

Physiological effect: In general, effleurages provide a relaxed feeling. In the skin, effleurages
cause hyperaemia, or increased blood flow. This is visible by a red discoloration. The
nutritional supply to the skin is locally improved and the temperature rises by 5ºC. The repair
process of the epidermis (the upper part of the skin) is stimulated and atrophy is combated.
Effleurages on the muscles ensures that the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels dilate and
waste products are better removed from the muscles.The effleurages also act on the
excitability* of the sensory endings of the nervous system. With normal pressure there is a
decrease in excitability, with strong pressure there is an increase in excitability.
*Excitability is the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor
neuron or a hormone. Extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched.

- Petrissages
Petrissages are kneading. This can be done with the full hand - or rather the thumb mouse
or pinky mouse - but also with the fingertips. The hands then make a turning movement that
ends powerfully. Quiet petrissages have a relaxing effect; firm petrissages have an activating
effect.

Physiological effect:
Petrissages improve blood flow to the muscle as blood vessels dilate. There is a better local
supply of nutrients and a better removal of waste products. take place.

- Friction
Frictioning is a technique to firmly activate the circulation in a small area. Hereby usually the
thumb or index finger (also middle finger or possibly elbow) is placed on the skin, applying
force in circles, or across the muscle or tendon, but the thumb or finger should not move
relative to the skin. This may at first make the pain worsen, but within minutes the pain
sensation should subside or the pressure of the finger is less strongly experienced. After
release, there is improved local blood circulation to promote recovery.

Physiological effect:
The main purpose of friction is to loosen adhesions*. For example, in scar formation. Friction
prevents the successive layers from sticking together. Frictioning can ensure that the
different layers can shift more easily relative to each other in the event of tension. In the
case of moisture accumulations, you can stimulate moisture drainage by means of friction.

Frictioning is a stimulating massage technique because it increases nerve excitability.

Friction is experienced by many people as very pleasant and is particularly effective for
neck, back and shoulder massages. Frictioning is also a very suitable massage technique
for massaging painful joints. Frictioning is therefore a massage technique that you should
not skip.

*muscle adhesion, this condition occurs in the soft tissue where collagen fibers “stick” to
adjacent tissue. A variety of factors, from injury and trauma to immobilization due to a bone
break, may lead to muscle adhesion.
 - Tapotement
When performing tapotement, the hands are tapped vigorously on the body. A well-known
example is the tapotement of lung patients to loosen the mucus by vibration, making it easier
to pull out. But tapotement can also be used to activate inactive muscles or (if applied mildly)
for relaxation. Best known are the knockings in which the body is struck with a hollow fist.
Also known is knockings with fists, using the hypothenar or the finger nodes. Landing with
the hypothenar and then the fingertips, or the back of the fingers, is also a commonly used
method.

Physiological effect: Intensive tapotements cause blood vessels to expand, improving blood
circulation. Soft tapotements cause blood vessels to contract. Tapping the muscles promotes
contraction, mainly due to the elastic shock the fibers undergo during tapping. This influence
is felt throughout the muscle. Tapotement also affect nerve endings. They decrease
excitability/ irritability.
Massage in general
Basic conditions of good massage

A massage is a total treatment. A good massage therefore involves a lot. For the effect of a
massage to be as optimal as possible, several aspects must be taken into account. We call
these aspects the basic conditions, which we will explain one by one below. We distinguish
five basic conditions:

Good hygiene
Suitable massage room
Suitable materials
Customer focus
Correct posture and touch of the masseur

Good hygiene
Massage is all about well-being and health, so good hygiene is essential. Good hygiene
should be the top priority of every masseur. But the customer himself must also ensure good
physical hygiene. Only in this way will a massage bring the desired result.

Clean and fresh

The massage room should be clean. This does not mean one cleaning a week, but perhaps
even several times a day. Check the massage room for cleanliness after every client. This
includes proper ventilation. Air the room regularly. Clean sheets and towels for each client
are also essential.
Avoid jewelry and loose hair
For hygienic reasons, as a masseur you do not wear rings, bracelets or watches. This
increases the comfort of both the masseur and the client. The same goes for loose hair; tie
them together or put them up.
Groomed hands
A masseur should have clean and well-groomed hands, including short-cut nails. Hands
should be thoroughly washed before and after each massage treatment.
Good body hygiene
Also demand good body hygiene from clients. This is important for your own health, the
health of the client and other clients. Cover bare body parts that are not being treated.

Suitable massage room

It is essential for both the masseur and the client to feel comfortable in the massage room.
Only when there is a pleasant working space can the massage be fully appreciated. What
are the requirements that a massage room must meet? We list them for you below:

Room
There must be enough space. The masseur must be able to treat the customer easily from
all sides.

Floor
Floor coverings must feel warm and must therefore not feel hard, cold or slippery.
Tranquility
The massage room should exude tranquility. Therefore, it is best to use only light and
soothing colors.

Ventilation
Good ventilation is essential.

Lighting
Provide the right lighting. There must be sufficient lighting to work optimally, but the light
must not be harsh and bright either. Create the right ambiance with soft light.

Temperature
It is important that the temperature can be regulated properly. An ideal temperature is 22ºC
and the ideal humidity is 55%.

Privacy
The customer must feel at ease. Therefore, make sure that the client can talk to the masseur
in confidence, without anyone else outside the room being able to hear it. In short; make
sure the room is not noisy.

