EMT 2

M gnetism

Dwipesh M jumder
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 Equ tion of continuity

Current density
in metal: ⃗
J = ρv ⃗

Charge density, Drift velocity of

(electron density) electron
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 Equ tion of continuity

∬S
Current through a
I= ⃗ ̂
J ⋅ ndS
given surface

dQ
Total charge passing through
the surface per unit time:
I=
dt
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 Equ tion of continuity

∬S
Now, we consider
a closed surface I= ⃗ ̂
J ⋅ ndS

Total charge owing out through dQ

the surface per unit time. I=−
dt
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 Equ tion of continuity

∭τ
Total charge inside the volume:
Q= ρdτ

dQ ∂ρ
∭τ ∂t
The rate of decrease of
charge with respect to time
− =− dτ
dt
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 Equ tion of continuity

So, according to law of ∂ρ

∬S ∭τ ∂t
conservation of charge:
⃗ ̂ =−
J ⋅ ndS dτ

⃗ ∂ρ
∭τ ∭τ ∂t
⇒ ⃗
∇ ⋅ J dτ = − dτ

This relation holds for any volume τ

So, we can compare the integrant ⃗ ⃗

∇ ⋅J+
∂ρ
=0
∂t
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 Equ tion of continuity

⃗ ⃗
∇ ⋅J+
∂ρ
=0
∂t
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 Ohm’s l w

⃗
J = σE ⃗

Electric conductivity
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 Lorentz force

Force on a charge particle moving in a magnetic led

⃗
F m = qv ⃗ × B ⃗
q →  charge of the particle
v⃗ →  velocity of the particle
⃗
B →  the magnetic  led.       
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Unit of B: Tesla, Gauss
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1 tesla = 10 gauss

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 Force on current c rrying conductor

Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic led

⃗ ⃗
∫
⃗
F m = I dl × B

I →  electric current through the wire

The force acts on the charge

carrier, and hence on the wire
as the charges are con ned
within the wire.
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 Source of m gnetic ield:

Biot-Savart law (linear current)

⃗
⃗ μ d l × ( r ⃗ − r ⃗ )
∫
0 0
B ( r)⃗ = I
4π | r ⃗ − r 0⃗ | 3
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 Source of m gnetic ield:

Biot-Savart law (current

distributed in a volume τ

⃗
⃗ μ J × ( r ⃗ − r ⃗ )
∫
0 0
B ( r)⃗ = dτ
4π τ | r ⃗ − r 0⃗ | 3
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 Ampere’s l w

⃗
B (⃗ r ⃗) =
μ J × ( r ⃗ − r ⃗ )
4π ∫τ | r ⃗ − r 0⃗ |3
0 0
Taking curl of dτ

⃗ ⃗
∇ × B = μ0J ⃗ Ampere’s law (di erential form)
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 Ampere’s l w

Taking surface integration over a open

surface S, enclosed by a closed line C

⃗
∇ × B ⃗ ⋅ n ̂ dS =
∬S ∬S
μ0J ⃗ ⋅ n ̂ dS

B ⃗ ⋅ dl ⃗ =
∮C ∬S
μ0J ⃗ ⋅ n ̂ dS

∬S
Now the current following
through the surface S, the current J ⃗ ⋅ n ̂ dS = Ienc
enclosed by the loop C is
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 Ampere’s l w

⃗
∮C
⃗
B ⋅ d l = μ0 Ienc Integral form
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 Source of m gnetic ield:

⃗
Gauss law: magnetic monopole does not exist.

∬S
The total ux through any closed surface is zero. B ⋅ n ̂ dS = 0
Magnetic ux lines are closed.

