The document provides an overview of Arduino coding basics including data types, variables, operators, control statements, loops, arrays, timing functions, and input/output functions. Key points:
- The setup void contains initialization code run once at startup like setting pin modes. The loop void contains code repeated continuously like blinking an LED.
- Common data types are int for integers and void for functions without returns. Variables can be local or global.
- Control structures include if/else statements and loops like for and while. Functions like digitalWrite set pin states and digitalRead reads them. delay pauses code execution.
- Arrays store multiple values under one name. Pin input/output, delays,
The document provides an overview of Arduino coding basics including data types, variables, operators, control statements, loops, arrays, timing functions, and input/output functions. Key points:
- The setup void contains initialization code run once at startup like setting pin modes. The loop void contains code repeated continuously like blinking an LED.
- Common data types are int for integers and void for functions without returns. Variables can be local or global.
- Control structures include if/else statements and loops like for and while. Functions like digitalWrite set pin states and digitalRead reads them. delay pauses code execution.
- Arrays store multiple values under one name. Pin input/output, delays,
The document provides an overview of Arduino coding basics including data types, variables, operators, control statements, loops, arrays, timing functions, and input/output functions. Key points:
- The setup void contains initialization code run once at startup like setting pin modes. The loop void contains code repeated continuously like blinking an LED.
- Common data types are int for integers and void for functions without returns. Variables can be local or global.
- Control structures include if/else statements and loops like for and while. Functions like digitalWrite set pin states and digitalRead reads them. delay pauses code execution.
- Arrays store multiple values under one name. Pin input/output, delays,
The document provides an overview of Arduino coding basics including data types, variables, operators, control statements, loops, arrays, timing functions, and input/output functions. Key points:
- The setup void contains initialization code run once at startup like setting pin modes. The loop void contains code repeated continuously like blinking an LED.
- Common data types are int for integers and void for functions without returns. Variables can be local or global.
- Control structures include if/else statements and loops like for and while. Functions like digitalWrite set pin states and digitalRead reads them. delay pauses code execution.
- Arrays store multiple values under one name. Pin input/output, delays,
We have already discussed the popular Arduino Boards, Arduino IDEs, and Installation process of the Arduino software. We learned that Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) allows us to draw the sketch and upload it to the Arduino board using code. The code is written in a simple programming language similar to C and C++.
The initial step to start with Arduino is the IDE downloading and installation. Basics of Arduino programming Brackets There are two types of brackets used in the Arduino coding, which are listed below: Parentheses ( ) Curly Brackets { }
Parentheses ( ) The parentheses brackets are the group of the arguments, such as method, function, or a code statement. These are also used to group the math equations. Curly Brackets { } The statements in the code are enclosed in the curly brackets. We always require closed curly brackets to match the open curly bracket in the code or sketch. Open curly bracket- ' { ' Closed curly bracket - ' } ' Line Comment There are two types of line comments, which are listed below: Single line comment Multi-line comment // Single line comment The text that is written after the two forward slashes are considered as a single line comment. The compiler ignores the code written after the two forward slashes. The comment will not be displayed in the output. Such text is specified for a better understanding of the code or for the explanation of any code statement. / * Multi - line comment */ The Multi-line comment is written to group the information for clear understanding. It starts with the single forward slash and an asterisk symbol (/ *). It also ends with the / *. It is commonly used to write the larger text. It is a comment, which is also ignored by the compiler. Coding Screen The coding screen is divided into two blocks. The setup is considered as the preparation block, while the loop is considered as the execution block. It is shown below: The set of statements in the setup and loop blocks are enclosed with the curly brackets. We can write multiple statements depending on the coding requirements for a particular project. For example: void setup ( ) { Coding statement 1; Coding statement 2; . . . Coding statement n; } void loop ( ) { Coding statement 1; Coding statement 2; . . . Coding statement n; } What is Setup? What type of code is written in the setup block? It contains an initial part of the code to be executed. The pin modes, libraries, variables, etc., are initialized in the setup section. It is executed only once during the uploading of the program and after reset or power up of the Arduino board.
What is Loop? What type of code is written in
the Loop block? The loop contains statements that are executed repeatedly. The section of code inside the curly brackets is repeated depending on the value of variables. Arduino - Data Types Data types in C refers to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types.
The type of a variable determines how much space it
occupies in the storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.
The following table provides all the data types that you will use during Arduino programming. void
The void keyword is used only in function declarations.
It indicates that the function is expected to return no information to the function from which it was called.
