Mme 2

www.rsgclasses.
com(9810148860)
Rahul Sir (SRCC Garduate , DSE Alumni)
RSG CLASSES
ECONOMICS (H) SEM-2
INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICAL
METHOD OF ECONOMICS
BY RAHUL SIR
(SRCC GRADUATE , DSE ALUMNI)
Page 1
www.rsgclasses.com(9810148860)
index
CHAPTERS No. CHAPTER NAME Page No.
1. Vecotrs 3-9
2. Matrix Algebra 10-29
3. Function of sevral Variable 30-56
4. Economic Application 57-68
5. Convex Set 69-71
6. Multivariable optimization 72-84
note- IF YOU HAVE FIND ANY MISTAKE IN

QUESTIONS OR ANSWERS PLS WHATSAPP
RAHUL SIR AT 9810148860.
THANKYOU………..
Page 2
chapter -1
vectors
1) Prove the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality: |𝑢. 𝑣| ≤ ||𝑢||||𝑣||, for arbitrary u and v in 𝑅𝑛 .
2) Prove that
i) ‖𝑎 − 𝑏‖2 = ‖𝑎‖2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + ‖𝑏‖2
ii) ‖𝑎 + 𝑏‖2 + ‖𝑎 − 𝑏‖2 = 2‖𝑎‖2 + 2‖𝑏‖2
3) Prove that ||𝑟𝑣|| = |𝑟|. ||𝑣|| for all r in R and v in 𝑅𝑛 .
4) Prove that for any vector u and any scalar k, ||𝑘𝑢|| = |𝑘|||𝑢||.
5) Prove triangle inequality||𝑢 + 𝑣|| ≤ ||𝑢|| + ||𝑣||:,for arbitrary u and u in 𝑅𝑛 .
𝑢.𝑣
6) Let u and v be vectors in 𝑅𝑛 . Prove that the angle between u and v is cos 𝜃 = ||𝑢||||𝑣||.
7) If ||𝑢 + 𝑣|| = ||𝑢|| + ||𝑣|| then prove that u and v are linearly dependent. But converse
is not true.
2 2 2
8) If u and v are two vectors in 𝑅𝑛 , then ||𝑢 + 𝑣|| = ||𝑢|| + ||𝑣|| if and only if u.v = 0.
9) If u and v are linearly dependent then prove that |𝑢. 𝑣| = ||𝑢||||𝑣||.
10) (a) Suppose that a, b, c ∈ 𝑅𝑛 are all different from 0 and that 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑏, 𝑏 ⊥ 𝑐, 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑐. Prove
that a, b and c are linearly independent.
(b) Suppose that 𝑎1 , … … . , 𝑎𝑛 are vectors in 𝑅𝑛 , all different from 0. Suppose that 𝑎𝑖 ⊥
𝑎𝑗 for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗. Prove that 𝑎1 , … … . , 𝑎𝑛 are linearly independent.
11) Prove:
(a) (𝑢 + 𝑣). 𝑤 = 𝑢. 𝑤 + 𝑣. 𝑤, where u, v, w are the vectors in 𝑅𝑛 .
(b) 𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑣. 𝑢, where u and v are vectors in 𝑅𝑛 .
12) Prove:
(a) (𝑘𝑢). 𝑣 = 𝑘(𝑢. 𝑣), where u is the vector and k is scalar.
(b) 𝑢. 𝑢 ≥ 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑢. 𝑢 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 0.
13) For a, b ∈ 𝑅𝑛 prove that:

‖𝑎 + 𝑏‖ = ‖𝑎 − 𝑏‖. If and only if a and b are orthogonal.
14) Prove:
‖𝑢 + 𝑣‖2 + ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖2 = 2‖𝑢‖2 + 2‖𝑣‖2
Page 3
Where u and v are two non-zero vectors.
15) Let a and b be non-zero vectors in 𝑅2 . show that if a and b are orthogonal, then for any
number: 𝜆 𝜖 𝑅, ‖𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏‖ > ‖𝑎‖.
5 12
16) Show that the vectors 𝑥 = [ ] ; 𝑦 = [ ] are orthogonal. Are they also a pair of
−4 15
orthonormal vectors? [No]
17) Show that vector equation

3 −2 −1
x( ) + 𝑦 ( ) = ( )
−4 3 2
represents two equations in two unknowns, x and y. find the solution. [x=1, y=2]
18) Check which of these pairs of vectors are orthogonal:

a) (1,2)and (-2,1) [orthogonal]
b) (1,-1,1)and (-1,1,-1) [not orthogonal]
c) (a,-b,1)and (b,a,0) [orthogonal]
19) For what values of x is the scalar product if (x, x-1, 3) and (x, x, 3x)
equal to 0? [x = 0, x = -4]
20) State and check the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for the following vectors: x = (4, -2, 3)
and y = (-3, 2, 5). [-1 < √𝟑𝟖√𝟐𝟗 ]
21) Following are two column vectors ‘a’ and ‘b’:

1 3
𝑎 = −15 , 𝑏 = 5]
[ ] [
2 1
(a) Calculate lengths of vectors ‘a’ and ‘b’. [ ‖𝒂‖ = √𝟐𝟑𝟎, ‖𝒃‖ = √𝟑𝟓]
(b) Find k such that a vector c = a + kb is orthogonal to vector b. [k =2]
3
(c) Can a, b and c span the vector space 𝑅 ?
22) Let a = (1,2,1) and b = (-3,0,-2)

a. Find real numbers x and y such that xa + yb = (5,4,4) [x = 2, y = -1]
b. Prove that there are no real numbers x and y satisfying xa+yb = (-3,6,1)
1 1 1 −1
23) Prove that {( , 0, ),( , 0, ) , (0,1,0)}is an orthonormal set of 𝑅3
√2 √2 √2 √2
Page 4
Lines and Planes
24) A line is given by 𝑥 = 2 + 3𝑡, 𝑦 = 4 + 7𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5 − 5𝑡

(i) Show that the line the passes through the point (2, 4 , 5)
(ii) What is the direction vector? [(3, 7, -5)]
(iii) Find the equation of a line passing through (2, 4, 5) that is orthogonal to the given
2+𝑡
line. [4+𝑡 ]
5 + 2𝑡
(iv) Find the equation of a line passing through (1, 2, 1) that is parallel to the given
1 + 3𝑡
line. [2 + 7𝑡]
1 − 5𝑡
25) Find the equation of a line in the following situations:
(i) Passing through the points p(-2,0,3) and Q(3, 5, -2).

(ii) [x = -2+5t, y = 5t, z = 3-5t]
(iii) Passing through origin and perpendicular to (1, 2, 0). [x = 2t, y = -t, z = 0]
(iv) Passing through the point (3, -2, 1) and parallel to the line
x = 1+2t, y = 2 – t, z = 3t. [x = 3+2t, y = -2-t, z = 1+3t]
(v) Passing through (1, 1, 1) and parallel to x-axis. [y = 1, z = 1]
26) Describe the straight line in 𝑅3 through the two points (1, 2, 2) and (-1, -1, 4). Where
does it meet the 𝑥1 𝑥2 plane?
{[𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒕, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕], 𝒎𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒕(𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟎)}
27) Find the equation of a plane in parametric and non parametric form passing through
the points (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 0) and (1, 3, -5). [x = 1+t, y = 3-s-2t, z = -5+6s+5t;
(7x+6y+z=20)]
28) Find the equation for the plane in 𝑅3 through a = (2, 1, -1) with p = (-1, 1, 3)
as a normal. [𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 = −𝟒]
Does the line 𝑥1 = 1 − 2𝑡, 𝑥2 = 2 − 3𝑡, 𝑥3 = 2 + 2𝑡 intersect this plane? [yes]
29) Let L be the line through (0, 1, 2) in the direction given by the vector (1, 1, 1). What is
the parametric equation of L? [x = t, y = 1+t, z = 2+t]
At what point does it cross the XY plane? (-2, -1, 0)
Page 5
30) Find the equation of the plane through (1, 1,-1) and perpendicular to the line
(x, y, z) = (4-3t, 2+t, 6+5t). (3x-y-5z = 7)
31) Find the equation of the line in 𝑅3 passing through the points (2, 4, −1)and (5, 0, 7).
Where does the line intersect the xy-plane?
[x = 2+3t, y = 4-4t, z = -1+8t; (19/8, 7/8, 0)]
32) Find the equation for the line:

(a) That passes through points (3, -2, 2) and (10, 2, 1).
[𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟕𝒕, 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐 − 𝒕]
(b) That passes through point (1, 3, 2 ) and has the same direction as (0, -1, 1).
[𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝒕, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐 + 𝒕]
33) The line L is given by 𝑥1 = −𝑡 + 2, 𝑥2 = 2𝑡 − 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥3 = 𝑡 + 3.
(a) Verify that the point a = (2,-1, 3) line on L, but that (1, 1, 1) does not
(b) Determine the direction of L. [(-1, 2, 1)]
(c) Find the equation for the plane through a = (2, -1, 3) that is
orthogonal to L. [−𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟏]
(d) Find the point where L intersects the
plane 3𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 6. [2/3, 5/3, 13/3]
34) Find the equation of a plane passing through the points

(1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 0)and (1, 3, −5). [𝟕𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟎]
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎
Where does it cut the axes? [𝒙 = ,𝒚 = , 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟎] (Eco(H) 2008)
𝟕 𝟑
35) Find the equation for the plane through the points (3, 4, -3), (5, 2 1),
and (2, -1, 4). [𝒙𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = −𝟑]
36) (a) Show that a = (-2, 1, -1) is a point in the plane –x + 2y + 3z = 1.

(b) Find the equation for the normal at a to the plane in part (a).
[𝒙𝟏 = −𝟐 − 𝒕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒕, 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟏 + 𝟑𝒕]
37) Find the equation of a plane in parametric and non-parametric form passing through
the points (1, 1, -1), (2, 0, 2) and (0, -2, 1).
[𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒔 − 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒔 − 𝟑𝒕, 𝒛 = −𝟏 + 𝟑𝒔 + 𝟐𝒕; 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟔]
Page 6
Linear Combination & Liner Dependence
38) If a, b, and c are linearly independent vectors in 𝑅𝑚 , prove that a + b , b + c, and a + c

are also linearly independent. Is the same true for a – b, b + c, and a + c?
39) If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are three independent vectors in 𝑅3 , examine the independent of the set of
vectors
(i) (𝛼 + 𝛽 ), (𝛽 + 𝛾)𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝛾 + 𝛼 ) [Independent]
(ii) (𝛼 + 𝛽 ), (𝛽 + 𝛾)𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝛾 − 𝛼 ) [Dependent]
40) Suppose, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 ∈ 𝑅3 are all different from 0 and 𝑢 ⊥ 𝑣, 𝑣 ⊥ 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 ⊥ 𝑤. prove that u,
v, w are linearly independent.
1 1 1
41) Let 𝐴 = [−1 −1 −1] find a 3-vector X such that AX = X and
1 1 1
𝟏
𝟏
the length of X is Unity. [ 𝑿 = ± (−𝟏) ]
√𝟑
𝟏
5 2 7
42) Express the vector 𝑋 = [ ] as a liner combination of the vectors 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐵 = [ ].
8 5 10
Is it a convex combination also? [𝟎. 𝟒, 𝟎. 𝟔]
10 4
43) Given 𝑢 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = [ ], which of the following are convex combination of u and v?
6 8
7 10 6.2
( 𝑎 ) [ ] , (𝑏 ) [ ] , (𝑐 ) [ ] [(a) and (b) are convex combination and (c) does not ]
7 6 8.2
44) What does it mean to say that a vector x is a linear combination of the vectors a, b and
c? Given a = (1, 1, 1), b = (2, 1, 0) and c = (0, 0, 2), express x = (1, 2, 3) as a linear
combination of a, b and c. [c1+ 2c2=1, c1+ c2=2 , c1+ 2c3=3]
45) Identify a set of linearly independent vectors from the following. Is this set unique?
(1, 1, 1), (2, 3, 3), (6, 5, 8) and (3, 4, 4)
46) Prove that vectors (1, 1, 1), (2, 1, 0), (3, 1, 4) and (1, 2, -2) are linearly dependent.
Page 7
47) Write the vector w=(1,1,1) as a linear combination of vectors in the set S = {(1,2,3),
(0,1,2), (-1,0,1)}.
48) Let a, b, c be 3 linearly independent vectors in 𝑅3 and let:

𝛼 = 𝑎 − 2𝑏
𝛽 =𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝛾 =𝑏−𝑐
Are 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 also linearly independent vectors?[Yes]
49) For what value of x is the following set of vectors linearly dependent? Write down the
pattern of dependence. Can one vector be regarded as a convex combination of the
other two? [x = -2]
2 2 2
𝜐1 = [3] , 𝜐2 = [𝑥 ] , 𝜐3 = [0]
6 1 3
50) For what value of x is the following set of vector linearly dependent?
3 2 4
𝑝 = [2 ] , 𝑞 = [𝑥 ] , 𝑟 = [ 2 ]
7 4 10
Find the pattern of dependence. Is it possible to express one vector as a convex
combination of the other two? [x = 2]
51) Are the following vectors independent?

1 0 4
𝑢 = [2 ] , 𝑣 = [1 ] , 𝑤 = [5 ]
3 4 0
If not, find the pattern of dependent between them.
52) Check whether the following set of vectors is linearly independent. If not determine
the pattern of dependence amongst them.
4 8 4
𝑣1 = [3] , 𝑣2 = [5] , 𝑣3 = [2]
2 3 1
[Not independent]
53) For each of the following pairs of vectors determine whether they span the relevant
vector space.
Page 8
(a) u = (4, 1), v = (2, -8) [yes]

(b) u = (1, 1, 0), v = (1, 2, 1), w = (2, 3, 1) [no]
54) An oil company can convert one barrel of crude oil into three different kinds of fuel.
Without any lead additives, its outputs of the three kinds of fuel from one barrel of
cured are given by the vector (2, 2, 4). With the legally permitted maximum amount of
lead additives, its outputs from on barrel of cured are (5, 0, 3). Assume that the effects
of leads additives are proportional, so that using a fraction 𝜃 of the maximum
permitted amount (with 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 1) yields output vector (1 – 𝜃) (2, 2, 4) +𝜃 (5, 0, 3).
(a) Is it possible for the company to produce the following output vectors?
1 1 1 1
(i) (3 , 1,3 ) (ii) (4 , 3 ) (iii) (1, 6, 9)
2 2 3 3
[i) possible, ii) impossible, iii) impossible ]
(b) If it is possible, what proportion of legally permitted amounts of lead should be
used in each case? Do any of your answers change if output can be thrown away?
𝟏 𝟐
[𝒊) 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝜽 = ; 𝒊𝒊) 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝜽 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 = ; 𝒏𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 ]
𝟐 𝟑
55) A firm has two plants that produce output of three goods. Its total labor force is fixed.
When a fractionλ of its labor force is allocated to its first plant and a fraction 1 − 𝜆 to
its second (with 0 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 1), the total output of the three goods are given by the vector
8 2
𝜆 (4) + (1 − 𝜆) ( 6 )
4 10
(a) Is it possible for the firm to produce either of the two output vectors
5 7
(i) (5) (ii) ( 5)
7 5
If output cannot be thrown away?
𝟏
[In i) 𝜽 = 𝟐 ; 𝒊𝒊) 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝜽 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒘𝒐 ]
(b) How do your answers to part (a) change if outputs can be thrown away?
[i) It can be produced even if output is not thrown away; ii) it is only possible
when output is thrown away ]
(c) How will the revenue-maximizing choice of the fraction 𝜆 depend upon the selling
prices (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 ) of the three goods? What condition must be satisfied by these
prices if both plants are to remain in use?
Page 9
Exam Style Question
1. Let 𝑤1 and 𝑤2 be two vectors in 𝑅𝑛 . Moreover they are of unit length i.e ||𝑤1 ||
=||𝑤2 ||=1 and their dot prodcuct is given by 𝑤1 . 𝑤2 =𝑤1 ′. 𝑤2 =-1/2 where 𝑤1 ′ is the
transpose of 𝑤1 . Find the length of (𝑤1 -𝑤2 ) i.e ||𝑤1 − 𝑤2 || [Eco(h) 2021]
2. Let u , v ,w be three vectors in 𝑅𝑛 . Suppose that vectors u , v are othogonal and the norm
of v is 4 and v’w=7. Find the value of the real number x in u= v+xw. [Eco(h) 2021]
3. For n dimensional vectors 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑣4 . Prove/Disprove the following.

(i) If 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 and 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 are linearly independent then 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 are also linearly
independent .
(ii) If 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 are linearly dependent but 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 are linearly independent then
𝑣3 is a linear combination of 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 .
(iii) If 𝑣4 is a linear combination of 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 and 𝑣3 is a linear combination of 𝑣1 and
𝑣2 , then 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣4 are linearly dependent. [Eco(h) 2020]
4. Given that {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤} is a linearly independent set of vectors in some vector space V,
prove that:
(i) the set {𝑣, 𝑤} is linearly independent.
(ii) the set {𝑎𝑢, 𝑏𝑣, 𝑐𝑤} is linearly independent where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are scalars.
(iii) the set {𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑢 − 𝑣} is linearly independent. [Eco(h) 2019]
1 𝑘 1
5. Find the set of vectors that are orthogonal to the three vectors [0], [ 1 ], [ 2𝑘 ], for
0 −𝑘 3𝑘 + 1
all values of k. [Eco(h) 2019]
3 3 5
6. Consider the three vectors[2], [1], [0] Do they span 𝑅3 ? . [Eco(h) 2021]
0 3 2
Page 10
chapter - 2
matrix algebra
1 −1
1) Let 𝐴 = ( ). Compute 𝐴2 and 𝐴3 .Guess the general from of 𝐴𝑛 , and prove your
0 1
guess by induction on n.
1 0 𝑛 1 0 𝑛
𝑛
2) Given 𝐴 = [0 1 0]. Prove by mathematical induction that 𝐴 = [0 1 0]
0 0 1 0 0 1
3) Suppose P and Q are 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices such that PQ = Q2P. prove that (𝑃𝑄)2 = 𝑄6 𝑃2 .
4) (a) Show that (𝐴𝐵)𝑘 = 𝐴𝑘 𝐵𝑘 if AB = BA.
1 1
(b) Find a Matrix B that commutes with 𝐴 = [ ] [𝒂 𝒅 − 𝒂]
0 2 𝟎 𝒅
2 1 0
5) (i) If 𝐴 = [3 −1 4], show that (A + A’) is symmetric and (A – A’) is skew symmetric.
4 2 1
(ii) If A and B are two symmetric matrices, show that AB + BA is symmetric and
AB – BA skew symmetric.
6) (i) If A is a 3 × 3 symmetric matrix, show that A2 is also symmetric.

(ii) By taking a 3 × 3 skew-symmetric matrix B, show that B2 is a symmetric matrix.
7) Show that matrix A is symmetric, given A = I – X(X’X)-1 X’, where I is an 𝑛 × 𝑛 identity

matrix.
8) For any square matrix P’ prove that ½ (P+P’) is symmetric and ½ (P-P’) is skew
symmetric, where P’ is the transpose of P. Hence, verify that P can be written as a sum
of symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix. (Note: A Square Matrix P is called
skew-symmetric if P’ = -P)
9) Show that an upper triangular symmetric matrix is diagonal and an upper triangular
skew matrix is a null matrix.
10) If X is an arbitrary 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix, show that XX’ and X’X are both symmetric.
11) Express the following matrix as a sum of symmetric and a skew asymmetric matrix
Page 11
2 −4 7
A = [3 1 9 ]
8 6 9
𝑎 𝑎2 − 1 −3
12) For what values of a is(𝑎 + 1 2 𝑎2 + 4) symmetric? [a = 2]
−3 4𝑎 −1
−1 3 5
13) (i) Show that 𝐴 = [ 1 −3 −5] is idempotent.
−1 3 5
(ii) Show that if A is idempotent than I-A also idempotent.
(iii) Show that a diagonal matrix can be idempotent if each diagonal is 0 or 1.
2 𝑥
14) (a) If 𝐴 = [ ], find x and y if A is idempotent matrix. [x = -2/3; y = -1 ]
3 𝑦
(b) Every non-singular idempotent matrix is an identity matrix.
15) If A and B are idempotent matrices then AB is idempotent if A and B commute.
16) If A is an idempotent matrix and 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐼 then B is idempotent matrix.
17) If A and B are idempotent matrices, then A + B will be idempotent if and only if 𝐴𝐵 =
𝐵𝐴 = 0
18) Show that the matrix A defined as 𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 − 𝑋(𝑋′𝑋)−1 𝑋 ′ where X is a square matrix of
order n is a symmetric and idempotent matrix.
19) Let D be a 3× 3 matrix in which x,y and z are all distinct and non-zero
𝑥 0 0
D=(0 𝑦 0)
0 0 𝑧
Show that if any matrix A commutes with D, then A must also be a diagonal matrix.
2 −2 −4
20) (a) Show that the following matrix is idempotent: (−1 3 4)
1 −2 −3
(b) Show that AB = A and BA = B, then A and B are both idempotent.
(c) Show that if A is idempotent, then 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴 for all positive integers n.
21) (a) Suppose that X is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and that |𝑋′𝑋| ≠ 0. Show that the matrix 𝐴 =
𝐼𝑚 − 𝑋 (𝑋′𝑋)−1 𝑋′ is idempotent that is, 𝐴2 = 𝐴.
Page 12
1 1
(b) Check the result in part (a) for the particular matrix 𝑋 = (1 2)
1 1
22) A square matrix is said to be triangular if all the elements below its principal diagonal
are zero. Show that if A is a triangular 3 × 3 matrix with no zero elements on the
principal diagonal, then it is invertible and the inverse is also triangular.
2 4
23) I is the identity 2 × 2 matrix and 𝐴 = ( ), For what value of 𝜆 is the matrix
1 −1
(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 ) not invertible? [𝝀 = −𝟐, 𝟑]
Verify that if 𝜆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜆2 are the values, then the following matrix equation holds:
(𝐴 − 𝜆1 𝐼 )(𝐴 − 𝜆2 𝐼 ) = 0.
𝑎 𝑏 𝟏 𝒅 −𝒃]]
24) Find the inverse of 𝐴 = ( ) (when it exists). [𝒂𝒅−𝒃𝒄 [
𝑐 𝑑 −𝒄 𝒂
25) Find the inverse of the 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix a if 𝐴 − 𝐴2 = 𝐼. [I-A ]
26) Suppose that A, P, and D are square matrices such that 𝐴 = 𝑃𝐷𝑃−1 .
(a) Show that 𝐴2 = 𝑃𝐷2 𝑝−1 .
(b) Show by induction that 𝐴𝑚 = 𝑃𝐷𝑚 𝑃 −1 for any positive integer m.
1 −1 −√3 𝟏 −𝟏 √𝟑
27) Let 𝐴 = ( ), show that 𝐴3 = 2√2𝐼. Use this to find 𝐴−1 [ [ ]
√2 √3 −1 𝟐√𝟐 −√𝟑 −𝟏
28) (a) If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 and 𝐴3 are. matrices for which the given products are defined, show that
(𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 )′ = 𝐴3 ′𝐴2 ′𝐴1 ′.
(b) Show by induction that (𝐴1 𝐴2 … . . 𝐴𝑛 )′ = 𝐴𝑛 … . . ′𝐴2 ′𝐴1 ′
29) An n X n matrix P is said to be orthogonal if 𝑃′ 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑛 .

𝜆 0 𝜆
1
(a) For 𝜆 = 2 show that 𝑃 = (𝜆 0 −𝜆) is orthogonal
√
0 1 0
𝑝 −𝑞
(b) Show that the 2 × 2 matrix (𝑞 𝑝 ) is orthogonal if 𝑃2 + 𝑞 2 = 1.
(c) Show that the product of two orthogonal matrices is orthogonal.
(d) Show that any two different columns of an orthogonal matrix are orthogonal
vectors, as are any two different rows.
Page 13
30) A square matrix A of order n is called involutive if 𝐴2 = 𝐼𝑛 .

(a) Show that the determinant of ah involutive matrix is 1 of -1.
−1 0 2
(b) Show that ( ) and (𝑎 1 − 𝑎 ) are involutive (for all a).
0 −1 1 −𝑎
(c) Show that A is involutive ⇔ (𝐼𝑛 − 𝐴)(𝐼𝑛 + 𝐴) = 0.
31) Show that an orthogonal matrix must have determinant 1 or -1
32) a) A matrix P is orthogonal is P’P = 1. Prove that if p is an n× 𝑛 matrix whose columns

are all length 1 and mutually orthogonal then P is orthogonal.
b) Find out if A is an orthogonal matrix:
1 1 −1
A = (1 3 4)
7 −5 2
33) If 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) is an 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix, the trace tr(A) of A is defined by 𝑡𝑟(𝐴) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖𝑖 . Thus,
tr(A) is the sum of the diagonal elements of A. show that if A and B are 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices,
then:
(a) 𝑡𝑟(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑡𝑟(𝐴) + 𝑡𝑟(𝐵)
(b) 𝑡𝑟(𝑐𝐴) = 𝑐 𝑡𝑟(𝐴) (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟)
(c) 𝑡𝑟(𝐴𝐵) = 𝑡𝑟(𝐵𝐴)
(d) 𝑡𝑟(𝐴′ ) = 𝑡𝑟(𝐴)
34) Let A be a 2 × 2matrix for which 𝐴2 = 0. Show that tr(A) = 0.
35) A is a square matrix of order n with all elements equal to unity and B is a square matrix
of order n with diagonal elements equal to n and other elements equal to n – r. Show
that A2 = nA. Also deduct that:
(𝐵 − 𝑟𝐼 )[𝐵 − (𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑟 + 𝑟)𝐼 ] = 0.
36) Evaluate the determinant of the following

3 0 1 2
1 0 −1 8
a) [ ] [det. = 0]
2 0 5 6
−1 0 −11 2
Page 14
1 2 3 4
0 −1 2 4
b) [ ] [det. = 0]
0 0 3 −1
−3 −6 −9 −12
𝑎 1 1 2𝑎
1 −𝑎 3 0
c) [ ] [6𝒂𝟒 + 𝟐𝟗𝒂𝟐 − 𝟔𝒂 − 𝟏]
𝑎 2 𝑎 1
3𝑎 1 0 0
37) Find the rank of the matrix
1 2 3 0 6 6 6
(a) [4 5 6] (b) [ 8 −7 1 0]
7 8 9 −2 3 1 2
1 3 4 3 3 2 1
(c) [3 9 12 3] (d) [5 4 2]
1 3 4 1 6 5 3
3 −1 1
(e) [−6 2 −4]
−3 1 −2
1 2 −1 4
(f) [ 2 4 3 5]
−1 −2 6 −7 [i) rank = 2; ii) 3; iii) 2; iv) 3; v) 2; vi) 2]
38) Determine the number of linearly independent vectors in the following matrices:
0 6 6 6 3 12 6 3 5
[
(a) 8 −7 1 0] [
(b) 𝐵 = 6 45] (c) 𝐶 = [−10 2 8]
−2 3 1 2 2 21 5 2 3
[(a) = 3; (b) = 3; (c) = 2]
39) (a) Determine the rank of the following matrix for all value of the parameters:
5−𝑘 2 1 𝑥 0 𝑥2 − 2
(i) 𝐴=[ 2 1−𝑘 0 ] (ii) [0 1 0 ]
1 0 1−𝑘 −1 𝑥 𝑥−1
Page 15
1 𝑥 𝑦 0
𝑡+3 5 6
(iii) ( −1 𝑡−3 −6 ) (iv) [0 𝑥 𝑧 𝑤 1]
𝑦 0
1
1 1 𝑡+4 0 𝑧 𝑤 1
[i) Rank = 2 for k = 0, 1 or 6 otherwise;
ii) r(A) = 2 if x = -1 (or) 2; r(A) = 3 otherwise;
iii) r(A) = 2 if t = -4, -2, 2; r(A) = 3 otherwise;
iv) r(A) = 2 for all values of x, y, z.]
40) Let A be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix such that m < 𝑛. What is the rank of A if

(i) rows of A are linearly independent, [r(A) = m]
(ii) rows of A are linearly dependent, [r(A) < 𝑚]
(iii) columns of A are linearly dependent? [r(A)≤ 𝒎]
41) Define a non-singular matrix and the rank of a matrix. Given the following matrix A,
find the value (s) of x so that
(a) All the columns of A are independent. [x ≠ −𝟔/𝟏𝟏]
(b) Two columns of A are independent. [x = -6/11]
1 2 5
𝐴 = [0 𝑥 −1]
3 0 4
42) Find the value of x such that the rank of the following matrix is less than 3:
3 5 0
𝐴 = 3 𝑥 2]
[ [x = 1]
9 −1 8
43) Find inverse of the following matrices by elementary row operations:

2 −1 1 2 2 0
(i) [−1 2 −1] (ii) [2 1 1]
−1 −1 2 −7 2 −3
1 2 1
2 −3 5
(iv) [ 3 2 3]
(iii) [5 2 −7]
1 1 2
−4 3 1
Page 16
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
−𝟔 −𝟔 −𝟏
𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟗 𝟑 −𝟏
𝒊) ; 𝒊𝒊) ; 𝒊𝒊𝒊) ; 𝒊𝒗) 𝟎
𝟐 𝟔 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟗 −𝟏 −𝟏
[𝟗𝟐 𝟏]
[𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ] [ 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 ] 𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟐] [𝟒 𝟒
44) The adjoint of a 2× 2 matrix A is C. prove that

a) CA = [det(A)]
b) Adjoint of 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑇
45) Solve the following equations by gauss- Jordan method (row reduction method) and
also find the degree of freedom and no. of superfluous equations if they exist:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
(i) 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3 (ii) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 4
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 4 𝑦−𝑧 =1
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
(iii) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −2 (iv) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 7 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
(v) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
46) Prove that the system

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑘
𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 = 1
Has a unique solution, except for one particular value c* of c. Find this solution. Prove also
that for c = c* the system has no solution except for a special value k* of k. Find the solution
for k = k*
47) Find the values of the parameters 𝛼 & 𝛽 so that the following system of equations has
(i) a unique solution, [𝒊) 𝜶 ≠ −𝟐/𝟑]
𝟐 𝟓
(ii) many solutions, [𝒊𝒊) 𝜶 = − , 𝜷 = ]
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟓
(iii) no solution [𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝜶 = − , 𝜷 ≠ ]
𝟑 𝟑
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
𝑥 − 𝛼𝑦 = 𝛽
Page 17
48) Examine for which values of p the following system of equation has solutions.
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =0
2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 [p ≠ 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑 = 𝟏 𝒏𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ]
49) State a necessary and sufficient condition for a system of m equations in n variables to
have a solution. Use the condition to establish for what values of a, if any, the following
system has a solution?
6𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
−6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝑎 [a = -8]
50) Show that the equation system

4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝛼𝑧 = 𝑎
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝛽𝑧 = 𝑏
Is consistent for all values of 𝛼, 𝛽, a and b.
51) Consider the system of equations:

Kx+y+z = 1
x+ky+z = 1
x+y+kz = 1
Find all values of k for which the system of equation has:
a) Unique solution [K≠ 𝟏, −𝟐]

b) More than one solution [K= 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐]
c) No solution [k =-2]
52) Investigate for which values of 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 the system of simultaneous equations.
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇
Has
(i) No solution [𝝀 = 𝟑, 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟎]
(ii) Unique solution [ 𝝀 ≠ 𝟑]
(iii) An infinite number of solution [𝝀 = 𝟑, 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟎]
53) Discuses the solutions of

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
Page 18
−𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 21𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑏
For different values of a and b.
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 ≠ 𝟕, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏;

𝟗 𝟏𝟎
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 = , 𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 = , 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏;
𝟐 𝟑
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒏𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
[ ]
54) Determine the value (s) of 𝜆 so that the following system of equations is (i) consistent
(ii) inconsistent.
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 3
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −2
6𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 𝜆𝑧 = −3
55) For what value (s) of k is the following system of equations:

(i) Consistent (ii) Inconsistent
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 𝑘 [𝒊) 𝒌 = 𝟎; 𝒊𝒊) 𝒌 ≠ 𝟎]
56) Find the values (s) of 𝜆 for which the following system of equations:
𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 = 1
𝑋1 + 2𝑋2 + 4𝑋3 = 𝜆
𝑋1 + 4𝑋2 + 10𝑋3 = 𝜆2
is consistent. Find the solution in each case. [𝝀 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ]
57) Establish the conditions under which the following equations are homogeneous
𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥3 = 𝑞 − 𝑟
𝑏𝑥1 + 𝑐𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑥3 = 𝑟 − 𝑞
𝑐𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥3 = 𝑝 − 𝑞 [p=q=r]
58) Use Cramer’s rule to solve the following systems of equations. Check your answer.
(a) 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 2 (b) 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 2𝑋3 = 0
−𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = −6 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
Page 19
Rahul Sir
(c) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 14
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
𝒊) 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑
[ 𝒊𝒊) 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 ]
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟑
59) When does the equation system
(𝑎 + 1) 𝑥 + (𝑎 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑏
4𝑥 + (𝑎 + 4)𝑦 + (𝑎 − 1)𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + (𝑎 − 1)𝑧 = −3
Have a unique solution (you need not find the solution)? What condition must b satisfy for
the system not to have a solution when a = 2? [ yes, for no solution b ≠ 𝟏𝟐]
60) Examine for which values of 𝜆 the following system of equations has non-trivial
solutions:
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝜆𝑥
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝜆𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑧 = 𝜆𝑧 [𝝀 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟔]
61) Prove that the homogeneous system of equations.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 0
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 = 0
Has a nontrivial solution if and only if 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0
62) Consider the system:

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2𝑞
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4𝑞
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑞
a) For what value of p and q does this system have a unique solution, several
solutions, or no solutions?
𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑 ≠ 𝟑
[𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑 = 𝟑, 𝒒 = 𝟎]
𝒏𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑 = 𝟑, 𝒒 ≠ 𝟎
b) Determine for each value of p the set of all vectors z that are orthogonal to the
three vectors
Page 20
Rahul Sir
1 2 3
−2
(1), (−3), ( )
1 2 𝑝
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑 ≠ 𝟑, 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒛 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝟑 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔;

[
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑 = 𝟑, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒛 = (−𝒂, 𝟎, 𝒂)𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝟑 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔, 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂.
63) What condition must 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 satisfy for the following equation system to have a
unique solution and find the solution?
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑏1
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝑏2
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑏3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟕 𝟐
[𝒙 = 𝒃𝟏 − 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒃𝟑 , 𝒚 = − 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟑 , 𝒛 = 𝒃𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒃𝟑 ]
𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟐
64) Find the value of k such that the following system of equation poses a non-trivial
solution.
𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0 [ 𝒌 = 𝟒]
65) Show that the following system of equations has no solution:

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4
1+𝑎 1 1
66) Show that | 1 1+𝑏 1 | = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐
1 1 1+𝑐
67) Let the matrix 𝐴𝑡 be defined for all real numbers t by.
1 3 2
𝐴𝑡 = ( 2 5 𝑡 )
4 7 − 𝑡 −6
(a) For what values of t does 𝐴𝑡 have an inverse?

[𝑨𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟐, −𝟑]
(b) Find the rank of 𝐴𝑡 for each value of t. 𝒓(𝑨𝒕 ) = 𝟑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕 ≠ 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 − 𝟑]
[
(c) When 𝑡 = −3, find all the vectors x that satisfy the vector equation:
Page 21
Rahul Sir
11
𝐴−3 𝑥 = ( 3 ) [𝒙𝟏 = −𝟒𝟔 + 𝟏𝟗𝒕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟕𝒕, 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒕]
6
(d) When t = 2, determine a vector 𝑧 ≠ 0 that is orthogonal to each vector of the from
𝐴2 𝑥, where x is an arbitrary vector in 𝑅3 . [𝒛 = (𝟏𝟎𝒂, −𝟕𝒂, 𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎]
68) Let Ax = b be a linear system of equations in matrix from. Prove that if x 1 and x2 are
both solutions of the system, then so is (1 − 𝜆)𝑥1 + 𝜆𝑥2for all real Numbers 𝜆. Use this
fact to prove that a linear system of equations that is consistent has either one solution
or infinitely many solutions.
Leontief Input-Output Model
Open Model
69) Suppose the inter-industry flow of the products of two industries are given as under:
Production Consumption Domestic Total Output
Sector Sector Demand
X Y
X 30 40 50 120
Y 20 10 30 60
(1) Determine the technology matrix and test Simon Hawkins conditions for the
viability of the system.
(2) If the domestic demand changes to 80 and 40 units respectively, what should be the
gross output of each sector in order to meet the new demands?
𝟏⁄ 𝟒 𝟐⁄ 𝟑
[Ans.: (i) [ ], System is Viable, (ii) 181.62 & 84.32]
𝟏⁄ 𝟔 𝟏⁄ 𝟔
70) A hypothetical economy produces only two commodities, X and Y. The two
commodities serve as intermediate inputs in each other’s production. To produce a
unit of X, 0.6 units of X and 0.1 units of Y are needed. Similarly, to produce a unit of Y,
0.7 units of X and 0.4 units of Y are needed. Two and five labour-days are required to
produce a unit of X and a unit of Y respectively.
Page 22
Rahul Sir
The wage rate is Rs. 70 per man-day. The economy needs 100 units of X and 50 units for
final consumption.
You are required to;
(i) Examine the viability of input-output system using Hawkins-Simon conditions.
(ii) Calculate the gross output of each of the two commodities in tons,
[Ans.: (i) Valid, (ii) 558.82 tons and 176.47 tons, )
71)A hypothetical economy produces only two commodities X and Y. The two commodities
serve as intermediate inputs in each other’s production. To produce a unit of X, 0.2 units
of X and 0.6 units of Y are needed. To produce a unit of Y, 0.4 units of X and 0.3 units of Y
are needed. Three and five labour-hours are required to produce a unit of X and a unit
of Y respectively. The wage rate is Rs. 20 per labor-hour. If the final demand of X
increases by 150 units and that of Y decreases by 120 units, find:
Change in the gross outputs of each of the two commodities,
[Ans.: Changes = 178.125 & -18.75 units,]
72)(Very Important) Two industries A and B input-output relationship state that industry
A requires 20 paisa worth of its own output and 40 paisa worth of the output of B for
producing the output of Rs. 1. Industry B requires 30 paisa worth of its output and 50
paisa worth of the output of A for producing the output of Rs. 1. Determine the gross
output if the economy’s demand is Rs 100 crores and Rs. 200 crores respectively. Also
find the corresponding total value addition.
[Ans.: Rs. X1 = 472.22 crores & X2 = 555.55 crores; Rs. 300 crores]
73) Consider an economy divided into an agriculture sector (A) & an industrial sector (I).
to produce one unit in sector A requires 1/6 unit from A and ¼ unit from I. to produce
one unit in sector I requires ¼ unit from A and ¼ unit from I. suppose that final
demands in each of the two sectors are 60 units.
𝟓 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎
𝟔
a) Write down the Leontief system for the economy. [ 𝟏 𝟑
]
− 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎
b) Find the numbers of units that has to be produced in each sector in order to meet
the final demands. [x = 320/3; y = 1040/9 ]
74) Consider an input-output model with three sectors. Sector 1 is heavy industry, Sector 2
is light industry and Sector 3 is agriculture. Suppose that the input requirements are
given by the following table:
Heavy industry Light industry Agriculture
Page 23
Rahul Sir
Units of heavy 0.1 0.2 0.1

industry
Units of light 0.3 0.2 0.2
industry
Units of agriculture 0.2 0.2 0.1
Suppose the final demands for the three goods are 85, 95 and 20 units respectively.
If x, y and z denote the number of units that have to be produced in the three
sectors, write down the Leontief model for the problem. Verify that x = 150, y = 200
and z = 100 is a solution.
𝟎. 𝟗𝒙𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝒙𝟑 = 𝟖𝟓
−𝟎. 𝟑𝒙𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟗𝟓
[ ]
−𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎
𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔𝒏′ 𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Eigen Value and Eigen Vectors, Diagonalisation, Spectral Theorem
1. Find the charterstics polynomial of each of the following matrices:

4 1
a) ( ) [𝛌𝟐 − 𝟗𝛌 + 𝟐𝟑]
−3 5
1 4 7
b) (0 −1 8) [−𝛌𝟑 +𝟒𝛌𝟐 + 𝛌 − 𝟒]
0 0 4
3 1 −1
c) ( 2 3 0) [−𝛌𝟑 +𝟏𝟏𝛌𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝛌 + 𝟑𝟔]
−1 −2 5
2. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following:

2 −7 𝟕 𝟏
a) ( ) [ Eigen Values: -1 ,-5. Eigen vectors: r( ) ,s( ) ]
3 −8 𝟑 𝟏
2 4
b) ( ) [ No real eigenvalues ]
−2 6
2 −7 𝟏 −𝟐
c) ( ) [ Eigen Values: 5 ,-5. Eigen vectors: r( ) ,s( ) ]
3 −8 𝟏 𝟑
Page 24
Rahul Sir
2 0 0 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
d) (0 3 0) [ Eigen Values:2,3,4. Eigen vectors: r(𝟎) , s(𝟏) , 𝐭 (𝟏) ]
0 0 4 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
2 1 −1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
e) (0 1 1 ) [ Eigen Values:-1,0,2. Eigen vectors: r(−𝟏) , s(−𝟏) , 𝐭 (𝟏) ]
2 0 −2 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
1 −1 0 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
f) (−1 2 −1) [ Eigen Values0,1,3. Eigen vectors: r(𝟏) , s( 𝟎 ) , 𝐭 (−𝟐) ]
0 −1 1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
3. Prove that 𝜆 is an eigenvalue of the matrix A iff 𝜆 is an eigenvalue of A’.

