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COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE

DBMS Chapter 7 - Scope


I. Introduction
II. Application of DBMS
III. Types of DBMS
IV. DBMS Vs File Management System
V. DBMS Languages
VI. DBMS Architecture
VII.Relational DBMS & ER Models
VIII.Keys in DBMS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS DATABASE?
• A database is a collection of related data which represents some aspect of
the real world. A database system is designed to be built and populated
with data for a certain task.
WHAT IS DBMS?
• Database Management System (DBMS) is a software which enables it’s
users to access
database, manipulate data, and help in representation of data
• It consists of a group of programs which can manipulate the database.
• In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store
and
retrieve data.
• It provides an interface between the data and the software application.
• Using the database, you can easily retrieve, insert and delete the
information.
INTRODUCTION
Simple example of a University database:
• The STUDENT file stores data of each student
• The COURSE file stores contain data on each course.
• The GRADE file stores the grades which students receive in the various
sections
• The TUTOR file contains information about each professor

1960 - Charles Bachman designed first DBMS system


Popular DBMS Software
MySQL, Microsoft Access, Oracle, PostgreSQL, dBASE, FoxPro, SQLite, IBM
DB2, LibreOffice Base, MariaDB, Microsoft SQL Server etc.
APPLICATION OF DBMS
Sector Use of DBMS
Banking For customer information, account activities, payments, deposits, loans, etc.
Airlines For reservations and schedule information.
Universities For student information, course registrations, colleges and grades.
Telecommunication It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining balances, etc.

For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases of financial instruments like
Finance
stocks and bonds.

Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.

It is used for the management of supply chain and for tracking production of items.
Manufacturing
Inventories status in warehouses.

For information about employees, salaries, payroll, deduction, generation of paychecks,


HR Management
etc.
TYPES OF DBMS
Most used

In a Hierarchical database, model data is


organized in a tree-like structure. Data is
Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom
up) format. Data is represented using a
parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical
DBMS parent may have many children, but
children have only one parent.
TYPES OF DBMS

The network database model allows each


child to have multiple parents. It helps you to
address the need to model more complex
relationships like as the orders/parts many-
to-many relationship. In this model, entities
are organized in a graph which can be
accessed through several paths.
TYPES OF DBMS

Relational DBMS is the most widely used


DBMS model because it is one of the easiest.
This model is based on normalizing data in
the rows and columns of the tables.
Relational model stored in fixed structures
and manipulated using SQL.
Number of attributes- degree
TYPES OF DBMS

In Object-oriented Model data


stored in the form of objects. The
structure which is called classes
which display data within it. It
defines a database as a collection
of objects which stores both data
members values and operations.
DBMS Vs FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- in mobile- for single user
DBMS File Management System
Multi-user access It does not support multi-user access

Design to fulfill the need for small and It is only limited to smaller DBMS
large businesses system.
Remove redundancy and Integrity Redundancy and Integrity issues
Expensive. But in the long term Total
It's cheaper
Cost of Ownership is cheap
Easy to implement complicated No support for complicated
transactions transactions
DDL & DML - LANGUAGES Of DBMS
SQL language- Divided in DDL AND DML
DDL – DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE
DDL is Data Definition Language and is used to define the structures like schema,
database, tables, constraints etc. Examples of DDL are create and alter statements.

DML – DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE


A data manipulation language (DML) is a computer programming language used for
adding (inserting), deleting, and modifying (updating) data in a database.
A DML is often a sublanguage of a broader database language such as SQL, with the DML
comprising some of the operators in the language.
DDL & DML - LANGUAGES
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
A Database Architecture is a representation of DBMS design. It helps to design, develop,
implement, and maintain the database management system.
A DBMS architecture allows dividing the database system into individual components that
can be independently modified, changed, replaced, and altered. It also helps to understand
the components of a database.
A Database stores critical information and helps access data quickly and securely.
Therefore, selecting the correct Architecture of DBMS helps in easy and efficient data
management.

Types of DBMS Architecture


1-Tier Architecture
2-Tier Architecture
3-Tier Architecture
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
everything in one Different object for database
computer database and server same
data in one computer

intermediate- server- server and database


are different- done for authentication- to
prevetn hacking
RELATIONAL MODELS
Relational Model (RM) represents the database as a collection of relations. A relation is
nothing but a table of values. Every row in the table represents a collection of related data
values. These rows in the table denote a real-world entity or relationship.
The table name and column names are helpful to interpret the meaning of values in each
row. The data are represented as a set of relations. In the relational model, data are stored
as tables. However, the physical storage of the data is independent of the way the data are
logically organized.

Some popular Relational Database management systems are:


DB2 and Informix Dynamic Server - IBM
Oracle and RDB – Oracle
SQL Server and Access - Microsoft
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODELS
ER model stands for an Entity-Relationship model. It
is a high-level data model. This model is used to
define the data elements and relationship for a attribute
specified system.
It develops a conceptual design for the database. It strong entity
also develops a very simple and easy to design view
of data.
In ER modeling, the database structure is portrayed
relationship
as a diagram called an entity-relationship diagram.
For example, Suppose we design a school database.
attribute
In this database, the student will be an entity with
attributes like address, name, id, age, etc. The
address can be another entity with attributes like strong entity
city, street name, pin code, etc and there will be a
relationship between them.
ER DIAGRAMS SYMBOLS & NOTATIONS
Entity Relationship Diagram Symbols & Notations mainly contains three basic symbols
which are rectangle, oval and diamond to represent relationships between elements,
entities and attributes.
There are some sub-elements which are based on main elements in ERD Diagram. ER
Diagram is a visual representation of data that describes how data is related to each other
using different ERD Symbols and Notations.
ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM (ERD)
KEYS IN DBMS
KEYS in DBMS is an attribute or set of attributes which helps you to identify a row(tuple) in
a relation(table).
They allow you to find the relation between two tables.
Keys help you uniquely identify a row in a table by a combination of one or more columns
in that table.
Key is also helpful for finding unique record or row from the table. Database key is also
helpful for finding unique record or row from the table.

Types of Keys:
Primary Key - is a column or group of columns in a table that uniquely identify every row in
that table. ATTRIBUTES- UNIQUELY IDENTIFY

Candidate Key - is a set of attributes that uniquely identify tuples in a table. Candidate Key
is a super key with no repeated attributes. MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTES
KEYS IN DBMS
Types of Keys:
Alternate Key - is a column or group of columns in a table that uniquely identify every row in that
table.
Foreign Key - is a column that creates a relationship between two tables. The purpose of Foreign
keys is to maintain data integrity and allow navigation between two different instances of an entity.
Compound Key - has two or more attributes that allow you to uniquely recognize a specific record.
It is possible that each column may not be unique by itself within the database.
Composite Key - An artificial key which aims to uniquely identify each record is called a surrogate
key. These kind of key are unique because they are created when you don't have any natural
primary key.
Surrogate Key - An artificial key which aims to uniquely identify each record is called a surrogate
key. These kind of key are unique because they are created when you don't have any natural
primary key.

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