DDL Data definition language

------------------------------
create
--------
used to create db object(table)
--------------------------------
syntax
---------
create table table_name
(
col_nm data_type(s),
.
.
.
);

Db connection process
--------------------------
SQL> conn system/system
Connected.
SQL> show user
USER is "SYSTEM"
SQL> create user ganesh identified by ganesh;

User created.

SQL> conn ganesh/ganesh

ERROR:
ORA-01045: user GANESH lacks CREATE SESSION privilege; logon denied

Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.

SQL> show user
USER is ""
SQL> conn system/system
Connected.
SQL> grant resource,connect to ganesh;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> conn ganesh/ganesh

Connected.

alter
---------
(i) to add one or more columns
-----------------------------------
syntax
------
alter table table_name add column_name data_type(size);

example
-----------
SQL> desc student1
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID NUMBER(10)
 SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SDOB DATE
SFEE NUMBER(6,2)
SGRADE CHAR(1)

SQL> alter table student1 add (saddress varchar2(20), smobile number(10));

Table altered.

SQL> desc student1

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID NUMBER(10)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SDOB DATE
SFEE NUMBER(6,2)
SGRADE CHAR(1)
SADDRESS VARCHAR2(20)
SMOBILE NUMBER(10)

(ii) to delete one or more than one column

----------------------------------------------
syntax
---------
alter table table_name drop column column_name;

example
--------

SQL> alter table student1 drop column sgrade;

Table altered.

SQL> desc student1

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID NUMBER(10)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SDOB DATE
SFEE NUMBER(6,2)
SADDRESS VARCHAR2(20)
SMOBILE NUMBER(10)

SQL> alter table student1 drop (sdob,sfee);

Table altered.

SQL> desc student1

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID NUMBER(10)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SADDRESS VARCHAR2(20)
SMOBILE NUMBER(10)

(iii) to rename a column

---------------------------
alter table table_name rename column old_col_name to new_col_name;
example
----------
SQL> alter table student1 rename column sid to student_id;

Table altered.

SQL> desc student1

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
STUDENT_ID NUMBER(10)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SADDRESS VARCHAR2(20)
SMOBILE NUMBER(10)

(iv) to rename a table

--------------------------
syntax
------
alter table old_table_name rename to new_tabl_nm;

example
----------
SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
STUDENT TABLE
STUDENT1 TABLE
STUDENT3 TABLE
STUDENT4 TABLE
STUDENT5 TABLE
STUDENT6 TABLE

8 rows selected.

SQL> alter table student1 rename to student1_details;

Table altered.

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
STUDENT TABLE
STUDENT1_DETAILS TABLE
STUDENT3 TABLE
STUDENT4 TABLE
STUDENT5 TABLE
STUDENT6 TABLE

8 rows selected.

(v) to modify type/size of a column

----------------------------------------
example
-----------

SQL> select * from student

2 ;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
1 aj 1234.56
3 raj kumar 2233.56
4 ajay 4455.67
5 ajay 4455.67

SQL> alter table student modify sid varchar2(20);

alter table student modify sid varchar2(20)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01439: column to be modified must be empty to change datatype

SQL> desc student3;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID NUMBER(10)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SDOB DATE
SFEE NUMBER(6,2)

SQL> select * from student3;

no rows selected

SQL> alter table student3 modify sid varchar2(20);

Table altered.

SQL> desc student3;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID VARCHAR2(20)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SDOB DATE
SFEE NUMBER(6,2)

truncate
-----------
used to delete all the table data perminently at a time

syntax
---------
truncate table table_name

example
-----------

SQL> select * from student;

 SID SNAME SFEE
---------- -------------------- ----------
1 aj 1234.56
3 raj kumar 2233.56
4 ajay 4455.67
5 ajay 4455.67

SQL> truncate table student;

Table truncated.

SQL> select * from student;

no rows selected

drop
-------
used delete the table perminently from DB

drop table table_name;

example
---------

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
STUDENT TABLE
STUDENT1_DETAILS TABLE
STUDENT3 TABLE
STUDENT4 TABLE
STUDENT5 TABLE
STUDENT6 TABLE

8 rows selected.