4. Suppose A is a square matrix and let 𝜆 be an eigenvalue of A. Prove that if |A| ≠ 0, and
then show that 1/𝜆 is an eigenvalue of the inverse 𝐴−1 .
5. Let matrices A and X be defined by
𝑎 𝑎 0 𝑥
𝐴 = (𝑎 𝑎 0) and 𝑋 = (𝑦 ) (a and b are real number)
0 0 𝑏 𝑧
a) Compute 𝑋 ′ 𝐴𝑋, 𝐴2 , and 𝐴3

b) Find all the eigenvalues of A [ Eigen Values : 0, 2a ,b ]
c) Express the characteristic polynomial 𝑝(𝜆) as a cubic function of 𝜆. Show that if we
replace 𝜆 by A, then 𝑝(𝐴) is the zero matrix. [ - 𝜆 (b- 𝜆) (2a- 𝜆) ]
6. Prove that if A and B are both invertible 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices, then AB and BA have the same
eigenvalues.
7. Let 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) be a matrix where all column sums are 1, that is, ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 1 for 𝑗 =
𝑛×𝑛
1,2 … , 𝑛. Prove that 𝜆 = 1 is an eigenvalue of A. (hint: Consider first the case n = 2)
8. Use Diaognalize method to determine whether each of the following matrices is

diognalozable. if so ,specify the matrices D and and P and verify 𝑃−1 AP=D
1 3
a) ( ) [ Not Diaognalize]
0 1
8 −21 𝟑 𝟕 𝟏 𝟎
b) ( ) [ Diaognalize ,P= ( ) , D= ( )]
3 −8 𝟏 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏
Page 25
Rahul Sir
4 0 −2 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
c) (6 2 −6) [ Diaognalize ,P= (𝟑 𝟏 𝟎) , D= (𝟎 𝟐 𝟎) ]
4 0 −2 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟐
1 0 1 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟕 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
d) (0 2 −3) [ Diaognalize ,P= (𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟖 ) , D= (𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 )]
0 0 −5 𝟎 𝟎 𝟒𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟓
9. If D=diag(1/2. 1/3, 1/4), compute 𝐷2 and 𝐷𝑛 , for any natural number 𝑛 ≥ 3. What is the
limit of 𝐷𝑛 as 𝑛 → ∞? [ 𝑫𝟐 = diag (1/4 ,1/9 ,1/16) , 𝑫𝒏 = diag ((𝟏/𝟐)𝒏 , (𝟏/𝟑)𝒏 , (𝟏/𝟒)𝒏) ,
𝑫𝒏 → 0]
10. By finding U explicitly, verify Spectral Theorem for the following matrices:
2 1
a) 𝐴 = ( )
1 2
1 1 0
(
b) 𝐴 = 1 1 0)
0 0 2
1 3 4
c) 𝐴 = (3 1 0)
4 0 1
Exam Style Question
1. Consider the following system of equations:
2yz+zx-5xy =2
yz-zx+2xy=1
yz-2zx+6xy=3
Show that xyz=±6 .And find all the possible values of x ,y and z. [Eco(h) 2022]
2. Determine the rank of the following matrix K , for all values of p:
8−𝑝 −2 −4
K= ( 2 2−𝑝 0 ) . [Eco(h) 2022]
1 0 2−𝑝
Page 26
Rahul Sir
3. Consider the following system of linear equations;
2x –y +3z =2
x+ y +2z = 2
5x-y +pz= q
(i) For what real values of p and q ,the following system of linear equations have
infinitely many solutions ?
(ii) For what value of p=3 and q=5 , find all possible solutions to the system.
[Eco(h) 2022]
4. Consider the following system of equations
αx + y = β
x + αy = β
(i) For what values of α and β , does the system of equations, not have a
solution.
(ii) For what values of α and β, does the system of equations, have a unique
solution. Also, find the solution in this case.
(iii) For what values of α and β, does the system of equations, have infinite
solution
[Eco(h) 2021]
5. Examine whether the following system of equations have solutions. If they do,
determine the number of degrees of freedom.
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 5
Page 27
Rahul Sir
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 2
4𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 = 7 [Eco(h) 2021]
6. The Leontief System for a two-sector economy is given as follows
0.8𝑥1=𝑏1
-.5 𝑥1 +.65𝑥2 = 𝑏2
(i) Find 𝑎11 & 𝑎22 and interpret them.
(ii) Assuming technology does not change find the change in the output of the two
sectors if final demand of sector 1, 𝑏1 increases by a unit. What happens to the
output of the two sectors if final demand of both sectors increases by a unit each?
[Eco(h) 2021]
7. For what values of p, the given system of equations below has a unique solution
(p+1)x +(p+1)y =q
4x+ (p+4)y +(p-1)z =1
3x +5y + (p-1)z = -3
What condition must q satisfy for the system to have solution when p=1. Find that
solution.[Eco(h) 2021]
8. Let n be odd positive integers. Determine whether there exist an nxn real matrix
such that 𝑨𝟐 +I=0
Where A is an nxn matrix , I is identity Matrix ans 0 is the null marix. [Eco(h) 2021]
9. Let A and B nxn matrices with real entreis. Given that A+B is Invertible, show that
A(𝐴 + 𝐵)−1 B =B(𝐴 + 𝐵)−1 A [Eco(h) 2021]
Page 28
Rahul Sir
10. Consider the system of equations
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧=3𝛽
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5𝛽
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝛼𝑧 = 5𝛽
For what values of 𝛼 and 𝛽 does this system of equations have (i) a unique solution,
(ii) no solution and (iii) infinite solutions. [Eco(h) 2021]
5−α 2 1
11. Find the rank of the following matrix A =( 2 1−α 0 ) for all values of α
1 0 1−α
[Eco(h) 2020]
12. Consider the given system of equations:
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑘
(i) State a necessary and sufficient condition for a system of m equations in n
variables to have a solution.
(ii) If 𝑘 = 0, what can you say about the solution of the given system of
equations? For what value of 𝑘 does the system have a unique solution?
(iii) What are superfluous equations? Are there any superfluous equations in
this case? Also comment on the degrees of freedom. [Eco(h) 2020]
13. (i) Solve the system of equations :
x – y +z =0
Page 29
Rahul Sir
x +2y –z =0
2x+y +3z=0
(ii) What are the degree of freedom ? Determine the number of degree of freedomof the
above systme of equation. . [Eco(h) 2019]
Page 30
Rahul Sir
chapter - 3
functions of several variables

1. Determine the domains of the functions given by the following formulas and draw
the sets in the xy – plane.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 − 1 + √𝑦) [𝒙 ≥ 𝟏, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎]
2
(b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = + √9 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) [It is the set of points that lie outside the
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2 −4
circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 ]
𝟐
1
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = + √3𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 9) (Eco(H) 2008)
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2−4
(d) √2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) [ 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ≤ 𝟐]
(e) √(4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1) [ 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ≤ 𝟒]
𝑥
(f) f(x,y)=√𝑦 (Eco(H) 2015) [1st quadrant if x,y ≥ 𝟎; 𝟑𝒓𝒅 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 ≤
𝟎]
√𝑥+𝑦+1
(g) f(x,y)= (Eco(H) 2016) [x + y ≥ −𝟏, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏]
𝑥−1
(h) f(x,y)= ln(1-𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) [𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 < 1]
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑦 2 − 𝑥) [𝒚𝟐 > 𝑥 ] (Eco(H) 2017)
(j) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑦 − 𝑥 ln(𝑦 + 𝑥) (Eco(H) 2018)
2. Where are the functions given by the following formulas continuous?

(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑧 [for all x, y, z]
𝑥𝑦−3
(b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2−4 [Continuous for all (x, y) except those that lie on the
circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 =4 ]
3. Consider the function of two variables defined by the equation 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
Page 31
Rahul Sir
What are the level curves? Draw both a set of level curves and the graph of the
function.
4. Sketch the level curves for the following functions at heights specified by k:
a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 at height k = 0, 2. (Eco(H) 2012, 2015)
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐; 𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎}
b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 , at the height k = 0. (Eco(H) 2017)
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒙 } 𝟐/𝟑
c) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥, at the height k = 0, 2. (Eco(H) 2017)

{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙; 𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝟐}
d) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦, at the height k = 0, 2. (Eco(H) 2016)
𝟐 𝟐
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒚; 𝒂𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝟐}
e) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 at height k = 10. (Eco(H) 2015)
{𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎}
f) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 − 2𝑥)2 , at the height k = 4. (Eco(H) 2016)
𝟐
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟒, 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝟒} 𝟐
g) Specify the domain and provide a rough sketch of it for the function
f(x, y) = ln(9-x2 – 9y2). Also, provide a rough sketch of the level curve at the
height 4.(Eco (H) 2019)
5. Draw the level curve for the function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 passing through the (3, 5).
𝟓 𝟑
Find the unit vector perpendicular to the level curve at this point. [ , ] (Eco(H)
√𝟑𝟒 √𝟑𝟒
2018)
6. Draw the graph of the following functions in three-dimensional space, and draw a set
of level curves for each of them:
(a) 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
(b) 𝑧 = √3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
(c) f(x, y) = (𝑥𝑦 + 1)2 , (𝑥, 𝑦 > 0), at height k=4.
(d) g(x, y)= 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2, at height k=0
7. Show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 6 is a level curve of f(x, y) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 +2 and that all

the level curves of f must be circles centered at the origin.
8. Show that 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = c, for all values of the constant c lies on a level curve for
2 2
f(x, y) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 .
Page 32
Rahul Sir
9. Sketch the graph of the following function in three dimensional space and draw a set
of level curves of height 𝑐 = (0, 2) :
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≥ 0
10. Compute the partial derivatives of the following:

(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
𝑥𝑦
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
(iii)𝑧 = 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3
(iv) 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥
(v) 𝑧 = log(𝑥 + 5)𝛼 (𝑦 + 2)𝛽
2 2
(vi) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑦
(vii) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
(viii) 𝑧 = √𝑥−𝑦
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝒊) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏; = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒇 𝒚𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝝏𝒇 𝒙𝟑 −𝒚𝟐 𝒙
𝒊𝒊) = 𝟐 ; = 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) 𝝏𝒚 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒊𝒊𝒊) = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ; = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟔𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒊𝒗) = 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒚 + 𝒚𝒆𝒙 ; = 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒛 𝜶 𝝏𝒛 𝜷
𝒗) = 𝒙+𝟓 ; = 𝒚+𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
𝒗𝒊) 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝒆 ; 𝒇𝒚 = −𝟐𝒚𝒆𝒙
𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒚 ; 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒚
𝝏𝒛 −𝒚 𝒙−𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝒙 𝒙−𝒚
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) = (𝒙−𝒚)𝟐 √𝒙+𝒚 ; = (𝒙−𝒚)𝟐 √𝒙+𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
[ ]
𝑤
11. (a) find all the first-order partial derivatives of 𝑓(𝑢, 𝜐, 𝜔) = 𝑢𝜐
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
(b) Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ). Show that 𝑦 𝛿𝑥 = −𝑥 𝛿𝑦
2
12. (a) If 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑦 , find the first and second-order partial derivatives at
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1,0). [𝒇′𝟏 = 𝟑; 𝒇′𝟐 = 𝟎; 𝒇′𝟏𝟏 = 𝟔; 𝒇′𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 = 𝒇′𝟐𝟏 ; 𝒇′𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐 ]
(b) Find all the first-and second-order partials of the function

𝜔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 3
Page 33
Rahul Sir
[𝒘′𝟏 = 𝟑𝒚𝒛 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒛𝟑 ; 𝒘′𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙𝒛 + 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒘′𝟑 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 ; 𝒘′𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝒚; 𝒘′𝟐𝟏 =
𝒘′𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟐𝒙 ; 𝒘′𝟏𝟑 = 𝒘′𝟑𝟏 = 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛𝟐 ; 𝒘′𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎; 𝒘′𝟐𝟑 = 𝒘′𝟑𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙; 𝒘′𝟑𝟑 = −𝟔𝒙𝒛]
13. Find all the 2nd order partial derivatives of:

𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 (Eco(H) 2014)
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
( ) = 𝒚𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙𝒚 [𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐]
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
( )=( ) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙𝒚 [𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚]
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
( 𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙𝒚 [𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐]
{ 𝝏𝒚 }
14. Verify Young’s Theorem for each of the function:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦
(c) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
15. Define the function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )when (x, y)≠ 0and f(0,0)=0.
Show that Young’s theorem does not apply at (0,0) by finding 𝑓1′ (0, 𝑦) and 𝑓2′ (𝑥, 0),
′′ ′′
then showing that 𝑓12 (0, 0) = 1 and that 𝑓21 (0, 0) = -1. Show that young’s theorem is
′′ ′′
not contradicted because both 𝑓12 & 𝑓21 are discontinuous at (0, 0).
16. Prove that if 𝑧 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)2 , then 𝑥𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑧.

1 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
17. Let 𝑧 = 2 𝐼𝑛 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ). Show that 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0.
18. Compute 𝜕 𝑝+𝑞 𝑧/𝜕𝑦 𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝑝 at (0,0) for the following:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝐼𝑛 (1 + 𝑦)
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 1)
𝝏𝒑+𝒒 𝒛
𝒂) 𝝏𝒚𝒒 𝝏𝒙𝒑 = (−𝟏)𝒒−𝟏 (𝒒 − 𝟏)! 𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒚)−𝒒
[ 𝝏𝒑+𝒒 𝒛
]
𝒃) 𝝏𝒚𝒒 𝝏𝒙𝒑 = [(𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒒 − 𝟏 ]
1 𝜕 𝑢 1 𝜕 𝑢
19. Prove that if 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 , then 𝑢 ( 𝑥𝑦 ) = 𝑢 ( 𝑥𝑦 )
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑢 𝑢 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑢 𝑢
𝑥 𝑦
Page 34
Rahul Sir
20. (a) If 𝑢 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧), show that

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
i. 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
ii. (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) ( + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 ) = 3
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
iii. If𝑧 = (𝑥 2 𝑦), show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
21. a) If 𝑢 = ∅(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) + 𝜓(𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥). Show that 𝜕𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 𝜕𝑦 2 .
𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
b) If 𝑧 = , prove that ( − ) = 4 (1 − − )
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
22. Let ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦) where f and g are twice differentiable function of
one variable:
𝑑2 ℎ 𝑑2 ℎ
a) Prove that 𝑑𝑦 2 = 𝑑𝑥 2. (Eco(H) 2013)
b) If 𝑓 (𝑢) = 𝑢2 and 𝑔(𝑢) = 0, describe the level curves 𝑧 = ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) and
ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦). (Eco(H) 2013) {𝒙 − 𝒚 = √𝒌}
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
23. (a) If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦), prove that 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 0.
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
(b) If 𝑉 = (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−1/2 , prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑉 3 .
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
24. If 𝑢 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = −𝑢 and
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
25. (a)𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 3𝑢
𝜕3𝑢
(b) If 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 , show that 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 = (1 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 .
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
(c) If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , show that (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ( 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 ) = 1.
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
26. (a) If 𝑢 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , show that (𝜕𝑥 ) + (𝜕𝑦 ) + ( 𝜕𝑧 ) = 1.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(b) If 𝑧 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ), prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2.
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(c) If 𝑢 = 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 , prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 0.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
27. (a) If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), prove that 𝜕𝑥 : 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥: 𝑦.
(b) If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 ), 𝑣 = ∅(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 ), prove that
𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑣
(𝑢 𝜕𝑥) = 𝜕𝑥 (𝑢 𝜕𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Page 35
Rahul Sir
Composite Functions
28. Suppose that 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧): (Eco(H) 2012)

a) If x, y and z are function of u and v. Find the partial derivatives of w with respect
𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
to u and v. { 𝝏𝒖 = 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝝏𝒖 + 𝒇′ 𝒚 𝝏𝒖 + 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝝏𝒖 ; = 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝝏𝒗 + 𝒇′ 𝒚 𝝏𝒗 + 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝝏𝒗}
𝝏𝒗
b) If x and y are functions of u and v and if z, u and v are function of t, find the
derivative of w with respect to t.
𝒅𝒘
{ = 𝒇′ 𝒙[𝒈′𝒖 𝑮′ (𝒕) + 𝒈′𝒗 𝑯′ (𝒕)] + 𝒇′ 𝒚[𝒉′𝒖 𝑮′ (𝒕) + 𝒉′𝒗 𝑯′ (𝒕)] + 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝑰′ (𝒕)}
𝒅𝒕
29. Compute dz/dt when 𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 with 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑡.

𝒅𝒛
[ = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕𝟐 ]
𝒅𝒕
30. Find 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑡 and 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑠 for the following cases:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 𝑠 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑠.
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 𝑠 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 2𝑠
𝑥−𝑦
(c) 𝑧 = 𝑥+𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡+𝑠 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑠
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒂) 𝝏𝒕 = 𝟐𝐭 − 𝟐𝐬 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕𝒔𝟐 ; 𝝏𝒔 = −𝟒𝒕𝒔 + 𝟒𝒔𝟑 + 𝟒𝒕𝟐 𝒔
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒃) = 𝟓𝒕𝟒 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 𝒔𝟒 ; 𝝏𝒔 = 𝟐𝒕𝟓 𝒔 + 𝟒𝒕𝟒 𝒔𝟑
𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝒛 𝟐(𝟏−𝒔)𝒆𝒕𝒔+𝒕+𝒔 𝝏𝒛 𝟐(𝟏−𝒕)𝒆𝒕𝒔+𝒕+𝒔
[ 𝒄) 𝝏𝒕 = ; = ]
(𝒆𝒕+𝒔 +𝒆𝒕𝒔 )𝟐 𝝏𝒔 (𝒆𝒕+𝒔 +𝒆𝒕𝒔 )𝟐
31. If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and f is differentiable, x = s + t and y = s – t. Show that:

𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
{( ) − ( ) = . } (Eco(H) 2016)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒔 𝝏𝒕
32. (a) Find expressions for 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑡1 and 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑡2 when 𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥) and
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡1 , 𝑡2 ). [ = 𝑭′𝒙 𝝏𝒙⁄𝝏𝒕 ; = 𝑭′𝒙 𝝏𝒙⁄𝝏𝒕 ]
𝝏𝒕𝟏 𝟏 𝝏𝒕𝟐 𝟐
(b) Find a formula for 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑟 when 𝑢 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑤) and x, y, z, and w all are
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒛
functions of t and r [ = 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒓 + 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒓 + + 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒓]
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒓
(c) Let 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑟 + 𝑠, 𝑦 = 𝑟 − 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑠, and 𝑤 = 𝑟/𝑠, and compute 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑟

𝝏𝒖
when (r, s) = (2,1). [ 𝝏𝒓 = 𝟐𝟖]
33. Suppose 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has continuous second – order partial derivatives with
Page 36
Rahul Sir
𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
𝑥 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑠 2 & 𝑦 = 2𝑟𝑠. Find 𝜕𝑟 and 𝜕𝑟 2. (Eco(H) 2017)
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
= (𝟐𝒓) + (𝟐𝒔);
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝟐
= 𝟐
(𝟐𝒓) + 𝟐 . ( 𝟐𝒓 ) . ( 𝟐𝒔) + 𝟐
(𝟐𝒔)𝟐 + 𝟐. + 𝟐𝒔
{𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 }
𝑑𝑧
34. (a) 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2, 𝑦 = 𝑡 3find 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑧
(b) 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 1, 𝑦 = 1𝑛𝑡 find𝑑𝑡 .
1 𝑑𝑧
(c) If 𝑧 = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦 3 , − 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 5 + 𝑡, find 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑧
(d) If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), where 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑡, find 𝑑𝑡 .
𝒂) 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟔𝒕𝟓 )
𝒍𝒏𝒕 𝒕+𝟏 (𝒍𝒏(𝒕+𝟏))
𝒃) 𝒍𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒕) + 𝒕+𝟏 + 𝒕𝒍𝒏𝒕 + 𝒕
𝒅𝒛 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙𝒚
𝒄) = + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒕𝟐
𝒅) 𝒃. 𝒇𝒙 + 𝛽𝒇𝒚 + 𝒇𝒕
[ . ]
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
35. If 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦), show that 𝑏 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑎 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑏𝑧.
36. If 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 and z is a function of x and y, show that

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 = 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝜕𝑦.
37. Let f be a differentiable function of one variable and let a and b be tow constants.
Suppose that the equation 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑏𝑧) defines z as a differentiable function
of x and y. prove that z satisfies 𝑎𝑧𝑥 + 𝑏𝑧𝑦 = 1.
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
38. Let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑧 − 𝑥). Show that 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + = 0.
𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑧
39. If 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 5𝑎2 , find the value of 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 =
𝑎.[0]
40. If 𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡), prove that

𝜕 2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑 2 𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 2
= + + ( ) +2 ( )( ) + 2 ( )
𝑑𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Page 37
Rahul Sir
41. Consider the National Income Model described by three equations:

𝑌 = 𝐶 + 𝐼0 + 𝐺0
𝐶 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 (𝑌 − 𝑇); (𝛼 > 0, 0 < 𝛽 < 1)
𝑇 = 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑌; (𝛾 > 0, 0 < 𝛿 < 1)
Here Y is national income, C is consumption, I is Investment, G is public Expenditure and T

is tax Revenue.
𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌
Find 𝜕𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 . (Eco(H) 2017)
0 𝜕𝐺0
𝝏𝒀 𝟏
=
𝝏𝑰𝟎 𝟏 − 𝜷 + 𝜷𝜹
𝝏𝒀 𝟏
=
{𝝏𝑮𝟎 𝟏 − 𝜷 + 𝜷𝜹}
42. The equilibrium values of the variables Y, C and I are given by the solution of three
equation:
𝑌=𝐶+𝐼+𝐺
𝐶 = 𝑓 (𝑌, 𝑇, 𝑟)
𝐼 = ℎ(𝑌, 𝑟)
Where T, G and r are parameters and f and h are differentiable functions. How does Y
changes when T and G increase by equal amount with no change in r. (Eco(H) 2012)
𝒅𝒀 𝒇′ +𝟏
{ = 𝟏−𝒇𝑻′ −𝒉′ }
𝒅𝑻 𝒚 𝒓
Implicit Functions
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
43. (a) If 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 0. Find 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 2 .
𝒂𝒚− 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒚
[ , ]
𝒚𝟐 −𝒂𝒙 (𝒂𝒙−𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
𝑑𝑦 −(𝟗𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙𝒚+𝒚𝟐 )
(b) Find 𝑑𝑥 for the function 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3 = 0 [ ]
𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙𝒚+𝟔𝒚𝟐
44. Output z is a function of inputs x and y: 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Both marginal products are
strictly positive and strictly diminishing. State the condition for this to be true. Input
available change overtime.
𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑡).
𝑑𝑧 𝑑2 𝑧
Obtain 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡 2 ; in terms of 𝑓, 𝜙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢. (Eco(H) 2014)
Page 38
Rahul Sir
𝒅𝒛
{ = 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝝓′ (𝒕) + 𝒇′ 𝒚 𝒖′ (𝒕)};
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝟐 𝒛
{ 𝟐 = 𝒇′′ (𝒙)[𝝓′ (𝒕)]𝟐 + 𝟐𝒇′′ 𝒙𝒚𝝓′ (𝒕)𝒖′ (𝒕) + 𝒇′′ 𝒚[𝒖′ (𝒕)]𝟐 + 𝒇′ 𝒙𝝓′′ (𝒕) + 𝒇′ 𝒚 𝒖′′ (𝒕)}
𝒅𝒕
𝑑2 𝑦 2𝑎 2 𝑥 2
45. Prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 + = 0, where 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 0.
𝑦5
46. Compute 𝑧′𝑥 , 𝑧′𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧′′𝑥𝑦 when 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 = 0.