Suitable materials
The hands of the masseur are essential for a good massage, but he/she cannot do without
some suitable materials. Not only does the work of the masseur become more pleasant, the
massage experience of the customer is also optimized. The materials required also depend
on the type of massage, but in general the following materials are necessary:

Massage table
Preferably choose a massage table with a minimum length of 190 cm and a minimum width
of 65 cm. In addition, the table should be adjustable in height, so that the height can be
adjusted to be adapted to the massage therapist. The ideal working height is 20 to 30 cm
below the elbows of the massage therapist in standing position. Also remember that the
upholstery of the massage table must be washable.

Support material in the form of pads and rolls

Stool/chair
Towels and blankets
Laundry room
Dressing room
Massage intermediate
Massage oil reduces frictional resistance. The intermediate is very important for a good
massage and must meet the following requirements:

Do not cause irritation/irritation

Do not cool down too quickly
Do not diminish the sense of touch
Well absorbed by the skin, not too slow/not too fast
Spreads well, not viscous
Does not cause clogging of the pores
Have a long shelf life
Easily removable and washable
Not expensive
Pleasant smell or neutral (depending on the purpose of the massage or the
customer's wish)

Please note: always ask the customer in advance if he or she is allergic to certain
substances. Massage oils can contain substances that cause allergic reactions in some
people.

Tip: always warm up the massage oil in your hands before applying it to the body.

Customer focus
Treat every customer with respect and keep in mind that every person is different. This
makes every massage treatment different. Tailor the message to the customer. For that you
first need some more information. Start every massage treatment with one introductory
conversation (work, hobbies, family). This will make the customer feel more at ease. Next, it
is important to be well informed about the general health of the customer. Ask about any
injuries, allergies, skin problems, illnesses, psychological problems and age.

Note: only that information that can be a contraindication for a massage is important to you.
You are not a doctor or psychotherapist.

Correct posture and touch of the masseur

Only by adopting the correct posture can the masseur work optimally on the body of the
customer. Again, not only the customer will benefit from this in his experience of the
massage, it also prevents you as a masseur from getting physical complaints due to
incorrect posture. Also the way of touching is essential for the success of the massage. As a
masseur, always keep the below points of attention:

Comfortable and relaxed posture

Take a comfortable and relaxed position, always keep your torso straight and do not bend
your head forward. Stand with your knees slightly bent and distribute your weight as evenly
as possible over both feet. By adopting a relaxed position yourself, you can best convey the
correct intention of the massage to the customer.

Good sense of touch

It is essential for a masseur to develop a good sense of touch. Learn the effects of your
handles. Touch not only causes physiological effects, but also has an impact on a
psychological level. Keep this in mind.

Developing skills
The more skillful you become in the different massage techniques and grips, the more
pleasant the massage will be for your client.
Condition of tissues
Develop your knowledge about the state of tissues. Know what healthy tissue looks and
feels like. Identify tissue that deviates from this, and then refer the client to a physician
immediately.

Continuous contact
During the massage, keep in constant contact with the client and do not let yourself through
anything to distract. This can disrupt the beneficial effect of the massage.

Warm hands
Always warm your hands before the massage. A cold stimulus is unpleasant and causes
for tension.

Indications and contraindications

When is massage allowed and when not? We will try to answer that as best as possible.
Massages generally have a beneficial effect on body and mind and can alleviate physical or
emotional problems, but sometimes massage is not recommended.

In cases where massage is an appropriate method, we speak of indications. But as a

masseur you should also know that there are situations in which massages may only be
performed to a limited extent or only on certain body parts, in other words; you need to know
what the relative contraindications are. In addition, there are circumstances in which
massages should absolutely not be used. In such cases we speak of absolute
contraindications for massages.

As a masseur, be aware that you are only allowed to give relaxing massages and not
trained to perform pathological treatments.

Relative contraindications
By relative contraindications we mean situations where certain parts of the body should not
be massaged. Relative contraindications include:

Skin growths and suspicious pigmentations

Boils (deep folliculitis)
Inflammation, for example acne on the back and shoulders
Swollen thyroid glands / cervical glands: do not massage locally
Pregnancy or menstruation: no massage on the abdomen
Do not massage the abdomen after eating
Varicose veins
Bruising
Local injuries
Acute phase of injury or conditions
Absolute contraindications
Massage is absolutely not allowed with the following contraindications:
A fever
General infectious diseases (flu, cold, laryngitis)
Open wounds (due to infections)
Infectious skin diseases
Heart disease or high blood pressure
Cancer patients (except for massologists with an additional oncological
trained and under medical supervision)
Neurological diseases
Acute phase of bone fractures
Psychiatric problems
High-risk pregnancy

Anamnesis
To find out about your customer's health status, you must submit a
to complete a questionnaire. We call this an anamnesis. An example of this can be found at
the attachments on page

Please note! Please note! You may ask them questions, but they are not obliged to inform
you as a masseur.

Explanation of the effects of massage

A massage can produce a variety of effects that are beneficial to the body and mind.
Massage not only directly affects the area where the masseur touches the client, but also
indirectly affects other areas of the body or the mind. It is important that as a massage
therapist you know what effects massage can have and you must be able to explain. Here
we will elaborate on five explanations for the effects of massage:

Mechanical effects There is a reason why we are going to be the first to address the
mechanical explanation here. This is because massage is first and foremost a mechanical
stimulus that produces clearly observable effects.
These are effects that are directly caused by the friction and pressure created in massage.
These are effects such as:

Release of heat
(massage directly generates heat at the spot where the masseur rubs the skin. The heat
radiates into the underlying muscle tissue)
Loosening of dead skin cells
Relief of skin and muscle adhesions
Stimulating mast cells
(Mast cells are specialized cells in tissue that is in contact with the outside world; the skin.
The mast cells contain histamine, which can provide better blood circulation)
Promote blood circulation and lymphatic fluid flow
Drainage
Increase mobility
Reflective effects
Reflective effects refer to effects that involve the nervous system. Reflective effects are
indirect effects of massage. When the massage therapist touches the skin, it stimulates
various receptors. These are a type of receptors present in the skin. They transmit the
received message to the central nervous system, where reactions occur that are reflected
back to the place where the massage is given. Examples of reflective effects are:

Changing muscle tension

Influencing pain sensation
Dilation of blood vessels
(With an intensive massage, blood flow is at its highest after 15 to 20 minutes highest)

Biochemical effects
Massage induces in the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue chemical substances
called tissue hormones, including acetylcholine and histamine. Among other things, these
substances cause the dilation and improved permeability of the walls of the blood vessels,
thus promoting metabolism.

