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Practical Machinery Vibration Analysis

and Predictive Maintenance

Paresh Girdhar BEng (Mech. Eng), Girdharand Associates

Edited by
C. Scheffer PhD, MEng, SAIMechE

Series editor: Steve Mackay

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON


NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE . SYDNEY • TOKYO
ELSEVIER Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier NeWn©S
Contents

Preface vii

1 Predictive maintenance techniques: Part 1 Predictive maintenance basics 1


1.1 Maintenance philosophies 1
1.2 Evolution of maintenance philosophies 4
1.3 Plant machinery classification and recommendations 5
1.4 Principles of predictive maintenance 6
1.5 Predictive maintenance techniques 7
1.6 Vibration analysis-a key predictive maintenance technique 8

2 Predictive maintenance techniques: Part 2 Vibration basics 11


2.1 Spring-mass system: mass, stiffness, damping 11
2.2 System response 12
2.3 What is vibration? 13
2.4 The nature of vibration 14
2.5 Harmonics 18
2.6 Limits and standards of vibration 23

3 Data acquisition 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Collection of vibration signal - vibration transducers,
characteristics and mountings 29
3.3 Conversion of vibrations to electrical signal 39
3.4 Conclusion 54

4 Signal processing, applications and representations 55


4.1 The fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis 55
4.2 Time waveform analysis 64
4.3 Phase signal analysis 67
4.4 Special signal processes 69
4.5 Conclusion 88

5 Machinery fault diagnosis using vibration analysis 89


5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Commonly witnessed machinery faults diagnosed
by vibration analysis 89
vi Contents

6 Correcting faults that cause vibration 134


6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Balancing 134
6.3 Alignment 145
6.4 Resonance vibration control with dynamic absorbers 164

7 Oil and particle analysis 168*


7.1 Introduction 168
7.2 Oil fundamentals 169
7.3 Condition-based maintenance and oil analysis 172
7.4 Setting up an oil analysis program 175
7.5 Oil analysis - sampling methods 179
7.6 Oil analysis - lubricant properties 189
7.7 Oil analysis - contaminants in lubricants 196
7.8 Particle analysis techniques 201
7.9 Alarm limits for various machines (source: National Tribology
Services) , 219
7.10 Conclusion 220

8 Other predictive maintenance techniques ,... 221


8.1 Introduction , 221
8.2 Ultrasound .1...... 221
8.3 Infrared thermography '....„„. 229
8.4 Conclusion 234

Appendix A: Exercises 235

Appendix B: Practical sessions 248

Index 252

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