Example
Void Loop ( ) { // rest of the code }
int Integers are the primary data-type for number storage.
int stores a 16-bit (2-byte) value. This yields a range of -
32,768 to 32,767 (minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15) - 1). The int size varies from board to board. On the Arduino Due, for example, an int stores a 32-bit (4-byte) value. This yields a range of -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (minimum value of -2^31 and a maximum value of (2^31) - 1). Arduino - Variables & Constants What is Variable Scope? Variables in C programming language, which Arduino uses, have a property called scope. A scope is a region of the program and there are three places where variables can be declared. They are − Inside a function or a block, which is called local variables. In the definition of function parameters, which is called formal parameters. Outside of all functions, which is called global variables. Local Variables Variables that are declared inside a function or block are local variables. They can be used only by the statements that are inside that function or block of code. Local variables are not known to function outside their own. Following is the example using local variables − void setup () { } void loop () { int x , y ; int z ; Local variable declaration x = 0; y = 0; actual initialization z = 10; } Global Variables
Global variables are defined outside of all the
functions, usually at the top of the program. The global variables will hold their value throughout the life-time of your program.
A global variable can be accessed by any function.
That is, a global variable is available for use throughout your entire program after its declaration. The following example uses global and local variables −
Int T , S ;
float c = 0 ; Global variable declaration
void setup () { }
void loop () {
int x , y ;
int z ; Local variable declaration
x = 0;
y = 0; actual initialization
z = 10; } Arduino - Operators An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators −
Arithmetic Operators
Comparison Operators
Boolean Operators etc.
Arithmetic Operators Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then − Comparison Operators Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then − Boolean Operators Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then − Arduino - Control Statements Decision making structures require that the programmer specify one or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program.
It should be along with a statement or statements to
be executed if the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be false. Following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found in most of the programming languages − Control Statements are elements in Source Code that control the flow of program execution. They are Arduino - Loops A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times and following is the general form of a loop statement in most of the programming languages − C programming language provides the following types of loops to handle looping requirements. Arduino - Arrays An array is a consecutive group of memory locations that are of the same type.
To refer to a particular location or element in the array,
we specify the name of the array and the position number of the particular element in the array. The figure given on next slide shows an integer array called C that contains 11 elements. You refer to any one of these elements by giving the array name followed by the particular element‟s position number in square brackets ([]). The position number is more formally called a subscript or index (this number specifies the number of elements from the beginning of the array). The first element has subscript 0 (zero) and is sometimes called the zeros element. Thus, the elements of array C are C[0] (pronounced “C sub zero”), C[1], C[2] and so on. The highest subscript in array C is 10, which is 1 less than the number of elements in the array (11). Array names follow the same conventions as other variable names. Time in Arduino
The time in Arduino programming is measured in a
millisecond.
Where, 1 sec = 1000 milliseconds
We can adjust the timing according to the milliseconds.
For example, for a 5-second delay, the time displayed will
be 5000 milliseconds The void setup () would include pinMode as the main function. pinMode ( )
The specific pin number is set as the INPUT or OUTPUT in the
pinMode () function. The Syntax is: pinMode (pin, mode);
Where, pin: It is the pin number. We can select the pin number according to the requirements. Mode: We can set the mode as INPUT or OUTPUT according to the corresponding pin number. Let' understand the pinMode with an example.
Example:
We want to set the 12 pin number as the output pin.
Code:
pinMode (12, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite( ) The digitalWrite ( ) function is used to set the value of a pin as HIGH or LOW.
Where,
HIGH: It sets the value of the voltage. For the 5V board, it will set the value of 5V, while for 3.3V, it will set the value of 3.3V.
LOW: It sets the value = 0 (GND).
If we do not set the pinMode as OUTPUT, the LED may light dim.
The syntax is: digitalWrite( pin, value HIGH/LOW)
pin: We can specify the pin number or the declared variable.
Let's understand with an example.
Example:
digitalWrite (13, HIGH);
digitalWrite (13, LOW);
The HIGH will ON the LED and LOW will OFF the LED connected to pin number 13. What is the difference between digitalRead () and digitalWrite ()?
The digitalRead () function will read the HIGH/LOW value
from the digital pin, and the digitalWrite () function is used to set the HIGH/LOW value of the digital pin. delay ( ) The delay () function is a blocking function to pause a program from doing a task during the specified duration in milliseconds. For example, - delay (2000) Where, 1 sec = 1000millisecond Hence, it will provide a delay of 2 seconds. Code: digitalWrite (13, HIGH); delay (2000); digitalWrite (13, LOW); delay (1000); The LED connected to pin number 13 will be ON for 2 seconds and OFF for 1 second. The task will repeatedly execute as it is in the void loop ().
We can set the duration according to our choice or
project requirements. What is LED? In its simplest terms, a light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current is passed through it.
Light is produced when the particles that carry the current (known as electrons and holes) combine together within the semiconductor material. What is Resistor? The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of electric current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of one ampere passes through a resistor with a one volt drop across its terminals. The current is proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is represented by Ohm‟s law: R=V/I Fixed Resistor Symbol Resistor has no polarity. Its value is fixed. How to measure Resistance value through color code table Arduino - Blinking LED LEDs are small, powerful lights that are used in many different applications. It is as simple as turning a light on and off. Components Required You will need the following components − 1 × Breadboard 1 × Arduino Uno R3 1 × LED 1 × 220Ω Resistor 2 × Jumper Circuit Note − To find out the polarity of an LED, look at it closely. The shorter of the two legs, towards the flat edge of the bulb indicates the negative terminal.
Components like resistors need to have their terminals bent into 90° angles in order to fit the breadboard sockets properly. You can also cut the terminals shorter. Sketch Open the Arduino IDE software on your computer. Coding in the Arduino language will control your circuit. Open the new sketch File by clicking New. CODING void setup() { pinMode(6, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(6, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay(1000); } Code to Note pinMode(6, OUTPUT) − Before you can use one of Arduino‟s pins, you need to tell Arduino Uno R3 whether it is an INPUT or OUTPUT. We use a built-in “function” called pinMode() to do this. digitalWrite(6, HIGH) − When you are using a pin as an OUTPUT, you can command it to be HIGH (output 5 volts), or LOW (output 0 volts). Result You should see your LED turn on and off. If the required output is not seen, make sure you have assembled the circuit correctly, and verified and uploaded the code to your board. Controlling two LED’s using digitalWrite()
Components Required You will need the following components − 1 × Breadboard 1 × Arduino Uno R3 2 × LED 2 × 220Ω Resistor 4 × Jumper Circuit CODING void setup() { pinMode(10, OUTPUT); pinMode(11, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(10, HIGH); Serial.println(“LED1 ON”); delay(1000); digitalWrite(10, LOW); Serial.println(“LED1 OFF”); delay(1000); digitalWrite(11, HIGH); Serial.println(“LED2 ON”); delay(1000); digitalWrite(11, LOW); Serial.println(“LED2 OFF”); delay(1000); } Controlling LED using User input In this experiment, we are using a character to ON and OFF the LED. „H‟ or „h‟ represents the active high state and the „L‟ or „l‟ represents the active low state. Components Required You will need the following components − 1 × Breadboard 1 × Arduino Uno R3 1 × LED 1 × 220Ω Resistor 2 × Jumper Circuit CODING int led=6; void setup() { pinMode(led, OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { if (Serial.available() > 0) { char state = Serial.read(); Coding(Contd.) if (state == „H' || state == „h') { digitalWrite(led, HIGH); Serial.println("LED ON"); } if (state == „L' || state == „l') { digitalWrite(led, LOW); Serial.println("LED OFF"); } } delay(50); } Blinking 2 LED’s by user input
Components Required You will need the following components − 1 × Breadboard 1 × Arduino Uno R3 2 × LED 2 × 220Ω Resistor 4 × Jumper Circuit CODING int led1 = 10; int led2 = 11; char color; void setup() { pinMode(led1, OUTPUT); pinMode(led2, OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { Serial.println("Which led do you want to blink up, 1 or 2?"); while (Serial.available() == 0) {} color = Serial.read(); if (color == „1‟) { digitalWrite(led1, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(led1, LOW); delay(1000); } if (color == „2‟) { digitalWrite(led2, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(led2, LOW); delay(1000); } } Driving Multiple LEDs
Parts Needed You will need the following parts: 1x Breadboard
1x Arduino Uno
8x LEDs
8x 330Ω Resistors
9x Jumper Wires
Circuit Polarized Components
Pay special attention to the component‟s markings indicating how to
place it on the breadboard. Polarized components can only be connected to a circuit in one direction. CODING int led1 = 2; int led2 = 3; int led3 = 4; int led4 = 5; int led5 = 6; int led6 = 7; int led7 = 8; int led8 = 9; void setup() { // initialize the digital pin as an output. pinMode(led1, OUTPUT); pinMode(led2, OUTPUT); pinMode(led3, OUTPUT); pinMode(led4, OUTPUT); pinMode(led5, OUTPUT); pinMode(led6, OUTPUT); pinMode(led7, OUTPUT); pinMode(led8, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(led1, HIGH); delay(100); digitalWrite(led1, LOW); delay(100);