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒛𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
[𝒛′𝒙 = , 𝒛′𝒚 = (𝟏−𝒛𝟐 ) , 𝑧′′𝑥𝑦 = ]
(𝟏−𝒛𝟐 ) (𝟏−𝒛𝟐 )𝟑
47. The equation 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑘, where k is a positive constant defines z as a function
of x and y, for 𝑥 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 > 0. Find the partial derivatives of z
𝒚𝒙𝒚−𝟏+𝒛𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒛 𝒛𝒚𝒛−𝟏 +𝒙𝒚 𝒍𝒏𝒙
with respect to x and y. [𝒛′𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟏 𝒛 , 𝑧′𝑦 = ]
𝒙𝒛 +𝒚 𝒍𝒏𝒚 𝒙𝒛𝒙−𝟏 +𝒚𝒛𝒍𝒏𝒚
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝒇 𝒇
48. (a) If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐, find and . [− 𝒇𝒙 , − 𝒇𝒚 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝒛 𝒛
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
(b) If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0, find . . . [-1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
49. Assume that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐 and z is a function of x and y. Find 𝜕𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 if z is defined
𝜕𝑦
implicitly by the equation: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑒 𝑧 = 4. (Eco(H) 2012)
𝝏𝒛 −(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛) 𝝏𝒛 −(𝟐𝒙𝒛 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 )
{ = ; = }
𝝏𝒙 (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒛 ) 𝝏𝒚 (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒛 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
50. If ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0, show that ( 𝜕𝑧 ) × (𝜕𝑥) × (𝜕𝑦) = −1
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
51. When y is eliminated from the two equations:

𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0; the result can be expressed in the form z = h(x).
Express the derivative h’(x) in terms of the partial derivatives of f and g. (Eco(H)
2014)
(𝒇′𝒚)(𝒈′𝒙)
{𝐡’(𝐱) = (𝒇′ 𝒙) − }
(𝒈′𝒚)
52. For the curve given by 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 = 0 find the slope of and equation for
the tangent at the point (x,y)=(2,1). [slope =8/5 ; (1/5)(8x-11)
Page 39
Rahul Sir
2
53. (a) Assume that the equation 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑐 defines y as a differentiable
function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) of x. find a value of the constant c such that 𝑓(0) = 1, and
compute 𝑦 ′ 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,1). Find the tangent to the curve at (2, 1).
[c = -3; y’= -1/4; y = -1/5x+1)]
54. A curve in the xy-plane is given by the equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 8 = 0

(a) Find the equation for the tangent at the point (2, 0).
(b) Which points on the curve have a horizontal tangent?
√𝟐 −𝟒√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟒√𝟐
[𝒂) 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 + 𝟖] [𝒃) ( , ) (− , ]
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
55. If z is defined implicitly by the equation:

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑒 𝑧 = 4
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Find 𝜕𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒛 𝟐𝒙+𝟐𝒚𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝟑𝒚𝟐 +𝟐𝒙𝒛
[ = − (𝟐𝒙𝒚+𝒆𝟐 ) ; 𝝏𝒚 = − ( 𝟐𝒙𝒚+𝒆𝟐 ) ]
𝝏𝒙
56. The equation 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥(𝑦−2) represents a curve in the xy-plane. Explain why the
curve passes through the point (-1, 2), and show that the slope of the tangent at this
point is equal to -4/3. Also find the equation for the tangent here.
[The curve passes through (-1, 2); equation y = 1/3(-4x+2)]
57. An equilibrium model of labor demand and output pricing leads to the system of
equations: 𝑃𝑓 ′ (𝐿) − 𝑤 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑓 (𝐿) = 𝑤𝐿 + 𝑐, where 𝑓 is twice differentiable with
𝑓 ′ (𝐿) > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′′ (𝐿) < 0. All the variables are positive. Regard w and c as exogenous
so that P and L are endogenous variables which are functions of w and c around the
point
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿
𝐴(𝑤, 𝑐, 𝑃, 𝐿) = (𝑤0 , 𝑐0 , 𝑃0 , 𝐿0 ). 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 , , , by implicit
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑐 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑐
differentiation. (Eco(H) 2018)
Directional Derivatives
58. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦. Compute the first and second directional derivatives of f at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
in the directions:
1 1 𝒚𝟎 𝒙𝟎
(a) (ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , ) [ + ] [1]
√ 2 √ 2 √𝟐 √𝟐
1 1 𝒚𝟎 𝒙𝟎
(b) (ℎ, 𝑘) = ( ,− ) [ - ] [-1]
√ 2 √2 √𝟐 √𝟐
Page 40
Rahul Sir
59. Compute the directional derivatives of the following functions at the given point and
in the given direction:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 𝑎𝑡 (2,1), in the direction of (1,1). [3√𝟐/𝟐 ]
(b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 at (1,1), in the direction of (3,4). [2e – 7/5 ]
60. Compute the directional derivatives of the following functions at the indicated points
in the given direction d.
a) f(x, y)= x+2𝑥 2 -3xy; (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )=(1,1); d=(3/5, 4/5) [-6/5]
b) f(x, y)= log√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ; (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )=(1,0); d=(2/√5, 1/√5) [2/√𝟓] (Eco(H)
2014)
61. For the function (x, y) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦, find the gradient at the point (2,-1). Hence find
the directional derivative in the direction of unit vector v = (2/√29, 5/√29).
[32/√𝟐𝟗]
62. Compute the directional derivative of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 at the point (4, −2) in the
1 3
direction ( , ) [128/√𝟏𝟎 ]
√10 √10
63. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥/𝑦. Let 𝑃 = (1, 2)and 𝑄 = (7, 5). Find the first
and second directional derivative of f at P in the direction of Q. (Eco(H) 2012)
𝟗 𝟒𝟓
[𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 = ; 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 = − ]
𝟒√𝟕𝟒 𝟐𝟗𝟔
64. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦−𝑥 . In what direction should one move from the
point (2, 1) to increase the value of the function most rapidly? What is the maximum
rate of increase? (Eco(H) 2017)
−𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂
{ , √𝟏𝟕}
√𝟏𝟕
65. Find the directional derivative of the function:

𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥+𝑦 at P (1, 0) in the direction from P to Q (-1, 1). In what direction does
the function have the maximum rate of increase? What is the maximum rate of
increase? (Eco(H) 2016)
𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑷 𝒕𝒐 𝑸, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
{ }
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒔 − 𝟑/𝟒.
Page 41
Rahul Sir
66. For the function (x, y) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦, find the gradient at the point (2, -1). Also, find
2 5
the directional derivative in the direction of the unit vector v = ( , ). (Eco(H)
√29 √29
2015)
𝟑𝟐
{ }
√𝟐𝟗
67. Compute the directional derivative of f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 at the point (4, -2) in the
1 3
direction ( , ). (Eco(H) 2010) (128/√𝟏𝟎)
√10 √10
68. Answer the following questions:

a) The equation 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 = 6 implicitly defines z as a function of x and y.
Find the directional derivative of the function in the direction (2, 5) at the point
(1, 1, 1). (Eco(H) 2018)
b) Find the value of 2nd order direct partial derivative of z with respect to y for the
function in part a) above at (1, 1, 1) (Eco(H) 2018)
𝑥2 𝑦2
69. Find a unit vector in the direction in which f(x, y) = +
2 2
a) Increases most rapidly at P(1, 1). Also, find the rate of change of f(x, y) at P in that
direction.
b) Decreases most rapidly at P(1, 1). Also, find the rate of change of f(x, y) at P in that
direction.
70. Find the directions in which the function

f(x, y, z) = log xy + log yz + log xz increases and decreases most rapidly at
𝑃0 (1, 1, 1). Then find the directional derivative of the function in these directions.
71. Let f(x, y) = x-y and g(x, y) = xy. Evaluate each of the following:
a) ∇(2𝑓)
b) ∇(f + g )
c) ∇(f − g )
d) ∇(fg)
e) ∇(f/g)
72. Find the direction in which f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 − 9
a) Increases most rapidly at the point P(1, -2).

b) Decreases most rapidly at the point P(1, -2).
Page 42
Rahul Sir
c) What are the directions of zero change in f(x, y) at P(1, -2).
73. For the functions below, find a unit vector in the direction in which 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) increase
most rapidly at P :
𝟖𝒊+𝟒𝒋
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑃 = (1,1) [ ]
√𝟖𝟎
𝟏 𝟐
𝒊+ 𝒋
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1/2 𝑃 = (1,2) [ 𝟓 𝟓
]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√( ) +( )
𝟓 𝟓
Quadratic Forms in Two Variables
74. Discuss the definiteness properties of the quadratic forms:

(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (b) (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
(c) −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 (e) 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (Eco(H)
(d) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 2014)
𝒂) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒃) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒄) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒅) 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
( 𝒆) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 )
75. Determine the definiteness of the following quadratic forms:

(a) 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 2 (b) −𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
(c) 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 2 (d) 4𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1 1
(e) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (f) 6𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
2 4
𝒃) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒄) 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒅) 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒆) 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
(𝒇) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆)
76. Examine the definiteness of the following quadratic forms subject to the given linear
constraint:
(a) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 Subject to 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.
(b) 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 Subject to 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0.
(c) −𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 Subject to 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0.
(d) q(u, v) = 2𝑢2 − 4𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2 Subject to 3u + 4v = 0.
Page 43
Rahul Sir
𝒃) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
( )
𝒄) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒅) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
77. Express the quadratic forms below as a matrix product involving a symmetric
coefficient matrix. How is this matrix related to the Hessian of the quadratic form?
Use the coefficient matrix to determine the definiteness of the quadratic forms:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝑥12 − 6𝑥1 𝑥2 + 9𝑥22 [Positive semi definite]
2 2
(b) 𝑔(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 3𝑥1 − 4𝑥1 𝑥2 + 7𝑥2 [Positive definite]
(Eco(H) 2012)
78. Determine the definiteness of the following quadratic forms:

𝑄(𝑥1 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 [ Semi positive definite ]
2
𝑄(𝑥1 𝑥2 ) = −(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) [ Semi Negative definite ]
Tangent Planes
79. Find the tangent planes to the following surfaces at the indicated points:
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑡 (1, 2,5)
(b) 𝑧 = (𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑎𝑡 (1,3,2)
𝒂) 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟓
[ ]
𝒃)𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑
80. Prove that all tangent planes to 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑦/𝑥) pass through the origin.
81. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 when 𝑥 =
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2. [𝒛 = 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏]
82. Find the equation of the tangent plane at the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) on the surface
𝑧 = √𝑥𝑦. [𝒙𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝒙𝟏 − 𝟐𝒛𝒛𝟏 ]
83. Find the equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface,
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 at the point (1, 0, 2). (Eco(H) 2017)
{(𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟏); 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆(𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕)}
84. Find the equation for the plane that is tangent to the given surface
𝑧 = ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) at the point (1, 0, 0) (Eco(H) 2016)
{𝒛 = 𝒙 − 𝟏}
Page 44
Rahul Sir
85. Find the equation for the tangent plane at(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) = (1,1,5) to the graph of
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 [ Z = 4x + 6y - 5]
86. Show that the equation of the tangent plane of the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) on the surface 𝑧 =
√𝑥𝑦 is given by 𝑦1 𝑥 + 𝑥1 𝑦 − 2𝑧1 𝑧 = 0. (Eco(H) 2018)
𝑥
87. Find the equation for the tangent plane to the surface 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥+𝑦 at the point
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )=(1, 1). Find a unit normal vector to the surface at the point. (Eco(H) 2013)
𝟏
{𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒕, 𝒛 = − 𝟒𝒕}
𝟐
88. Find the equation of the plane through (1, 1, -1) and perpendicular to the line
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (4 − 3𝑡, 2 + 𝑡, 6 + 5𝑡) (Eco(H) 2015)
{𝟑𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 5𝑥3 = −1}
89. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦. Let the point P(2, -1). (Eco(H) 2013)
a) Find the gradient of f at p. {– 𝟏𝟏𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒋̂ }

b) Find the directional derivative of f at p in the direction a = (4/5, 3/5) {-14/5}
c) Find the tangent plane to the surface 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −3 at P.
{-11x + 10y – z = -26}
𝑦
90. For the surface defined by the differentiable function z = F(x, 𝑥 ), show that the
𝑦 𝑦
tangent plane at (x1, y1) intersects the z axis at z =F(x1, 𝑥1 ) – F’x(x1, 𝑥1 )𝑥1 (Eco(H)
1 1
2019)
Linear Approximation
91. Find the linear approximation about (0,0) for the following:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 (b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 1𝑛(1 + 𝑦)
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)𝑎 (𝑦 + 1)𝑏
𝒙 𝒚
𝒂) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚 ≈ 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟐)
[ 𝒃) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≈ 𝒚 ]
𝒄)𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≈ 𝑨(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
92. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 3, then 𝑓(2,3) = 38 estimate the value of 𝑓(2.01,2.98).

[36.95]
( ) 2 2
93. Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
(a) Compute 𝑓 (1.02,1.99) [1.1909]
Page 45
Rahul Sir
(b) Let 𝑓(1.02,1.99 = 𝑓(1 + 1.2,2 − 0.01) and find an approximate value
for 𝑓(1.02,1.99). How large is the error caused by
this approximation? [The error is 0.0009]
(c) Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 3 . Then 𝑓(1, −1) = −5, estimate the value of
𝑓(0.98, −1.01).How large is the error caused by
this approximation? [The error is 0.000614]
𝑥−𝑦
94. Find the linear approximation to the function 𝑧 = 𝑥+𝑦 , when each of x and y is
𝒙−𝒚
approximately equal to 1. [𝒛 = ]
𝟐
95. Find an approximate value for 𝑇 = [(2.01)2 + (2.99)2 + (6.02)2 ]1/2 by using the
approximation ∆𝑇 ≈ 𝑑𝑇. [7.016]
5𝑡 2 +3𝑥𝑦
96. Calculate the rate of change in 𝑧 at 𝑡 = 0 if 𝑧 = , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = √𝑡 2 + 1,
2𝑤 2 𝑦
𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 1 (Eco(H) 2018)
97. Let 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑣) be the length of a cube whose surface area is a and whose volume is v.
Find the linear approximation of the function at (6, 1). (Eco(H) 2013)
{𝟏 + 𝒇′𝒂 (𝒂 − 𝟔) + 𝒇′𝒗 (𝒗 − 𝟏)}
1
98. Suppose that 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = [(1 + 𝑢)(1 + 𝑣)𝑎 ]1−𝛽 − 1
1 𝛼
Show that if a and b are close to zero, then 𝑓 ∗ (𝜇, 𝑣) = 𝑈+ 𝑉. (Eco(H) 2010)
1−𝛽 1−𝛽
99. Suppose that

𝑔∗ (𝜇, 𝜀 ) = [(1 + 𝜇)(1 + 𝜀 )𝛼 ]1/(1−𝛽) − 1(𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
Show that if 𝜇 and 𝜀 are close to 0, then
𝟏 𝜶
[ 𝒈∗ (𝝁, 𝜺) ≈ 𝟏−𝜷 𝝁 + 𝟏−𝜷 𝜺.]
Homogeneous Functions
100. Examine which of the following function are homogeneous, and find, if possible, the
degree of homogeneity:
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2
(iii)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (iv) 𝑥(𝑝, 𝑟) = 𝐴𝑝−1.5 𝑟 2.08
(v) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 (vi) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =
√𝑥+√𝑦+√𝑧
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
𝑥 2+𝑦 2 (viii) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1𝑛 𝑥 + 1𝑛 𝑦
(vii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥𝑦1𝑛
𝑥𝑦
Page 46
Rahul Sir
𝒊) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟏
𝒊𝒊) 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟒
𝒊𝒗) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖
𝒗) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟑
𝟏
𝒗𝒊) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 − 𝟐
𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟏
[ 𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 ]
101. Examine the homogeneity of the following:

(𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 )2 1 1 1
(a) 𝐹(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑥 41+𝑥24 +𝑥
3
4 (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 )
1 2 3 1 2 3
𝑥1 +2𝑥2 +3𝑥3 +4𝑥4
(b) 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 𝑥12 +𝑥22+𝑥32+𝑥42
[a) Homogenous of degree 1; b) Homogenous of degree -1]
102. Determine, the degree of homogeneity of each of the following functions:

𝑥 2 +2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 +𝑦 4
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥+𝑦
(b) 𝑧 = 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
(c) 𝑧 = √𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2
(d) 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽
𝒂) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟑
𝒃) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟐
[ ]
𝒄) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟏
𝒅) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝜶 + 𝜷
103. If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogeneous function of degree r, then the following properties

hold:
𝑦 𝑥
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑟 ∅ (𝑥 ) = 𝑦 𝑟 𝜓 (𝑦)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(b) 𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦are homogeneous of degree (𝑟 − 1).
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(c) Euler’s Theorem: 𝑥. 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑟𝑧
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
(d) 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 𝑟(𝑟 − 1)𝑧
104. (a) If 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree1, show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎 1𝑛[𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑥)] is
homogeneous of degree 0.
(b) With appropriate requirements on the function f, prove that 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓(𝑥/
𝑦) implies 𝑥𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧𝑦 = 𝑧.
Page 47
Rahul Sir
105. Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 y is homogeneous of degree 3. Verify that the four
properties to hold.
106. See whether the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) is homogeneous, and check
Euler’s theorem if it is. [Homogenous of degree 0]
107. 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎 1𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏 1𝑛 𝑦 = 1𝑛(𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ); for all 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0, where; a and b
are any positive parameters. Then show that F is homothetic but not homogenous
function
108. Are the following functions homothetic?

2 2
a) f(x,y)= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4
b) g(x,y)= , x,y≠ 0.
𝑥𝑦
Give reason for your answer.
109. Answer the following:

a) State the definition of the homothetic function.
b) Are the following functions f and g are homothetic? Give reasons.
𝜇
−𝜌 −𝜌 −𝜌 −
𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝐴(𝛿1 𝑥1 + 𝛿2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝛿𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ) 𝜌 , g(𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥1 + 5𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥2
1 2
(𝐄𝐜𝐨(𝐇)𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖)
110. Which of the following functions are Homogenous/Homothetic? Give reasons for
your answers.
2 2
a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (Not Homogenous)
𝑥2
b) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln (𝑦 2 ) , (𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑦 ≠ 0) (Homogenous) (Eco(H) 2017)
111. If F is a function of one variable that is homogenous of degree k≠ 0, and if 𝐹 −1 exists,

prove that 𝐹 −1 is homogenous of degree 1/k. Test the result by applying if to
F(x)=√𝑥.
2𝑦 𝑦 2
112. Draw a sketch of the level curve(s) to the function f(x, y)= 𝑥 + (𝑥 ) at the height 3
cm or m. Is the function homothetic? (Eco(H) 2019)
113. If z is a function of x and y homogeneous of degree zero, show that z can be written
𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑧
as a function of 𝑥 only and that 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝑦 𝜕𝑥.
Page 48
Rahul Sir
114. Show that 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽 is a homogeneous function. Verify that

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
𝑥. 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦. 𝜕𝑦 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 )𝑧 and 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 )(𝛼 + 𝛽 − 1)𝑧.
115. Assuming all necessary differentiability, if 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree k,

then prove that
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑘(𝑘 − 1)𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
If 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree 1, find 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0, then prove that:
2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
× − ( ) =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
116. If y = f(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )is a linearly homogenous function, show that it can be written as
𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥1 ∅ (𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ). Find 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 and verify Euler’s theorem.
1 1 1 2 𝜕𝑥3
117. If u is a homogeneous function of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 of order n. prove that

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
118. Verify Euler's Theorem for the following functions:

(𝑥 𝑛+𝑦 𝑛 )
(a) 𝑢 = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
𝑦
(b) 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
119. (a) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑓 (𝑥 ), show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑧.
𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(b) If 𝑢 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(c) If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 , show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 3.
𝑥−𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
120. If 𝑢 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )−1/2 , show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = −𝑢.
𝑥𝑦 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
121. (a) If 𝑢 = 𝑥+𝑦, show that 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0
𝑥𝑦 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢
(b) If , show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝜕𝑥 .
√𝑥+√ 𝑦
𝑦 𝑦 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢

122. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 ∅ ( ) = 𝜓 ( ), prove that 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 =0
𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
Page 49
Rahul Sir
123. If the function𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneousof degree 1, is the function:

g(x, y) = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) homogeneous? Find the degree of homogeneity, if any.
124. If 𝑢 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 where z is a homogenous function in x and y with degree n, then

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑛)𝑢 (Eco(H) 2015)
125. If the function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous of degree 1,

𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) /𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is homogenous?
Find the degree of homogeneity, if any. (Eco(H) 2008) (Degree = 1)
126. Output z is a linear homogenous function f(x, y) of input quantities x and y. Show
𝑧 𝑧
that average product of each input 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 can be expressed as function only of the
𝑥
ratio 𝑦 in which the inputs are used. Show further that if the average product of an
input increases as the quantity of that input is increased while keeping the quantity
used of the other input fixed, then the marginal product of other input must be
negative. (Eco(H) 2014)
127. Let 𝑓 be a function of x and y defined for 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0. Show that if function is
homogenous of degree 1, then slopes of the level curves are equal along any ray y =
cx. Show that the function G of x and y defined by 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜙[𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)] possesses the
same property if 𝜙 is strictly increasing function of one variable. (Eco(H) 2013)
128. Assuming all necessary differentiability, if 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous of degree k,

then prove that:
2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 𝑘(𝑘 − 1)𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous of degree 1 and x, y > 0 then prove that
2
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
× 𝜕𝑦 2 − (𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦) = 0. (Eco(H) 2012)
𝜕𝑥 2
129. Suppose that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous of degree r,

a) Show that the following function ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥 𝑚 , 𝑦 𝑚 ) is homogenous and find the
degree of homogeneity. (r = 3) (Eco(H) 2011)
2 3 2 3
b) Show that the following function ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 ) + (𝑦 ) (r = 6)
System of Equation
130. Consider the system of equations:
Page 50
Rahul Sir
𝑧 + 𝑤 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑧𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
Find the differentials of z and w expressed in terms of dx and dy. (Eco(H) 2016)
𝟏 𝟏
{𝒅𝒛 = [(𝟏 − 𝒛𝒙)𝒅𝒚 + (𝟏 − 𝒛𝒚)𝒅𝒙]; 𝒅𝒘 = [(𝒘𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 + (𝒘𝒚 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙] }
𝒘−𝒛 𝒘−𝒛