SQL> drop table student1_details;

Table dropped.

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE
STUDENT TABLE
STUDENT3 TABLE
STUDENT4 TABLE
STUDENT5 TABLE
STUDENT6 TABLE

7 rows selected.
DML
-----(Data manipulation language)
Insert
--------
(i) inserting data using values()
------------------------------------
syntax
---------
insert into table_name values(val1,val2,...);

example
---------
SQL> insert into student values(100,'ajay',1234.56);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
100 ajay 1234.56

SQL> insert into student(sname,sfee,sid) values('anil',2233.45,101);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
100 ajay 1234.56
101 anil 2233.45

SQL> insert into student values(100,'ajay',1234.56,12345);

insert into student values(100,'ajay',1234.56,12345)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00913: too many values
SQL> insert into student values(100,'ajay');
insert into student values(100,'ajay')
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00947: not enough values

(ii) inserting data using address method(&)

-------------------------------------------------
syntax
--------
insert into table_name values(&col_nm1, &col_nm2,...);

example
-----------
SQL> insert into student values(&sid,'&sname',&sfee);
Enter value for sid: 102
Enter value for sname: raj
Enter value for sfee: 2323.45
old 1: insert into student values(&sid,'&sname',&sfee)
new 1: insert into student values(102,'raj',2323.45)
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for sid: 103
Enter value for sname: kumar
Enter value for sfee: 3434.56
old 1: insert into student values(&sid,'&sname',&sfee)
new 1: insert into student values(103,'kumar',3434.56)

1 row created.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
100 ajay 1234.56
101 anil 2233.45
102 raj 2323.45
103 kumar 3434.56

Insert all
into student values(1,'abc',1234.56)
into student values(2,'xyz',2233.45)
into student values(3,'pqr',2233.67)
into s1 values(1,'abc')
into s1 values(2,'xyz')
select * from dual;

examples
-----------
SQL> desc dual;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
DUMMY VARCHAR2(1)

SQL> select * from dual;

D
-
X

SQL> desc student

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID NUMBER(10)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SFEE NUMBER(6,2)

SQL> truncate table student;

Table truncated.

SQL> Insert all

2 into student values(1,'abc',1234.56)
3 into student values(2,'xyz',2233.45)
4 into student values(3,'pqr',2233.67)
5 select * from dual;
3 rows created.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
1 abc 1234.56
2 xyz 2233.45
3 pqr 2233.67

SQL> create table s1 as select *from student;

Table created.

SQL> select * from s1;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
1 abc 1234.56
2 xyz 2233.45
3 pqr 2233.67

SQL> truncate table student;

Table truncated.

SQL> Insert all

2 into student values(1,'abc',1234.56)
3 into student values(2,'xyz',2233.45)
4 into student values(3,'pqr',2233.67)
5 select * from s1;

9 rows created.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
1 abc 1234.56
1 abc 1234.56
1 abc 1234.56
2 xyz 2233.45
2 xyz 2233.45
2 xyz 2233.45
3 pqr 2233.67
3 pqr 2233.67
3 pqr 2233.67

9 rows selected.

SQL> truncate table student;

Table truncated.

SQL> truncate table s1;

Table truncated.

SQL> desc student

 Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID NUMBER(10)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SFEE NUMBER(6,2)

SQL> alter table s1 drop column sfee;

Table altered.

SQL> desc t1
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object t1 does not exist

SQL> desc s1
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SID NUMBER(10)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)

SQL> Insert all

2 into student values(1,'abc',1234.56)
3 into student values(2,'xyz',2233.45)
4 into student values(3,'pqr',2233.67)
5 into s1 values(1,'abc')
6 into s1 values(2,'xyz')
7 select * from dual;

5 rows created.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
1 abc 1234.56
2 xyz 2233.45
3 pqr 2233.67

SQL> select * from s1;

