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    Name Qandeelmahmood

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    Name Qandeelmahmood

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    malikabuzarnaeem416
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    4 views5 pages

    Name Qandeelmahmood

    Uploaded by

    malikabuzarnaeem416

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    NAME: QANDEELMAHMOOD

    ROLL NO: SP24-BAF-055

    ASSIGNMENT NO: 04

    SUBMITITED TO: SIR ALI HASSAN

    Q1: What is database? What are the components of database?

    A database is a structured collection of data that is organized and stored in a way that allows for
    efficient retrieval, management, and manipulation of that data. It provides a systematic way to
    store and manage large amounts of information, making it easier to access and analyze.
    Databases are used in various industries and applications, such as business operations, scientific
    research, and web applications. They play a crucial role in storing and organizing data for
    efficient use.

    Components of Database:
    Data:

    Data are raw facts and information that need to be organized and processed to make it more
    meaningful. Database dictionaries are used to centralize, document, control, and coordinate the
    use of data within an organization. A database is a repository of information about a database
    (also called metadata).

    Hardware:

    Hardware refers to the physical, electronic devices such as computers and hard disks that offer
    the interface between computers and real-world systems. Hardware components of a database
    include servers, storage devices, network infrastructure, and backup systems.
    Software: Software is a set of programs used to manage and control the database and includes
    the database software, operating system, network software used to share the data with other
    users, and the applications used to access the data.

    Procedures:

    Procedures refer to the instructions used in a database management system and encompass
    everything from instructions to setup and install, login and logout, manage the day-to-day
    operations, take backups of data, and generate reports.

    Database Access Language:

    Database Access Language is a language used to write commands to access, update, and delete
    data stored in a database. Users can write commands using Database Access Language before
    submitting them to the database for execution. Through utilizing the language, users can create
    new databases, tables, insert data, and delete data.

    Q2: What is database management system?

    A Database Management System (DBMS) is a well-known term in data analysis. It refers to a


    collection of programs that enable users to access databases and manipulate, maintain, report,
    and relate data. A DBMS is often used to reduce data redundancy, share data in a controlled way,
    and reduce data integrity problems. DBMS is not an information system but is simply software.

    Q3: What are database models?

    Following are the database models.


    Hierarchical database model
    The hierarchical model organizes data into a tree-like structure, where each record has a single
    parent or root. Sibling records are sorted in a particular order. That order is used as the
    physical order for storing the database. This model is good for describing many real-world
    relationships.
    Relational model:
    The most common model, the relational model sorts data into tables, also known as relations,
    each of which consists of columns and rows. Each column lists an attribute of the entity in
    question, such as price, zip code, or birth date. Together, the attributes in a relation are called a
    domain. A particular attribute or combination of attributes is chosen as a primary key that can
    be referred to in other tables, when it’s called a foreign key.
    Network model
    The network model builds on the hierarchical model by allowing many-to-many relationships
    between linked records, implying multiple parent records. Based on mathematical set theory,
    the model is constructed with sets of related records. Each set consists of one owner or parent
    record and one or more member or child records. A record can be a member or child in
    multiple sets, allowing this model to convey complex relationships.
    Object-oriented database model:

    This model defines a database as a collection of objects, or reusable software elements, with
    associated features and methods. There are several kinds of object-oriented databases: A
    multimedia database incorporates media, such as images, that could not be stored in a relational
    database. A hypertext database allows any object to link to any other object. It’s useful for
    organizing lots of disparate data, but it’s not ideal for numerical analysis. The object-oriented
    database model is the best known post-relational database model, since it incorporates tables, but
    isn’t limited to tables. Such models are also known as hybrid database models.

    Q4: Explain Relational database model?

    RDBMS

    A relational database is a type of database that stores and provides access to data points that are
    related to one another. Relational databases are based on the relational model, an intuitive,
    straightforward way of representing data in tables. In a relational database, each row in the table
    is a record with a unique ID called the key. The columns of the table hold attributes of the data,
    and each record usually has a value for each attribute, making it easy to establish the
    relationships among data points.

    Q5: What are the keys use in DBMS?

    KEYS IN DBMS:
    In a DBMS, KEYS are attributes or sets of attributes that enable the identification of a row or
    tuple within a relation or table. They establish connections between different tables and assist in
    uniquely identifying a row by utilizing one or more columns in the table.

    PRIMARY KEY:

    This type of key in DBMS refers to a column that uniquely identifies all the records within that
    table. A table has one primary key only, and this key must not contain repeated or duplicated
    values across its rows. Each value within the primary key must be unique, with no repetition
    allowed. Applying the primary key constraint to a column or set of columns ensures that they
    cannot have null values or duplicates. Furthermore, any foreign key that references the primary
    key is unable to modify the values present in the primary key.
    CANDIDATE KEY:
    Candidate keys play a vital role in upholding the integrity and consistency of a database. The
    purpose of this key in DBMS is to guarantee each row’s uniqueness and independent
    identification within a table. Additionally, candidate keys enforce relationships between tables,
    ensuring data integrity and maintaining overall database consistency. A candidate key in SQL
    can have a variety of qualities, but it must not include null values and must have at least the bare
    minimum of fields to guarantee uniqueness.
    FOREIGN KEY:
    To create connections between two accessible tables, we employ a foreign key. Every value in a
    column or collection must match the primary key in the referential table for the foreign key to
    function. We can preserve referential integrity and data integrity with the aid of a foreign key. It
    is a key that serves as both a secondary key and a primary key in two different tables.
    ALTERNATE KEY:
    A key in DBMS might be selected as the main Key in a table in multiple ways. Any key that has
    the potential to replace the primary key but is not, yet the primary key is considered an alternate
    key. It’s a prospective main key that hasn’t been selected yet. Alternate keys refer to all keys that
    are not main keys. It's a backup key. It has two or more fields that allow it to recognize two or
    more records. These criteria are reiterated.
    COMPOUND KEY:
    This key in DBMS contains two or more characteristics that recognize a specific record
    exclusively. It’s conceivable that none of the columns in the database are unique on their own.
    However, when paired with the additional column or columns, the composite key combination
    becomes unique. Each record in the table is to be uniquely identified using the database’s
    compound key Each record in a table must be guaranteed unique by a compound key. The bare
    minimal collection of characteristics necessary to assure uniqueness should be a compound key.
    A compound key attribute order is essential.

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