Bioenergetic effects
In massage, the masseur directly manipulates the skin and muscles. According to
bioenergetics, certain muscles are in direct contact with the functions of certain organs.
When by means of massage the muscles function better because the energy balance is
restored, this also automatically improves the functioning of the organs with which these
muscles are in contact. As a result, the whole body functions better.

Psychic explanations
When someone comes to you for a massage, it means that that person wants to pay
attention to himself. He or she takes time to find peace and relax. The client trusts your
professionalism. The psychological effect of a massage increases the more the client trusts
you and feels more at ease.

Appendix anamnesis
Download the anamnesis form here

Massage oil and ointment

Carriers
A massage oil can be composed of various ingredients. First and foremost, it is important to
choose a good carrier. For a carrier, you can use a base oil, macerate*, cream or lotion,
which you then mix essential oils through. Most essential oils should never be used in pure
form because of their highly concentrated form.

*macerate: to soften by steeping or soaking so as to separate the parts

Base oils
A base oil is used for the basis of every massage oil. The best base oils are virgin vegetable
oils or oil derived from nuts. Each base oil has its own specific characteristics and
applications, but in addition they also serve as a 'carrier' for essential oils. In other words,
you can dissolve essential oils in it, so that they are better absorbed by the skin to do their
job there. Below is an overview of the most important base oils.

Apricot kernel oil

Ideal for both older skin and baby skin. Works healing for chapped skin and with chapped
skin. It leaves the skin feeling velvety soft.

Avocado oil
A moisturizing and nourishing oil that is ideal after sunbathing. Soothes sunburned skin.

Calophyllum oil
A moisturizing oil with also a beneficial effect on wounds and a soothing effect on cramps
and pains. A good oil for treating wounds, scars, eczema and psoriasis.

Jojoba oil
Jojoba oil, or rather jojoba wax, is a natural antioxidant with numerous skin-like ingredients
and with a healing effect on scars, psoriasis, eczema and sunburn. Good moisturizer,
making the skin supple and soft.
The oil has a sebum-reducing effect and is therefore suitable for oily skin.

Coconut Oil
Good moisturizing oil, ideal for dry skin resulting in elastic and soft skin. Because of its
moisturizing qualities, it is also soothing after sunburn by the sun.

Macadamia oil
Suitable for all skin types with the advantage that it does not leave a greasy film on the skin
behind. Furthermore, the oil works anti-inflammatory and cell regenerating.

Olive Oil
Ideal for sensitive, chapped, cracked and inflamed skin. The use of olive oil also gives good
results for calluses and skin with eczema.

Sesame Oil
Sesame oil enhances the immune system, protects against free radicals, has a detoxifying
effect and promotes blood circulation. Sesame oil has a moisturizing and rejuvenating effect
and makes the skin supple.

Soybean oil
Stimulates and cleanses the lymphatic system. Slows down the aging process due to its
regenerating and moisturizing properties. Suitable for all skin types and especially for oily
skin, irritated skin, acne and skin infections.
Wheat germ oil
Rich in vitamin E, an important antioxidant. Wheat germ oil is therefore often added to other
oils to extend shelf life. Rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid. Very
effective for very dry skin and to treat cracks and scars.

Sweet almond oil

One of the most commonly used base oils. Suitable for sensitive skin and
eczema skin.

Macerates
Macerates can also be used as base oils for massages. Macerates are manufactured by
soaking herbs, flowers or plants in a base oil for a while. Below are the main macerates and
their properties:

Arnica
The main characteristic of arnica is its blood circulation-promoting effect. Therefore suitable
for people with circulation disorders. Healing in sprains, bruises and bruises. Never apply
directly to an open wound.

Calendula
Ideal for sensitive, chapped or irritated skin. Works soothingly on wounds, after sunburn and
insect bites.

St. John's wort

A both soothing and warming oil suitable for sensitive or irritated skin. Effective in treating
muscle pain and gout. Be careful because it makes the skin sensitive to the sun. After
treatment, do not expose the skin to direct sunlight for 4 hours.

Creams and lotions

Body lotion
Some people do not like the greasy feeling that base oils give. In that case, you can use a
body lotion as a base for your massage mixture.

Neutral cream
Especially suitable for facial massages. Nourishing effect on the skin.

Aloe vera gel

Soothing and moisturizing effect and therefore good for dry skin, for sunburns and wounds.
Also has a stimulating effect on the lymphatic system.

Rescue cream from Dr. Bach

Skin restoring and soothing properties.

Caution! Never use mineral oil or petroleum jelly as a base for massage oil; these are
by-products of petroleum. Both products seal the skin and can clog pores. The natural
function of the skin is disturbed.
Essential oils
Effects of essential oils on the skin
Essential oils are highly concentrated oils from plants and can act on the skin in many ways.
This effect can differ per essential oil. To properly understand the functioning of the oils, it is
important that you have sufficient basic knowledge of the skin.