𝑢2 + 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
a) Find the differentials of u and v expressed in terms of dx and dy.
b) Find the partial derivatives of u and v with respect to x and y.
𝒚𝒖+𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝒖−𝟐𝒚 −𝟒𝒙𝒖+𝒚𝒗 𝟒𝒖𝒚−𝒙𝒗
𝒂) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒖𝟐 −𝒗 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒖𝟐 −𝒗 𝒅𝒚; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚
𝟐𝒖𝟐 −𝒗 𝟐𝒖𝟐 −𝒗
[ 𝝏𝒖 𝒚𝒖+𝟐𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝒙𝒖−𝟐𝒚 ]
𝒃) = 𝟐𝒖𝟐 −𝒗 ; = 𝟐𝒖𝟐−𝒗
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

x𝑢3 + 𝑣 = 𝑦 2
3uv - x = 4
a) Differentiate the system. Solve for du and dv in terms of dx and dy.
b) Compute u’x and v’x by using the results in part a).
133. Suppose that 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 are implicitly defined as differentiable functions of 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2
by
𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) = 3𝑥1 + 𝑥22 − 𝑦1 − 3𝑦23 = 0
𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑥13 − 2𝑥2 + 2𝑦13 − 𝑦2 = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦2
Compute 𝜕𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
1 𝜕𝑥1
134. The function f(x, y, z, u, v):𝑅3 → 𝑅2 is defined by the system of two equations:
u3yz + 2xv – u2v2 – 2 = 0 and xy2 +xzu + yv2 – 3 = 0, has a solution at (x, y, z, u, v) =
(1, 1, 1, 1, 1). Find the values of endogenous variables u and v when x = 1.02, y = 0.99
and z = 1. (Eco(H) 2019)
Total Differentials
135. Find the total differentials for each if the following functions:
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Page 51
Rahul Sir
(c) 𝑧 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (d) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦

𝑥
(e) 𝑧 = 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 (f) 𝑧 = 𝑥+𝑦
(g) 𝑧 = 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3
2
(h) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦
(i) 𝑧 = 1𝑛(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
𝒂) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚
𝟏
𝒃) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐 (−𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒚)
(𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 )
𝟐
𝒄) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒅𝒚)
𝒅) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙−𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒆) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚
𝟏
𝒇) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝒙+𝒚)𝟐 (𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚)
𝒈) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝟐
𝒉) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒆𝒚 (𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚)
𝟐(𝒙𝒅𝒙−𝒚𝒅𝒚)
[ 𝒊) 𝒅𝒛 = ]
𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
136. Find the differentials of the following functions:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑥−𝑦
2−𝑦 2
(c) 𝑧 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (d) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝟏
𝒂) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚)
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )
𝟏
𝒃) 𝒅𝒛 = [(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚]
( 𝒙 − 𝒚) 𝟐
𝒄) (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)𝒅𝒙 − (𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙)𝒅𝒚
𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
[ 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚) ]
137. Find dz expressed in terms of dx and dy when 𝑣 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) and

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑢 (b) 𝑧 = 𝑢2
(c) 𝑧 = 1𝑛(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢)
𝒂) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙𝒖𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 (𝒖′𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒖′𝒚 𝒅𝒚)
[ 𝒃) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐𝒖(𝒖′𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒖′𝒚 𝒅𝒚) ]
𝒄) [(𝒚 + 𝒚𝒖′𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 + 𝒖 + 𝒚𝒖′𝒚 )𝒅𝒚]/(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒖𝒚)
138. Find the second order total differential of the following functions:
(a) z = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3 (b) 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
(c) 𝑧 = 5𝑦 log(𝑥 + 𝑦) (d) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
Page 52
Rahul Sir
(e) 𝑧 = 7𝑦 log(1 + 𝑥 )
𝒂) 𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = (𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔)𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + (𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝟏
𝒃) 𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 (𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 )
𝟐
( 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝟐
𝟏
𝒄) 𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = (−𝟓𝒚𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + (𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚)𝒅𝒚𝟐
( 𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝟐
𝒅)𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 (𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝒅𝒚𝟐 )
−𝟕𝒚 𝟏𝟒
𝒆)𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
[ (𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝒙) ]
139. Output Q(t) is related to capital stock k(t) and labor supply L(t) as follows:
𝑄(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑡 [𝐾(𝑡)]𝛽 [𝐿(𝑡)]1−𝛽
For constant A, 𝛼, 𝛽 (A, 𝛼 > 0)( 0 < 𝛽 < 1)
Find the expression for the rate of growth of output in terms of the constants and the
rate of growth of capital stock and labor supply. (Eco(H) 2011)
𝒅
{ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐐(𝒕) = 𝜶 + 𝜷𝒓𝒌 + (𝟏 − 𝜷)𝒓𝑳 }
𝒅𝒕
140. The demand for good both depends upon the price p of the good and the tax rate t:
𝐷 = 𝑓(𝑝, ℎ(𝑡)), Where h is a given function. The supply of the good depends on the
price: S = g(p). For any given value of t, an equilibrium price is a solution of the
equation
𝑓(𝑝, ℎ(𝑡)) = 𝑔(𝑝). Assume that this equation defines p as a differentiable function of
𝑑𝑝
t. Find 𝑑𝑡 in terms of derivatives of f, g and h. (Eco(H) 2011)
′( ′
𝒅𝒑 𝒇 𝒕). 𝒉 (𝒕)
{ = ′ }
𝒅𝒕 𝒈 (𝒑) − 𝒇′ (𝒑)
141. Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 . Suppose x changes from 2 to 2.01 and y changes from 3 to
2.98. Find and compare the values of ∆𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑧. (Eco(H) 2017)
{𝒅𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑; ∆𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟏}
142. Find 𝑑𝑈 expressed in terms of 𝑑𝑥 and dy when 𝑈 = 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) satisfies the equation
√𝒚 𝒙
𝑈𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥√𝑦 [𝒅𝑼 = 𝒆𝒖 +𝑼𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒚]
√𝒚(𝒆𝒖 +𝑼𝒆𝒖 )
Elasticity
143. Find the elasticity of 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 w.r.t. x (with x and y both positive) [1+x]
Page 53
Rahul Sir
2
144. Find the elasticity of y w.r.t x when 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 . (Eco(2010))
𝒂𝒙𝒂 𝒚𝒃 − 𝒙𝒂+𝟏 . 𝒚𝒃−𝟐
{ 𝒂 𝒃 }
𝒃𝒙 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝒂+𝟏 . 𝒚𝒃−𝟐
145. Find the partial elasticity of z with respect to x and y in the following cases:
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 (b) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 5
(c) 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒 𝑦 (d) 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝒂)𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒃) 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = 𝟐, 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟓
𝒄) 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = 𝒏 + 𝒙, 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒏 + 𝒚
𝒙 𝒚
[ 𝒅) 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = 𝒙+𝒚 , 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙+𝒚 ]
146. Find the elasticity of z with respect to t for :the following:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 20 𝑦 30 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = (𝑡 + 1)2
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 1𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2
𝒂)𝟖𝟎𝒕/(𝒕 + 𝟏)
[ 𝟐[𝒍𝒏𝒕+𝒕𝟒 𝒆−𝟐𝒕(𝟐−𝒕)]]
𝒃) (𝒍𝒏𝒕)𝟐+𝒕𝟒 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
𝑔
147. Let 𝑧 = (𝑎1 𝑥1𝑑 + 𝑎2 𝑥2𝑑 + 𝑎3 𝑥3𝑑 ) , where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑑, and g are constants. Compute
𝐸𝐼1 𝑧 + 𝐸𝐼2 𝑧 + 𝐸𝐼3 𝑧. [𝑬𝒍𝒊 𝒛 = 𝒑 + 𝒂𝒊 𝒙𝒊 ; 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊 = 𝟏, … 𝒏. ]
148. If 𝑦/𝑥 = 1𝑛(𝑥𝑦), find the elasticity of y with respect to x.

𝒙+𝒚
[𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = ]
𝒚−𝒙
149. In a factory, the daily output 𝑄 = 60𝐾 1/2 𝐿1/3 units, where k denotes the capital
investment (in units of Rs. 1000) and L is the size of the labor force (in working
hours). The current capital investment is Rs. 900,000 and 1000 worker hours of
labor are used each day. Using differential, estimate the change in output that will
result when capital investment is increased by 3%. {𝒅𝑸 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎}
(Eco(H) 2016)
150. The demand for good 1 and good 2 are given by:
𝑞1 = 𝑝1 −1.7 𝑝2 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 = 𝑝1 0.5 𝑝2 −0.2
Calculate the cross price elasticity of demand. {0.5} (Eco(H) 2015)
151. The following system of equations defines y and z: as differentiable functions of x.

𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 , 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 𝑧 𝑐 = 1
Page 54
Rahul Sir
Where a, b, and c are positive constants.

𝒂(𝒙−𝒚)
Find the elasticity of y and z with respect to x. [𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = ]
𝟏+𝒄𝒚
152. Derive the elasticity of substitution for the function

𝑧 = 𝐴[𝑎𝑥 𝜌 + 𝑏𝑦 𝜌 ]1/𝜌 ,Where A, a and b are positive constant and 𝜌 ≠ 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟 < 1.
𝟏
(Eco(H) 2013) { }
𝟏−𝝆
153. Answer the following:

0.2 0.8 −1
For the function 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ( 𝑥 + ) , evaluate the elasticity of substitution
𝑦
and verify the Euler’s theorem. (Eco(H) 2018)
154. 𝑄(𝐾, 𝐿, 𝑁) = 𝐾𝜌 𝐿𝜌 𝑁𝜌 𝑒 (𝛼𝐾+𝛽𝐿+𝛾𝑁)
Where 𝜌, 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 are constant. Compute the sum of partial elasticity of Q with
respect to K, L and N. (Eco(H) 2012) {𝟑𝝆 + 𝜶𝑲 + 𝜷𝑳 + 𝜸𝑵}
155. Let f be function which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) > 0, 𝑓′(𝑥 ) > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′′(𝑥) < 0 for all 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑥
(a) The equation [𝑓 (𝑥 )/ 𝑓′(𝑥 )]-x = t defines x implicitly as a function of t. find 𝑑𝑡 and
show that it is > 0.
(b) Show that the elasticity 𝐸𝑙𝑡 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = −𝑡/(𝑡 + 𝑥)
Leibniz Formula:
1 2
156. Find F’(𝛼) when F(𝛼) = ∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑑𝑥(𝛼 ≠ 0) by using the Leibniz formula. Check the
answer by finding an explicit expression for F(𝛼) and then differentiating.
157. Find F’(𝑡) in the following cases:

2𝑡
a) 𝐹 (𝑡) = ∫𝑡 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑒 𝑡𝑥
b) 𝐹 (𝑡) = ∫1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2𝑡 𝑒 𝑡𝑥
c) 𝐹 (𝑡) = ∫𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
158. In a growth model studied by N. Kaldor and J.A. Mirrlees, a function N is defined by
𝑡
𝑁 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑛(𝜏)𝑒 −𝛿(𝑡−𝑇(𝑡)) 𝑑𝜏
𝑡−𝑇(𝑡)
Page 55
Rahul Sir
Where T = T(t) is a given differentiable positive function. Compute 𝑁̇(𝑡).
159. Suppose that function is a continuous function and g is a differentiable function.

𝑑 𝑔(𝑝)
Evaluate 𝑑𝑝 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑝𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
160. Define
2𝑡 𝜏 2𝑡
𝑧(𝑡) = ∫𝑡 𝑥(𝜏) exp[− ∫𝑡 𝑟(𝑠)𝑑𝑠] 𝑑𝜏, 𝑝(𝑡) = exp[− ∫𝑡 𝑟(𝑠)𝑑𝑠]
where the functions 𝑥(𝜏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟(𝑠) are both differentiable. Prove that
𝑧̇ (𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡)𝑧(𝑡) = 2𝑝(𝑡)𝑥(2𝑡) − 𝑥(𝑡)
Page 56
Rahul Sir
chapter -4
economic applications of partial

derivatives
1. The demand functions of two commodities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 are 𝑥1 = 𝑝1−0.4 𝑒 0.2𝑝2 and
𝑥2 = 𝑝2−0.6 𝑒 0.5𝑝1 Respectively, where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are quantities demanded of 𝑋1 , and
𝑋2 respectively and 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are respective prices. Find the four partial elasticities
of demand and determine whether the commodities are competitive or
complimentary.
𝝏𝒙
[𝝏𝒑𝟏 =
𝟏
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝟏
−𝟎. 𝟒𝒑−𝟏.𝟒
𝟏 𝒆𝟎.𝟐𝒑𝟐 , 𝝏𝒑𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝒑−𝟏.𝟔
𝟐 𝒆𝟎.𝟓𝒑𝟏 , 𝝏𝒑𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙𝟏 , = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 , 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔]
𝟐 𝟏 𝝏𝒑𝟏
2. For the demand functions of two commodities given below, find out whether the
commodities are substitute or complementary:
𝑥1 = 2𝑝1−0.6 𝑝20.8 and 𝑥2 = 3𝑝2−0.5 𝑝10.7
Where 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 .
[Competitive]
Partial Price Elasticity of Demand

−𝑎11 𝑎12𝑝2 +𝑎1
3. Two commodities joint demand functions are 𝑥1 = 𝑝1 𝑒 , and
−𝑎22 𝑎21 𝑝1 +𝑎2
𝑥2 = 𝑝2 𝑒 , Where x1 and x2 are the units demanded when prices are p1
and p2 per unit respectively. Show that direct price elasticity of demand are
independent of prices whereas cross price elasticity of demand depend on the price
of other commodity. Also find the condition when both the commodities are (i)
competitive, (ii) complementary. [Ans.: (i) a12, a21 > 0, (ii) a12, a21 <
0]
4. If the demand functions for two related commodities are given by x = aeq-p, y = bep-
q, where x & y are quantities demanded, and p & q are their respective prices. Find
the four partial elasticity of demand and determine whether the commodities are
competitive or complementary. [Ans.: 11 = - p, 22 = -q, 12 = q, 21 = p;
Competitive]
Page 57
Rahul Sir
5. Given the demand functions of two commodities as

400 500
𝑄1 = 2000 + − 50𝑝2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄2 = 2000 − 100𝑝2 +
𝑝1 + 3 𝑝1 + 4
i) Find the nature of commodities.
ii) Calculate the four partial elasticity of demand at p1 and p2 = 1.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟗
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : (𝒊)𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚, (𝒊𝒊)𝟏𝟏 = − , 𝟏𝟐 = − , 𝟐𝟏 = − , 𝟐𝟐 = − ]
𝟔𝟒 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟕𝟔
6. The joint demand function of two products are 𝑥1 = 2𝑝1−0.6 , 𝑝20.8 and 𝑥2 =
3𝑝10.7 , 𝑝2−0.5 , where X1 and X2 are the units demanded of the two products when their
prices are Rs. P1 and Rs. P2 per unit respectively. Find the four price elasticity at the
particular prices P1 and P2. Also find the percentage changes in the quantity
demanded when:
i) P1 increases by 2% from the existing level
ii) P2 decreases by 2% from the existing level
𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟏𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟔, 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟖, 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝟐𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟓,
[ (𝒊) 𝑿𝟏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏. 𝟐% 𝑿𝟐 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏. 𝟒%,]
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑿𝟏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏. 𝟔% 𝑿𝟐 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏. 𝟎%
7. For the demand functions of two commodities given below, find the four partial
elasticity of demand with respect to price and indicate whether the commodities are
competitive or complementary:
𝑥1 = 2𝑝1−0.6 𝑝20.8 , 𝑥2 = 3𝑝10.7 𝑝2−0.5
Where x1 and x2 are the quantities demanded of the two commodities at prices p 1 and p2
respectively.
[Ans.: 11 = - 0.6, 12 = 0.8, 21 = 0.7 and 22 = -0.5; Competitive]
8. The demand function for a commodity X is given by

𝑝𝑥2 𝑝𝑦 𝑌
𝐷(𝑥 ) = 300 − + + ,
2 50 20
Where px is the price of the commodity x, py is the price of a related commodity y and Y is
the income of consumer. Find the cross elasticity and income elasticity of demand for x
Page 58
Rahul Sir
when px = 10, py = 15 and Y = 300. [Ans.: 3/2653 &

150/2653]
9. The demand function for mutton is QM = 4850 – 5PM + 1.5PC + 0.1Y. Find
i) the income elasticity of demand, and
ii) the cross price elasticity of demand for mutton
At Y (income) = Rs. 1000, PM (price of mutton) = Rs. 200, Pc (price of chicken) = Rs. 100.
[Ans.: (i) 1/41, (ii) 3/82]
10. If the supply function x = f(p1, p2, …….., pm) is homogenous of degree n, show that
the sum of the partial price elasticity of supply equals n. (x denotes the quantity
supplied of a particular commodity and p1, p2,…., pm are the prices of different
commodities).
Total Differential and its Applications
11. Calculate the first order total differential of the function z = f(x, y) = 7y log(1 + x)
𝟕𝒚
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟕 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒅𝒚]
𝟏+𝒙
12. Calculate the first order differential of the function Z = 3x2 + xy – 2y2.
[Ans.: dz = (6x + y) dx + (x – 4y) dy]
13. The output at a certain plant is Q = f(x, y) = 0.08x2 + 0.12xy + 0.03y2 units per day,
where x is the number of hours of skilled labor and y is the number of hours of
unskilled labor used. Currently 80 hours of skilled labor and 200 hours of unskilled
labor are being used each day. Use total differential of Q to estimate the change in
the output that will result when skilled and unskilled labor are increased by 5%.
Hence, find the percentage by which the daily output will increase. What is the
nature of returns to scale? [Ans.: 10%; Increasing]
14. The output at a certain plant is Q = f(x, y) = 0.08x2 + 0.12xy + 0.03y2 units per day,
where x is the number of hours of skilled labor and y is the number of hours of
unskilled labor used. Currently 80 hours of skilled labor and 200 hours of unskilled
Page 59
Rahul Sir
labor are being used each day. Use total differential of Q to estimate the change in
the output that will result if an additional hour of skilled labor is used along with an
additional 2 hours of unskilled labor. [Ans.: 80
units]
15. At a certain factory, daily output is q = 60L1/3 K1/2 units, where L indicates the size
of labor force and K denotes capital investment. Use the concept of total differential
to estimate the percentage by which daily output changes if capital investment and
labor force are both increased by 3%. What is the nature of return to scale in this
case?
[Ans.: 2.5%, Decreasing]
16. At a certain factory, daily output is Q = f(L, K) = 40L3/4K1/2, where L indicates the
size of labor force and K denotes the capital investment. Use calculus to estimate the
percentage by which the daily output will increase when capital investment and
labor force are increased by 4%. What is the nature of returns to scale in this case?
[Ans.: Output will increase by 5%; Increasing returns to scale]
The Production Function
1) Marginal and Average Product

2) Linear Homogeneous Production Function & its properties
3) Input-Output Analysis
1) Marginal and Average Product
17. The production function of a firm is given by:
Q = 8LK – L2 – K2, where L > 0 and K > 0
Find marginal productivities of labor (L) and capital (K). Also find degree of homogeneity
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄
of the production function using the formula 𝐿 𝜕𝐿, + 𝐾 𝜕𝐾 = 𝑛𝑄. [Ans.: 8K – 2L, 8L – 2K, n
= 2]
18. For the production function Q = f(L, K) = AK Lea(K/L), where A, ,  and a are
positive constants, find the marginal products of labor and capital. Also verify
Euler’s theorem.
Page 60
Rahul Sir
19. The production function for a commodity is:

Q = 10L – 0.1L2 + 15K – 0.2K2 + 2KL,
Where L is labor, K is capital and Q is production.
i) Calculate the marginal products of the two inputs when 10 units each of labor
and capital are used.
ii) 10 units of capital are used. What is the upper limit for use of labor which a
rational producer will never exceed?
[Ans.: (i) MPL = 28, MPK = 31, (ii) 150]
2) Linear Homogeneous Production Function & its Properties

20. Define a linear homogeneous production function. State its important properties
and verify them for the production function Q = f(L, K) = AL2/3 K1/3, where L is units
of labor, K is units of capital and A is a positive constant.
21. Define a homogeneous function. Find out the degree of homogeneity of the
production function 𝑄−𝛽 = a𝐾 −𝛼 + b𝐿−𝛽 , where Q represents output, K and L
denote factors of production labor and capital respectively. [Ans.: 1]
22. For the production function given below, show that the marginal products of the
factors depend only on the ratio of factors.
2ℎ𝑙𝑘 − 𝑎𝑙 2 − 𝑏𝑘 2
𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑙, 𝑘) =
𝑐𝑙 + 𝑑𝑘
Also, determine the degree of homogeneity and verify Euler’s theorem for the function.
[Ans.: Linear Homogeneous]
3) Input-Output Analysis
23. A production function is given by
𝑄 = 𝐴𝐿1/3 𝐾 1/3 , where L is labor and K is capital
i) Find the behavior of marginal product of each factor.

ii) What is the nature of returns to scale?
Page 61
Rahul Sir
iii) Show that the total product is not exhausted if each factors is paid a price equal
to its marginal product. [Ans.: (i) Diminishing returns to factors, (ii)
Decreasing]
24. A production function is given by Q = f(L, K) = 27L2/3K1/3, where L is units of labor

and K is units of capital.
i) Find the behavior of the marginal product of each factor.
ii) What is the nature of returns to scale?
[Ans.: (i) Diminishing returns to factors, (ii) Constant]
25. Suppose a firm has production function q = Ak𝐿1−𝛼 where A > 0 and 0 <  < Show
that the production function has diminishing returns to inputs.
26. A production function is given by Q = AL3/4K3/4, where L is labor and K is capital.

i) What is the nature of returns to scale?, and
ii) What is the total reward of labor and capital if each factor is paid a price equal to
its marginal product? [Ans.: (i) Increasing, (ii) Nil]
27. A firm’s production function is Q = f(L, K) = AL K. Under what conditions will it
give increasing returns to scale and diminishing returns to inputs, if possible?
28. The production function of a firm is given by: Q = f(L, K) = AL K,