Di erential form ⃗ ⃗
∇⋅ B =0
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Energy of the m gnetic system

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∭
2
Um = B dτ
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2μ0 τ
 Comp rison of M gnetost tics nd Electrost tics
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 M gnetic vector potenti l:

⃗
Vector identity: for any arbitrary vector eld A , ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∇ ⋅ (∇ × A ) = 0
Magnetic eld is following the relation ⃗ ⃗
∇⋅ B =0

⃗
So B can be expressed as ⃗ ⃗
B =∇×A ⃗

⃗
A is called the magnetic vector potential or
vector potential.
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 M gnetic dipole moment of current c rrying loop

Area of the loop: S ⃗

Magnetic dipole moment:

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 M gnetic dipole moment of n tomic electron

Bohr theory: mvr = nℏ

2πr
Time period of the electron: T=
v

e ev
Current in the loop: i= =
T 2πr

2
Magnetic dipole moment: μ = πr i
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 M gnetic dipole moment of n tomic electron

2
Magnetic dipole moment: μ = πr i
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 M gnetic dipole moment of n tomic electron

eℏ −24
Bohr magneton: μB = = 9.27 × 10 J/T
2m

Magnetic dipole moment is related to the angular

momentum of the electron.
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 M teri l medium:
Ferromagnetic system: the atomic magnetic dipole moment (such as dipole
moment of Fe atom) comes from the spin angular momentum (spin or spin
quantum number) of the outer most non-paired electron of the atom.
At low temperature, all the or most of the dipoles align in a direction due to
the interaction between dipoles.

Paramagnetic system: At large temperature (above Curie temperature),

dipoles oriented randomly, hence the net dipole moment of the system
becomes zero. The material is called paramagnetic. If we apply external
magnetic eld, the medium becomes magnetised.

Diamagnetism is due to the orbital dipole moment of electron (not spin).

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 M teri l medium:

⃗
Magnetisation ( M( r 0⃗ )) is the dipole moment per
unit volume at point r 0⃗ .

Using similar calculation in electrostatics, we have

⃗ ⃗
∇ × B = μ0(Jf⃗ + Jb⃗ )

Jf⃗ → is the usual current density, called the free current density.

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Jb = ∇ × M → is the current density due to magnetisation , called the
bound current density, local current density.
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 M teri l medium:

⃗
∇ × B ⃗ = μ0(Jf⃗ + Jb⃗ )

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⇒ ∇ × B = μ0(Jf + ∇ × M )
⃗
⃗
∇ × H ⃗ = Jf⃗
⃗
⃗
⇒ ∇ ×(
B ⃗
− M ) = Jf⃗
μ0
⃗ ⃗
⇒ ∇ × H = Jf⃗

⃗
⃗
Where. H =
B
−M ⃗ is called the magnetic led intensity.
μ0
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 M teri l medium:

The eld B ⃗ is the total led, due to free and bound current.

⃗
The eld H is the led due to free current only.
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 Rel tion between B ield nd H ield

In absence of magnetisation or in free space

⃗
B = μ0 H ⃗

Relation between magnetisation and eld ⃗

M = χm H ⃗
⃗
⇒ B = μH ⃗
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 M teri l medium:

⃗ ⃗
∇ × H = Jf⃗
⃗ ⃗
∇⋅ B =0

⃗
∮C
⃗
H ⋅ dl = I

⃗
∬S
B ⋅ n ̂ dS = 0
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 Bound ry condition

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 Boundary condition:
Consider two medium separated by a boundary surface.
What will be the relation between the elds in two
di erent medium at the boundary?
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 Boundary condition:

Consider a closed rectangular loop

ABCDA, one part lies in medium 1 and
another part in medium 2. As we are
interested in boundary value of the led,
we consider breadth is negligible
compare to the length of the rectangle,
so that we may stay very closed to the
boundary.

⃗
∮ABCDA
We have ⃗
H ⋅ dl = I
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 Boundary condition:
⃗
∮ABCDA
⃗
H ⋅ dl = I

Contribution of AD and BC are

negligible as the length is very small.

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂
H1 ⋅ l − H2 ⋅ l = K × n ⋅ l ⃗

H 1⃗ is the magnetic eld

K ⃗ is the free surface current
intensity in medium 1.
density n ̂ is perpendicular to the
And .... loop.
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 The surface current is owing
on the surface. Imagine the
ow of light weight small
charged balls on the surface of
water. n̂
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 Boundary condition:

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
H 1t − H 2t = K × n ̂

So, tangential component of magnetic eld intensity is not

continuous across the boundary of two medium, if there is
surface current present on the boundary surface.

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 Boundary condition:

Consider a closed cylindrical shaped

closed surface S, one part lies in medium
1 and another part in medium 2. As we are
interested in boundary value of the led,
we consider height is negligible with
compared to radius of the cylinder, so that
we may stay very closed to the boundary.

We have
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 Boundary condition:
We have

Contribution from the curve surface is

negligible,

Bn1ΔS − Bn2ΔS = 0

So, we have

Bn1 = Bn2
 Electrom gnetic induction

Faraday’s law:

Magnetic ux:
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 Electrom gnetic induction

Now,

And
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 Electrom gnetic induction

So

Applying
Stock’s law
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 Electrom gnetic induction

This relation holds for any surface S, so we can compare the integrant
from the both side

⃗
⃗ ⃗
∇× E =−
∂B
∂t
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 we h ve the l ws
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 Electrodyn mics l ws

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 Viol tion of “Equ tion of continuity”

⃗ ⃗
∇ × B = μ0J ⃗
Taking divergence from both sides ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∇ ⋅ ( ∇ × B ) = μ0 ∇ ⋅ J ⃗
Left hand side is zero(vector identity)

So
⃗ ⃗
∇ ⋅J=0
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 Viol tion of “Equ tion of continuity”

Equation of continuity: ⃗ ⃗
∇ ⋅J+
∂ρ
=0
∂t
We have ⃗ ⃗
∇ ⋅J=0
Equation of continuity can not be violated, as
it is the law of conservation of charge. So we
need to modify the Ampere’s law.
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 Ampere’s l w in c p citor

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 Ampere’s l w in c p citor

We may consider at surface(S_1) as

the enclosed area bounded by the
close line C. The current through the
area is NON-ZERO.

⃗
∮C
⃗
B ⋅ dl ≠ 0
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 Ampere’s l w in c p citor

We may consider curve surface(S_2) as

the enclosed area bounded by the
close line C. The current through the
area is ZERO.

⃗
∮C
⃗
B ⋅ dl = 0
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 Ampere’s l w in electrodyn mics

Ampere’s law is ne for steady current. In case of

varying current we need to modify the formula.
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 M xwell’s correction

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∇ ⋅ ( ∇ × B ) = μ0 ∇ ⋅ J ⃗
Right hand side should be zero without changing
equation of continuity and Gauss law.

Replace the current density by

the combination in Ampere’s
law
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 M xwell’s correction

⃗
⃗ ⃗
∇ × B = μ0(J + ϵ0
⃗
∂E
)
∂t

∂E ⃗
The displacement current ⃗
Jd = ϵ0
density ∂t
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M xwell’s equ tions

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Fun time
 Bound ch rge density

Polarization of a medium is ⃗ ̂ ̂ 2 ̂
P = 4x i + 3y j + z k

Find the bound charge density inside the medium.

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 Bound ch rge density

⃗ ̂ ̂ 2 ̂
P = 4x i + 3y j + z k
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 Bound ch rge density

Polarization of a medium is P ⃗ = 4x i ̂ + 3y j ̂ + z 2k̂

Consider a spherical polarized

object, centred at (2,2,2) and
radius 1.5. Find the surface
charge density on the surface.
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 Bound ch rge density
⃗ ̂ ̂ 2 ̂
P = 4x i + 3y j + z k
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 Bound ch rge density
⃗ ̂ ̂ 2 ̂
P = 4x i + 3y j + z k
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 Bound ch rge density
⃗ ̂ ̂ 2 ̂
P = 4x i + 3y j + z k
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 Bound current density

Magnetisation of a medium is ⃗ ̂ ̂ 2 ̂
M = 4x i + 3y j + z k

Find the bound current density inside the medium.

Bound current density

⃗ ̂ ̂ 2 ̂
M = 4x i + 3y j + z k
 Equ tion of w ve
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 Equ tion of w ve
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