Learn JavaScript: From Beginner to Master

VigoWebs
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This version was published on 2020-03-08

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© 2019 - 2020 VigoWebs

Contents

Chapter 1 - Introduction to JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

What Is JavaScript? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How JavaScript was created . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
JavaScript and the ECMAScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
JavaScript as Interpreted Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How to run the JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Script Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 2 - Variables and Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

What is Variable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Chapter 3 - Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Operators in JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter 3 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 4 - Control Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Control Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Block Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Conditional statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 4 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter 5 - Loops and Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Loops and Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 5 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chapter 6 - Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter 6 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chapter 7 - Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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Array methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Multi-dimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 7 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 8 - Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Creating Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 8 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 9 - Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Defining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Property descriptors and flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Seal an Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Property getters and setters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter 9 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Chapter 10 - Intermediate JavaScript 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Strict mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Truthy and Falsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Type conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Converting strings to numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Automatic Semicolon Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Avoid floating point problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 10 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 11 - Intermediate JavaScript 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Boxed objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Hoisting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter 11 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 12 - Intermediate JavaScript 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Pass by value or Pass by reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Call stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
What is this? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
call, apply and bind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Chapter 12 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter 13 - Prototypes and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Prototypes and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter 13 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Chapter 14 - Object Oriented JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Object Oriented JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 14 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Chapter 15 - ES6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
ES6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Transpile and Polyfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Block Scope Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Spread and Rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Default parameter value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Destructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Object Literal Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Template Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 15 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Chapter 16 - ES6 Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

ES6 Continues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Arrow functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
for..of loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter 16 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 17 - Class and Promises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Class and Promises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Promises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 17 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chapter 18 - Advance JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Advance JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Event Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Async functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Tail call optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Proxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Reflect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chapter 18 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
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Chapter 19 - Working with DOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Working with DOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Document Object Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
How to access DOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Find an Element by ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Find an Element by Tag name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Find an Element by class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Find elements by CSS selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Working with attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Changing CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Working with Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Window onload and onunload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Adding new elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Removing HTML elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chapter 19 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Chapter 20 - Event Listener and BOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Event Listener and BOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
addEventListener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Event bubbling and Event Capturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Turing off propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
BOM or Browser Object Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 20 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Chapter 21 - HTML5 APIs and Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

HTML5 APIs and Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Geoloaction API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Web Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Localstorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Offline Web Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Web workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
XMLHttpRequest or XHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 21 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Chapter 22 - JavaScript Oddities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

JavaScript Oddities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Equal comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
[ ] == ![ ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
NaN is not equal to NaN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
baNaNa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Minimal value is greater than zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Adding arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Trailing commas in array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
undefined and Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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null is an object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Precision of 0.1 + 0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Comparison of three numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Object as a key of object’s property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
try..catch finally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Multiple inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
A class of class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Tricky arrow functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Arrow functions cannot be a constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
arguments in arrow functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Tricky return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Math.max() less than Math.min() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Comparing null to 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Default behavior Array.prototype.sort() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Array and Object addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 22 - Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 1 - Introduction to JavaScript
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What Is JavaScript?
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How JavaScript was created

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JavaScript and the ECMAScript

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JavaScript as Interpreted Language

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How to run the JavaScript

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Inline JavaScript
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Chapter 1 - Introduction to JavaScript 2

External JavaScript
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Script Loading
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Chapter 1 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 2 - Variables and Datatypes
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What is Variable?
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Data Types
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Number
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String
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Boolean
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Null
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Chapter 2 - Variables and Datatypes 4

Undefined
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Objects
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Chapter 2 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 3 - Operators
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Operators in JavaScript
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Assignment operators
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Comparison operators
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Arithmetic operators
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Bitwise operators
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Bitwise AND: &

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Chapter 3 - Operators 6

Bitwise OR: |

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Bitwise X OR: ^

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Bitwise NOT: ∼

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Left shift: <<

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Right shift: >>

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Zero-fill right shift: >>>

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Logical operators
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Logical AND: &&

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Logical OR: ||

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Chapter 3 - Operators 7

Logical NOT: !

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String operators
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Conditional or ternary operator

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Comma operator
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Unary operators
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typeof

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delete

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void

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Chapter 3 - Operators 8

Relational operators
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in

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Grouping operator
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Chapter 3 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 4 - Control Flow
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Control Flow
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Block Statements
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Conditional statements
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if-else statement
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switch statement
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Exception Handling
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Chapter 4 - Control Flow 10

try … catch
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finally block
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Chapter 4 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 5 - Loops and Iteration
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Loops and Iteration

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for loop
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while statement
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do … while Statement
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break statement
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continue statement
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Chapter 5 - Loops and Iteration 12

for..in statement
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for..of statement
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Chapter 5 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 6 - Functions
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Functions
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Function declarations
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Function expressions
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immediately invoked function

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Parameters and arguments

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arguments object
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Chapter 6 - Functions 14

Chapter 6 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 7 - Arrays
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Arrays
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Creating an array
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Populating array
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Looping over an Array

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Array methods
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concat
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Chapter 7 - Arrays 16

join
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push
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pop
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shift
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unshift
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slice
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splice
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reverse
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Chapter 7 - Arrays 17

sort
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indexOf
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lastIndexOf
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forEach
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map
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filter
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every
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some
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Chapter 7 - Arrays 18

reduce
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Multi-dimensional Arrays
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Chapter 7 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 8 - Objects
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Objects
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Overview
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Creating Objects
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Object initializers
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Constructor function
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Chapter 8 - Quiz
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Chapter 8 - Objects 20

Answers
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Chapter 9 - Objects
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Objects
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Defining Methods
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Iteration
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for…in loop
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Object.keys()
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Object.getOwnPropertyNames()
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Chapter 9 - Objects 22

Property descriptors and flags

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Non-writable
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Non-enumerable
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Non-configurable
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Object.defineProperties
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Seal an Object
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Object.preventExtensions(obj)
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Object.seal(obj)
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Chapter 9 - Objects 23

Object.freeze(obj)
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Object.isExtensible(obj)
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Object.isSealed(obj)
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Object.isFrozen(obj)
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Property getters and setters

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Chapter 9 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 10 - Intermediate JavaScript 1
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Strict mode
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Changes in strict mode

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Truthy and Falsy

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Type conversion
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Converting strings to numbers

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parseInt()
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Chapter 10 - Intermediate JavaScript 1 25

parseFloat()
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Number()
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Automatic Semicolon Insertion

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Avoid floating point problems

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Chapter 10 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 11 - Intermediate JavaScript 2
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Boxed objects
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Hoisting
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Scope
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Lexical scope
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Closures
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Closures inside loop

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Chapter 11 - Intermediate JavaScript 2 27

Chapter 11 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 12 - Intermediate JavaScript 3
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Pass by value or Pass by reference

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Call stack
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What is this?
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Default binding
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Implicit binding
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call, apply and bind

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Chapter 12 - Intermediate JavaScript 3 29

Using call and apply

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Chapter 12 - Quiz
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Chapter 13 - Prototypes and
Inheritance
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Prototypes and Inheritance

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Prototypes
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Constructors
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Object.create()
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Performance
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Chapter 13 - Prototypes and Inheritance 31

Answers
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 Chapter 14 - Object Oriented
JavaScript
Object Oriented JavaScript
Object oriented programming or OOP is a methodology to create our program using Objects and
Classes. The basic idea of OOP is that we use objects to model real world things that we want
to represent inside our programs, and provide a simple way to access functionality that would
otherwise be hard or impossible.
Objects can contain property, which represents information about the thing we are trying to model
and methods or actions that represents a behavior. For example, if we think a car as an object,
then the number of wheels, the type of car, the color of car becomes the properties of the car. And
starting or stopping the car becomes actions. Data in objects can be stored neatly without exposing
to the outer world (which is called encapsulation), can be given a specific name to refer to (which is
sometimes called a namespace).
Consider we are going to develop an application for an organization where there are developers
and managers. To handle the data of developers and managers we could create an object model like
below:

1 function Developer(name, id) {

2 this.name = name;
3 this.id = id;
4 this.role = 'Developer';
5 this.greeting = function() {
6 console.log('Hello, I am a Developer');
7 }
8 }
9 function Manager(name, id) {
10 this.name = name;
11 this.id = id;
12 this.role = 'Manager';
13 this.greeting = function() {
14 console.log('Hello, I am a Manager');
15 }
16 }
 Chapter 14 - Object Oriented JavaScript 33

If you can observe the above code, it has duplicate properties in both model, name and id. We
can make this better by creating one parent objects and create two sub-objects for developer and
manager.

1 function Employee(name, id) {

2 this.name = name;
3 this.id = id;
4 }
5 function Developer(name, id) {
6 Employee.call(this, name, id);
7 this.role = 'Developer';
8 this.greeting = function() {
9 console.log('Hello, I am a Developer');
10 }
11 }
12 function Manager(name, id) {
13 Employee.call(this, name, id);
14 this.role = 'Manager';
15 this.greeting = function() {
16 console.log('Hello, I am a Manager');
17 }
18 }

We have moved the common properties to the top of the prototype chain and let the child objects
to call them. This make our developer and manager constructors more manageable. If you inspect
more, we can see that the greeting action has almost similar in both. It is same in both except for
the role. So we can also move this method to the top.

1 function Employee(name, id) {

2 this.name = name;
3 this.id = id;
4 }
5 Employee.prototype.greeting = function() {
6 console.log('Hello, I am a ' + this.role);
7 }
8 function Developer(name, id) {
9 Employee.call(this, name, id);
10 this.role = 'Developer';
11 }
12 Developer.prototype = Object.create(Employee.prototype);
13 Developer.constructor = Developer;
14 function Manager(name, id) {
15 Employee.call(this, name, id);
 Chapter 14 - Object Oriented JavaScript 34

16 this.role = 'Manager';
17 }
18 Manager.prototype = Object.create(Employee.prototype);
19 Manager.constructor = Manager;

This looks even better. We have, like moved the common properties to top, moved the common
methods to the top. We have also make our Developer and Manager inherits data and behavior from
the Employee, so we can reuse functionality common to all the object types rather than having to
duplicate it. Now let us check our models by creating instances of them.

1 var christine = new Manager('Christine', 1);

2 var joseph = new Developer('Joseph', 2);
3 christine.greeting();
4 // Hello, I am a Manager
5 joseph.greeting();
6 // Hello, I am a Developer

The greeting method is same in both objects and implemented the same functionality. But their
result are different based on child objects. The ability of multiple object types to implement the
same functionality is called polymorphism.
If you have noticed, we have assigned the constructor property of Developer (or Manager) to the
same function again after the prototype. This is because, when we are overwriting the prototype,
it also overwrites the constructor property to Employee. So we have manually adjust it back to its
original value.
One of the other features in OOP is Encapsulation. Encapsulation is the ability of an object to be a
container (or capsule) for its member properties, including variables and methods. This object can
protect its data from outside world or restricting its access. Imaging our Developer object needs
to have a private data which is noOfWorkingDays. It should be accessed like name or id which are
common. Let us see how can we achieve this.
If you can remember, functions create scope. That means variables declared inside a function can
not be accessed from outside. So creating a local variable, we can encapsulate our data inside the
function.

1 function Developer(name, id) {

2 Employee.call(this, name, id);
3 this.role = 'Developer';
4 var numOfWorkingDays = 0;
5 }
6 var joseph = new Developer('Joseph', 2);
7 joseph.noOfWorkingDays; // undefined
 Chapter 14 - Object Oriented JavaScript 35

If we want to expose this data to outside, we can create methods to write and read the data from
the object. This way we can be sure that there is no way to directly manipulate our private data
noOfWorkingDays. Any read or write operation should be done from our generated methods.

1 function Developer(name, id) {

2 Employee.call(this, name, id);
3 this.role = 'Developer';
4
5 var numOfWorkingDays = 0;
6
7 this.updateWorkingDays = function() {
8 numOfWorkingDays++;
9 }
10
11 this.getWorkingDays = function() {
12 return numOfWorkingDays;
13 }

We have created a method updateWorkingDays to increment the working days by 1 whenever

invoked and getWorkingDays to access the value of the private variable numOfWorkingDays. Note
that these methods are specific to Developer. Manager does not have these methods.

1 var joseph = new Developer('Joseph', 2);

2 joseph.getWorkingDays(); // 0
3 joseph.updateWorkingDays();
4 joseph.getWorkingDays(); // 1

These private variables private to these objects which means other instance of the Developer object
will have its own numOfWorkingDays.

1 joseph.getWorkingDays(); // 1
2 var andrew = new Developer('Andrew', 3);
3 andrew.getWorkingDays(); // 0
4 andrew.updateWorkingDays();
5 andrew.getWorkingDays(); // 1

Because of the way JavaScript works, with the prototype chain, etc., the sharing of functionality
between objects is often called delegation. Specialized objects delegate functionality to a generic
object type.
In terms of using inheritance in your own code, you probably won’t use it often, especially to begin
with, and in small projects. It is a waste of time to use objects and inheritance just for the sake of it
when you don’t need them. But as your code bases get larger, you are more likely to find a need for
Chapter 14 - Object Oriented JavaScript 36

it. If you find yourself starting to create a number of objects that have similar features, then creating
a generic object type to contain all the shared functionality and inheriting those features in more
specialized object types can be convenient and useful.
When using inheritance, you are advised to not have too many levels of inheritance, and to keep
careful track of where you define your methods and properties. It is possible to start writing code that
temporarily modifies the prototypes of built-in browser objects, but you should not do this unless
you have a really good reason. Too much inheritance can lead to endless confusion, and endless pain
when you try to debug such code.
Finally, using functions with prototype looks like lot of work to link objects. But since ES6
introduction of class, extends and super, it becomes very easy to create classes and share
functionalities among them. We will explain all the ES6 features in the coming lessons.

Chapter 14 - Quiz
Oops! That was an incredible achievement. OOP or Object oriented programming is an important
concept not only in JavaScript but in most of the languages that every developer should know. Go
ahead and take this simple questions before you continue your journey.
1. Object oriented programming or OOP is a methodology to create our program using which of
these?

a. Object and class

b. Data and behavior
c. Functions and scope

2. If you think of a car as an object, which of the below can be said to equal to starting the car?

a. method
b. property
c. data

3. Having a parent class to have common properties and methods leads to reducing code duplication.

a. True
b. False

4. The ability of multiple object types to implement the same functionality is called what?

a. Polymorphism
b. Encapsulation
 Chapter 14 - Object Oriented JavaScript 37

c. OOP

5. The idea of OOP is to use objects to model real world things that we want to represent, and provide
a simple way to access functionality that would otherwise be hard or impossible.

a. True
b. False

6. A class sometimes can shield its member from outside world and restrict access to them. How is
this behavior called?

a. Polymorphism
b. Encapsulation
c. OOP

7. Find the missing piece of code to complete the inheritance?

1 function Employee(name, id) {

2 this.name = name;
3 this.id = id;
4 }
5
6 Employee.prototype.greeting = function() {
7 console.log('Hello, I am a ' + this.role);
8 }
9
10 function Developer(name, id) {
11 Employee.call(this, name, id);
12 this.role = 'Developer';
13 }
14
15 // .....
16 Developer.constructor = Developer;

a. Developer.prototype = Object.create(Employee.prototype);
b. Employee.prototype = Object.create(Employee.prototype);
c. Employee.prototype = Object.create(Developer.prototype);

8. How can we create encapsulation in JavaScript?

a. Using functions scope

Chapter 14 - Object Oriented JavaScript 38

b. Using prototype
c. Using inheritance

9. Does different instances of a class share the same private variables?

a. No
b. Yes

10. It is advised to have too many levels of inheritance. State true of false.

a. True
b. False

11. With the prototype chain, etc., the sharing of functionality between objects is called … ?

a. sharing
b. delegation
c. polymorphism

Answers
1. a); Object oriented programming or OOP is a methodology to create our program using which
of Object and class.
2. a); Starting or stopping car denotes an action. And in objects methods are doing some actions
and properties are having some data.
3. a); True. When a parent class have common properties and methods, it leads to reducing code
duplication.
4. a); The ability of multiple object types to implement the same functionality is called Polymor-
phism.
5. a); True. The basic idea of OOP is that we use objects to model real world things that we want
to represent inside our programs, and provide a simple way to access functionality that would
otherwise be hard or impossible.
6. b); Encapsulation is the ability of an object to be a container (or capsule) for its member
properties, including variables and methods. This object can protect its data from outside world
or restricting its access.
7. a); To inherit properties from Employee object, we need to modify the prototype of Developer
to Developer.prototype = Object.create(Employee.prototype).
8. a); Functions create scope, that means variables declared inside a function cannot be accessed
from outside. So creating a local variable, we can encapsulate our data inside the function.
9. a); The private variables private to these objects which means other instance of the Developer
object will have its own numOfWorkingDays.
10. b); When using inheritance, you are advised to not have too many levels of inheritance since
it can lead to endless confusion, and pain.
11. b); The sharing of functionality between objects is often called delegation. Specialized objects
delegate functionality to a generic object type.
Chapter 15 - ES6
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ES6
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Transpile and Polyfill

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Block Scope Declarations

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Spread and Rest

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Default parameter value

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Destructuring
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Chapter 15 - ES6 40

Object Literal Extensions

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Template Literals
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Tagged template literal

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Symbols
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Symbols as Object Properties

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Chapter 16 - ES6 Part 2
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ES6 Continues
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Arrow functions
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for..of loop
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Collections
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Maps
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WeakMaps
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Chapter 16 - ES6 Part 2 42

Set
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WeakSet
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Generators
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Modules
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import
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Chapter 17 - Class and Promises
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Class and Promises

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Class
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extends and super

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new.target
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Static properties
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Getters and Setters

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Chapter 17 - Class and Promises 44

Promises
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Promise.race
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Limitations
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Chapter 18 - Advance JavaScript
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Advance JavaScript
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Event Loop
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Proxies
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Reflect
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Chapter 18 - Advance JavaScript 46

Reflect.apply
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Reflect.construct()
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Chapter 19 - Working with DOM
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Working with DOM

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Document Object Model

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How to access DOM

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Find an Element by class

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Chapter 19 - Working with DOM 48

Find elements by CSS selectors

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Working with attributes

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Changing CSS
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Working with Events

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Window onload and onunload

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Adding new elements

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Removing HTML elements

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Chapter 19 - Working with DOM 49

Chapter 19 - Quiz
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Chapter 20 - Event Listener and BOM
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Event Listener and BOM

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addEventListener
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Event bubbling and Event Capturing

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Turing off propagation

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preventDafault
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Chapter 20 - Event Listener and BOM 51

BOM or Browser Object Model

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Window Size
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Location
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History
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Navigator
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Popups
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Chapter 21 - HTML5 APIs and Ajax
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HTML5 APIs and Ajax

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Geoloaction API
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Web Storage
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Localstorage
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SessionStorage
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Offline Web Applications

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Chapter 21 - HTML5 APIs and Ajax 53

Web workers
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XMLHttpRequest or XHR
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Chapter 21 - Quiz
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Answers
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Chapter 22 - JavaScript Oddities
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JavaScript Oddities
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Equal comparison
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[ ] == ![ ]

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NaN is not equal to NaN

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baNaNa
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Minimal value is greater than zero

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Chapter 22 - JavaScript Oddities 55

Adding arrays
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Trailing commas in array

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undefined and Number

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null is an object
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Precision of 0.1 + 0.2

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Comparison of three numbers

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Object as a key of object’s property

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Chapter 22 - JavaScript Oddities 56

try..catch finally
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Multiple inheritance
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A class of class
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Tricky arrow functions

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Arrow functions cannot be a constructor

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arguments in arrow functions

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Tricky return
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Chapter 22 - JavaScript Oddities 57

Math.max() less than Math.min()

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Comparing null to 0
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Default behavior Array.prototype.sort()

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Array and Object addition

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Chapter 22 - Quiz
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Answers
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