Where  +  < 1, and L and K denote inputs of labor and capital respectively.
Show that there are decreasing returns to scale and reduce that the total product is
greater than L times the marginal product of labor plus K times the marginal product of
capital.
29. Show that the production function 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐿, 𝐾 ) = 2√𝐿𝐾 (where x, L and K are units
of output, labour and capital respectively) gives constant returns to scale and
diminishing returns to inputs.
Page 62
Rahul Sir
30. Define the degree of homogeneity of a function and state Euler’s theorem. Show that
the production function 𝑞 = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝐾 ) = √𝑙𝐾, (where q is total output obtained by
using l and k units of labour and capital respectively) gives constant returns to scale
and diminishing returns to inputs.
31. Given a linear homogeneous production function Z = ALKPy, where L, K, P stand
for factor quantities and A is a constant, show that
i) the sum of marginal products of factors each multiplied by its respective
quantity equals the total output,
ii) the sum of production elasticity with respect to the factors is unity, and
iii) In (i) and (ii) above, consider how these results change if the given production
function in not linear homogeneous, but homogeneous of degree n?
[Ans.: (iii) nZ, n]
Constant Product Curves (or Isoquants)
1) Properties of Isoquants
2) MRTS and Elasticity of Substitutions
1) Properties of Isoquants:
32. Define isoquants and state their important properties.
33. Given the production function:

−1
𝑄 = 𝑓 (𝐿, 𝐾 ) = 𝐴[𝛼𝐾 −𝜃 + (1 − 𝛼 )𝐿−𝜃 ] 𝜃 (0 < 𝛼 < 1, −1 < 𝜃 ≠ 0)
Where A is a positive constant and L and K are strictly positive quantities of two factors of
production. Show that the isoquants generated by this production function are always
negatively sloped and convex to the origin.
34. For the constant production function Q = f(L, K) = ALK, show that the isoquants
generated are downward sloping and convex from below using the concepts of total
differential.
𝑑𝐾 𝑑2 𝐾
35. If the production function is X = 2ALK – B𝐿2 – C𝐾 2 , find 𝑑𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝐿2 . Under what
conditions the isoquants are downward sloping and convex to the origin?
Page 63
Rahul Sir
2) MRTS and Elasticity of Substitution

36. The production function for a commodity is x = 2HLK – AL2 – BK2, find out at any
point on constant product curve, the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS)
of L for K.
𝑯𝑲 − 𝑨𝑳
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒓 = ]
𝑯𝑳 − 𝑩𝑲
37. Find the marginal rate of technical substitution and the elasticity of substitution for
𝐿𝐾
the production function 𝑄 = 𝑓 (𝐿, 𝐾 ) = 𝐿+𝐾 .
𝑲 𝟐 𝟏
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝑴𝑹𝑻𝑺 = ( ) , 𝝈 = ]
𝒍 𝟐
38. Find the elasticity of substitution for the following production function:
1
𝑄 = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝑘) = [𝑎𝑘 −𝑏 + (1 + 𝑎)𝑙 −𝑏 ]−𝑏
𝑓𝑙/𝑓𝑘 𝑑(𝑘/𝑙) 𝟏
By using the formula 𝜎 = . . [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = ]
𝑘/𝑙 𝑑(𝑓𝑙/𝑓𝑘 ) 𝒃+𝟏
39. Find the marginal rate of technical substitution and elasticity of substitution for the
1
−
following production function: 𝑋 = 𝑓 (𝑙, 𝑘) = [𝑎𝑘 −𝜃 + (1 − 𝑎)𝑙 −𝜃 ] 𝜃 ,
Where x is the total output obtained by using l and k units of labor and capital respectively.
𝟏− 𝒌 𝜽+𝟏 𝟏
 and  are positive constants. [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝑴𝑹𝑻𝑺 = ( ) (𝒍) , 𝝈 = 𝜽+𝟏]

40. Show that the production function given below has constant elasticity of
substitution.
1
−
𝑋 = 𝑓 (𝑙, 𝑘) = [𝑎𝑘 −𝜃 + (1 − 𝑎)𝑙 −𝜃 ] 𝜃 , where x is the total output obtained by using l and k
𝟏
units of labour and capital respectively and  and  are constants. [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = ]
𝟏+𝜽
Page 64
Rahul Sir
41. Show that the following production function has the constant elasticity of
substitution 𝑋 = 𝑓 (𝑙, 𝑘) = 𝑎𝑘 𝜃 (1 − 𝑎)𝑙 −1/𝜃 , where x is total output obtained by
using l and k units of labour and capital respectively and a and  are constants.
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = 𝟏]
42. Find the elasticity of substitution for the production function

𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = (20 − 𝑎−2 − 𝑏−2 )
𝟏
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = ]
𝟑
43. Find the elasticity of substitution () for the production function 𝑄 = 75(0. 3𝑘 −0.4 +
𝟓
0.7𝐿−0.4 )−5 [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = ]
𝟕
44. Show that elasticity of substitution between good x and good y 𝜎𝑦𝑥 =
−𝐹1′ 𝐹2′ (𝑥𝐹1′ +𝑦𝐹2′ )
2 ′′ −2𝐹 ′ 𝐹 ′ 𝐹 ′′ +(𝐹 ′ )2 𝐹 ′′ ]
𝑥𝑦[(𝐹2′ ) 𝐹11 1 2 12 1 22
Miscellaneous Question
45. For the Cobb-Douglas production function 𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝐾 𝛼 𝐿𝛽 , find

(a) The percentage change in output when labor increases by 1%.[ 𝜷]
(b) The percentage change in output when capital increases by 1%.[ 𝜶]
46. The following are the two linear homogeneous production functions where X, L and
K represent output, labor and capital respectively. Show that L times the marginal
product of labor plus K times the marginal product of capital equals total product in
each case:
(a) 𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝐿𝛼 𝐾 1−𝛼
(b) 𝑋 = 𝑎𝐿 + 𝑏𝐾
What is the sum of partial elasticity of output in each case? (unity in each case)
47. Let 𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝐿𝛼 𝐾𝛽 be the production function of a firm.

(a) Find the average product of labor. Under what condition, will it be diminishing?
[ 𝑨. 𝑳𝜶−𝟏 𝑲𝜷 , 𝜶 < 1]
(b) Show that the ratio of 𝑀𝑃𝐿 to 𝐴𝑃𝐿 is constant. Give an economic interpretation to
this ratio.
Page 65
Rahul Sir
48. Prove that 𝑋 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) is a linearly homogeneous production function and average
product of K is increasing, then 𝑀𝑃𝐿 must be negative.
49. If 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) is a linearly homogeneous, production function, show that Euler's

𝐾 𝐿
theorem is satisfied. Also show that 𝑓𝐿𝐿 = − 𝐿 𝑓𝐾𝐿 and𝑓𝐾𝐾 = − 𝐾 𝑓𝐾𝐿 .
50. The demand facing a monopolist is given by 𝑝 = 225 − 𝑥, where p denotes price
and x denotes quantity produced. If the production function of the monopolist firm
is 𝑥 = 25𝐿 + 30𝐾 − 𝐿2 − 3𝐾 2 , find marginal revenue products of labour and
capital when L = 4 and K = 1. [𝑴𝑹𝑷𝑳 = 𝟓𝟏, 𝑴𝑹𝑷𝑲 = 𝟕𝟐]
51. Find the ratio of marginal productivities of production function

−1
𝑋 = (𝑎𝐿−𝛽 + 𝑏𝐾 −𝛽 ) 𝛽 Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝛽 are constants, X is output, L is labor and K is
𝒂 𝑲 𝜷+𝟏
capital. [𝒃 ( 𝑳 ) ]
Show that the same result is obtained when the production function is written as 𝑋′ =
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋.
52. Let the budget equation of a consumer be 𝑥𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝𝑦 = 𝑀, where 𝑝𝑥 and 𝑝𝑦 are the
prices of x and y and M is consumer's income. Show that the weighted sum of the
income elasticity of demands of x and y is unity.
What are the weights? [Proportion of expenditure on goods ]
53. If 𝑝1 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 𝑥2 = 𝑀 is the budget constraint of a consumer, show that

𝑆1 . 𝜂11 + 𝑆2 𝜂21 = −𝑆 Where 𝜂11 and 𝜂21 are partial elasticities of demand of goods I
and II and 𝑆𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2) is the proportion of income spent on the i goods.
54. If the production function is 𝑄 = 𝐴(𝑡)𝐿𝛼 𝐾𝛽 , where 𝐴(𝑡) is an increasing function of

time and 𝐿 = 𝐿0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = 𝐾0 + 𝑏𝑡, find the rate of growth of Q in terms of
the rate of growth of A, L and K. [𝒓𝑸 = 𝒓𝑨 + 𝜶𝒓𝑳 + 𝜷𝒓𝑲 ]
55. Let 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) be a production function. To change scale, we define 𝑢 = 𝜆𝐾 and

𝑑 log 𝑧
𝑣 = 𝜆𝐿, where 𝜆 > ,0 is an unknown scalar, and Write 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣). If 𝜀 = is
𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜆
defined as the elasticity of output w.r.t scale (or elasticity of productivity), show
Page 66
Rahul Sir
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
that 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 = 𝜀𝑧. Deduce Euler's theorem from this relation if 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) is
given to be a homogeneous function. What is the degree of homogeneity? [Degree
=𝜺]
56. For the Cobb-Douglas, productions function.𝑄 = 𝐾 𝛼 𝐿1−𝛼 , (0 < 𝛼 < 1). 𝑞 =
𝑄 𝐾
and 𝑘 = 𝐿 .
𝐿
(a) Show that 𝑞 = 𝑓(𝑘)
(b) Show that 𝑓′(𝑘) > 0 and 𝑓’’(𝑘) < 0.
(c) Find elasticity of q with respect to k. [𝑬𝒍𝒙 = 𝜶]
57. The demand function of good I is
𝑥1 = 10𝑝1−1 . 𝑝22
If 𝑝1 increases from Rs. 3.5 to 3.7 and 𝑝2 decreases from Rs. 7 to 6.9, estimate the
change in demand using differentials. [-12]
58. The demand functions of the two goods, 𝑋1 , and 𝑋2 , are 𝑥1 = 20 − 5𝑝1 + 6𝑝22 and
𝑥2 = 15 + 5𝑝12 − 3𝑝2 , where 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are prices per unit of 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 respectively
If 𝑝1 decreases from Rs. 1 to 0.90 and 𝑝2 increases from Rs. 2.50 to 2.55, estim ate
the change in demand of the two goods by using differentials. [𝒅𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟎, 𝒅𝒙𝟐 =
−𝟏. 𝟏𝟓]
59. Two goods X and Y are produced jointly with the aid of 2 factors K and L. Technical
conditions give two production functions 𝑋 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) and 𝑌 = 𝑔(𝐾, 𝐿). Find :
𝑑𝐾 𝑑𝐿
( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )
𝑑𝑋 𝑌 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑌 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝒅𝑲 𝒈′
𝒍
(𝒅𝑿 ) = 𝒈′ 𝒇′ −𝒈 ′ 𝒇′
𝒀 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒍 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌
Also, interpret these results. [ ′ ]
𝒅𝑳 𝒇𝒌
(𝒅𝒀) = 𝒈′𝒇′ −𝒈′ 𝒇′
𝑿 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒍 𝒌 𝒌 𝒍
60. Output 𝑄(𝑡) is related to capital stock 𝐾(𝑡) and labour supply 𝐿(𝑡) as follows:
𝑄(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑡 [𝐾(𝑡)]𝛽 [𝐿(𝑡)]1−𝛽
For constants 𝐴, 𝛼 and𝛽. (𝐴, 𝛼 > 0), (0 < 𝛽 < 1)
(i) Find an expression for the rate of-growth of output in terms of the constants and
the rate of growth of capital stock and labour supply.
(ii) Explain how 𝛼 can be regarded as a measure of the rate of technical progress.
𝒊) 𝒓𝒚 = 𝜶 + 𝜷𝒓𝑲 + (𝟏 − 𝜷)𝒓𝑳
[ ]
𝒊𝒊) 𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
Page 67
Rahul Sir
61. A consumer's demand for a good A is given by

𝑄𝐴 = 4850 − 5𝑃𝐴 + 0.1𝑌 + 1.5𝑃𝐵
Where 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 are the prices of goods A and B and Y is the income of the
consumer. Find the partial elasticity of demand for A with respect to 𝑃𝐵 when 𝑃𝐴 =
200, 𝑃𝐵 = 100, 𝑌 = 10000.
Are goods A and B complements or substitutes? [Substitute]
If the price of B rises by 10%, how will this affect the demand for
good A? [.3%]
Page 68
Rahul Sir
chapter -5
convex sets
1. Graph each of the following sets and indicate whether is it convex?
(a) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 } (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ 𝑒 𝑥 }
(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 13 − 𝑥 2 } (d) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥𝑦 ≥ 1, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0}
(e) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 2}
[𝒂) 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙, 𝒃) 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙, 𝒄) 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙, 𝒅) 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙, 𝒆) 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙]
2. Identify graphically the regions in the X – Y plane that correspond to the following
sets:
𝐴1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ 0}
𝐴2 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 0}
𝐴3 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥𝑦 ≤ 1}
Show the regions corresponding to the sets?
𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3
3. Show graphically the regions in (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) plane represented by the following sets
𝐴 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ): 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 ≤ 4}
𝐵 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ): 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 ≥ 1}
𝐶 =𝐴∩𝐵
Which of the sets is convex. [set A]
4. Define a convex set. Sketch the following sets and check whether they represent
convex sets:
𝐴1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ |𝑥 |}
1
𝐴2 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ }
|𝑥 |
𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 , 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 [yes, no, no, no]
5. Identify graphically, the regions in the X – Y plane that corresponds to that following
sets:
𝑥+3
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ , 𝑥 > 0}
𝑥+1
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 }
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝐷 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅, 𝐸 = 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅
Which of these sets are convex? [A & D]
Page 69
Rahul Sir
6. Show graphically the regions in (x, y) plane represented by the following sets:
|𝑥 − 1 |
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ , 𝑥 > 0}
𝑥
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 21 − 18𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 }
𝐶 =𝐴∩𝐵
Which of these sets are convex? [B & C]
7. Graph the following sets and indicate whether is it convex?

2
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ }
|𝑥 + 1 |
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 5}
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝐷 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 [B]
8. Define a convex set. Indicate graphically the regions in the x – y plane represented
by the following sets:
2𝑥 + 5
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ , 𝑥 > 0}
𝑥+2
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 }
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝐷 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅, 𝐸 = 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅
Which of these sets are convex? [A & D]
9. Identify graphically, the regions in X – Y plane that corresponds to the following

sets.
1
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ }
(𝑥 − 1)2
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 10𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 23}
1+𝑥
𝐶 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ }
|𝑥 |
Which of these are convex sets? [B]
10. Decide which of the following sets are convex by drawing each in the 𝑥𝑦 plane
(a) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 2} (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0}
2 2 (d) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑥𝑦 ≥ 1}
(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 + 𝑦 > 8}
(e) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥𝑦 ≤ 1} (f) {(𝑥, 𝑦): √𝑥 + √𝑦 ≤ 2}
[a, b and d]
11. Sketch a graph for each of the following and indicate whether the set is convex:
(a) 𝑆 = ⌊(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥𝑦 ≥ 𝑎2 , 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0⌋
(b) 𝑆 = [(𝑥, 𝑦)|3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 1,3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3]
Page 70
Rahul Sir
12. Verify whether the sets A and B are convex:

𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 16, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4}
2𝑥+5
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 ≥ , 𝑥 > 0} (Eco(H) 2018)
𝑥+2
13. A set S in 𝑅2 is said to be convex if x ∈ 𝑆, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆, & 𝜆 ∈ [0,1] ⇒ (1 − 𝜆)𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 ∈ 𝑆.

Using the definition, verify whether the following set is convex. (Eco(H) 2017)
{𝒙𝒚 ≤ 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙}
14. Two sets A and B in R2 are defined as A = {(x, y)| xy≥ 10} and B ={(x, y)| 2x2+ y≤
10}
Draw a sketch of the sets to decide:
a) Whether the sets A and B are closed and bounded.

b) Whether the set 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is convex.(Eco(H) 2019)
Page 71
Rahul Sir
chapter = 6
multivariable optimization
Local Extreme Points
1. Find the critical point and test whether the function is at a relative maximum or
minimum, given
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 3 − 𝑥 3 + 147𝑥 − 54𝑦 + 12 [𝒙 = 𝟕, 𝒚 = 𝟑]
2 2
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 3 [x = 1, y = -2]
2 2
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 36𝑥 + 42𝑦 + 158 [x = 5, y = 8]
1
(d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 9𝑦 (Eco(H) 2017) [x = -2/3, 1, y = ±𝟏]
2
2. Find the stationary points of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 [( , − ) &(− , )]
𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑
2+𝑥 2 𝟑
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 (𝑦−2) [(𝟏, 𝟐)& ( , 𝟐)]
𝟐
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 (Eco(H) 2015) [(𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟏), (−𝟏, −𝟏)]
(d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 (Eco(H) 2008) [(−𝟏, 𝟏)]
3. Find all the stationary points of the following functions and classify them:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 [𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔(𝟎, 𝟎); 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎(𝟏, 𝟏)]
𝟒 𝟏
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎(− 𝟑 , 𝟑)
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 (6 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎(𝟐, 𝟑)
(d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 2
[𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂(𝟎, 𝟎); 𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 (−𝟏 𝟏)(−𝟏, −𝟏)]
(e) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 3 + 9𝑥𝑦
3
[𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔(𝟎, 𝟎); 𝑴𝒂𝒙. 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒊𝒏. 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 (𝟎, 𝟎)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑, −𝟑)]
(f) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 (Eco(H) 2013)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
[𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔(𝟎, 𝟎); 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 ( , ) (— , − )]
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
2−𝑥 2
(g) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 + 4)𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑦 − 1)𝑒 (𝑦−2) (Eco(H) 2018) [Note: don’t classify the
max and min point]
4. Find and classify the stationary points of:

1
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 8𝑥𝑦 − 4 (𝑥 + 𝑦)4 (Eco(H) 2012)
[𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝟎, −𝟏, 𝟏]
5. Find the stationary points for the following function:
Page 72
Rahul Sir
f(x,y) = x3 + y2 -2xy – 2x2 + x – y + 4. Classify the stationary points as maxima,

minima and saddle points. [(0,1/2) ,(2,5/2)] (Eco(H) 2019)
6. (a) Determine values of the constants a, b, and c such that

𝟏
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑐 [𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟐, 𝒄 = ]
𝟐𝟕
Has a local minimum at the point (2/3, 1/3) with local minimum value -1/9.
(b) With the values of a, band c found in part (a), find the maximum and minimum
values of f over the domain in the xy-plane determined by the inequalities 𝑥 ≥
𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝟏
0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4. [𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 = , 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = − 𝟗]
𝟐𝟕
7. Consider the three functions:

(a) 𝑧 = −𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4
(c) 𝑧 = −𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3
Prove that the origin is a stationary point for each one of these functions, and that
𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵2 = 0 at origin in each case. By studying the functions directly, prove that the
origin is respectively a maximum point for (a), a minimum point for (b), and a
saddle point for (c).
8. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑘𝑥𝑦 where k takes values except 2 and -2.