SID SNAME
---------- --------------------
1 abc
2 xyz

update
---------
(i) to update one row in one column
------------------------------------
syntax
--------
update table_name set col_name=new_value where condition;

example
-------
SQL> select * from student;
 SID SNAME SFEE
---------- -------------------- ----------
1 abc 1234.56
2 xyz 2233.45
3 pqr 2233.67

SQL> update student set sname='ajay' where sid=1;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
1 ajay 1234.56
2 xyz 2233.45
3 pqr 2233.67

(ii) to update one row in all the columns

syntax
---------
update table_name set col_name=new_value where condition;

example
---------
SQL> update student set sid=100, sname='raj', sfee=3344.56 where sid=1;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
100 raj 3344.56
2 xyz 2233.45
3 pqr 2233.67

(iii) to update all the rows in one column

syntax
--------
update table_name set col_nm=new_val;

example
---------
SQL> update student set sfee=1234.56;

3 rows updated.

SQL> select * from student;

SID SNAME SFEE

---------- -------------------- ----------
100 raj 1234.56
2 xyz 1234.56
3 pqr 1234.56
delete
---------
(i) to delete only one row
-----------------------------
delete from table_name where condition;

example
---------
SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000
10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850
30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450
10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975
20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000
20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000
20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800
20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300
30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500
30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0
30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100
20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950
30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300
10

14 rows selected.

SQL> delete from emp where empno=7788;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000
10
 7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850
30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450
10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975
20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000
20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800
20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300
30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500
30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0
30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100
20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950
30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300
10

13 rows selected.

SQL> delete from emp where empno in (7698,7369,7876,7900,9000);

4 rows deleted.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000
10
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450
10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975
20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000
20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300
30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500
30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0
30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300
10

9 rows selected.

SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000
10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850
30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450
10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975
20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000
20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000
20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800
20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300
30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500
30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0
30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100
20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950
30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300
10

14 rows selected.

SQL> delete from emp;

14 rows deleted.

SQL> select * from emp;

no rows selected

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000
10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850
30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450
10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975
20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000
20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000
20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800
20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300
30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500
30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0
30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100
20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950
30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300
10

14 rows selected.

DCL
----Data control lang (Admin)
Grant
---------
syntax
---------
grant permissions to user_name;

Revoke
---------
revoke permissions from user_name;

example
-----------
SQL> conn system/system
Connected.
SQL> create user aj identified by aj123;

User created.

SQL> grant dba to aj;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> conn aj/aj123

Connected.
SQL> conn system/system
Connected.
SQL> revoke dba from aj;

Revoke succeeded.

SQL> conn aj/aj123

ERROR:
ORA-01045: user AJ lacks CREATE SESSION privilege; logon denied

Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.

TCL Transaction control lang

------
commit
rollback
savepoint

DRL/DQL Data retrieval/query

---------
select

Operators
----------
(+,-,*,/)
(<,<=,>,>=,<>)
(And, or)
(Between, In, Like, Is null)

Between
----------
select col(s) from table_name where col_nm between
lower_bound_val and Upper_bound_val;

In
-----
select col(s) from tab_name where col_nm in (val1,val2,...);
Like
-----
select col(s) from tab_name where col_nm like 'pattern';

_ (only one char/digit)

% (multiple digits/chars)

select col(s) from tab_name where col_nm between L_B_v and U_B_V;

select col(s) from tab_name where col_nm in (val1,val2,....);

select col(s) from tab_name where col_nm like 'pattern';

select col(s) from tab_name where col_nm is null;

Functions
-------------
DB object

Numeric
---------
1. scalar
---------------
1. abs()
2. power()
3. sqrt()
4. mod()
5. round()
6. trunc()
7. floor()
8. ceil()
9. least()
10. greatest()

2. Group
--------------
sum()
max()
min()
avg()
count()
count(*)

String/char
--------------
ascii()
chr()
lower()
upper()
length()
substr()
instr()//indexOf()
translate()
replace()
trim()
ltrim()
rtrim()
trim() leading
trim() trailing
trim() both
lpad()
rpad()
concat()
dump()
vsize()
nvl()
nvl2()

Date
Conversion
Integrity Constraints (reliability+Consistency)
------------------------------------------------

Unique
not null
primary key Key
check Domain
foreign key Referential Integrity

1. column level
2. table level

simple unique at column level

--------------------------------

SQL> create table t1

2 (
3 id number(10),
4 name varchar2(20),
unique(id)
5 );

examples
-----------
SQL> create table t1
2 (
3 id number(10) unique,
4 name varchar2(20)
5 );

Table created.

SQL> insert into t1 values(1,'a');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t1 values(1,'b');

insert into t1 values(1,'b')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.SYS_C007003) violated

SQL> select * from t1;

ID NAME
---------- --------------------
1 a

SQL> insert into t1 values(null,'b');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t1 values(null,'c');

1 row created.
SQL> insert into t1 values(null,'d');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from t1;

ID NAME
---------- --------------------
1 a
b
c
d

SQL> create table t2

2 (id number(10),
3 name varchar2(20),
4 unique(name)
5 );

Table created.

SQL> insert into t2 values(1,'a');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t2 values(2,'a');

insert into t2 values(2,'a')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.SYS_C007004) violated

SQL> desc user_constraints

Name Null?
Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------
-------------------------------------------------
OWNER
VARCHAR2(120)
CONSTRAINT_NAME NOT NULL
VARCHAR2(30)
CONSTRAINT_TYPE
VARCHAR2(1)
TABLE_NAME NOT NULL
VARCHAR2(30)
SEARCH_CONDITION
LONG
R_OWNER
VARCHAR2(120)
R_CONSTRAINT_NAME
VARCHAR2(30)
DELETE_RULE
VARCHAR2(9)
STATUS
VARCHAR2(8)
DEFERRABLE
VARCHAR2(14)
DEFERRED
VARCHAR2(9)
 VALIDATED
VARCHAR2(13)
GENERATED
VARCHAR2(14)
BAD
VARCHAR2(3)
RELY
VARCHAR2(4)
LAST_CHANGE
DATE
INDEX_OWNER
VARCHAR2(30)
INDEX_NAME
VARCHAR2(30)
INVALID
VARCHAR2(7)
VIEW_RELATED
VARCHAR2(14)

SQL> select constraint_name,constraint_type from user_constraints

2 where table_name='t1';

no rows selected

SQL> select constraint_name,constraint_type from user_constraints

2 where table_name='T1';

CONSTRAINT_NAME C
------------------------------ -
SYS_C007003 U

SQL> create table t3

2 (
3 id number(10),
4 name varchar2(20),
5 constraint t3_id_u unique(id)
6 );

Table created.

SQL> select constraint_name,constraint_type from user_constraints

2 where table_name='T3';

CONSTRAINT_NAME C
------------------------------ -
T3_ID_U U

SQL> insert into t3 values(1,'a');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t3 values(1,'b');

insert into t3 values(1,'b')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.T3_ID_U) violated

SQL> alter table t3 drop constraint unique;

alter table t3 drop constraint unique
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02250: missing or invalid constraint name

SQL> alter table t3 drop constraint t3_id_u;

Table altered.

SQL> insert into t3 values(1,'b');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t3 values(1,'b');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t3 values(1,'b');

1 row created.

SQL> truncate table t3;

Table truncated.

SQL> desc t3
Name Null?
Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------
-------------------------------------------------
ID
NUMBER(10)
NAME
VARCHAR2(20)

SQL> alter table t3 add unique(name);

Table altered.

SQL> insert into t3 values(1,'a');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t3 values(2,'a');

insert into t3 values(2,'a')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.SYS_C007006) violated

SQL> create table t4

2 (
3 id number(10),
4 name varchar2(20),
5 sal number(10),
6 deptno nuber(10),
7 unique(id,name)
8 );
deptno nuber(10),
*
ERROR at line 6:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SQL> create table t4

2 (
3 id number(10),
4 name varchar2(20),
5 sal number(10),
6 deptno number(10),
7 unique(id,name)
8 );

Table created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(1,'a',10,100);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(1,'b',11,101);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(2,'a',12,102);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(1,'a',13,103);

insert into t4 values(1,'a',13,103)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.SYS_C007007) violated

SQL> insert into t4 values(1,'b',13,103);

insert into t4 values(1,'b',13,103)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.SYS_C007007) violated

SQL> insert into t4 values(2,'a',13,103);

insert into t4 values(2,'a',13,103)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (ANIL.SYS_C007007) violated

SQL> insert into t4 values(2,'b',13,103);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(null,'b',13,103);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(3,null,13,103);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(null,null,13,103);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(null,null,13,103);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from t4;

ID NAME SAL DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
1 a 10 100
1 b 11 101
2 a 12 102
2 b 13 103
b 13 103
3 13 103
13 103
13 103

8 rows selected.

Not null
-----------
It can be applied only at column level
It is always a simple not null only

example
------------
SQL> create table t3
2 (
3 id number(10) not null,
4 name varchAR2(20) NOT NULL
5 );

Table created.

SQL> insert into t3 vaues(1,'a');

insert into t3 vaues(1,'a')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00928: missing SELECT keyword

SQL> insert into t3 values(1,'a');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t3 values(null,'a');

insert into t3 values(null,'a')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("AJ"."T3"."ID")
SQL> insert into t3 values(1,null);
insert into t3 values(1,null)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("AJ"."T3"."NAME")

SQL> insert into t3 values(null,null);

insert into t3 values(null,null)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("AJ"."T3"."ID")

Primary key
--------------
simple PK
--------------
key column does not allows both duplicate and null values
A table allows only one PK(simple Pk || composite PK)
A table which is decorated with PK will be called as parent table
If table contains PK then we can easily identify a unique row/tuple in the
relation/table

emp
-----
id(pk) name
--------------
1 a
2 a
3 a
4 b
5 b

select * from emp where id=1;

example
---------
SQL> create table t4
2 (
3 id number(10),
4 name varchar2(20),
5 age number(2),
6 primary key(id)
7 );

Table created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(1,'a',10);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(1,'b',20);

insert into t4 values(1,'b',20)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (AJ.SYS_C007024) violated
SQL> insert into t4 values(null,'b',20);
insert into t4 values(null,'b',20)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("AJ"."T4"."ID")

SQL> truncate table t4;

Table truncated.

SQL> desc t4
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER(10)
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
AGE NUMBER(2)

SQL> select * from t4;

no rows selected

SQL> alter table t4 add primary key(age);

alter table t4 add primary key(age)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02260: table can have only one primary key

SQL> insert into t4 values(1,'a',10);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t4 values(2,'a',10);

1 row created.

example
---------
SQL> create table t5
2 (
3 id number(10),
4 name varchar2(20),
5 age number(2),
6 primary key(id,name)
7 );

Table created.

SQL> insert into t5 values(1,'a',10);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t5 values(1,'b',20);

1 row created.
SQL> insert into t5 values(2,'a',20);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t5 values(1,'a',40);

insert into t5 values(1,'a',40)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (AJ.SYS_C007025) violated

SQL> insert into t5 values(null,'a',40);

insert into t5 values(null,'a',40)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("AJ"."T5"."ID")

SQL> insert into t5 values(3,null,40);

insert into t5 values(3,null,40)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("AJ"."T5"."NAME")

SQL> insert into t5 values(null,null,40);

insert into t5 values(null,null,40)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("AJ"."T5"."ID")

check
----------
example
---------

SQL> alter table t5 add check(age>=18 and age<=30);

Table altered.

SQL> insert into t5 values(1,'a',15);

insert into t5 values(1,'a',15)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (AJ.SYS_C007026) violated

SQL> insert into t5 values(1,'a',18);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into t5 values(2,'a',31);

insert into t5 values(2,'a',31)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (AJ.SYS_C007026) violated

foreign key
---------------
It is a referenctial Integrity constraint
A table can have more than one FK
FK field allows duplicate data and null vlaues
A table chich constains FK will be called as Child table
FK field allows the data which matches with data present in PK field
emp
----
id(pk) name
---------------
1 a
2 a
3 b

dept
-----
did(fk) dname
--------------
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3