For example, you should know that the skin is an important organ for the drainage of waste
products from the body. Furthermore, the skin constantly releases dead skin cells and
produces new skin cells. The process from the formation of a skin cell to the shedding of a
dead skin cell takes about four months. In general, essential oils can have the following
positive effects on the skin:

Promoting cell proliferation, so that new skin cells are created faster.
Stimulate blood circulation for more effective delivery of nutrients and removal of waste
products, resulting in optimal cell metabolism.
Stimulate removal of waste products through the lymphatic system.
Anti-inflammatory action.
Disinfectant action.
Regulation of sebum production.
Calming effect by acting on the nerve endings in the skin.
Phytohormones (hormones from plants) in some oils can balance the hormone system with
positive effects on the skin.

Essential oils: applications by skin type

After you have chosen a suitable carrier, you can then go on to choose the essential oils.
There are many different types of essential oils. Here is an overview of which essential oils
you can use for different skin types and their specific functioning.

Normal skin
Geranium
Helps to restore the skin's natural balance.
Lavender
Calming and soothing, balances the skin.
Linaloe
Increases the skin's resistance. Has an anti-inflammatory effect, ideal for irritated skin.
Neroli
Works deeply on the cells and promotes cell renewal. Reduces scars and stretch marks.
Rose
Good nourishing oil that brings the skin into balance.
Sandalwood
Nurturing effect on the skin and keeps the skin healthy. Ideal for the irritated skin, wounds
and for the treatment of scars and stretch marks.
Incense
Has a skin-firming effect, therefore a good oil for older skin. Also suitable for reducing scars
and stretch marks.
Normal to oily skin
Cypress
Astringent (contracting) action for wide pores.
Geranium
Brings balance to the skin.
Juniper
Cleansing effect.
Lavender
Cleanses and harmonizes the skin.
Petitgrain
Degreasing and skin refreshing effect.
Incense
Counteracts the skin aging process.

Normal to dry skin

Geranium
Brings balance to the skin.
Linaloe
Promotes overall skin health.
Neroli
Deeply acting on the skin, harmonizing.
Patchouli
Cell renewing action and therefore good against chaps. Regulatory effect on sebum
production in both dry and oily skin.
Rose
Good caring oil that balances the skin nicely.

The above essential oils per skin type do not have to be used separately.
Different essential oils can also be combined very nicely within a massage oil or massage
cream.

Essential oils: specific applications skin problems

There are several skin problems that you will encounter very regularly in practice. These
include cellulite, blackheads, folliculitis, eczema and psoriasis. We will also devote a section
to reducing wrinkles. Below is an overview of essential oils that can lead to good results in
these specific situations.
Cellulite
About nine out of ten women suffer from cellulite. This skin problem is also known as orange
peel. This is a flawed skin with bumps and pits. Cellulite is mainly caused by an
accumulation of fat, moisture and waste products of the subcutaneous connective tissue.
The following essential oils can help reduce cellulite:

Cedar
Stimulates the removal of moisture and waste products and positively influences the
functioning of the lymphatic system.
Cypress
Astringent effect*.
Geranium
Slightly astringent effect.
Juniper
Purifying action.
Grapefruit
Detoxifying, astringent and firming effect on the skin. Caution: makes the skin sensitive to
sunlight.
Orange
Astringent and firming effect on the skin. Note: makes the skin sensitive to the sun.
Anti-Cellulite Blend
The most effective way to fight cellulite with essential oils is to combine all of the above
essential oils, however, choosing between grapefruit oil or orange oil, rather than both.
Caution; always have an experienced aromatherapist assist you with essential oils and
never experiment on your own.

*An astringent is a substance that shrinks tissues.

Comedones and folliculitis

Other common skin problems include comedones (blackheads) and folliculitis (pimples). The
following essential oils can reduce the problems:

Blue Chamomile
Anti-inflammatory.
Cypress
Astringent effect on wide pores.
Eucalyptus radiata
Disinfectant effect.
Lavender
Cleaning, restorative effect. Brings the skin back into balance.
Tea tree
Disinfectant effect.
Mixture against comedones and folliculitis
By combining the above essential oils, you can effectively treat or counteract blackheads
and pimples. However, choose between tea tree or eucalyptus and do not use both essential
oils in the same mixture. Caution; when using essential oils, always get assistance from an
experienced aromatherapist and never experiment on your own.

Eczema and psoriasis

It is not easy to treat skin problems such as eczema or psoriasis. In order to really tackle the
problem properly, it is necessary to find the cause of the problem so that you can tailor
treatment accordingly. Usually it takes a while before you discover which compositions and
dosages work best for a particular skin with one of these problems. Always pay close
attention to how the skin reacts to the treatment. Attention; Always have an experienced
aromatherapist assist you with essential oil and never experiment yourself. Below you will
find tips for effective essential oils against eczema and psoriasis:

Benzoin
For most people, it has a beneficial effect on skin with eczema or psoriasis, but be careful as
it can also often cause allergic reactions.
Blue chamomile
Anti-inflammatory and anti allergenic.
Lavandin
Very gentle action, softer than lavender. Has a great restorative power and balances the
skin.

Wrinkles
Here is an overview of essential oils that prevent and reduce wrinkles. Attention; Always
have an experienced aromatherapist assist you with essential oil and never go experiment
yourself. The following essential oils can be perfectly combined with other essential oils:

Geranium
Balances the skin and has a mild astringent effect.
Lavender
Cleaning, restorative effect. Brings the skin back into balance.
Myrrh
Provides a nicer skin tone.
Neroli
Works deeply on the skin, harmonizing.
Patchouli
Cell renewal effect.
Rose
Good nourishing oil that brings the skin into balance.
Incense
Has a skin firming effect.
Carrot
Disinfecting and skin-repairing effect.
Dosages of massage mixtures
Working with essential oils must be done very carefully, because of the possible toxicity at
too high doses. For compiling a massage mixture first determine which carrier you want to
use (base oil, macerate, lotion, cream), then you choose the essential oils you want to work
with. Follow for correct dosage follow the guidelines below, but always get assistance with
essential oils by an experienced aromatherapist.

Dosage by age

Adults 50 dr. EO* per 100 ml carrier

Children 3-6 years 30 dr. EO per 100 ml carrier
Children 1-3 years 20 dr EO per 100 ml carrier
Infants 10 Dr EO per 100 ml carrier
Elderly 30 Dr EO per 100 ml carrier

* EO = essential oil

Dosering naar specifieke toepassing

Face 10 dr. EO per 100 ml carrier

Improve resistance 100 dr.. EO per 100 ml carrier
Muscles and joints 50 dr. EO per 100 ml carrier
Pregnant women 30 dr.EO per 100 ml carrier

Important concerns
Essential oils from citrus fruits make the skin sun-sensitive. Absolutely avoid direct sunlight
on the skin for up to 8 hours after treatment to prevent sunburn and the formation of
pigmentation spots.
For skin with eczema or psoriasis, always choose aloe vera gel, Dr. Bach Rescue cream or
jojoba oil as a carrier.
Careful with essential oils in facials. Use at most 10 dr of essential oil per 100 ml of carrier.
The best carriers for facial oil are wheat germ oil, jojoba oil, apricot kernel oil and evening
primrose oil. A neutral cream is also very suitable for facial massages.
Massage head, neck, shoulders and arms
Neck and shoulders

Making contact and intermittent pressing

It is important that before you begin to massage, you make contact with your client. This can
be done by placing one hand on the neck and the other on the tailbone. Try to give your
energy and your client's energy each a color and blend these colors into one color. You
experience this for a few minutes very concentrated with your eyes closed. Then you start
pressing intermittently on both sides of the body, from the head to the feet and on the other
side from the feet back to the head.

Intermittent pressing serves as hand habituation and is applied at the beginning of the
treatment. You build up a massage slowly. If you were to immediately start kneading the
muscles, your client could react tensely. This stimulus is too great and too painful. The body
must be prepared slowly. In addition, intermittent pressing has a dehydrating effect on the
tissues located under the skin.

Massage the scalp

With crooked fingers, massage the scalp of the back of the head and the sides of it
head. It should resemble 'washing hair'.

Effleurage of the neck and shoulders

Take the (preheated) massage oil in the hollow of your hand and spread it over the neck and
shoulder area with both hands. The oil should be well distributed and the skin should be
warmed by the strokes. Use as much surface area of your own hands as possible to perform
the effleurage.

Effleurages are rhythmic and evenly performed strokes with the hands, while applying a
certain pressure is applied to the skin.

Petrissage of the neck muscles

With the fingers of one hand on one side and the thumb on the other side of the neck, take
the neck muscles slightly upward and make circular movements over the neck muscles.
Then in the same way, place the second hand on the hair side of the neck and massage the
neck muscles with alternating, overlapping movements.

Petrissage of the shoulder muscles

With the full fingers of both hands, slightly lift the shoulder muscle from the collarbone on
one side and knead this muscle with your fingers and thumbs. Performing this kneading with
both hands in turn, but overlapping, creates a constant massage. Continue to perform this
kneading for some time. Next, knead the shoulder muscle on the other side. With one hand
on each shoulder side, knead each shoulder separately.

Petrissage is a technique in which the muscles are kneaded. The muscle is compressed
firmly with the full hand or with parts of the hand, as it were, or pressed firmly against the
lower layer; this way you can treat the whole muscle. Petrissage is a very effective
technique, but requires some practice. Petrissages can only be carried out after the tissue to
be treated has first been extensively prepared, otherwise the effect will be
counterproductive.

Thumb strokes top of the trapezius muscle

This (typically shaped) muscle is located between the top of the shoulder blades and the
neck. Massage this muscle by making small stroking movements with your thumbs. Then
move the thumbs and repeat the movements.
Tip: if the long dorsal extensor (M. Erector Spinae) feels tense, you can also stroke the entire
area between the vertebrae and the shoulder blade.

Friction of the slot between the shoulder blades

Place your hands on the shoulder blades and place your thumbs at the bottom of the
shoulder blades in the slot next to the spine. With some pressure, move your thumbs up
through this slot, pressing slightly on the skin and muscles. As soon as you can, grasp the
shoulder muscle with your fingers. Then move your hands outward while your thumbs
continue to apply pressure to the muscles above the shoulder blade. Then return to the
starting position with flat hands. Repeat this massage several times.

Effleurage and stroking off

Finish the massage of the neck and shoulders with an effleurage and stroking of the entire
shoulder girdle.

Arms
To massage the arms, position yourself at the side of the massage table. Let the arm(s) of
the client hang off the side of the table.

Effleurage of the arm

Take the (preheated) massage oil in the hollow of your hand and spread it with both hands
over the surface to be massaged. The oil should be well distributed and the skin should be
warmed by the strokes. Use as much surface area of your own hands as possible to perform
the effleurage.

Petrissage upper arm

Knead the upper arm, both front and both sides, with full fingers and full thumb rhythmically
in three lanes.

Fisting the upper arm

Place your fists loosely along the sides of the upper arm. Using your fists, stroke the upper
arm with generous twisting movements diagonally outward, starting from the elbow to the
shoulder. While doing so, try to work the entire upper arm.

Shaking the upper arm

Support the arm with one hand at the elbow and place your other hand with spread fingers
on the upper arm muscle. Then shake and cradle the upper arm.
Massage shoulder blade
Grasp the forearm and gently bring it onto the client's (lower) back. Be alert that the client's
arms are limber enough to do this. Then stabilize the arm in this position with the side of
your body. Next, place one hand under the shoulder and lift it slightly until the edge of the
shoulder blade becomes visible. Massage this edge with your fingers and with the side of
your hand. Then repeat several times.

Shaking the arm loose

Grasp the forearm and again gently bring it back and let it hang along the table. Then grasp
the wrist/hand and gently shake the arm loose. When doing this, make sure that the client
actually "releases" the arm so that all the muscles can relax. Then let the arm hang down
along the massage table again.

Effleurage of the arm

Place your hands in front of each other on the arm just above the elbow and stroke it to the
shoulder. Completely include the front and back of the arm and shoulder. Repeat three times
and smooth with the sandwich handle. Move to the other side of the massage table without
losing contact with the client.

Stripping
Smooth the arm, from the neck to the fingers, both at the front and at the back, using the
sandwich grip.

Sandwich grip:
One hand on the shoulder, the other hand under the shoulder and stroke the arm with both
hands down to the fingertips. Maintain contact through your shoulder and/or upper arm. The
hand and fingers deserve special attention here. It is important to maintain contact at all
times.

Massage back

Effleurage of the back

For massaging the back, stand on the side of the massage table. While performing
effleurage on the back stay on the same side of the massage table. Take the (pre-heated)
massage oil in the hollow of your hand and stroke it with both hands over the surface to be
massaged. In doing so, distribute the oil well and warm the skin through strokes. Use as
much surface area of your own hands as possible to perform the effleurage.

Rhythmic petrissage of the back

Knead (on the opposite side) the back and the side. Place your fingers almost against the
massage table on the side of the lower back and the thumb above. With both hands around
and kneading in the direction of the top creates a constant massage (see also neck and
shoulders: 2.1.4 + 2.1.5). Make sure full fingers and thumb are used. Keep repeating the
kneading from bottom to top for some time.
Rolfing (unrolling the skin)
Treat the back from the spine to the opposite side of the back. Place your thumbs on the
lower back just next to the spine and grab your fingers sideways, forming a fold of skin. Then
slide the thumbs towards the fingers and let the skin 'escape'. Make sure that there is
enough skin between the thumbs and fingers to prevent 'pits'. Let the thumbs stand and form
another fold of skin with the fingers. Repeat the sliding and again form a fold of skin up to the
side of the back. Then move your hands slightly upwards and repeat all actions until this side
of the back is completely treated.

As a variant, you can also 'walk forward' with the fingers and slowly let the skin fold 'escape'
with the thumbs. Again, make sure that there is enough skin between the fingers and
thumbs. Once this back side has been completely treated, repeat these actions from bottom
to top. Without losing contact, move to the other side of the massage table and repeat the
steps.

Two hands massage

Place your hands on top of each other on the opposite shoulder blade, make three rotations
with some pressure (do not rub) and then smooth over the upper arm to the elbow. Come
back with flat hands and move your hands a few inches lower on the back. There you repeat
the three rotations and then smooth to the side of the back up to the massage table. Keep
repeating this until the entire back has been treated.

Massaging long back muscle

Stroke with pressure both fists (2nd phalanx) along both sides of the spine from top to
bottom and come back with the flat of your hand. The thumb rests on the back so that the
pressure is distributed. Move your fists to the middle of the back and repeat above. Then you
treat the flanks of the back in the same way. Come back to the center of the back using the
same technique.

Pressure point massage (friction) of the vertebrae

Stand at the head end of the massage table without losing contact. Place both thumbs on
either side of the spine, next to the upper vertebra of the back, and with your thumbs turn
small circles with light pressure. Then slowly reduce the pressure, move the thumbs to the
next vertebra and repeat the above actions until all the vertebrae of the back have been
treated. Then return to the starting position with "cat scratching.

Repeat the above twice more.

Effleurage of the back

Both hands lie side by side on the lower back. Stroke upward to the neck, then outward
across the shoulders to the shoulder button. Return inward, taking the neck upward. Back
out again, rotate around the shoulder button, then back around the shoulder blade to the
neck and back along the shoulder blade along the side of the body. Smooth off with the flat
hand to the lower back.
Transverse friction of the back
Stand to the side of the massage table without losing contact. Place one hand at the top of
one side of the back and the other hand at the top of the other side of the back. With
appropriate pressure, move both hands in opposite directions and repeat
act over and over as you gradually descend to the hip bones.

Massage buttocks and legs

Massage of the buttocks
In order to easily perform the following techniques, it is recommended that during this lesson
to wear a thong.

Effleurage of the buttock area

Take the (preheated) massage oil in the hollow of your hand and smooth it with both
extend hands over the entire buttock area, both on the left and on the right side. The oil
should be fine, be distributed and the skin must be warmed up by means of the strokes.
Usage as much surface of your own hands and/or forearms as possible to perform the
effleurage.

Petrissage of the buttock

Knead the buttock and the side on the opposite side. For this you place your fingers almost
against the massage table on the side of the buttock and the thumb above. By kneading with
both hands around the entire buttock, a constant massage is created.

Make sure full fingers and thumb are used. Keep repeating the kneading for some time.

Stroking and lifting of the buttock

Rhythmic stroking and lifting of the buttock on the far side inward.

Tapotement with hands together

Tapotement are tapping. Hold your hands together and tap rhythmically with your little
fingers the buttcheek.

Effleurage of the buttock area

Use as much surface area of your own hands and/or forearms as possible to perform the
effleurage of the buttock. Then cover this area of the body warmly

Massage the legs in the prone position

We can divide the massage of the legs into different phases. Start with a massage of the
upper leg in the prone position, then a massage of the lower leg in the prone position and
close this section in the prone position with a massage of the whole leg. It is preferable to
completely treat one leg first and then the other leg. Then you go continue with the massage
of the legs and feet at the front in the supine position. Here everything is written out for you
step by step.
Effleurage of the leg
Take the (preheated) massage oil in the hollow of your hand and with both hands over the
entire leg, from the ankle to the buttock and back. The oil should be well distributed and the
skin should be warmed by strokes. Make sure that on hairy legs apply enough oil, otherwise
the massage may become painful. Use as much surface area of your own hands as possible
to perform the effleurage.

Petrissage of the leg

By kneading the upper leg with both hands, both on the inside and on the outside, a constant
massage is created. Start at the ankle and knead up to the hip. Make sure full fingers and
thumb are used. Repeat several times.

Thumb strokes of the leg

Grab the leg with both hands, thumbs on top. Then perform the thumb stroke with generous
lateral thumb movements from the ankle to the buttock and come back with a flat hand.
Repeat again.

Tapotement with hands together

Hold your hands together and rhythmically tap the upper leg with your little fingers.

Effleurage of the leg

Use as much surface area of ​your own hands/underneath as possible to perform the
effleurage. Then cover this part of the body warmly.

Closing the full massage in prone position

To conclude the full massage in a prone position, you stroke the whole body from top to
bottom. You do this on the towel. Use as much surface area of your own hands as possible
to perform this stroking off.

Have the customer turn on the back

You lift the towel in the opposite direction and ask your client to lie down on their back. You
then neatly put the towel back.

Please note! Do not forget to place the knee roll under the hollow of the knees to prevent
them from lying with a hollow back. This way you prevent back problems.
Massage face, neck and arms (supine position)
Massage of the face

Effleurage
Apply a thin layer of oil, lotion or massage cream over the entire face.

Please note! Work around the eyes, not over the eyes.

From here we work in 3 phases:

phase 1 --> stroking from top to bottom and from the center outward

phase 2 --> plucking the eyebrows, cheeks and jaw line

phase 3 --> the ears

Phase 1 (the strokes)

With your thumbs in front of your stroking movements from the center of the forehead to the
temples (point temporalis) 3x
With your right thumb you stroke the left side and with your left thumb you stroke the right
side of the nose. You do this from the eyebrow to the nostril. 3x
Rotate outwards with your thumb in the dimple just below the nostril. With your fingertips,
make rotational movements across the cheeks, outward and work your way to the point just
below the earlobe. (point parotid*)
With your thumb, stroke just above the upper lip up to the corner of the jawline (point
temporalis), 3x
With your thumb you stroke just below the lower lip up to the corner of the jawline (point
temporalis), 3x

*parotid: The parotid glands are salivary glands that sit just in front of the ears.

Phase 2 (picking)
We gently pluck the eyebrows from the inside with both thumbs and forefingers outwards,
both sides 3x
Picking the cheeks
Picking the jawline, from ear to ear

Stage 3 (the ears)

Pull the earlobes and gently turn them downwards
The side of the ear outwards
The top of the ear upwards
Pull twist inside side of ear
Through the back of the ear we perform a cutting movement with the little finger side of our
hand
Massage of the neck

Effleurage
Take some oil in your hands and warm up. Perform strokes from shoulder to shoulder.
please note that you stay neatly below the collarbones (clavicle).
Go under the shoulders with your hands and stroke up to the skull edge.
While supporting the head, slowly and controlled turn to the left.
Please note! Don't go over the resistance. If you feel resistance, this indicates that your
customer has limited mobility or pain.

Petrissage neck
With your full hand, knead the neck from the skull edge to the shoulders, repeat
several times.

Clavicle cutting motion

Stroke back and forth with your fingertips over the top and bottom of the collarbone. In this
way you also take the attachments of the chest muscle (M. Pectoralis) with you. There is
quite a lot of tension here, especially with women.

Shoulder head rotation

With your thumb mouse, perform rotations at the level of the shoulder head to relax the
muscles and tendons.

Petrissage upper trapezius

Slide your hand under the head of the shoulder and knead the top of the trapezius several
several times.

Stripping
You stroke your hand from the shoulder back to the skull edge. Turn the head
straight at first, hold for a few seconds and then slowly turn the head to the right side.
Repeat the above techniques from 1 to 6.

Massage of the arms and hands

Effleurage of the arm(s)

Sit on the side of the massage table. Take the (preheated) massage oil in the hollow of your
hand and spread it with both hands over one arm, from the neck to the hand and fingers.
The oil should be well distributed and the skin should be through stroking is heated up. Use
as much area of ​your own as possible hands/forearms to perform the effleurage.
Petrissage of the arm
With full hands you knead the entire arm with rhythmic movements.

Thumb strokes of the arm

Cover one arm with both hands with the thumbs on top. Then perform the thumb stroke from
the hand to the shoulder and stroke with flat fingers back to the hand. Repeat if desired.

Loosen the wrist

Lift the client's hand and place his or her elbow on the massage table. Grab the wrist with
one hand and move the hand loosely in all directions with the other hand. Make sure that the
customer completely 'releases' the hand. Then you stretch the forearm muscles and the
hand muscles by moving the hand forwards and backwards with some pressure and holding
it for a while.

Petrissage of the hand

Support the hand with your fingers and knead the back of the hand with the thumbs and the
mouse of your hands. Then turn the hand over and massage the palm of the hand in an
upward direction with your thumbs. Give attention to the mouse of the hand, each hand bone
and all the fingers.

Rotation of the fingers

To stimulate the energy pathways, take the customer's finger between your curved pointer
and middle finger. Gently rotate your fingers around this finger and immediately smooth it
down to the tip of the finger. Then repeat for all fingers.

Shake off the arm

Grab the hand and wrist with both hands and stretch the arm slightly to the side. Then you
shake the arm loose with small rhythmic movements.

Release of the shoulder

From the previous action you bend the arm over your arm above the chest of the customer
and clamp this arm with your other hand. Then you lift the customer's shoulder so that it is
completely detached from the massage table. Hold this for a few moments. Then you put the
arm back on the massage table. Move to the other side of the massage table and repeat the
procedure.

Stretching both arms and back

From the previous action, hold both wrists and move to the head of the massage table, being
careful not to cross your arms. Pull with some pressure on both wrists by 'hanging' on the
client's wrists with bent arms, without the client being moved over the massage table! Then
carefully put your arms back up the massage table.

The posture in which you massage

Don't just work from your hands or shoulders. Use the weight and movement of your whole
body to make the massage movements smooth and to apply more pressure when you want
it.
Massage chest and abdomen
Many ladies consider their breasts to be part of their sexuality; touch of the breasts should
be avoided during the massage. When massaging ladies, it is important that only the
sternum and the sides of the breasts are massaged. Although this is not described again for
every treatment, it should always be taken into account.

Effleurage of the trunk and abdomen

Take the (preheated) massage oil in the hollow of your hand and spread it over the chest (for
women: sternum and sides of the chest) and abdomen. If necessary, repeat this at the
shoulders and upper arm. The oil should be well distributed and the skin should be warmed
up by stroking. Use as much surface area of ​your own hands/forearms as possible to
perform the effleurage.

Petrissage of the trunk and abdomen

Using both hands, knead the side of the torso furthest away from you, starting from the
height of the navel up towards the armpit, then back to the hip and back again. Then you
move to the other side of the massage table without losing contact and repeat this massage.

Skin rolls of the abdomen

Lift the skin along the side of the torso with your fingers while walking your thumb towards
the navel. Repeat this technique all over the abdomen.

Transverse strokes of the abdomen

With full hands, gently rotate the entire abdomen. Then place one hand on one side of the
abdomen and the other hand on the other side of the abdomen, as close as possible to the
massage table at hip level. With appropriate pressure, move both hands in opposite
directions and repeat.

Massage colon
With two hands on top of each other, turn clockwise over the large intestine, 3x

Massage small intestine

Make gentle stroking movements from the 'outside' of the abdomen towards the center. You
collect, as it were, all the massage oil in the navel. Repeat until the entire abdomen has
been treated.

Completing massage of the abdomen

With one hand flat on the abdomen, make circular movements in a clockwise direction. With
the other hand you make one transverse stroking movement over the belly after the rotating
hand has 'passed' (sun / moon). Then you move to the other side of the massage table
without losing contact. Repeat this massage, making the rotational and rectilinear
movements with the same hand(s). As a result, both the top and the bottom of the abdomen
are massaged by means of the transverse stroking movement.
Massage legs front
It is preferable to treat one leg first and then completely treat the other leg. However, the
choice can be made to treat both legs per part.

Effleurage of the whole leg

Take the (preheated) massage oil in the hollow of your hand and spread it over the entire leg
and foot. With hairy legs, sufficient oil must be applied, otherwise the massage can become
painful. The oil should be well distributed and the skin should be warmed up by stroking. Use
as much surface area of ​your own hands/forearms as possible to perform the effleurage.

Petrissage upper leg

Knead the upper leg with full hands from the knee in an upward direction, both the inside
and the outside. Kneading alternately creates a constant massage (see also neck and
shoulders: 2.1.4 + 2.1.5). Make sure full fingers and thumb are used. Repeat several times.

Fist strokes of the upper leg

Grab the leg with both hands, thumbs on top. Then perform the thumb stroke with generous
lateral thumb movements, from just above the knee to the groin.

Shaking of the upper leg

Loosely grasp the leg with spread fingers and perform a rocking and rocking motion of the
upper leg, from bottom to top.

Rotation of the kneecap

Because rotation of the kneecap can be painful and/or irritating, it should be done with
extreme caution. You can skip this action in consultation with the customer. With one hand in
the hollow of the knee, lift the knee slightly and gently loosen the tendons around the knee
with the thumb and forefinger. Gently knead over the knee.

Massage of the feet

Effleurage of the foot
From the lower leg you perform some stroking movements over the entire foot to relax the
foot and warm up the skin.

Stretching the foot

Hold the ankle with one hand, place the other hand and forearm on the foot and stretch the
foot by moving the toes toward the shin. Hold this for a second.

Foot wringing
With two hands, you encompass the entire foot, making the familiar wringing motion. You
move your hands slightly and repeat the wringing motion until you have covered the entire
foot.
Kneeling of the foot
Because the sensitivity of the soles of the feet can be very different, it is important to start
the next treatment carefully. It often turns out that, after the initial shock, a firm treatment is
experienced as pleasant. Grab the ankle with one hand and the other hand make a fist.
Move the knuckles of the 2nd and 3rd phalanges with a twist of the wrist and with "adjusted
pressure" from the heel to the toes over the sole of the foot. Then in the reverse direction
from the toes to the heel. Repeat several times according to need and sensitivity.

Toe Rotation
Grab a toe with thumb and forefinger and gently rotate from left to right and back in a circular
motion. Repeat for each toe.

Stroking the legs

To conclude this massage, stroke the leg completely. Cover this leg warmly and repeat for
the other leg.

Finish the massage in the supine position

To conclude the massages in the supine position, smooth the entire body from top to bottom.
Use as much surface area of ​your own hands/forearms as possible to perform this stripping.

Instruction film
See online syllabus for the video.
Step-by-step plan - Video Relaxation massage (print version)