Find the stationary point of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Determine the values of the constant k for which
this stationary point is
a) A local minimum point
b) A saddle point
[ Local Minima at (0,0) when k∈ (-2 ,2) and saddle when k∈ (-∞ ,-2) U (2,∞ ) ]
(Eco(H) 2016)
Extreme Points
9. Let 𝑧 = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ;
Show that on every line y = mx, the function z has a minimum at (0, 0). (Eco(H)
2014)
10. Find the extreme points and extreme values for f(x, y) defined over S
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 1, 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1}
[f(x, y) has a maximum 1 at (0, 1) and minimum -5/4 at (0, 1/2)]
11. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 , 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 25}

(a) Compute 𝑓1′ (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑓2′ (𝑥, 𝑦), [𝒇′𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙, 𝒇′𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚) = −𝟒𝒚 ]
Page 73
Rahul Sir
(b) Find the only stationary point for function. [(1, 0)]
(c) Find the extreme points for f over S.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 2 at (1, 0) and minimum -70 at (-5, 0)]
12. Find the maximum and minimum points for 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).defined over S for thefollowing:
(a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 27 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 91 at (0, 4) and (4, 0) and minimum 0 at (3, 3)]
(b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 9/4 at (-1/2, √𝟑⁄𝟐) and minimum -1/4 at (1/2,0)]
(c) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 0.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 3 at (0, 0) and at (1,0) and minimum 2 at
(0,-1) and at (0,1)]
(d) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4 (Eco(H) 2013)
[f(x, y) has a max at (-2,0), (2,0) and minimum at (0, -2), (0, 2)]
2 2
(e) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥 (2𝑦 − 1)𝑒 (𝑦−2) 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1/2.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 2𝒆𝟒 at (0, 0) and minimum 0 for all (x, 1/2) where x ∈
[𝟎, 𝟐]𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 (𝟐, 𝒚) where y ∈[0, 1/2]]
13. Find all maxima and minima of:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 1
on the closed triangular region bounded by lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 in
𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒂𝒕(𝟎, 𝟎)
the first quadrant. [ ]
𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒂𝒕(𝟏, 𝟐)
14. Consider the problem of maximizing 𝑧 = −(𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 ):

Find the strict maxima. What is the problem in applying the condition that the
Hessian Matrix is Negative Definite? (Eco(H) 2014) ((0,0) is the Maximum
Point)
15. Find the maximum and minimum values of:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
On the given set S which is the square region bounded by :
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 [ 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎 ]
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟐
16. Find the extreme point and extreme values for f(x, y) defined over S when:
2 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑦
On the given set 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1}:
Page 74
Rahul Sir
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝒆 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟎)𝒂𝒏𝒅(−𝟏, 𝟎)

[𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟏), (𝟎, −𝟏), (𝟏, 𝟎), (−𝟏, 𝟎); ]
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟏 𝒂𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟏), (𝟎, −𝟏)
17. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦; on the closed Bounded set
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3; 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2} (Eco(H) 2015)
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟗 𝒂𝒕 (𝟑, 𝟎)
{ }
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟎)
18. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 1 be defined over the area bounded by the

straight lines x = 0, y = 2 and y = 2x. Find and classify all the extreme points of this
function. Also, find the extreme values of the function f(x, y). (Eco(H) 2008, 2017)
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒕(𝟎, 𝟎)
{𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔(𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟐); }
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟓 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟐)
19. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦(1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) be defined over the area Bounded by the square
formed by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. Find and classify all the extreme points of this
function. (Eco(H) 2013)
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟏/𝟖 𝒂𝒕( , )
{𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 ( , ) , (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟏), (𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟏); 𝟐 𝟐 }
𝟐 𝟐 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟏 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟏)
20. Find the maximum and minimum values of:

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 on the given set S which is the square region by
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. (Eco(H) 2012)
{𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, −𝟏), (−𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟏), (−𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟏, −𝟏); 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎 }
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟐
2−𝑥
21. Find the maxima and minima of the function 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 + 4)𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑦 −
(𝑦−2)2
1)𝑒
Defined on the set S where S is rectangular region with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), (2, 1),
(2, 0).
(Eco(H) 2018)
22. Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑦; find the extreme point of the function z defined over
the area bounded by the triangle rectangle formed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y
= 2. (Eco(H) 2014)
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒂𝒕(𝟏, 𝟐)
{𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔(𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟎); }
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟒 𝒂𝒕 (𝟐, 𝟎)
Concave & Convex Functions
Page 75
Rahul Sir
23. Examine concavity/convexity of the following functions:

(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 (Eco(H) 2015) [Niether]
2 2
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −3𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 (Eco(H) 2015) [strictly Concave]
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 [strictly convex]
( ) 2 2
(iv) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 4 [strictly concave]
24. Examine concavity/convexity of the. following functions:

(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4 [Niether]
2 2
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 [strictly convex]
2 2
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 [Niether]
25. Let f be defined for all x, y by𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2

(a) Show that f is concave.
(b) Show that−𝑒 −𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) is concave.
26. Examine the convexity/concavity of the following function:

(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 [strictly concave]
3 1
(b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 − 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑦 [strictly convex]
27. Examine the convexity/concavity of the following function:

a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝛼 + 𝑦 𝛽 ; 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0; 𝛼 > 0; 𝛽 > 0, 𝛼 + 𝛽 < 1
𝒂) 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐯𝐞
b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦)1/2 ; 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 (Eco(H) 2012) { }
𝒃) 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐯𝐞
28. Decide for which values of the constant a the following function is concave, convex,
or neither: 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −6𝑥 2 + (2𝑎 + 4)𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 4𝑎𝑦
[ 𝒏𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙; 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒇 − 𝟐 − √𝟔 ≤ 𝒂 ≤ −𝟐 + √𝟔 ]
29. Find the largest convex domain S in the xy-plane on which the function
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 is concave. [ 𝑺 = {(𝒙, 𝒚): 𝒙 ≥ 𝟓/𝟏𝟐}]
30. Show that the function f defined by 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3 for all
(𝑥, 𝑦) has maximum at (𝑥, 𝑦) = (1,2).
31. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 2 ; Prove that the function is strictly Convex for |𝑦| < 1.
(Eco(H) 2009)
32. 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + b𝑦 2 + 2𝑐𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑;
For what value of a, b, c and d the function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) is concave? (Eco(H) 2008)
Page 76
Rahul Sir
{𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 ∶ 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒄𝟐 > 0, 𝑎 < 0, 𝑏 < 0}
33. Consider the Cobb – Douglas production function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =

𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
defined for 𝑥 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 > 0. Prove that f is concave if and only if it exhibits constant
or decreasing returns to scale. (Eco(H) 2017)
34. Let D be the set of point (x, y) with −1 < 𝑥 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1 < 𝑦 < 1 and let
1
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (x − y)4 − (x − y)2 − (x + y)2
12
a) Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is neither Concave or Convex in D.

b) Find the subset of D at which 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is Concave. (Eco(H) 2009)
{𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐃 𝐢𝐬 𝐱 < √𝟐 + 𝐲 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 > 𝑦 − √𝟐}
Quasi Concave & Quasi Convex Functions

2
35. Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 is quasi concave on R.
𝑎 𝑎
36. Show that Cobb-Douglas function 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑥1 1 . 𝑥2 2 (𝐴 > 0, 𝑎1 & 𝑎2 > 0) is quasi-
concave on real number.
37. Decide which of the following function are quasi - concave. Give reasons:?
a) y = 5x + 7
b) 𝑧 = ln(𝑥1 𝑎1 . 𝑥2 𝑎2 ) (Both are Quasi - Concave) (Eco(H) 2016)
38. Decide which of the following functions are quasi-concave:

(a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 4
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 , (𝑦 > 0)
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑦 3 , (𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0)
𝒂) 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒔𝒊 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝒃) 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒔𝒊 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆
[ ]
𝒄) 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒔𝒊 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆
39. Use the definition to test whether the following three functions are quasi concave or
not:
a) f(x) = x2
b) g(x) = √𝑥
c) h(x, y) = x2y (Eco(H) 2019)
Page 77
Rahul Sir
40. Derive the conditions on 𝛼, 𝛽 under which the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽 , 𝛼, 𝛽 > 0
defined on the domain x≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 is
a) Strictly concave
b) Concave
c) Quasi-concave
d) Convex(Eco(H) 2019)
Economic Applications
1 1
41. Consider the function 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 100 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 300 𝑦 3 − 9𝑦 + 20,600 defined
for 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 ≥ 0. Show that stationary point is (𝑥, 𝑦) = (500,30) and show that
it is a minimum point.
42. Show that the CES function if defined for 𝐾 > 0, 𝐿 > 0 by
1
−
𝑓 (𝐾, 𝐿) = 𝐴[𝛿𝐾 −𝑝 + (1 − 𝛿 )𝐿−𝑝 ] 𝑝 (𝐴 > 0, 𝜌 ≠ 0,0 ≤ 𝛿 ≤ 1) is concave for 𝜌 ≥ −1
and convex for 𝜌 ≤ −1.
43. Show that the Cobb-Douglas function 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐾 𝑎 𝐿𝑏 , defined for 𝐾 > 0 and 𝐿 > 0, is
concave if 𝐴 > 0, 𝑎 ≥ 0, 𝑏 ≥ 0, and 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 1, and is strictly concave if a and b
are positive with 𝑎 + 𝑏 <1.
44. Let D be the set- of points (𝑥, 𝑦) with −1 < 𝑥 < 1 and −1 < 𝑦 < 1 and
1
let𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 12 (𝑥 − 𝑦)4 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 −(𝑥 + 𝑦)2
(a) Show that f is neither convex nor concave in D.
(b) Find the subset of D at which f is concave. [𝒙 < √𝟐 + 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝑦 − √𝟐]
45. Suppose a firm that use 2 inputs has the production function
1/3 1/3
𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 12𝑥1 𝑥2
And faces input prices (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 ) and output price q.
Show that f is concave for 𝑥1 > 0, 𝑥2 > 0.
46. A firm produces 𝐾 1/2 𝐿1/4 units of output of a good when it uses K units of capital
and L units of labor. The firm obtains the price 16 per unit of output and pays 4 per
unit of capital and 2 per unit of labor so that its profit is 𝜋(𝐾, 𝐿) = 𝑝𝑄 − 𝑤𝐿 − 𝑟𝐾,
where Q is the firm's output and w and r are price paid to labor and capital.
(i) Show that 𝜋(𝐾, 𝐿) is concave;
Page 78
Rahul Sir
(ii) Find the profit maximizing values of K, L; [L = K = 16]
47. A firm under perfect competition produces two commodities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 with prices
equal to Rs. 10 and Rs. 15 respectively. If the cost function of the firm is
𝐶 = 2𝑥12 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑥22 , where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 denote the levels of output of 𝑋1 and 𝑋2
respectively;
(i) Determine profit maximizing levels of output of 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 .
(ii) Compute the amount of maximum profits.
(iii) Verify the second order conditions.
48. A firm produces two goods x and y. The prices of x and y are Rs. 32 and Rs. 16
respectively. The cost function of the firm is 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 8. Find
the profit maximizing output levels and the firm's profit.
49. Given the profit function 𝜋 = 160𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 + 120𝑦 − 18 for a firm
producing two goods x and y, find the following:
(a) Maximize profits
(b) Test the second-order condition
(c) Evaluate the function at the critical values x and y.
50. A monopolist sells two products x and y for which the demand functions are
𝑥 = 25 − 0.5𝑃𝑥
𝑦 = 30 − 𝑃𝑦
And the combined cost function is 𝐶 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 20.
Find the following:
(a) The profit-maximizing level of output for each product
(b) The profit-maximizing price for each product
(c) The maximum profit
51. A monopolist produces two commodities, x and y, jointly. The relevant cost function
is 𝐶 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 .The demand functions are 𝑝𝑥 = 36 − 3𝑥 and𝑝𝑥 = 50 −
5𝑦. Find the prices and quantities that would maximize total profits. Also find the
𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝟖𝟐 𝟕𝟓𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟎
amount of this maximum profit. [𝒙𝟏 = , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟏 , 𝒑𝟏 = , 𝒑𝟐 = ,𝝅 =
𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟏
𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟑]
52. A monopolist firm can produce its output in one of the two different plants. The cost
of production in two plants are given respectively by:
𝑇𝐶 (𝑥1 ) = 2𝑥1 2
𝑇𝐶 (𝑥2 ) = 100 + 20𝑥2
Page 79
Rahul Sir
Demand function p = 200 – 2x where x is the total output. How much output should
the profit maximizing monopolist produce in each plant? (Eco(H) 2009)
{𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎}
53. A monopolist produces two types of chocolates, 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 , at a constant average cost
of Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per Kilogram respectively. If 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are prices (Charged in
rupees per kilo), the market demand for the two types are 𝑥1 = 5(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) and
𝑥2 = 32 + 5𝑝1 − 10𝑝2 thousand kilograms per week. Find the values of 𝑝1 and 𝑝2
such that the joint monopoly profits are maximized. Also find the equilibrium
quantities.
[𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈, 𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟐, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟕]
54. A manufacturer can produce a commodity at two locations. The selling price per
unit is given by 𝑝 = 200 − 0.8𝑥, where 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2. The cost functions at the two
locations are 𝐶1 = 0.3𝑥12 + 60𝑥1 + 5000 and 𝐶2 = 0.5𝑥22 + 30𝑥2 + 8000
respectively. Find 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 so that profits are maximize. [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 =
𝟒𝟕. 𝟓]
55. A discriminating monopolist is able to separate its customers into two markets with
respective demand functions as 𝑥1 = 16 − 0.2𝑝1 and 𝑥2 = 9 − 0.05𝑝2. The total
cost function of the monopolist is 𝐶 = 20 + 20𝑥, where (𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ).
(i) Find the profit maximizing values of 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 . [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟔, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒]
(ii) Find the price charged in each market and the maximum profits.
[𝒑𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝝅 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎]
(iii) Find the elasticity of demand in two markets.
[ 𝜼𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕, 𝜼𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓]
56. A discriminating monopolist, serving two isolated markets with demand elasticity
𝜂1 & 𝜂2 sells quantities 𝑥1 & 𝑥2 of his product at prices 𝑝1 & 𝑝2 respectively. Show that
for maximizing profits:
1
𝑝1 1−
𝜂2
= 1
𝑝2 1−
𝜂1
Hence deduce that the price will be higher in the market where the demand is less
elastic.
57. A monopolist discriminates prices between two markets and average revenue
functions for the two market are A𝑅1 = 53 − 4𝑄1 & 𝐴𝑅2 = 29 − 3𝑄2 & his total cost
function is
C = 20+5Q. Find the profit maximizing outputs and prices in two markets.
Page 80
Rahul Sir
What are these values when there is no price discrimination?
58. A profit maximizing monopolist sells its output in two markets with demand
functions
𝑥1 = 100 − 𝑝1 And 𝑥2 = 140 − 2𝑝2 , The cost function of the firm is 𝐶 = 90 + 6𝑥
where 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
(i) Find prices charged and the equilibrium output if the monopolist can
maintain separation between two markets. [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒, 𝒑𝟏 =
𝟓𝟑, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖]
(ii) Suppose that the good can be transported from one market to another at a
cost of Rs. 8 per unit. Find the prices charged and equilibrium outputs in the
two markets. [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟔𝟕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟑, 𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, 𝒑𝟐 =
𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟑]
(iii) Answer part (ii) if the cost of transportation, becomes zero.
[𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓𝟕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓𝟒, 𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑]
59. A firm produces two items 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 , the market prices are given by 𝑝1 = 100 −
2𝑥1, and 𝑝2 = 125 − 3𝑥2 . The cost of production is 12𝑥1 + 11𝑥2 + 4𝑥1 𝑥2for
producing 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 units. How many items of each type be produced to have
maximum joint profit? [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟗, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑]
60. A monopolist produces two commodities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 , at constant average cost of Rs

2.50 and Rs 3.00 per item respectively. If 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are the prices charged and the
market demands are 𝑥1 = 5(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 )and 𝑥2 = 32 + 5𝑝1 − 10𝑝2 , find the prices of
two commodities for maximum joint profit. [𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟕]
61. A multi-product firm produces two commodities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 whose prices per unit
are Rs. 10 and Rs. 15 respectively. Assuming the firm's cost function as given by
𝐶(𝑥) = 2𝑥12 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑥22, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥1 ,
𝑥2 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑋1 & 𝑋2 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
a) Obtain the optimum level of output of the two commodities.
𝟓 𝟏𝟎
[𝒙𝟏 = , 𝒙𝟐 = ]
𝟑 𝟑
b) Compute the amount of maximum profits [𝝅 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑]
c) Verify the second order conditions.
62. A scooter manufacturer produces the same model of a scooter at two different
production plants. The cost of production of 𝑥1 scooters at plant I is given by
Page 81
Rahul Sir
𝐶1 = 𝑥12 + 1,000𝑥1 + 2,500, and the cost of production of 𝑥2 scooters at plant II is

given by, 𝐶2 = 1.5𝑥22 + 2000𝑥2 + 1800, where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are the annual outputs of
plant I and II respectively.
(i) If each scooter is sold at a uniform price of Rs. 20,000, find the levels of
production of each plant so that profits are maximized.
[𝒙𝟏 = 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎]
(ii) If the annual demand of scooters follows the demand law

𝑥 = 30,000 – 𝑝, where p is the price of a scooter, find the levels of production
of each plant for maximum profits and the price of scooter.
[ [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟐. 𝟓, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟓, 𝒑 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟎]]
63. The joint cost of production of a firm producing two commodities X and Y is given by
𝐶 = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 50, where x and y denotes the output
levels of respective commodities. Find the values of x and y so that C is minimized
and the minimum values of C. [𝒙 = 𝟒, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐]
64. A monopolist produces two goods x and y. The demand function for the two goods
are functions of the prices 𝑝𝑥 and 𝑝𝑦
𝑥 = −4𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 + 12
𝑥 = 2𝑝𝑥 − 3𝑝𝑦 + 18
The total cost is given by 𝐶 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 8 + 1.5𝑥 + 1.8𝑦
Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 which maximize the profit and the maximal profit.
[𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟗, 𝒑𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟗, 𝒑𝒚 = 𝟓. 𝟔, 𝛑 = 𝟑𝟏]
65. (a) A discriminating monopolist can separate his consumers into two distinct
markets with the following demand functions
Market 𝑄1 = 16 − 0.2𝑝1 .
Market 𝑄2 = 180 − 2𝑝2
Assume that the monopolist's total cost function takes the form
𝑇𝐶 − 20𝑄 − 20 = 0, where (𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 ) is the total output. Obtain the total
profit function and determine the prices he would charge in the two markets to
maximize profits. What is the total profit? [𝒑𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓, 𝝅 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟎]
Do you agree that the price charged in the market with a higher elasticity of
demand would be higher? Show by calculations.
(b) Calculate the ratio of prices charged by a discrimination monopolist in the two
markets with price elasticity of demand equal to 3.0 and 1.5. [1:2]
Page 82
Rahul Sir
66. Assume that a monopolist sells in two isolated markets and the demand functions in
the two markets are:
𝑃1 = 17 − 2𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 = 25 − 3𝑥2
The monopolist's total cost-function is 𝐶 = 2 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2. What are the prices that
the monopolist will charge in order to maximize his profits and how much will he
sell in each market? [𝒑𝟏 = 𝟗, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒]
67. A monopolist charges different prices in two markets where his demand functions
are 𝑥1 = 21 − 0.1𝑝1 and 𝑥2 = 50 − 0.4𝑝2 , 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 being prices and 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 be
the quantities demand. His total cost function is 𝑇𝐶 = 1𝑂𝑥 + 2,000 where x
denotes total output. Find prices that the monopolist should charge to maximize
his profits. [𝒑𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓𝟎]
Also verify that higher price will be charged in the market having lower elasticity of
demand.
68. A firm manufactures two types of detergents. If 𝑥1 denotes the units of brand I and
𝑥2 denotes the units of brand II produced per Week, the weekly profit is given by
𝜋 = 300𝑥1 + 200𝑥2 + 45𝑥1 𝑥2 − 15𝑥12 − 50𝑥22 − 4,000. How many units of each
brand should be manufactured per week to maximize the profit? What is the
maximum weekly profit? [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝝅 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎]
69. A firm under monopolistic competition faces an inverse demand function

𝑝 = 100 − 3𝑥 + √𝐴 and has the total cost function 𝐶 = 4𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 𝐴, where
x is output and A is advertising expenditure,
(i) Find the values of p, x and A so that profits are maximized.
[P = 175, x = 15, A = 900]
(ii) Examine the second order conditions for maxima.
(iii) If 𝑒𝑥𝑝 and𝑒𝑥𝐴 are the partial elasticities of 𝑥. 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 price and
|𝑒 | 𝐴
advertising expenditure respectively, show that |𝑒𝑥𝐴| = 𝑝𝑥 at the profit
𝑥𝑝
maximizing values.
𝐿+𝐾
70. A firm's production function is 𝑋 = 12 − . The prices of labour, capital and
𝐿𝐾
output are Rs. 1, Rs. 4 and Rs. 9 respectively. Find the maximum profit combination
𝟑
of capital, labor and output; [𝑳 = 𝟑, 𝑲 = , 𝑿 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔]
𝟐
71. The production function for a competitive firm is given by

𝑄 = 20𝐿 + 41𝐾 − 2𝐿2 − 3𝐾 2 . The wage and rental rates are 𝜔 = Rs 4 and r = Rs 5
respectively.
Page 83
Rahul Sir
Price of output p= Re 1.
Calculate equilibrium output. [186]

2 4
72. The production function of a firm is given by 𝑞 = 12 − 𝐿 − 𝐾 and the prices (inRs.)
of q, L and K are 9, 2 and 4 respectively.
(i) Find the profit maximizing values of q, L and K. [q = 10, L = K = 3]
(ii) Find the amount of maximum profit, [72]
(iii) Verify second order condition.
73. A monopolist produces two goods x and y. The demand function for the goods are;
𝑥 = 50 − 0.5𝑝𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 76 − 𝑝𝑦
If the cost is:
𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 55
Find the values of x, y which maximize profit. Also find the maximized profit and the
prices charged by the monopolist. [𝝅(𝟖, 𝟏𝟎) = 𝟕𝟐𝟓]
Page 84
MME-2, YEAR-2022.
MME -2 PAPER SOLUTION .
By RAHUL
-
SIR .
Ans t.pe, i , (9810/48860) Rsh Classes
✗ = 10kt -
F- TL = FCK , 24
12--0.21-+5 =
811-1
L= e°"ᵗ = hit )
y is the function of KEK and K and I are .
the function of 1- Hence Y is composite function

of t .
Relative rates of of K and

change L are .
7--1-+1^1 =
{ date and
ddtlnk -_¥dd¥=2k
Rate of change of Y = dy
Tt -
(98/0148880) RSG GASSES:
,
Now
RIG CLASSES
¥ =
¥ ddt-E-JY-d.kz
=
% -4¥ :-/ + ¥-4 :-< ¥+1

=
LYIN + K -
Ya .DK .
①
↓ ,
↓wz
WI 2 Wz the
are weights .
WI = L
# = L times the marginal Productivity
of labour .
W2 =
k§= K times the marginal Productivity of
capital .
Now
JGYI
10k
£-1 2¥ = 101 I
- -
=
,
ask
5e°"ᵗ 1011=0.1
% =
& ddl-t-g-eo.it .
⇐ d¥f
Rsh
Vk ¥° 2) CLASSES
-
= =
Put in Rsh CLASSES
all the values Eg ①
dd =5e°"ᵗ( 10k
1011+10*5 / 01¥:÷*
'
5e°"ᵗk "ᵗ
0¥56 -122
-0¥
-
=
= Seo "ᵗ(0.21--15/-02-5 e0"ᵗ+2 e°"ᵗ

sFEᵗ
°¥Es
-
solve by yourself .
RSG CLASSES .
Ans Ici )
.
r= ricin RSG CLASSES

✗ = ✗ Pitt
y= yet
8¥ Ey ¥
+
Now
Yt = •
.
, . .
A↓t¥; ↓At¥ ¥t¥!

at ˢ= '
"
At # ◦
1- = 0
.
=
8,4 :o) x 'd :o) -18111.01944
=
(6) (7) + C- 2) ( t ) = 42-8=34
RSG CLASSES
Ans lfb)
. flay) = Intf =
≤ inset YY
C) If =
J¥↑+¥y↑ hradient vector
É¥+yy↑+&{÷→y↑
=
Rsh Classes
"
=
É -1*1*5
Direction
of tf are those where f is the most
rapidly at 1407
↑
¥◦↑ ↑
.
If = to =
Rsh CLASSES
Director 's are ( 1,01 .
Rate of change in f in that direction
= 117ft / = Ft =
I
(ti ) Approximate value of f- (102,0-02)
first we find linear

Approximate function About
1--0
, 9--1
flax =
2- AHH
RS h classes
f- flit
.
=
+2
{ 11,01
f- = I
fly 11 9=0
,
flak ≈ fail + Hit 4-11-41 :D 4-4

≈ 01-11-10
f- (101,0-02) ≈ 1.01
Rsh CLASSES
Rsh CLASSES
I
(C) Ii) Fla Az , %) = •
$2 ✗3- ✗n
' - '
. . . - .
, .
f- ( da ,
da, - - -
Mn) = da .dk dib . .
-
-
-2in .
(9GHz a)
" ✗
=D -
As - . .
f- is
homogenous with degree n
since It is
homogenous ,
hence It is nomothetic .
Every 1st order

partial derivative of homogenous .
Function's are also homogenous with degree n •

-
Now ☒ f- = Gradient off .

