MEBS6006 Environmental Services I

http://www.hku.hk/bse/MEBS6006/

Load Estimation

Dr. Benjamin P.L. Ho

Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail: benjamin.ho@hku.hk
Oct 2011
Contents
This lecture is the first of the 2 lectures on loading and energy
calculation.
The first lecture will give a brief review of the various
components contributing to cooling/heating load of an occupied
space.
• Basic Concepts
• Outdoor Design Conditions
• Indoor Design Conditions
• Cooling Load Components
• Cooling Load Principles
• Cooling Coil Load
• Heating Load

2
Basic Concepts
• Heat transfer mechanism
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Thermal properties of building materials
• Overall thermal transmittance (U-value) (W/m2K)
• Thermal conductivity k (W/mK)
• thermal conductance = kA/L (W/K) Q = U A (Δt)
• heat transfer coefficient = k/L, (W/m2K)
• Thermal capacity (specific heat) (kJ/kgK)
3
 Four forms of heat transfer

CONVECTION

4
(Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, www.fao.org)
Basic Concepts

• Heat transfer basic relationships (for air at sea

level)
• Sensible heat transfer rate:
• qsensible = 1.23 (air flow rate, L/s) (Δt) (why?)
• Latent heat transfer rate:
• qlatent = 3010 (air flow rate, L/s) (Δw) (why?)
• Total heat transfer rate:
• qtotal = 1.2 (Flow rate, L/s) (Δh) (why?)
• qtotal = qsensible + qlatent
5
Basic Concepts

• Thermal load
• The amount of heat that must be added or removed
from the space to maintain the proper temperature
in the space
• When thermal loads push conditions outside
of the comfort range, HVAC systems are used
to bring the thermal conditions back to
comfort conditions

6
Basic Concepts

• Purpose of HVAC load estimation

• Calculate peak design loads (cooling/heating)
• Estimate likely plant/equipment capacity or size
• Provide info for HVAC design e.g. load profiles
• Form the basis for building energy analysis
• Cooling load is our main target
• Important for warm climates & summer design
• Affect building performance & its first cost
7
Basic Concepts

• General procedure for cooling load calculations

• Obtain the characteristics of the building, building
materials, components, etc. from building plans and
specifications
• Determine the building location, orientation, external
shading (like adjacent buildings)
• Obtain appropriate weather data and select outdoor design
conditions
• Select indoor design conditions (include permissible
variations and control limits)

8
Basic Concepts

• General procedure for cooling load calculations

(cont’d)
• Obtain a proposed schedule of lighting, occupants, internal
equipment appliances and processes that would contribute
to internal thermal load
• Select the time of day and month for the cooling load
calculation
• Calculate the space cooling load at design conditions
• Assess the cooling loads at several different time or a
design day to find out the peak design load

9
Cooling load profiles 10
Basic Concepts

• A building survey will help us achieve a

realistic estimate of thermal loads
• Orientation of the building
• Use of spaces
• Physical dimensions of spaces
• Ceiling height
• Columns and beams
• Construction materials
• Surrounding conditions
• Windows, doors, stairways 11
 12
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
Basic Concepts

• Key info for load estimation

• People (number or density, duration of occupancy,
nature of activity)
• Lighting (W/m2, types of luminaire and lamp)
• Appliances (wattage, location, usage)
• Ventilation (criteria, requirements)
• Thermal storage (if any)
• Continuous or intermittent operation

13
Basic Concepts

• Typical HVAC load design process

• 1. Rough estimates of design loads & energy use
• Such as by rules of thumb & floor areas
• See “Cooling Load Check Figures”
• See references for some examples of databooks
• 2. Develop & assess more info (design criteria,
building info, system info)
• Building layouts & plans are developed
• 3. Perform detailed load & energy calculations
14
Outdoor Design Conditions

• They are used to calculate design space loads

• Climatic design information
• General info: e.g. latitude, longitude, altitude,
atmospheric pressure
• Outdoor design conditions include
• Derived from statistical analysis of weather data
• Typical data can be found in handbooks/databooks,
such as ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook

15
Outdoor Design Conditions

• Climatic design info from ASHRAE

• Previous data & method (before 1997)
• For Summer (Jun to Sep) & Winter (Dec, Jan, Feb)
• Based on 1%, 2.5% & 5% nos. hours of occurrence
• New method (ASHRAE Fundamentals 2001+):
• Based on annual percentiles and cumulative frequency
of occurrence, e.g. 0.4%, 1%, 2% (of whole year)
• More info on coincident conditions
• Findings obtained from ASHRAE research projects
• Data can be found on a relevant CD-ROM

16
 Outdoor Design Conditions

• Climatic design conditions (ASHRAE, 2009):

• Annual heating & humidif. design conditions
• Coldest month
• Heating dry-bulb (DB) temp.
• Humidification dew point (DP)/ mean coincident dry-
bulb temp. (MCDB) and humidity ratio (HR)
• Coldest month wind speed (WS)/mean coincident dry-
bulb temp. (MCDB)
• Mean coincident wind speed (MCWS) & prevailing
coincident wind direction (PCWD) to 99.6% DB
17
(Latest information from ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2009)
Outdoor Design Conditions
• Climatic design conditions (ASHRAE, 2009):
• Cooling and dehumidification design conditions
• Hottest month and DB range
• Cooling DB/MCWB: Dry-bulb temp. (DB) + Mean
coincident wet-bulb temp. (MCWB)
• Evaporation WB/MCDB: Web-bulb temp. (WB) +
Mean coincident dry-bulb temp. (MCDB)
• MCWS/PCWD to 0.4% DB
• Dehumidification DP/MCDB and HR: Dew-point temp.
(DP) + MDB + Humidity ratio (HR)
• Enthalpy/MCDB
18
Outdoor Design Conditions

• Climatic design conditions (ASHRAE, 2009):

• Extreme annual design conditions
• Monthly climatic design conditions
• Temperature, degree-days and degree-hours
• Monthly design DB and mean coincident WB
• Monthly design WB and mean coincident DB
• Mean daily temperature range
• Clear sky solar irradiance

19
Outdoor Design Conditions

• Other sources of climatic info:

• Joint frequency tables of psychrometric conditions
• Annual, monthly and hourly data
• Degree-days (cooling/heating) & climatic normals
• To classify climate characteristics
• Typical year data sets (1 year: 8,760 hours)
• For energy calculations & analysis

20
 Recommended Outdoor Design Conditions for Hong Kong
Location Hong Kong (latitude 22° 18’ N, longitude 114° 10’ E, elevation 33 m)

Weather station Royal Observatory Hong Kong

Summer months June to September (four hottest months), total 2928 hours

Winter months December, January & February (three coldest months), total 2160 hours

Design For comfort HVAC (based on For critical processes (based on

temperatures: summer 2.5% or annualised 1% and summer 1% or annualised 0.4% and
winter 97.5% or annualised 99.3%) winter 99% or annualised 99.6%)
Summer Winter Summer Winter
DDB / CWB 32.0 oC / 26.9 oC 9.5 oC / 6.7 oC 32.6 oC / 27.0 oC 8.2 oC / 6.0 oC
CDB / DWB 31.0 oC / 27.5 oC 10.4 oC / 6.2 oC 31.3 oC / 27.8 oC 9.1 oC / 5.0 oC

Note: 1. DDB is the design dry-bulb and CWB is the coincident wet-bulb temperature with
it; DWB is the design wet-bulb and CDB is the coincident dry-bulb with it.
2. The design temperatures and daily ranges were determined based on hourly data
for the 35-year period from 1960 to 1994; extreme temperatures were determined
based on extreme values between 1884-1939 and 1947-1994.
21
(Source: Research findings from Dr. Sam C M Hui)
 Recommended Outdoor Design Conditions for Hong Kong (cont’d)
Extreme Hottest month: July Coldest month: January
temperatures:
mean DBT = 28.6 oC mean DBT = 15.7 oC
absolute max. DBT = 36.1 oC absolute min. DBT = 0.0 oC
mean daily max. DBT = 25.7 oC mean daily min. DBT = 20.9 oC

Diurnal range: Summer Winter Whole year

- Mean DBT 28.2 16.4 22.8
- Daily range 4.95 5.01 5.0

Wind data: Summer Winter Whole year

- Wind direction 090 (East) 070 (N 70° E) 080 (N 80° E)
- Wind speed 5.7 m/s 6.8 m/s 6.3 m/s

Note: 3. Wind data are the prevailing wind data based on the weather summary for the 30-
year period 1960-1990. Wind direction is the prevailing wind direction in degrees
clockwise from north and the wind speed is the mean prevailing wind speed.

22
(Source: Research findings from Dr. Sam C M Hui)
Indoor Design Conditions

• Basic design parameters: (for thermal comfort)

• Air temp. & air movement
• Typical: summer 24-26 oC; winter 21-23 oC
• Air velocity: summer < 0.25 m/s; winter < 0.15 m/s
• Relative humidity
• Summer: 40-50% (preferred), 30-65 (tolerable)
• Winter: 25-30% (with humidifier); not specified (w/o
humidifier)
• See also ASHRAE Standard 55-2004
• ASHRAE comfort zone
23
 ASHRAE Comfort Zones
(based on 2004 version of ASHRAE Standard 55)

24
Indoor Design Conditions

• Indoor air quality: (for health & well-being)

• Air contaminants
• e.g. particulates, VOC, radon, bioeffluents
• Outdoor ventilation rate provided
• ASHRAE Standard 62-2007
• Air cleanliness (e.g. for processing), air movement
• Other design parameters:
• Sound level (noise criteria)
• Pressure differential between the space &
surroundings (e.g. +ve to prevent infiltration)
25
 (NC = noise critera; RC = room criteria)
* Remark: buildings in HK often have higher NC, say add 5-10 dB (more noisy).
26
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
Cooling Load Components

• External
• 1. Heat gain through exterior walls and roofs
• 2. Solar heat gain through fenestrations (windows)
• 3. Conductive heat gain through fenestrations
• 4. Heat gain through partitions & interior doors
• Internal
• 1. People
• 2. Electric lights
• 3. Equipment and appliances 27
Cooling Load Components
• Infiltration
• Air leakage and moisture migration, e.g.
flow of outdoor air into a building through
cracks, unintentional openings, normal use
of exterior doors for entrance
• System (HVAC)
• Outdoor ventilation air
• System heat gain: duct leakage & heat gain,
reheat, fan & pump energy, energy recovery
28
29
Cooling Load Components
• Total cooling load
• Sensible cooling load + Latent cooling load
• = Σ(sensible items) + Σ(latent items)
• Which components have latent loads? Which
only have sensible load? Why?
• Three major parts for load calculation
• External cooling load
• Internal cooling load
• Ventilation and infiltration air
30
 31
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
 32
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
 33
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
Cooling Load Components
• Cooling load calculation method
• HB / RTS method (ASHRAE Fundamentals 2009)
• TFM method / TETD/TA method
• CLTD/SCL/CLF method (older versions of Fundamentals)
• It is a one-step, simple calculation procedure developed by
ASHRAE
• CLTD = cooling load temperature difference
• SCL = solar cooling load
• CLF = cooling load factor
• See ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals for details
• Tables for CLTD, SCL and CLF

34
Cooling Load Components

• External
• Roofs, walls, and glass conduction
• q = U A (CLTD) U = U-value; A = area
• Solar load through glass
• q = A (SC) (SCL) SC = shading coefficient
• For unshaded area and shaded area
• Partitions, ceilings, floors
• q = U A (tadjacent - tinside)

35
Cooling Load Components
• Internal
• People
• qsensible = N (Sensible heat gain) (CLF)
• qlatent = N (Latent heat gain)
• Lights
• q = Watt x Ful x Fsa (CLF)
• Ful = lighting use factor; Fsa = special allowance factor
• Appliances
• qsensible = qinput x usage factors (CLF)
• qlatent = qinput x load factor (CLF)
36
Cooling Load Components

• Ventilation and infiltration air

• qsensible = 1.23 Q (toutside - tinside)
• qlatent = 3010 Q (woutside - winside)
• qtotal = 1.2 Q (houtside - hinside)
• System heat gain
• Fan heat gain
• Duct heat gain and leakage
• Ceiling return air plenum
37
 Schematic diagram of typical return air plenum
38
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
Cooling Load Principles

• Terminology:
• Space – a volume w/o a partition, or a partitioned
room, or group of rooms
• Room – an enclosed space (a single load)
• Zone – a space, or several rooms, or units of space
having some sort of coincident loads or similar
operating characteristics
• Thermal zoning

39
Cooling Load Principles

• Definitions
• Space heat gain: instantaneous rate of heat gain
that enters into or is generated within a space
• Space cooling load: the rate at which heat must be
removed from the space to maintain a constant
space air temperature
• Space heat extraction rate: the actual rate of heat
removal when the space air temp. may swing
• Cooling coil load: the rate at which energy is
removed at a cooling coil serving the space
40
 Conversion of heat gain into cooling load

41
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
Cooling Load Principles

• Instantaneous heat gain vs space cooling loads

• They are NOT the same
• Effect of heat storage
• Night shutdown period
• HVAC is switched off. What happens to the space?
• Cool-down or warm-up period
• When HVAC system begins to operate
• Need to cool or warm the building fabric
• Conditioning period
• Space air temperature within the limits
42
 Thermal Storage Effect in Cooling Load from Lights
43
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
Cooling Load Principles

• Space load and equipment load

• Space heat gain (sensible, latent, total)
• Space cooling / heating load [at building]
• Space heat extraction rate
• Cooling / heating coil load [at air-side system]
• Refrigeration load [at the chiller plant]
• Instantaneous heat gain
• Convective heat
• Radiative heat (heat absorption)
44
 Convective and radiative heat in a conditioned space
45
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd ed.)
 46
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd ed.)
 47
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd ed.)
 48
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd ed.)
 49
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd ed.)
Cooling Load Principles

• Cooling load profiles

• Shows the variation of space cooling load
• Such as 24-hr cycle
• Useful for building operation & energy analysis
• What factors will affect load profiles?
• Peak load and block load
• Peak load = max. cooling load
• Block load = sum of zone loads at a specific time
50
Cooling load profiles

Total cooling load

51
(Source: D.G. Stephenson, 1968)
 North

West East

South

Block load and thermal zoning 52

Cooling loads due to windows at different orientations

53
(Source: D.G. Stephenson, 1968)
 Profiles of solar heat gain (July) (for latitude 48 deg N)

54
(Source: Keith E. Elder)
 Solar cooling load vs. heat gain (July, west) (latitude 48 deg N)

55
(Source: Keith E. Elder)
Cooling Load Principles

• Moisture transfer
• Two paths:
• Moisture migrates in building envelope
• Air leakage (infiltration or exfiltration)
• If slight RH variation is acceptable, then storage
effect of moisture can be ignored
• Latent heat gain = latent cooling load (instantaneously)
• What happens if both temp. & RH need to be
controlled?
56
Cooling Coil Load

• Cooling coil load consists of:

• Space cooling load (sensible & latent)
• Supply system heat gain (fan + air duct)
• Return system heat gain (plenum + fan + air duct)
• Load due to outdoor ventilation rates (or
ventilation load)
• Do you know how to construct a summer air
conditioning cycle on a psychrometric chart?
• See also notes in Psychrometrics
57
 Typical summer air conditioning cycle

Cooling coil load

Ventilation load

Return system heat gain

Space cooling load

Supply system heat gain

58
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd ed.)
Cooling Coil Load
Sensible load (kW)
Supply airflow (L/s) =
• Space cooling load 1.2 × ∆t

• To determine supply air flow rate & size of air

system, ducts, terminals, diffusers
• It is a component of cooling coil load
• Infiltration heat gain is an instant. cooling load
• Cooling coil load
• To determine the size of cooling coil &
refrigeration system
• Remember, ventilation load is a coil load
59
Heating Load
• Design heating load
• Max. heat energy required to maintain winter
indoor design temp.
• Usually occurs before sunrise on the coldest days
• Include transmission losses & infiltration/ventilation
• Assumptions:
• All heating losses are instantaneous heating loads
• Credit for solar & internal heat gains is not included
• Latent heat often not considered (unless w/ humidifier)
• Thermal storage effect of building structure is ignored
60
Heating Load
• A simplified approach to evaluate worst-case
conditions based on
• Design interior and exterior conditions
• Including infiltration and/or ventilation
• No solar effect (at night or on cloudy winter days)
• Before the presence of people, light, and
appliances has an offsetting effect
• Also, a warm-up/safety allowance of 20-25%
is fairly common
61
 62
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005)
References

• Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering

(Wang and Norton, 2000)
• Chapter 6 – Load Calculations
• ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (2009 edition)
• Chapter 14 – Climatic Design Information
• Chapter 15 – Fenestration
• Chapter 17 – Residential Cooling and Heating Load
Calculations
• Chapter 18 – Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load
Calculations
63
References

• Remarks:
• “Load & Energy Calculations” in ASHRAE
Handbook Fundamentals
• The following previous cooling load calculations
are described in earlier editions of the ASHRAE
Handbook (1997 and 2001 versions)
• CLTD/SCL/CLF method
• TETD/TA method
• TFM method

64
2009 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (SI) © 2009 ASHRAE, Inc.

HONG KONG OBSERVATO, China WMO#: 450050

Lat: 22.30N Long: 114.17E Elev: 62 StdP: 100.58 Time Zone: 8.00 (CHN) Period: 82-92 WBAN: 99999
Annual Heating and Humidification Design Conditions

Humidification DP/MCDB and HR Coldest month WS/MCDB MCWS/PCWD

Coldest Heating DB
99.6% 99% 0.4% 1% to 99.6% DB
Month
99.6% 99% DP HR MCDB DP HR MCDB WS MCDB WS MCDB MCWS PCWD

2 9.6 10.9 -1.1 3.5 13.0 1.8 4.3 14.0 9.2 15.9 8.4 15.8 2.2 10
Annual Cooling, Dehumidification, and Enthalpy Design Conditions

Hottest Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB MCWS/PCWD

Hottest
Month 0.4% 1% 2% 0.4% 1% 2% to 0.4% DB
Month
DB Range DB MCWB DB MCWB DB MCWB WB MCDB WB MCDB WB MCDB MCWS PCWD

7 3.5 32.2 26.5 31.7 26.4 31.2 26.3 27.4 30.5 27.1 30.1 26.9 29.9 3.4 270
Dehumidification DP/MCDB and HR Enthalpy/MCDB Hours
0.4% 1% 2% 0.4% 1% 2% 8 to 4 &
DP HR MCDB DP HR MCDB DP HR MCDB Enth MCDB Enth MCDB Enth MCDB 12.8/20.6

26.6 22.3 29.3 26.2 21.8 29.1 26.1 21.6 29.0 87.5 30.6 86.4 30.3 85.3 30.1 970
Extreme Annual Design Conditions

Extreme Extreme Annual DB n-Year Return Period Values of Extreme DB

Extreme Annual WS
Max Mean Standard deviation n=5 years n=10 years n=20 years n=50 years
1% 2.5% 5% WB Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

8.6 7.4 6.5 28.4 7.6 33.5 1.7 0.3 6.3 33.7 5.3 33.9 4.4 34.1 3.1 34.4
Monthly Climatic Design Conditions

Annual Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Tavg 23.1 16.2 16.1 18.5 21.9 25.8 27.9 29.0 28.8 27.8 25.5 21.7 17.6
Sd 2.37 2.57 3.33 2.70 2.01 1.70 1.29 1.27 1.50 1.85 2.49 2.85
Temperatures, HDD10.0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Degree-Days HDD18.3 237 72 71 39 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 46
and CDD10.0 4782 192 171 264 357 489 538 588 581 534 481 350 236
Degree-Hours CDD18.3 1976 6 8 46 111 231 288 330 323 284 223 104 23
CDH23.3 18618 0 1 79 436 1826 3226 4110 3924 3126 1657 228 5
CDH26.7 5853 0 0 0 31 366 1081 1696 1521 957 200 3 0
DB 22.1 23.1 26.0 28.6 31.2 32.2 33.0 32.9 32.5 30.6 26.9 24.0
0.4%
Monthly Design
MCWB 18.5 19.8 22.7 24.3 26.2 26.5 26.8 26.6 25.6 25.2 21.9 19.3
Dry Bulb DB 20.9 21.9 25.1 27.6 30.2 31.5 32.2 32.1 31.5 29.3 26.0 22.6
2%
and MCWB 17.5 19.3 22.6 24.2 26.0 26.6 26.7 26.6 25.8 24.6 21.7 18.1
Mean Coincident DB 20.0 20.7 24.3 26.7 29.4 30.9 31.6 31.5 30.8 28.5 25.2 21.7
Wet Bulb 5%
MCWB 16.9 18.4 22.2 23.8 25.7 26.5 26.6 26.5 25.7 24.2 21.4 17.6
Temperatures
DB 19.1 19.6 23.3 26.0 28.6 30.3 31.1 31.0 30.1 27.7 24.7 21.0
10%
MCWB 16.2 17.4 21.4 23.6 25.4 26.4 26.4 26.4 25.5 23.8 21.1 17.2
WB 19.5 21.1 23.6 25.3 26.9 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.3 26.2 23.9 20.1
0.4%
Monthly Design
MCDB 21.0 22.4 25.2 27.1 29.8 30.6 30.9 31.1 30.3 28.9 25.6 22.6
Wet Bulb WB 18.5 19.9 23.1 24.6 26.5 27.2 27.3 27.2 26.9 25.6 23.0 19.4
2%
and MCDB 20.2 21.5 24.7 26.6 29.3 30.0 30.4 30.3 29.6 28.1 25.0 21.8
Mean Coincident WB 17.6 18.9 22.5 24.2 26.1 27.0 27.1 27.0 26.6 25.1 22.4 18.6
Dry Bulb 5%
MCDB 19.4 20.5 24.1 26.3 28.8 29.8 30.3 30.0 29.3 27.6 24.6 21.0
Temperatures
WB 16.8 18.0 21.5 23.8 25.7 26.7 26.9 26.7 26.2 24.6 21.8 17.8
10%
MCDB 18.7 19.2 23.1 25.9 28.2 29.4 30.0 29.6 29.0 27.2 24.2 20.4
MDBR 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.8
Mean Daily MCDBR 4.1 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.7 3.6 4.1
5% DB
Temperature MCWBR 2.7 3.1 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.4
Range MCDBR 3.5 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.6
5% WB
MCWBR 2.7 3.2 3.0 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.6
taub 0.631 0.658 0.766 0.775 0.701 0.659 0.617 0.682 0.741 0.725 0.621 0.604
Clear Sky
taud 1.519 1.499 1.395 1.410 1.530 1.612 1.693 1.568 1.467 1.469 1.591 1.581
Solar
Irradiance Ebn,noon 636 656 611 617 662 685 714 670 619 599 641 638
Edh,noon 256 279 324 327 289 264 244 276 297 281 236 233

CDDn Cooling degree-days base n°C, °C-day Lat Latitude, ° Period Years used to calculate the design conditions
CDHn Cooling degree-hours base n°C, °C-hour Long Longitude, ° Sd Standard deviation of daily average temperature, °C
DB Dry bulb temperature, °C MCDB Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C StdP Standard pressure at station elevation, kPa
DP Dew point temperature, °C MCDBR Mean coincident dry bulb temp. range, °C taub Clear sky optical depth for beam irradiance
Ebn,noon } Clear sky beam normal and diffuse hori- MCDP Mean coincident dew point temperature, °C taud Clear sky optical depth for diffuse irradiance
Edh,noon } zontal irradiances at solar noon, W/m2 MCWB Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C Tavg Average temperature, °C
Elev Elevation, m MCWBR Mean coincident wet bulb temp. range, °C Time Zone Hours ahead or behind UTC, and time zone code
Enth Enthalpy, kJ/kg MCWS Mean coincident wind speed, m/s WB Wet bulb temperature, °C
HDDn Heating degree-days base n°C, °C-day MDBR Mean dry bulb temp. range, °C WBAN Weather Bureau Army Navy number
Hours 8/4 & 12.8/20.6 Number of hours between 8 a.m. PCWD Prevailing coincident wind direction, °, WMO# World Meteorological Organization number
and 4 p.m with DB between 12.8 and 20.6 °C 0 = North, 90 = East WS Wind speed, m/s
HR Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air
2009 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (SI) © 2009 ASHRAE, Inc.

HONG KONG INTERNATI, China WMO#: 450070

Lat: 22.32N Long: 113.92E Elev: 8 StdP: 101.23 Time Zone: 8.00 (CHN) Period: 82-06 WBAN: 99999
Annual Heating and Humidification Design Conditions

Humidification DP/MCDB and HR Coldest month WS/MCDB MCWS/PCWD

Coldest Heating DB
99.6% 99% 0.4% 1% to 99.6% DB
Month
99.6% 99% DP HR MCDB DP HR MCDB WS MCDB WS MCDB MCWS PCWD

1 9.0 10.8 -3.2 2.9 13.7 -0.1 3.8 14.9 10.5 18.1 9.5 17.6 4.2 30
Annual Cooling, Dehumidification, and Enthalpy Design Conditions

Hottest Cooling DB/MCWB Evaporation WB/MCDB MCWS/PCWD

Hottest
Month 0.4% 1% 2% 0.4% 1% 2% to 0.4% DB
Month
DB Range DB MCWB DB MCWB DB MCWB WB MCDB WB MCDB WB MCDB MCWS PCWD

7 4.7 33.8 26.5 33.0 26.3 32.2 26.1 27.7 30.8 27.3 30.5 27.0 30.3 5.0 240
Dehumidification DP/MCDB and HR Enthalpy/MCDB Hours
0.4% 1% 2% 0.4% 1% 2% 8 to 4 &
DP HR MCDB DP HR MCDB DP HR MCDB Enth MCDB Enth MCDB Enth MCDB 12.8/20.6

26.9 22.6 30.0 26.2 21.7 29.5 26.1 21.5 29.5 88.3 31.3 86.7 31.0 85.4 30.7 730
Extreme Annual Design Conditions

Extreme Extreme Annual DB n-Year Return Period Values of Extreme DB

Extreme Annual WS
Max Mean Standard deviation n=5 years n=10 years n=20 years n=50 years
1% 2.5% 5% WB Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

10.2 8.9 8.0 29.6 7.2 35.7 1.5 1.1 6.1 36.4 5.3 37.1 4.5 37.7 3.4 38.5
Monthly Climatic Design Conditions

Annual Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Tavg 24.0 16.9 17.2 19.6 23.4 26.7 28.7 29.5 29.4 28.6 26.4 22.7 18.5
Sd 3.05 3.12 3.29 2.96 2.08 1.66 1.40 1.45 1.60 1.85 2.63 3.09
Temperatures, HDD10.0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Degree-Days HDD18.3 182 62 53 26 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 36
and CDD10.0 5114 216 202 298 403 518 562 605 600 557 509 382 263
Degree-Hours CDD18.3 2253 19 22 65 155 260 312 347 342 307 251 134 40
CDH23.3 22772 14 26 178 928 2464 3762 4495 4373 3648 2244 579 59
CDH26.7 8410 0 0 8 173 704 1516 2066 1953 1407 522 59 2
DB 25.0 25.4 27.8 31.0 32.2 33.9 34.9 34.9 34.2 32.0 29.8 26.3
0.4%
Monthly Design
MCWB 19.4 20.6 23.0 24.5 25.6 26.7 26.9 26.5 26.0 24.1 22.6 20.7
Dry Bulb DB 23.1 24.1 26.2 29.2 31.5 32.8 33.2 33.6 33.0 30.9 28.1 25.0
2%
and MCWB 18.1 19.4 22.3 24.3 25.7 26.4 26.6 26.5 25.5 24.1 21.7 19.8
Mean Coincident DB 22.0 22.9 25.1 28.8 30.8 32.0 32.8 32.9 32.1 30.0 27.1 23.8
Wet Bulb 5%
MCWB 17.6 18.8 21.9 24.1 25.6 26.3 26.6 26.4 25.4 23.7 21.2 18.9
Temperatures
DB 21.0 21.2 24.1 27.8 29.9 31.1 32.0 32.0 31.1 29.1 26.1 22.8
10%
MCWB 17.0 17.8 21.2 23.7 25.3 26.5 26.5 26.3 25.4 23.1 20.8 17.8
WB 20.5 22.0 24.1 25.9 27.1 28.0 28.2 28.1 27.7 26.3 24.2 22.9
0.4%
Monthly Design
MCDB 23.0 23.9 26.1 28.7 30.0 30.7 31.8 31.2 30.9 29.6 27.2 25.0
Wet Bulb WB 19.5 20.6 23.5 25.2 26.6 27.5 27.6 27.6 27.0 25.6 23.5 20.9
2%
and MCDB 22.0 22.9 25.5 28.1 29.6 30.3 31.0 30.8 30.3 28.8 26.6 23.7
Mean Coincident WB 18.5 19.5 22.6 24.7 26.3 27.1 27.2 27.2 26.6 25.1 22.8 19.6
Dry Bulb 5%
MCDB 21.1 21.9 24.7 27.6 29.2 30.1 30.6 30.5 29.9 28.5 26.0 22.7
Temperatures
WB 17.6 18.6 21.6 24.2 25.9 26.7 26.9 26.8 26.3 24.6 22.0 18.6
10%
MCDB 20.3 20.9 23.7 26.9 28.8 29.8 30.4 30.2 29.6 28.1 25.3 21.8
MDBR 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 5.3 5.5
Mean Daily MCDBR 6.3 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.2 4.9 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.8 6.3
5% DB
Temperature MCWBR 3.4 3.5 3.1 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.1
Range MCDBR 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.8 5.2
5% WB
MCWBR 3.7 3.8 3.5 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.9 3.3
taub 0.690 0.710 0.813 0.846 0.804 0.751 0.694 0.768 0.832 0.815 0.696 0.684
Clear Sky
taud 1.432 1.424 1.342 1.332 1.390 1.462 1.547 1.437 1.357 1.362 1.473 1.455
Solar
Irradiance Ebn,noon 590 618 581 574 597 624 662 614 561 540 581 573
Edh,noon 276 299 341 353 332 307 282 314 331 310 262 260

CDDn Cooling degree-days base n°C, °C-day Lat Latitude, ° Period Years used to calculate the design conditions
CDHn Cooling degree-hours base n°C, °C-hour Long Longitude, ° Sd Standard deviation of daily average temperature, °C
DB Dry bulb temperature, °C MCDB Mean coincident dry bulb temperature, °C StdP Standard pressure at station elevation, kPa
DP Dew point temperature, °C MCDBR Mean coincident dry bulb temp. range, °C taub Clear sky optical depth for beam irradiance
Ebn,noon } Clear sky beam normal and diffuse hori- MCDP Mean coincident dew point temperature, °C taud Clear sky optical depth for diffuse irradiance
Edh,noon } zontal irradiances at solar noon, W/m2 MCWB Mean coincident wet bulb temperature, °C Tavg Average temperature, °C
Elev Elevation, m MCWBR Mean coincident wet bulb temp. range, °C Time Zone Hours ahead or behind UTC, and time zone code
Enth Enthalpy, kJ/kg MCWS Mean coincident wind speed, m/s WB Wet bulb temperature, °C
HDDn Heating degree-days base n°C, °C-day MDBR Mean dry bulb temp. range, °C WBAN Weather Bureau Army Navy number
Hours 8/4 & 12.8/20.6 Number of hours between 8 a.m. PCWD Prevailing coincident wind direction, °, WMO# World Meteorological Organization number
and 4 p.m with DB between 12.8 and 20.6 °C 0 = North, 90 = East WS Wind speed, m/s
HR Humidity ratio, g of moisture per kg of dry air