Rsh CLASSES
(¥ % .
.
.
.
:& ,
,
- -
i.
¥) ,
( ✗2.113 Hn -
,
Niels In ,
. -
A % An .-
,
. Xi -
Hn-1
)
= 11×213 An
/↓ ¥n )
. - -
' ' "
1 s
, ,
FGG ) (
=
% in
¥ In) HIP
. - - ' '
'
, /
,
(1) &) f degree
is
homogenous with 2 .
flax ay) , = deficit
f! and f! are also

homogenous with degree 1
f! (2137--4
% 14,6)=12 f! (2×2,2×3)=12 .
21 fLf4 3) = 12 .
Rsh CLASSES
1-112137=6
f( 619) = f- (3×2,3×3) = 32 ffl 3)

/
Euler 's Therein .
2 f( 2137 = 2-412,3) +3%(2/3)

=
2141+316)
2112137 =
96 ASG CLASSES
f-( LD) =D
f- (6/9)=321-14
3) = 91131=117
1) (d) A- Miis) RSGULASSES
f- Vici)
@ +24-5-1 XYZ = 2M -
Vy ①
}
CHUY - UV = +y
-5 v2 ②
Mev are
endogenous variable .
✗ variable
Ty are exogenous .
Apply Differential in Eq①

"
51M -124 / du -1244+2>cydytydi
= 2dm -
vdy
-
ydv
(51^+244-2) del -14%+244+9 )dv

y 'd$
Gay -14dg
-
=
-
Now 1=1
Yet Rsh CLASSES
M -4
V=0
3dm + Hdr =
-
DX -2dg ③
RSHCRASSFS
Apply Differential insq ②
311th)ʰ2Mdu -
lidv -
2MNdy=8d✗t2vy5dV
+ v ?5yYdy.
Put 9=1
9=1
U= I
V20
24dm -
du - ◦ =
8D ✗ to -10
24dm -
dv = Side ⑨
Solve or ③ [ ④
Rsh LEASES
③
3dm -1 Hdv = -
di -
2dg .
29dm - du = 84$ ⊕
multiply ③ or by 8
2¥ _+dr=
24 die -188 dv =
-
Side -16dg .
fdi
89 dv = -16 di -
16dg .
du
¥d✗ ¥dy
-
= -
Rsa CLASSES
% ↓vj .
"& "
du =
±, @ + dr
)
du
--¥(8d✗-¥d✗ Eady)
-
du =
1*1%1 di ¥ᵈY) Rsa CLASSES-
die __
9,1
-
,dy .
uh ↓
MY
(1) 4) fl$i , 2) = 2x Rsh CLASSES
H+yy
-
f! =
$+94 ? 2- 2x .aG+yg ? ,
, 2
C. 2)
ft flint
4¥ -41=-1
= = < 0 .
f is Decreases felon 11.1.11 when ✗ Increases .
and y 92 kept constant -
Rsh CLASSES
fy
I
=
(1+82) ? 0-2%21×+59 ?2y
(¢+9212
My Ailill =
-6¥ =
-
y
f is Decreases from 11.1.11 when

y Thermal
.
and ✗ 2 kept constant

'
RSHCKDSSFS .
f{
¥yyz
=
Rsn CLASSES
41111 ) =
4- > o
f is
Increases from 11,1 ;D When 2
gnomes and
✗ Ey kept constant
C) (e) eat ? 2x -
yy= c flay)=c
f-lol =
means 9--0
, F- I
e° - O -
y = C I -4 =c c= -3
e'"hi
ñe=d%=¥y¥ .( ?2xy 2)
" = -
's
e -4 .
Heat ( %)
Rsh
¥
= _
= .
✗ =/
CLASSES
9=0
Got tangent
y ◦
{ (1-1)
-
-
=
② (a) flay)= ✗
2-
y 2- xy - ✗
3
'
f-✗ 2x 3×2 RSG CLASSES
y
= -
-
fly =
-2g
-
✗
for critical point fH=o and fj=o

21C -
Y -
3×2=0 ① -2g -1=0 ②
✗=
-2g . y= £ -
Put the value of in Eg ①

y
21 -
f- ) -
3×2--0
£ -3×2--0
2 ✗ +
4×-1×-6×2=0
Rsh CLASSES 5×-6×2--0 ✗
¥
=o
,
0
y =
, % .
190) (8 %)
-
,
"
f-✗ ¢ = 2- 61 = A
"
f- ✗ =
-
I =
B
y Rsh UKASES
f"yy =
-
2 .
= C.
A d- ( 0101 = 2 .
AC -
B2 =
-4 -
I < 0
Cio) is saddle point .
Rsh CLASSES
(% %)
A at
-
.
,
61--81--7
A = 2-
13=-1
C L
AC -132<0
= -
(% %)
,
Is Saddle Point
RSG CLASSES ,
For f is to be concave .
A ✗
≤ o 2- 6$ ≤ o
EY }
[ ≤ -2<-0
o
=) RSG CLASSES
Ac -132--0
(2-6971-2) -
C- 112>-0
-4 -1127C -
I ≥ 0
121 -5 ≥ 0
✗ ≥ 5/12 .
domain which f is
The
Largest convex . On
concave is s =
{ IX. y) : ✗ 75/12 } .
PSG CLASSES
2
2lb) Olay) =
☒ G)
Subject to constraint
Rsh CLASSES
✗ txt Ypy=M .
let d be the Lagrange multiplier .
Flaky -
☒try /
2-
diet + gpy ,
- m
)
.
Fb = ☆
OF -181¥, _
ate
fly = *
( ☒+Jg -
dty .
Ff He -18kg Fsh
= -
( ✗ - m
) CLASSES
For Max on min FG :O ,

F) = 0
, Fj :O
FI, = 0
Fly = O
'd
F = 0
ftp.#--dfxF-rY-=yck+yty=m .
rykg ② ③
¥¥¥%
Allom Eg ① 2 ②
Atx =%¥%
by
be
=
§ .
§=t¥ $=÷y .
ytg-M.pl#;-YH+H3=m.RSh
9mg ③ ¢1k +
CLASSES
.
Y¥t_ + Yb=m
YHY-lp.fi#)--m--y=mk-.yxlig+txty
Now
$p¥
✗
if
=
Rsh CLASSES .
¥÷;¥¥; Hy "
" m
'
, . bet Bitsy .
;¥¥*, type "

" = m *
=
-1b¥
RS h CLASSES
t.EE )
• =
=
p÷( 1+1;) k¥ y
*
a
=
= = a
.
iii. ii. m
)
2-
=
(be + F)
Prom É↳==o =)
¥¥ =D
☒ + is )? Ike %
Rsh CLASSES
Now U
*
= dlfix.sc
Ki mk
¥;
*
• = -
baby -163
";¥;¥¥×:¥ .
" =
¥¥÷m ;÷="¥÷=*
=
Rsh CLASSES
H_
't
29 flay)=XeY d- _
e
01×12 And ◦≤ Y≤ '
µ , ,, -12111
Rsh CLASSES
& it )
Y
fly
, = @ -
29=0 eY=2X ①
EY EY e4AY=o ②
fly
◦
✗
-
=
_
-
tht e
't in Eg ②
1=0
2×(8-1)=0 ,
I
9nEr①
eY= 2$
Put F- ◦
RSG CHASSES
eY=0
Y does not exist
Now put A- I
eY=2 f- In 2.
stationary Point • is
( 1
,
In
2)
CASI: 1010) ( 210 ) .
Rsh CLASSES
y=o
flag = ✗ e° -
✗ Leo
✗ 2- [012]
gag = X -
1 ,
✗ c-
'
g = 1-21=0
✗ =
'
/2 .
Max 9 min Can ocean at

(010)1449144 .
Case II ! 10,0) and 1011 )

✗ = 0
't RSG
flay ) = -
e CHASSES
hey ) =
-
EY . Yt coil )
't
n' (g) =
-
e -1-0
Max 9 min Can occur at 1010110111 .
RSG CLASSES
Caselli: Coll) 12111
g- I
fall = ✗ e- she
GH) = ex -
×? @ ✗ c- [ 0,2]
'
G = e- ↳ =O
✗ Ee/
2 .
Max 2 min Can 06Eur at (42/1) (011/1211)
Case # Clio) ( 211 )
✗ =
2 .
f- 12 / 2eY -22 't

g)
.
= _
e
Hey / =
EY -
y ye coil ]
"
H' (g) e -1-0
=
RSHCELASSFS
Max I Min can occur at
(2/0) ( 2111 .
7 ✗
4121 1
Points II. lnz) 1011)
.
big Hit 149 1)

2 value
1-4-12 -4-1
÷÷÷±¥¥%
' -
I
seeking
2-11 fix,y1= ( x2 't
g)
✗
✗
e
-
g) et
'
f- ✗ =
( 2x -
✗
ftp. sc?acy)eY-eY(o-x )- eY(c2-xcy-ax)fk=o

fly = 0
@ stay )eᵗ=o e' (✗ 2- icy

-
a) = 0
f
2✗=✗y
F- Rst CLASSES
¥
v.
✗ 2- ✗✗
y - ✗ ✗ = 0
2- ✗
✗ ✗
¥ ✗ ✗ =o
-
A- ↳ 2- ✗✗ = 0
-
✗ Ine = 0
✗ ( ✗ +✗ 1=0
/
-
8=0
6=0 ,
-
a , Y : -2 .
10,0) C- ✗ , 2) -
)eY+eᵗ(
"
f, =
12$ - ✗
y 2- )
°
eY( 2 -127C -
✗
Y) =A
F'kg =
( 2x - ✗
g) eᵗ+eᵗ( 0 a) -
=
eY(- ✗ -121 - ✗
y) = B
f "yy= e4 -
a) + ( Ensey - ✗
eye
"
=
eY( E- ✗ ✗
y -
zax
) = C
RSG CLASSES
d- = 2 A =
e- 2.2.70
lay 1-9-21
2
B ✗ e-
-
= ✗
By
-
1%1 ,
-
↳
c = 0
194 É (-4-4)
qq.gg
=
A- c- 132=-9220 = ✗
2-
e-
2-
>0
040 ) 1's Saddle Point AC -132=2×2 e- Y - ✗ 254 so
1-4-21 is min Point

flag =
( they .eY
*
✗ =
-
✗
y*= -2 .
f-H&M ) = ( ✗ 2-2×452
2-
=
-42 e- = ft )
2-
I
ddzf = -2in e-
Now flay)= C- ✗g) d '
2-
zf( * 4*1 =
fzx) e- I
Rsh CLASSES
I = II
Hence Proved .
ANSI.la)
let ✗
kg of Feed I purchased per day .
and
ykg of feed 2 Purchased for day
1001C
Min 2 =
-180g
Subject to constraint .
Rsh CLASSES
3512g ≥ 60
7-✗ +2g ≥ 84
3. ✗ ≥ 72
+6g
✗ , y ≥o
✗ 0 20 ✗ 0 12
y 30 0 Y 42 0
'
39+4=60 7×+21=84
Rsh CLASSES ✗ 0 24
12
•
Y 0
3×-161=72 .
y
¥¥É¥¥¥¥¥¥
.
50 -
"
⇐ Rsh CLASSES
%É÷÷ .
to -1 .
:#
% To
• '
Ii ;D.io to
'
yo
✗
.
-
-
,
"
¥7 using intersection of owah.cn of we
9-nd
B 2C Points .
Rsh CLASSES
Ii ) And
Every gncavah.cn does not hold at Gio
Hence hraph Shades away
the
origin .
④ second (d) doted lines shows that 2 is min .
at 11813
)
thin 2 = 100118 ) -1 (3)
= 1800-1240
100×+88-2040
= 2040
C) If we use Conner method then we

get
.
min at 11813)
RSG CLASSES
.
3 Cei) 2=1401
they .
11837
nun 2 = 140118) 1-80132=2700
1409C 1-
soy =
2760
3lb)
Max 3×+4
y
z =
.
8¥ 3. ✗ ≤ -6
+2g
✗+ yy ≤ 4
My ≥ o
§ ? 02 § Yo
RSG CLASSES
4 -
3 *
¥ D8 / 5,951
Rsh CLASSES
④
:ÑÑiiii÷i¥÷
•
A •
µ, .
"
^
~
C) 10,0) holds All the
9ncavation.ci
using
e points are determined .
Intersection .
iii ) at intersection point

.
Max 2 occur
3×+4
y=3( ) -14137)
Max > =
¥ +
¥ 3¥
=
Rsh CLASSES =
3 (b)Iii) If first Constraint is 39 -12g ≤ 7 then
optimal Solution is
getting by gntssah.cn of
3×-121=7
✗+
yy=y } ✗
8=42
= 2
.
Ksh CLASSES
New Max 2 =
3¥ -1
¥
3 (b) Ciii ) It first constraint is ✗+
Yy ≤ -5 then
optimal Solution Intersection of
getting by
is .
3×-14=6
]
✗ =
,±
✗+ Yy g-
f- %
=
New 2 =
3¥ 1- 3-5
3lb
Multiply the two ≤ constraint
by ¥ and
3-
and then
respectively ,
adding yeilds (F) 13%+2%1
1-
(3-5) (74+4×2) ≤A
8-+4.3-5 .
Which deduces to 399 -14% ≤

3¥ .
RSG CLASSES
04--9141 Yi= 3×2-6×+8
Rsh MASSES
Yz= -2×2-14×+1
Y, __ 3×2-6×+8 92=-2×2+4×+1
Yi -
_
342-2×+38-1 92=-262-2×-1-2)
Yi
34×-22×+1 11-8-31 -4£ 1) 2-3-2
-
= - =
E- 1) 7- § $-4K / Ya 3)
Y÷= -1 -
*
112--1-314-51
Both the Eavation 's are
showing Parabola .
91
as
5-
-
3 ••
-
☒ 92 .
f o
&
{
v
•
I .
i. Rewired Area .
f) Cti -
Yz)dX
[ (3×2-6×-18) -
(-2×4-4×+1) di
[ DX
5×2-10×+7
RSG CLASSES
[ ¥ -1%2-+7%2
=
( 5-3×3 -
5×2-17%2
{ (2) 3-5-(42+712)
=
=
40-3-20-114
Gonif
¥ 6=403--18
.
= -
4@7Cii1ddY_t_6Y-6RShCkASSESIj.d 's = / Idt
'
to MY 1) -
= 1- + c.
Inly -1 ) = Gt -16C .
Y -
I = {t.ec
let e "=k .
g- I = e%k .
RSG CLASSES
Y= ke6ᵗ+ ,
yeol =3
3 = ke° -11 3 = K -11 1<=2 -
y = 261-+1
1- co
,
Y → • .
Its not converges to steady
stall .
4lb) Ift / = 121-43
Kett
f Ictldt .
=
Ket/ =
1121-43 dt .
RSG CLASSES
KCH =
121-43 1- c.
413
kft) =
3-4.121-43-1 C
kit) = 91-43 -1C .
1--0 1410 ) = 25
,
1<101--9 1- c.
25= ! 1- C c= 25
KCH = 91-43-125
time [ 1,3]
Accumulating capital droning
143) -
KUI =
(9.3413+25) -
[9*713+25]
E-
31013-9
4lb) Ddt = 4- Pt .
01st = I -105 Pt -1
Qd = Qs Rsh CLASSES
4- Pt = 1+0517-1
Pt = U - I -
O '
-517--1
Pt =
-
o 5--
Pt -1+3 .
Solution of Difference Equation .
Pt = to -5
)ᵗ( ¥.s) B- +
¥5
1-
Pt = to 5) .
( Po -
2) +2 .
Now Po I
RSG
=
CLASSES
Pt =
-
(-0-5)+-12 .
Guile bairn stale

Pt Pt
- -
I P*=2
A- =
-
for -511-+2 ]
to ↑ 2
Pt I 25 175
Pt
RSG CLASSES
.
2 -
'
1- → co ,
Pt -32 .
RSG CLASSES
Damped oscillation .
4 Ñ= S [ Dept SCPD
-
DCP) = a- bp
SIP) RSG CLASSES
=
✗ +
pp
¥1
.
=
814-49-1×+197 ]
9¥ =
81@ a) Cbtp)P]-
-
For cq state .
Put = 0
8+1=0
flea -
a) -
lbtpp] = 0
P=
Gp .
RSG CLASSES
Now solution of difference Equation .
%t+slb+P)P= Sfa -4
qKH%ᵈᵗ
8lb-1Mt
Integrating factor II. f) ± = e
p .
Ñb+P)ᵗ=fg( a- a) .
Ebt ᵗdt .
pselbi-PH-gea.ge#P)t- c.8CbtP)RShClAS FSp=ce-slb+PH-

+
9.*.
when 1- too P
aj,-
→
,
Equilibrium State is Stable

E) C) ! Ct =
90-1088+-1
It = 50
Yo = 1200
RIG CLASSES
Yt =
G. + It .
Yt = 90 -10.84T -
I +50
Yt = 0841--1+140
Solution of Difference Equation .
4- =
lo.si/Yo-Y?-.s)tY-:-.s
+
Yt =
@ 8) ( Yo -
7001 1- too
1200
Yo =
ᵗ too) + too
Yt @ 8) ( boo
-
10-811--500-1
'
4£ = too
t -10 Yt- too ( time Path is converge

, to
700$

Mme 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mme 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mme 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.rsgclasses.

ECONOMICS (H) SEM-2

2. Matrix Algebra 10-29

3. Function of sevral Variable 30-56

4. Economic Application 57-68

5. Convex Set 69-71

6. Multivariable optimization 72-84

note- IF YOU HAVE FIND ANY MISTAKE IN

13) For a, b ∈ 𝑅𝑛 prove that:

Where u and v are two non-zero vectors.

17) Show that vector equation

18) Check which of these pairs of vectors are orthogonal:

21) Following are two column vectors ‘a’ and ‘b’:

22) Let a = (1,2,1) and b = (-3,0,-2)

Lines and Planes

24) A line is given by 𝑥 = 2 + 3𝑡, 𝑦 = 4 + 7𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5 − 5𝑡

(i) Passing through the points p(-2,0,3) and Q(3, 5, -2).

Does the line 𝑥1 = 1 − 2𝑡, 𝑥2 = 2 − 3𝑡, 𝑥3 = 2 + 2𝑡 intersect this plane? [yes]

32) Find the equation for the line:

34) Find the equation of a plane passing through the points

36) (a) Show that a = (-2, 1, -1) is a point in the plane –x + 2y + 3z = 1.

Linear Combination & Liner Dependence

38) If a, b, and c are linearly independent vectors in 𝑅𝑚 , prove that a + b , b + c, and a + c

Is it a convex combination also? [𝟎. 𝟒, 𝟎. 𝟔]

48) Let a, b, c be 3 linearly independent vectors in 𝑅3 and let:

Are 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 also linearly independent vectors?[Yes]

51) Are the following vectors independent?

(a) u = (4, 1), v = (2, -8) [yes]

Exam Style Question

3. For n dimensional vectors 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑣4 . Prove/Disprove the following.

6) (i) If A is a 3 × 3 symmetric matrix, show that A2 is also symmetric.

7) Show that matrix A is symmetric, given A = I – X(X’X)-1 X’, where I is an 𝑛 × 𝑛 identity

15) If A and B are idempotent matrices then AB is idempotent if A and B commute.

16) If A is an idempotent matrix and 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐼 then B is idempotent matrix.

25) Find the inverse of the 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix a if 𝐴 − 𝐴2 = 𝐼. [I-A ]

(b) Show by induction that (𝐴1 𝐴2 … . . 𝐴𝑛 )′ = 𝐴𝑛 … . . ′𝐴2 ′𝐴1 ′

29) An n X n matrix P is said to be orthogonal if 𝑃′ 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑛 .

30) A square matrix A of order n is called involutive if 𝐴2 = 𝐼𝑛 .

31) Show that an orthogonal matrix must have determinant 1 or -1

32) a) A matrix P is orthogonal is P’P = 1. Prove that if p is an n× 𝑛 matrix whose columns

b) Find out if A is an orthogonal matrix:

34) Let A be a 2 × 2matrix for which 𝐴2 = 0. Show that tr(A) = 0.

36) Evaluate the determinant of the following

37) Find the rank of the matrix

40) Let A be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix such that m < 𝑛. What is the rank of A if

43) Find inverse of the following matrices by elementary row operations:

44) The adjoint of a 2× 2 matrix A is C. prove that

46) Prove that the system

50) Show that the equation system

51) Consider the system of equations:

Find all values of k for which the system of equation has:

a) Unique solution [K≠ 𝟏, −𝟐]

53) Discuses the solutions of

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 ≠ 𝟕, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏;

55) For what value (s) of k is the following system of equations:

61) Prove that the homogeneous system of equations.

62) Consider the system:

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑 ≠ 𝟑, 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒛 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝟑 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔;

65) Show that the following system of equations has no solution: