Find the work posses for a Helium gas at 200C

*A. 609 KJ/kg B. 168 KJ/kg C. 229 KJ/kg D. 339 KJ/kg

Solution:
W = m R T = m (8.314 / M) T
For helium, M = 4
W/m = (8.314/4)(20 + 273) = 609 KJ/kg

Two kilogram of gas is confined in a 1 m3 tank at 200 kpa and 880C. What type of gas is in the tank?
A. Helium *B. Ethane C. Methane D. Ethene
Solution:
PV=mRT
200 (1) = 2 (8.314/M)(88+273)
M = 30
Therefore: the gas is Ethane (C2 H8)

Find the enthalpy of Helium if its internal energy is 200 KJ/kg

A. 144 KJ/kg B. 223.42 KJ/kg *C. 333.42 KJ/kg D. 168 KJ/kg
Solution:
R = 8.314/4 = 2.0785
K = 1.667 for helium
Cp = k R/(k - 1) = 1.667(2.0785)/(1.667 – 1) = 5.195 KJ/kg-K
Cv = R/(k – 1) = 2.0785/(1.667 – 1) = 3.116 KJ/kg – K
∆h/∆U = Cp/Cv
∆h/200 = 5.195/3.116
∆h = 333.42 KJ/kg

Compute the mass of a 2 m3 propane at 280 kpa and 40˚C.

A. 6.47 kg B. 5.1 kg C. 10.20 kg *D. 9.47 kg
Solution:
Propane is C3 H3--------------M = 12(3) + 8(1) = 44
PV = m R T
280(2) = m (8.314/44)(40 + 273)
m = 9.47 kg

Compute the air flow in ft3/min of mechanical ventilation required to exhaust an accumulation of refrigerant due
to leaks of the system capable of revolving air from the machinery room for a mass of 4 lbs refrigerant.
*A. 200 B. 210 C. 220 D. 230
Solution:
Q = 100 x G0.5 ft3/min
Q = 100 x (4)0.5 = 200 ft3/min

Compute the free-aperture cross section in m2 for the ventilation of a machinery room if the mass of refrigerant
is 9 kg.
A. 0.314 *B. 0.414 C. 0.514 D. 0.614
Solution:
F = 0.138 G0.5 m2
F = 0.138 (9)0.5 = 0.414 m2

A 29.53” x 39.37” pressure vessel contains ammonia with f = 0.041. Compute the minimum required discharge
capacity of the relief device in kg/hr.
A. 106.71 kg/hr B. 108.71 kg/hr *C. 110.71 kg/hr D. 112.71 kg/hr
Solution:
C = f D L, kg/s
C = 0.041(29.53/39.37)(39.37/39.37) = 0.03075 kg/s (3600) = 110.71 kg/hr

Compute the maximum length of the discharge pipe installed on the outlet of a pressure-relief device in feet for
internal pipe diameter of 0.5 inch and rated discharge capacity is 8 lb/min of air. The rated pressure of relief
valve is 16 psig.
*A. 0.286 ft B. 0.386 ft C. 0.486 ft D. 0.586 ft
Solution:
P = Pg + Patm = 16 x 1.1 + 14.7 = 32.3 psia
L = 9P2d5/16Cr2 = 9(32.3)2(0.5)5/16(8)2 = 0.286 ft

A thermal power plant has a heat rate of 11,363 Btu/kw-hr. Find the thermal efficiency of the plant.
A. 28% *B. 30% C. 34% D. 40%
Solution:
eth = 3412/Heat rate = 3412/11,363 = 30%
What is the hydraulic gradient of a 1 mile, 17 inches inside diameter pipe when 3300 gal/min of water flow with
f = 0.03.
*A. 0.00714 B. 0.00614 C. 0.00234 D. 0.0018
Solution:
v = (3300/7.481)/(π/4)(17/12)2(60) = 4.66 ft/s
L = 1 mile = 5280 ft
hL = fLv2/2_D = 0.03(5280)(4.66)2/2(32.2)(17/12) = 37.7 ft
Hydraulic gradient = 37.7/5280 = 0.007.14

Find the loss of head in the pipe entrance if speed of flow is 10 m/s.
A. 5.10 m B. 10.2 m C. 17.4 m *D. 2.55 m
Solution:
Loss at entrance = 0.5 (v2/2g) = 0.5 [102 / 2(9.81)] = 2.55 m

Wet material, containing 220% moisture (dry basis) is to be dried at the rate of 1.5 kg/s in a continuous dryer to
give a product containing 10% (dry basis) . Find the moisture removed, kg/hr
*A. 3543.75 kg/hr B. 3513.75 kg/hr C. 3563.75 kg/hr D. 3593.75 kg/hr
Solution:
Solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
[1/(1 + 2.2)](1.5) = [1/(1 + 0.1)](x)
x = 0.5156 kg/s (total dried product)
Moisture removed = 1.5 – 0.5156 = 0.984 kg/s = 3543.75 kg/hr

Copra enters a dryer containing 70% moisture and leaves at 7% moisture. Find the moisture removed on each
pound on solid in final product.
A. 6.258 lb B. 1.258 lb C. 4.258 lb *D. 2.258 lb
Solution:
Solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
0.3x = 1
x = 3.333 lbs
1 = 0.93y
y = 1.07527 lb
Moisture removed = x – y = 3.333 – 1.07527 = 2.258 lb

A 1 m x 1.5 m cylindrical tank is full of oil with SG = 0.92. Find the force acting at the bottom of the tank in
dynes.
A. 106.33 x 103 dynes B. 106.33 x 104 dynes C. 106.33 x 105 dynes *D. 106.33 x 106 dynes
Solution:
P = w h = (0.92 x 9.81) (1.5) = 13.5378 kpa
F = PA = 13.5378(π/4 x 12) = 10.632 KN = 10,632.56 N x 10,000 dynes/N
F = 106.33 x 106 dynes

Find the pressure at the 100 fathom depth of water in kpag.

*A. 1,793.96 kpag B. 1,893.96 kpag C. 1,993.96 kpag D. 1,693.96 kpag
Solution:
H = 100 fathom x 6 = 600 ft
P = w h = (600/3.281)(9.81) = 1,793.96 kpag

Find the depth in furlong of the ocean (SG = 1.03) if the pressure at the sea bed is 2,032.56 kpag.
*A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Solution:
P=wh
2,032.56 = (1.03 x 9.81) h
h = 201.158 m x 3.281 ft/m x 1 yd/3ft x 1 furlong/220yd = 1 furlong

Find the mass of 10 quartz of water.

A. 10.46 kg *B. 9.46 kg C. 11.46 kg D. 8.46 kg
Solution:
V = 10 quartz x 1gal/4quartz x 3.785li/1gal x 1m3/1000li
V = 0.0094625 x 10-3m3
w = m/V
1000 = m/0.0094625 x 10-3
m = 9.46 kg
Find the mass of carbon dioxide having a pressure of 20 psia at 200˚F with 10 ft3 volume.
A. 1.04 lbs B. 1.14 lbs *C. 1.24 lbs D. 1.34 lbs
Solution:
PV = m R T
(20 x 144)(10) = m (1545/44)(200 + 460)
m = 1.24 lbs

Find the heat needed to raise the temperature of water from 30˚C to 100˚C with 60% quality. Consider an
atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kpa. Use the approximate enthalpy formula of liquid.
A. 293.09 KJ/kg B. 1,772.90 KJ/kg C. 1,547.90 KJ/kg *D. 1,647.29 KJ/kg
Solution:
At 100˚C ht = cp t = 4.187 (100) = 418.7 KJ/kg
htg = 2257 KJ/kg
h2 = h1 + x htg = 418.7 + 0.60(2257) = 1,772.9 KJ/kg
Q = 1(4.187)(100 – 30) + 1(1772.9 – 418.7) = 1,647.29 KJ/kg

Find the enthalpy of water at 212˚F and 14.7 psi if the dryness factor is 30%. Use the approximate enthalpy
formula of liquid.
A. 461 Btu/lb *B. 471 Btu/lb C. 481 Btu/lb D. 491 Btu/lb
Solution:
ht = (˚F – 32) = (212 – 32) = 180 Btu/lb
htg = 970 Btu/lb
h = ht + x htg
h = 180 + 0.3(970) = 471 Btu/lb

An air compressor consumed 1200 kw-hr per day of energy. The electric motor driving the compressor has an
efficiency of 80%. If indicated power of the compressor is 34 kw, find the mechanical efficiency of the
compressor.
A. 117.65 % B. 75 % *C. 85 % D. 90 %
Solution:
P/m = 1200kw-hr/24 hrs = 50 kw
BP = 50(0.80) = 40 kw
em = 34/40 = 85 %

A refrigeration system consumed 28,000 kw-hr per month of energy. There are 20 % of energy is lost due to
cooling system of compressor and motor efficiency is 90 %. If COP of the system is 6, find the tons of
refrigeration of the system.
A. 43.15 TR B. 46.15 TR *C. 49.15 TR D. 41.15 TR
Solution:
P/m = 28,800/(24 x 30) = 40 kw
BP = 40(0.90) = 36 kw
Wc = 36(1 – 0.20) = 28.80 kw
COP = RE/Wc
6 = RE/28.80
RE = 172.8/3.516 = 49.15 TR

A 23 tons refrigeration system has a heat rejected of 100 kw. Find the energy efficiency ratio of the system.
A. 13.42 *B. 14.42 C. 15.42 D. 16.42
Solution:
QR = RE + Wc
100 = 23(3.516) + Wc
Wc = 19.132 kw
COP = RE/Wc = (23 x 3.516) / 19.132 = 4.32
EER = 3.412 COP = 3.412(4.23) = 14.42

A 200 mm x 250 mm, 8-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine has a brake power of 150 kw. The mechanical
efficiency is 80%. If two of the cylinders were accidentally cut off, what will be the new friction power?
A. 31.50 kw B. 33.50 kw C. 35.50 kw *D. 37.50 kw
Solution:
em = BP/IP
0.8 = 150/IP
IP = 187.5 kw
FP1 = IP – BP = 187.5 – 150 = 37.50 kw
FP1 = FP2 = 37.50 kw
If the energy efficiency ratio of the refrigeration system is 12.6, what is the COP of the system?
*A. 3.69 B. 4.23 C. 5.92 D. 6.83
Solution:
EER = 3.412 COP
12.6 = 3.412 COP
COP = 3.69

An air compressor has a power of 40 kw at 4 % clearance. If clearance will increase to 70 %, what is the new
power?
A. 70 kw *B. 40 kw C. 53kw D. 60 kw
Solution:
The power of compressor will not be affected with the changes in clearance. Therefore the power will
still be 40 kw.

What is the approximate value of temperature of water having enthalpy of 208 Btu/lb?
A. 138.67 ˚C *B. 115.55 ˚C C. 258.67 ˚C D. 68.67 ˚C
Solution:
h = ˚F – 32

Find the work posses for a Helium gas at 20°C.

*A. 609 KJ/Kg B. 168 KJ/Kg C. 229 KJ/Kg D. 339 KJ/Kg
Solution:
W = m R T = m (8.314/M) T
For Helium, M = 4
W/m = (8.314/4)(20 + 273) = 609 KJ/Kg

Two kilogram of gas is confined in a 1 m3 tank at 200 kpa and 88˚C. What type of gas is in the tank?
A. Helium *B. Ethane C. Methane D. Ethene
Solution:
PV=mRT
200 (1) = 2 (8.314/m)(88 + 273)
M = 30
Therefore: the gas is Ethane (C2H6)

Find the enthalpy of Helium if its internal energy is 200 KJ/kg.

A. 144 KJ/kg B. 223.42 KJ/kg *C. 333.42 KJ/kg D. 168 KJ/kg
Solution:
R = 8.314/4 = 2.0785
K = 1.667 for helium
cp = k R/(k – 1) = 1.667(2.0785)/(1.667 – 1) = 5.195 KJ/kg-K
cv = R/(k – 1) = 2.0785/(1.667 – 1) = 3.116 KJ/kg-K
∆h/∆U = cp/cv
∆h/200 = 5.195/3.116
∆h = 333.42 KJ/kg

Compute the mass of a 2 m3 propane at 280 kpa and 40˚C.

A. 6.47 kg B. 5.1 kg C. 10.20 kg *D. 9.47 kg
Solution:
Propane is C3H6------------------------M = 12(3) + 8(1) = 44
PV = m R T
280(2) = m (8.314/44)(40 + 273)
m = 9.47 kg

Compute the air flow in ft3/min of mechanical ventilation required to exhaust an accumulation of refrigerant due
to leaks of the system capable of revolving air from the machinery room for a mass of 4 lbs refrigerant.
*A. 200 B. 210 C. 220 D. 230
Solution:
Q = 100 x G0.5 ft3/min
Q = 100 x (4)0.5 = 200 ft3/min

Compute the free-aperture cross section in m2 for the ventilation of a machinery room if the mass of refrigerant
is 9 kg.
A. 0.314 *B. 0.414 C. 0.514 D. 0.613
Solution:
F = 0.138 G0.5 , m2
F = 0.138(9)0.5 = 0.414 m2
A 29.53” x 39.37” pressure vessel contains ammonia with f = 0.041. Compute the minimum required
discharge capacity of the relief device in kg/hr.
A. 106.71 kg/hr B. 108.71 kg/hr *C. 110.71 kg/hr D. 112.71 kg/hr
Solution:
C = f D L, kg/s
C = 0.041(29.53/39.37)(39.37/39.37) = 0.03075 kg/s (3600) = 110.71 kg/hr

Compute the maximum length of the discharge pipe installed on the outlet of a pressure-relief device in feet for
internal pipe diameter of 0.5 inch and rated discharge capacity is 8lb/min of air. The rated pressure of relief
valve is 16 psig.
*A. 0.286 ft B. 0.386 ft C. 0.486 ft D. 0.586 ft
Solution:
P = Pg + Patm = 16 x 1.1 + 14.7 = 32.3 psia
L = 9P2d5/16Cr2 = 9(32.3)2(0.5)5/16(8)2 = 0.286 ft

A thermal power plant has a heat rate of 11,363 Btu/kw-hr. Find the thermal efficiency of the plant.
A. 28 % *B. 30 % C. 34 % D. 40 %
Solution:
eth = 3412/heat rate = 3412/11,363 = 30%

What is the hydraulic gradient of a 1 mile, 17 inches inside diameter pipe when 3300 gal/min of water flow with
f…. 0.03
*A. 0.00714 B. 0.00614 C. 0.00234 D. 0.00187
Solution:
v = (3300/7.481)/(π/4)(17/12)2(60) = 4.66 ft/s
L = 1 mile = 5280 ft
hL =fLv2/2gD = 0.03(5280)(4.66)2/2(32.2)(17/12) = 37.7 ft
Hydraulic gradient = 37.7/5280 = 0.00714

Find the loss of head in the pipe entrance if speed of flow is 10 m/s.
A. 5.10 m B. 10.2 m C. 17.4 m *D. 2.55 m
Solution:
Loss at entrance = 0.5 (v2/2g) = 0.5[102/ 2(9.81)] = 2.55 m

Wet material, containing 220 % moisture (dry basis) is to be dried at the rate of 1.5 kg/s in a continuous dryer to
give a product containing 10% (dry basis). Find the moisture removed, kg/hr.
*A. 3543.75 kg/hr B. 3513.75 kg/hr C. 3563.75 kg/hr D. 3593.75 kg/hr
Solution:
Solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
[1/(1 + 2.2)](1.5) = [1/(1 + 0.1)](x)
x = 0.5156 kg/s (total dried product)
Moisture removed = 1.5 – 0.5156 = 0.984 kg/s = 3543.75 kg/hr

Copra enters a dryer containing 70% moisture and leaves at 7% moisture. Find the moisture removed on each
pound of solid in final product.
A. 6.258 lb B. 1.258 lb C. 4.258 lb *D. 2.258 lb
Solution:
Solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
0.3x = 1
x = 3.333 lbs
1 = 0.93y
y = 1.07527 lb
Moisture removed = x – y = 3.333 – 1.07527 = 2.258 lbs

A 1 m x 1.5 m cylindrical tank is full of oil with SG = 0.92. Find the force acting at the bottom of the tank in
dynes.
A. 106. 33 x 103 dynes B. 106.33 x 104 dynes C. 106.33 x 105 dynes *D. 106.33 x 106 dynes
Solution:
P = w h = (0.92 x 9.81)(1.5) = 13.5378 kpa
F = PA = 13.5378(π/4 x 12) = 10.632 KN = 10,632.56 N x 10,000 dynes/N
F = 106.33 x 106 dynes

Find the pressure at the 100 fathom depth of water in kpag.

*A. 1,793.96 kpag B. 1,893.96 kpag C. 1,993.96 kpag D. 1,693.96 kpag
Solution:
H = 100 fathom x 6 = 600 ft
P = w h = (600/3.281)(9.81) = 1,793.96 kpag
Find the depth in furlong of the ocean (SG = 1.03) if the pressure at the sea bed is 2,032.56 kpag.
*A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Solution:
P=wh
2,032.56 = (1.03 x 9.81) h
h = 201.158 m x 3.281 ft/m x 1 yd/3ft x 1 furlong/220yd = 1 furlong

Find the mass of 10 quartz of water.

A. 10.46 kg *B. 9.46 kg C. 11.46 kg D. 8.46 kg
Solution:
V = 10 quartz x 1gal/4quartz x 3,785 li/1gal x 1m3/1000 li
V = 0.0094625 x 10-3m3
w = m/V
1000 = m/0.0094625 x 10-3
m = 9.46 kg

Find the mass of carbon dioxide having a pressure of 20 psia at 200°F with 10 ft3 volume.
A. 1.04 lbs B. 1.14 lbs *C. 1.24 lbs D. 1.34 lbs
Solution:
PV = m R T
(20 x 144)(10) = m (1545/44)(200 + 460)
m = 1.24 lbs

Find the heat needed to raise the temperature of water from 30°C to 100°C with 60% quality. Consider and
atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kpa. Use the approximate enthalpy formula of liquid.
A. 293.09 KJ/kg B. 1,772.90 KJ/kg C. 1,547.90 KJ/kg *D. 1,647.29 KJ/kg
Solution:
At 100°C
hf = Cp t = 4.187(100) 418.7 KJ/kg
hfg = 2257 KJ.kg
h2 = hf + xhfg = 418.7 + 0.60(2257) = 1,772.9 KJ/kg
Q = 1(4.187)(100-30) + 1(1772.9 – 418.7) = 1,647.20 KJ/kg

Find the enthalpy of water at 212˚F and 14.7 psi if the dryness factor is 30%. Use the approximate enthalpy
formula of liquid.
A. 461 Btu/lb *B. 471 Btu/lb C. 481 Btu/lb D. 491 Btu/lb
Solution:
hf = (˚F – 32) = (212 – 32) = 180 Btu/lb
hfg = 970 Btu/lb
h = hf + x hfg
h = 180 + 0.3(970) = 471 Btu/lb

An air compressor consumed 1200 kw-hr per day of energy. The electric motor driving the compressor has an
efficiency of 80 %. If indicated power of the compressor is 34 kw, find the mechanical efficiency of the
compressor.
A. 117.65 % B. 75% *C. 85% D. 90%
Solution:
Pim = 1200kw-hr/24 hrs = 50 kw
BP = 50(0.80) = 40 kw
em = 34/40 = 85%

A refrigeration system consumed 28,800 kw-hr per month of energy. There are 20 % of energy is lost due to
cooling system of compressor and motor efficiency is 90%. If COP of the system is 6, find the tons of
refrigeration of the system.
A. 43.15 TR B. 46.15 TR *C. 49.15 TR D. 41.15 TR
Solution:
Pim = 28,800/(24 x 30) = 40 kw
BP = 40 (0.90) = 36 kw
Wc = 36(1 – 0.20) = 28.80 kw
COP = RE/Wc
6 = RE/28.80
RE = 172.8/3.516 = 49.15 TR
A 23 tons refrigeration system has a heat rejected of 100 kw. Find the energy efficiency ratio of the system.
A. 13.42 *B. 14.42 C. 15.42 D.16.42
Solution:
QR = RE + Wc
100 = 23(3.516) + Wc
Wc = 19.132 kw
COP = RE/Wc = (23 x 3.516) / 19.132 = 4.23
EER = 3.412 COP = 3.412(4.23) = 14.42

A 200 mm x 250 mm, 8-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine has a brake power of 150 kw. The mechanical
efficiency is 80 %. If two of the cylinders were accidentally cut off, what will be the new friction power?
A. 31.50 kw B. 33.50 kw C. 35.50 kw *D. 37.50 kw
Solution:
em = BP/IP
0.8 = 150/IP
IP = 187.5 kw
FP1 = IP – BP = 187.5 – 150 = 37.50 kw
FP1 = FP2 = 37.50 kw

If the energy efficiency ratio of the refrigeration system is 12.6, what is the COP of the system?
*A. 3.69 B. 4.23 C. 5.92 D. 60 kw
Solution:
EER = 3.412 COP
12.6 = 3.412 COP
COP = 3.69

An air compressor has a power of 40 kw at 4% clearance. If clearance will increase to 7%, what is the new
power?
A. 70 kw *B. 40 kw C. 53 kw D. 60 kw
Solution:
The power of compressor will not be affected with the changes in clearance. Therefore power will still
be 40 kw.

What is the approximate value of temperature of water having enthalpy of 208 Btu/lb?
A. 138.67˚C *B. 115.67˚C C. 258.67˚C D. 68.67˚C
Solution:
h = ˚F – 32
208 = F – 32
˚F = 240 ˚F = 115.55 ˚C

Convert 750˚R to ˚K
A. 390.33 ˚K B. 395.33 ˚K C. 410.33 ˚K *D. 416.33 ˚K
Solution:
˚R = 1.8 ˚K
750 = 1.8 ˚K
˚K = 416.667

An otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. Find the pressure ratio during compression.
*A. 18.38 B. 16.38 C. 14.38 D. 12.38
Solution:
P1V1k = P2V22
(V1/V2)k = (P2/P1)
rkk = rp
rp = (8)1.4 = 18.38

A diesel cycle has a cut off ratio of 2.5 and expansion ratio of 4. Find the clearance of the cycle.
A. 9.11 % B. 5.55 % *C. 11.11 % D. 15.15 %
Solution:
rk = rc re
rk = 2.5(4) = 10
rk = (1 + c)/c
10 = (1 + c)/c
c = 11.11 %
A dual cycle has an initial temperature of 30 ˚C. The compression ratio is 6 and the heat addition at constant
volume process is 600 KJ/kg. If cut-off ratio is 2.5, find the maximum temperature of the cycle.
A. 3638.50 ˚C *B. 3365.50 ˚C C. 3565.50 ˚C D. 3965.50 ˚C
Solution:
T2 = T1 rkk-1 = (30 +273)(6)1.4-1 = 620.44 ˚K
QAV = m cv (T3 – T2)
600 = 1(0.7186)(T3 – 620.44)
T3 = 1455.396 ˚K
rc = T4/T3
2.5 = T4/1455.396
T4 = 3638.49 ˚K = 3365.50 ˚C

A three stages air compressor compresses air from 100 kpa to 1000 kpa. Find the intercooler pressure between
the first and second stage.
A. 505.44 kpa B. 108.44 kpa C. 316.23 kpa *D. 215.44 kpa
Solution:
Px = (P12P2)1/3
Px = [(100)2(1000)]1/3 = 215.44 kpa

A 10-stages air compressor compresses air from 100 kpa to 800 kpa. Find the intercooler pressure between 1st
and 2nd stage.
A. 282.84 kpa B. 113.21 kpa *C. 123.11 kpa D. 333.51 kpa
Solution:
Px = (P1s-1P2)1/s
Px = [(100)10-1(1000)]1/10 = 123.11 kpa

A 3-stages air compressor compresses air from 100 kpa to 700 kpa. Find the intercooler pressure between the
2nd and 3rd stage.
*A. 365.88 kpa B. 375.88 kpa C. 385.88 kpa D. 395.88 kpa
Solution:
Px = (P12P2)1/3
Px = [(100)2(700)]1/3 = 191.28 kpa
Px/P1 = Py/Px
Py = Px2/P1 = (191.28)2/100 = 365.88 kpa

Carnot cycle A, B and C are connected in series so that the heat rejected from A will be the heat added to B and
heat rejected from B will be added to C, each cycle operates between 30 ˚C and 400 ˚C. If heat added to A is
1000 kw, find the work output of C.
*A. 111.44 kw B. 549.78 kw C. 247.53 kw D. 141.89 kw
Solution:
e1 = e2 = e3 = (400 – 30)/(400 + 273) = 54.98 %
e1 = W1/QA1 = (QA1 – QR1)/QA1
0.5498 = (1000 – QR1)/1000
QR1 = 450.22 = QA2
0.5498 = (450.22 – QR2)/450.22
By heat balance:
Qgain = Qloss
mw cp (tb- ta) = mg cpg (t2-t1)
(0.30)(4.187)( tb – 15) = (0.5)(1.0717)(150 – 80)
tb = 44.86 oC

A 350 mm X 450 mm steam engine running at 280 rpm has an entrance steam condition of 2 Mpa and 230 oC
and exit at 0.1 Mpa. The steam consumption is 2,000 kg/hr and mechanical efficiency is 85%. If indicated
mean effective pressure is 600 Kpa, determine brake thermal efficiency.
At 2 Mpa and 230 oC (Table 3): h1 = 2849.6 s1 = 6. 4423
At 0.1 Mpa: sf = 1.3026 hf = 417.46 sfg = 6.0568 hfg = 2258 hf2 = 417.46 KJ/kg
A. 23.34% *B. 15.25% C. 14.16% D. 27.34%
SOLUTION:
VD = 2[3.1416/4 (0.35) 2 (0.45)(280/60)]= 0.4041 m3/sec
Indicated Power = Pmi x VD = 600 x 0.4041 =242.45 KW
Brake Power = IP (em) = 242.45 (0.85) = 206.08KW
Brake Power 206.08 = 15.25%
etb = ms (h1-hf2) = (2000/3600)(2849.6 – 417.46)
A steam turbine receives 5,000 kg/hr of steam at 5 Mpa and 4000oc and velocity of 30 m/sec. It leaves the
turbine at 0.06 Mpa and 85% quality and velocity of 15 m/sec. Radiation loss is 10,000 KJ/hr. Find he KW
developed.
At 5 Mpa and 400oC: h1 = 3195.7 KJ/kg s1 =6.6459
At 0.006 Mpa: hf = 151.53 hfg = 2415.9
A. 1273.29 B. 2173.29 *C. 1373.60 D. 7231.29
SOLUTION:
h2 = hf + xhfg = 151.53 + 0.85(2415.9) = 2205.045 KJ/ kg
KE1 = ½ m v2 = ½ (5,000/3600)(30)2 = 625 W = 0.625 KW
KE2 = ½ m v2 = ½ (5,000/3600)(15)2 = 156.25 W = 0.15625 KW
By energy balance:
KE1 + mh1 = KE2 + mh2 + Q + W
W = (KE1 – KE2) + m(h1-h2) – Q
5000 10,000
W = (0.625 – 0.156) + (3600)(3195.7 – 2205.045) – 3600 = 1373.60 KW

A steam turbine with 85% stage efficiency receives steam at 7 Mpa and 550oC and exhausts as 20 Kpa.
Determine the turbine work.
At 7 Mpa and 550oC: h1 = 3530.9 Kj/kg s1 = 6.9486
At 20 Kpa (0.020 Mpa): sf = 0.8320 hf = 251.4 sfg = 7.0766 hfg = 2358.3
A. 1,117 KJ/kg B. 1,132 KJ/ kg C. 1,123.34 KJ/ kg *D. 1,054.95 KJ/kg
SOLUTION:
s1 = s2 = sf + xsfg
6.9486 = 0.8320 + x(7.0766)
x = 0.8643
h2 = 251.40 + 0.8643(2358.3) = 2289.78 KJ/kg
h1 - h2a
eST = h1 – h2
0.85 =3530.9 – h2a
3530.9 – 2289.78
h2a = 2475.95 KJ/kg
WT = h1 = h2a = 3530.9 – 2475.95 = 1,054.95 KJ/kg

A steam turbine with 80% stage efficiency receives steam at 7 Mpa and 550oC and exhaust as 20 Kpa.
Determine the quality at exhaust.
At 7 Mpa and 550oC: h1 = 3530.9 Kj/kg s1 = 6.9486
At 20 Kpa (0.020 Mpa): sf = 0.8320 hf = 251.4
*A. 96.96% B. 76.34% C. 82.34% D. 91.69%
SOLUTION:
sfg = 7.0766 hfg = 2358.3
s1 = s2 = sf + sfg
6.9486 = 0.8320 + x(7.0766)
x = 0.8643
h2 = 251.40 + 0.8643(2358.3) = 2289.78 KJ/kg
nST = h1 – h2a
h1 – h2
0.80 = 3530.9 – h2a
3530.9 – 2289.78
h2a = 2538.004 KJ/kg
h2a = hf + x hfg
2538.004 = 251.40 + x (2358.3)
x = 96.96%

A 16,000KW geothermal plant has a generator efficiency and turbine efficiency of 90% and 80%., respectively
if the quality after throttling is 20% and each well discharges 400, 000 kg/hr, determine the number of wells are
required to produce if the charge of enthalpy if the change of enthalpy at entrance and exit of turbine is
500KJ/kg.
A. 4 wells *B. 2 wells C. 6 wells D. 8 wells
SOLUTION:
WT = ms(h3 – h4)
16,000 = ms (500)
0.9(0.8)
ms = 44.44 kg/sec
ms = 160,000 kg/hr
160,000 = 0.20 mg
mg = 800,000 kg/hr
No. of wells = 800,000/400,000 = 2 wells
A liquid dominated geothermal plant with a single flash separator receives water at 204 oC. The separator
pressure is 1.04 Mpa. A direct contact condenser operates at 0.034 Mpa. The turbine has a polytropic efficiency
of 0.75. For a cycle output of 60 MW, what is the mass flow rate of the well-water in kg/s?
At 204oC: hf = 870.51 KJ/kg
At 1.04 Mpa: hf = 770.38 hfg = 2009.2 hg = 2779.6 sg = 6.5729
At 0.034 MPa: hf = 301.40 hfg = 2328.8 sf = 0.9793 sfg = 6.7463
*A. 2,933 B. 2,100 C. 1,860 D. 2,444
SOLUTION:
h3 = hg at 1.04 MPa = 2779.6 KJ/kg
Solving for h4:
s3 = s4 = sf + xsfg
6.5729 = 0.9793 + x4(6.7463)
x4 = 0.829
h4 = 301.4 + 0.829(2328.8) = 2232.3 KJ/kg
WT = ms (h3 – h4)
60,000 = ms (2779.6 – 2232.3) 0.75
ms = 146.17 kg/sec
Solving for x2: (h1 = h2)
h1 = h2 = hf + xhfg
870.51 = 770.38 + x2(2009.2)
x2 = 0..049836
ms = x mg
146.17 = 0.049836 mg
mg = 2,933.06 kg/sec

An engine-generator rated 9000 KVA at 80% power factor, 3 phase, 4160 V has an efficiency of 90%. If overall
plant efficiency is 28%, what is the heat generated by the fuel.
A. 18,800 KW B. 28,800 KW C. 7500 KW *D. 25,714 KW
SOLUTION:
Gen. Output = pf x KVA = 0.8 x 9000 = 7200 KW
eoverall= Gen. Output
Qg

0.28 = 7200/Qg
Qg = 25,714.28 KW

The indicated thermal efficiency of a two stroke diesel engine is 60%. If friction power is 15% of heat
generated, determine the brake thermal efficiency of the engine.
A. 43% *B. 45 % C. 36% D. 37%
SOLUTION:
ne = IP/ Qg
0.60 = IP/Qg
IP = 0.60 Qg
BP = IP- FP = 0.60Qg – 0.15Qg = 0.45Qg
etb = BP/Qg = 0.45Qg/Qg = 45%

A 305 mm x 457 mm four stroke single acting diesel engine is rated at 150 KW at 260 rpm. Fuel consumption
at rated load is 0.56 kg/KW-hr with a heating value of 43,912 KJ/kg. Calculate brake thermal efficiency
A. 10.53% B. 27.45% *C. 14.64% D. 18.23%
SOLUTION:
mf = 0.56 kg/KW-hr x 150 KW = 84 kg/hr = 0.0233 kg/sec
Brake thermal efficiency =

A waste heat recovery boiler produces 4.8 Mpa(dry saturated) steam from 104°C feedwater. The boiler receives
energy from 7 kg/sec of 954°C dry air. After passing through a waste heat boiler, the temperature of the air is
has been reduce to 343°C. How much steam in kg is produced per second? Note: At 4.80 Mpa dry saturated, h =
2796.
A. 1.30 B. 0.92 *C. 1.81 D. 3.43
SOLUTION:
hf = approximate enthalpy of feedwater
hf = Cpt
hf = 4.187(104)
hf = 435.45 KJ/kg
Heat loss = Heat gain
m gc p(t 1 - t 2) = m s(h - h f)
7(1.0)(954 – 343) = ms(2796.0 – 436.45) m s = 1.81 kg/sec
A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During a 24-hour period, the plant consumed 240 gallons of
fuel at 28°C and produced 3930 KW-hr. Industrial fuel used is 28°API and was purchased at P30 per liter at
15.6°C. What is the cost of the fuel be to produce one KW-hr?
*A. P6.87 B. P1.10 C. P41.07 D. P5.00
SOLUTION:
SG 15.6C = 141.5/(131.5 + 28) = 0.887
Density at 15.6°C = 0.887(1kg/li) = 0.887 kg/li
SG 28C = 0.887[1-.0007(1 – 15.6)] = .879
Density at 28°C = 0.879(1 kg/li) = 0.879 kg/li
V28C / V15.6C = SG15.6C / SG28C
240 / V15.6C = 0.887 / 0.879
V15.6C = 237.835 gallons x 3.785 li/gal = 900.21 li
Cost = [(30)(900.21)] / 3930 = P6.87/KW-hr

In a gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 550 kpa, 277°C and 43 m/s. The products of
combustion leave the combustor at 511 kpa, 1004°C and 180 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value of
43,000 KJ/kg. For fuel-air ratio of 0.0229, what is the combustor efficiency of the unit in percent?
A. 70.38% B. 79.385% *C. 75.38% D. 82.38%
SOLUTION:
Heat supplied by fuel = mfQh = 0.0229(43,000) = 984.7 KJ/kg air
Q = heat absorbed by fuel
Q/m = Cp(T2 – T1) + ½(V22 – V12)
Q/m = (1.0)(1004 – 277) + ½[(180) 2 –(43) 2]/1000 =742.28 KJ/kg air
Combustor Efficiency = = 75.38%

The specific speed of turbine is 85 rpm and running at 450 rpm. If the head is 20 m and generator efficiency is
90%, what is the maximum power delivered by the generator.
A. 450.51 KW B. 354.52 KW C. 650.53 KW *D. 835.57 KW
SOLUTION:
NS = (N√HP)/h5/4
85 = (450√HP)/(20 x 3.281) 5/4
Hp = 1244.52
Generator Output = (1244.52 x 0.746)(0.9) = 835.57 KW

In Francis turbine, the pressure gage leading to the turbine casing reads 380 Kpa. The velocity of water entering
the turbine is 8 m/sec, if net head of the turbine is 45 m, find the distance from center of spiral casing to the
tailrace.
*A. 3.0 m B. 3.5 m C. 4.0 m D. 4.5m
SOLUTION :

h= V2/2g
45 = (380/9.81) + z + [82/(2 x 9.81)]
z=3m

A turbine has a mechanical efficiency of 93%, volumetric efficiency of 95% and total efficiency of 82%. If
effective head is 40 m, find the total head.
A. 48.72 m B. 40.72 m *C. 36.22 m D. 34.72 m
SOLUTION:
eT = emehev
0.8 = 0.93(eh)(.95)
ηh = 0.9055
Total head = h eh = (40)(0.9055) = 36.22 m

A Pelton type turbine has 25 m head friction loss of 4.5 m. The coefficient of friction head loss (from Moorse)
is 0.00093 and penstock length of 80 m. What is the penstock diameter?
*A. 1,355.73 mm B. 3,476.12 mm C. 6771.23 mm D. 1686.73 mm
SOLUTION:
h =25- 4.5 = 20.5
v = √(2gh) = [(2 x 9.81 x 20.5)1/2] = 20.55 m/sec
hL = (2fLv2)/gD
4.5 = (2)(0.00093)(80)(20.055)2 / 9.81D
D = 1,355,730 m = 1,355.73 mm
In an 9,000 KW hydro-electric plant the over-all efficiency is 88% and the actual power received by the
customer is 110,000 KW-hrs for that day. What is the secondary power could this plant deliver during the entire
day?
A. 58,960 KW-hrs *B. 80,080 KW-hrs C. 65,960 KW-hrs D. 70,960 KW-hrs
SOLUTION:
Plant Capacity = 9,000(0.88)(24) = 190,080 KW-hrs
Secondary Power = 190,080 – 110,000 = 80,080 KW-hrs

A Pelton type turbine was installed 30 m below the gate of the penstock. The head loss due to friction is 12
percent of the given elevation. The length of penstock is 100 m and coefficient of friction is 0.00093. Determine
the power output in KW. ( Use Moorse equation)
A. 22,273 B. 23,234 C. 32,345 *D. 34,452
SOLUTION:
hL = 0.12(30) = 3.6 m
h = 30 – 3.6 = 26.40 m
v = (2gh)1/2 = [(2)(9.81)(26.4)]1/2 = 22.759 m/sec
hL= (2fLv2)/gD
3.6 = (2 x .00093 x 100 x 22.759) / (9.81D)
D = 2.728 m
2
Q=Axv=[ ](22.759) = 133.03 m3/sec
Power = w Q h = 9.81(133.03)(26.4) = 34,452 KW

Water flows steadily with a velocity of 3.05 m/s in a horizontal pipe having a diameter of 25.4 cm. At one
section of the pipe, the temperature and pressure of the water are 21C and 689.3 Kpa, respectively. At a distance
of 304.8 m downstream
A. 0.134 B. 0.0050 *C. 0.0307 D. 0.641
SOLUTION:

A hydro electric plant having 30 sq. km reservoir area and 100 m head is used to generate power. The energy
utilized by the consumers whose load is connected to the power plant during a five-hour period is 13.5 x 106
kwh. The overall generation efficiency is 75%. Find the fall in the height of water in the reservoir after the 5-
hour period.
A. 5.13 m B. 1.32 m C. 3.21 *D. 2.20 m
SOLUTION
Energy Output = Power x time = (w Q h) x time
13.5 x 106 = 9.81(Q)(100)(0.75)(5)
Q = 3669.725 m3/s
Volume after 5 hrs = 3669.725(5 x 3600) = 66,055,050 m3
Volume = A x height
66,055,050 = (30 x 106) h
H =2.202 m

The gas density of chimney is 0.75 kg/m3 and air density of 1.15 kg/m3. Find the driving pressure if the height
of chimney is 63.71 m.
A. 0.15 kpa *B. 0.25 kpa C. 0.35 kpa D. 0.45 kpa
SOLUTION:
hw = H(da – dg) = 63.71(1.15 – 0.75) (0.00981) = 0.25 kpa

The actual velocity of gas entering in a chimney is 8 m/sec. The gas temperature is 25C with a gas constant of
0.287 KJ/kg-K. Determine the gas pressure for a mass of gas is 50,000 kg/hr and chimney diameter of 1.39m.
A. 95 kpa *B. 98 kpa C. 101 kpa D. 92 kpa
SOLUTION:
Vg = A x v = / 4 (1.39)2(8) = 12.139 m3/s
PgVg = mgRgTg
P(12.139) = (50,000/3600)(.287)(25 +273)
P = 97.85 kpa
A steam generator with economizer and air heater has an overall draft loss of 25.78 cm of water. If the stack
gases are at 177C and if the atmosphere is at 101.3 Kpa and 26C, what theoretical height of stack in meters is
needed when no draft fan are used? Assume that the gas constant for the flue gases is the same as that for air.
A 611.10 B. 631.10 *C.651.10 D.671.10
SOLUTION:
w = P/RT
da = (101.325)/[(.287)(26 + 273)] = 1.180 kg/m3
dg = (101.3)/[(0.287)(177 +273)] = 0.784 kg/m3
Draft = (0.2578)(1000) = 257.80 kg/m3
Draft = H(da – dw)
257.80 = H(1.18 – 0.784)
H = 651.10 m

A foundation measures 12 ft x 14 ft x16 ft. Find the number of sacks of cement needed for 1:2:4 mixture.
A. 302 B. 404 C. 356 *D. 598
SOLUTION:
V = 12 X 14 X 16 = 2,688 ft3 (1 yd3 / 33 ft3) = 99.55 yd3 of concrete
For every 1 yd3 concrete, it needs 6 sacks of cement
Therefore:
No. of sacks = 6(99.55) = 597.33 sacks or 598 sacks

A rectangular foundation cross-section has a bed plate dimension of 8 ft x 10 ft. The uniform clearance on each
side is 1 ft. The height of foundation is 4.5 ft. If the weight of the steel bar reinforcements needed is 1/2% of
weight of foundation, find the weight of steel bars. Use concrete density of 2400 kg/m3 .
A. 173.47 kg *B. 183.47 kg C. 163.47 kg D. 153.47 kg
SOLUTION:
A = (8 + 2) (10 + 2) = 120 m2
V = Ah = 120(4.5) = 540 ft3 = 15.29 m3
W = wV = (2400)(15.29) = 36,693.25 kg
Weight of steel bars = (1/2%) Wf = 0.005(36,693.25) = 183.47 kg

A steam pipe having a surface temperature of 250C passes through a room where the temperature is 27 C. The
outside diameter of pipe is 100 mm and emissivity factor is 0.8. Calculate the radial heat loss for 3 m pipe
length.
A. 1434.7 W B. 37.46 W *C. 2651.82 W D. 3545.45 W
SOLUTION:
A = DL = = 0.425m2
Solving for heat due to radiation:
Tg = 250 +273 = 523K
T2 = 27 +273 = 300K
Qa = 20,408.4 x 104 AF(T14 – T24), J/hr = 20,408.4 x 104(0.8)(0.7539)[(523)4 – (300)4]
Qr = 10,266,539.06 j/hr x 1hr/3600sec = 2851.82 W

Brine enters a circulating brine cooler at the rate of 60 m3/hr at -*C and leaves at -18C. Specific heat of brine is
1.072 KJ/kg-K and specific gravity of 1.12. Determine the tons of refrigeration.
A. 53.5 TR B. 65.3 TR C.33.5 TR *D. 56.9 TR
SOLUTION:
Density of brine = 1.12(1000 kg/m3) = 1120 kg/m3
m = (1120)(60)/3600 = 18.67 kg/sec
Q = mcp = 18.67(1.072)(-8 + 18) = 200.11 KW
TR = 200.11/3.516 = 56.91 Tons of refrigeration

A turbo-charged, 16 cylinder, Vee-type diesel engine has an air consumption of 3,000 kg/hr per cylinder at rate
load and speed. This air is drawn in through a filter by a centrifugal compressor directly connected to the
exhaust gas turine. The temperature of the air from the compressor is 135C and a counter flow air cooler
reduces the air temperature to 45C before it goes to the engine suction heater. Cooling water enters air cooler at
30C and leaves at 40C. Calculate the log mean temperature difference.
A. 47.23C B. 87.82C *C. 43.34C D. 65.24C
SOLUTION:
a = 45-30 = 15C
b = 135 – 40 = 95C
mean = [ a- b] / [ln( a b)] = [95-15] / ln(95/15) = 43.34C
Water is flowing in a pipe with radius of 30 cm at a velocity of 5 m/s at the temperature in pipe. The density and
viscosity of the water are as follows: density 997.9 kg/sec viscosity = 1.131 Pa-s. What is the Reynolds Number
for this situation?
*A. 2647 B. 96.2 C. 3100 D. 1140
SOLUTION:
n = Dvg / v
Where:
D = 2(0.30) = 0.60 m
vg = 5 M/SEC
v = 1.131/997.9 = 0.0011334 m2 / sec
Nm = 0.60(5)/0.0011334 = 2,647

Compute the amount of condensate form during 10 minutes warm-up of 180 meter pipe conveys the saturated
steam with enthalpy vaporization hfg = 1,947.8 LJ/kg. The minimum external temperature of pipe is 2C. The
final temperature of pipe is 195C. The specific heat of pipe material is 0.6 KJ/kg-C. The specific weight is 28
kg/m.
A. 249.69 kg B. 982.45 kg *C. 299.64 kg D. 423.45 kg
SOLUTION:
mp = mass of pipe = 28(180) = 5,040 kg
Heat Loss by steam = Heat loss from pipe
m(hg - hf) = mpcp (t2 – t1)
m(1947.8) = (5040)(0.6)(195-2)
m = 299.64 kg

The discharge pressure of an air compressor is 5 times the suction pressure. If volume flow at suction is 0.1
m3/sec, what is the suction pressure if compressor work is 19.57 kw? (use n=1.35)
A. 97 kpa *B.98 kpa C. 99 kpa D.100 kpa
SOLUTION:
W= [(P2/P1)n-1/n – 1]
19.57 = 1.35(P1)(0.1)/(1.35-1)[(5)1.35-1/1.35 – 1]
P1 = 98 KPa

The initial condition of air in an air compressor is 98 KPa and 27C and discharge air at 450 KPa. The bpre and
stroke are 355 mm and 381 mm, respectively with percent cleared of 8% running at 300 rpm. Find the volume
of air at suction.
A. 541.62 m3/hr B. 551.62 m3/hr C. 561.62 m3/hr *D. 571.62 m3/hr
SOLUTION:
ev = 1 + c – c(P2/P1)1/n = 1 + 0.08 - 0.08(450/98)1/1.4 = 0.842
VD = D2 LN = (0.355)2 (0.381)(300/60) = 0.1885 m3/sec
V1 = 0.1885(0.842) = 0.15878 m3/sec = 571.62 m3/hr

An air compressor has a suction volume of 0.35 m3/sec t 97 KPa and discharges to 650 KPa. How much power
saved by the compressor of there are two stages?
A. 18.27 KW B. 16.54 KW C. 13.86 KW *D. 11.58 KW
SOLUTION:
W= [(P2/P1)n-1/n – 1] = (1.4 x 97 x 0.35)/(1.4 -1) [(650/97)1.4-1/1.4 – 1] = 85.79 KW
For two stages :
Px = (P1P2)1/2 = (97 x 650)1/2 = 251.097 KPa
W= [(Px/P1)n-1/n – 1] = 2(1.4)(97)(0.35)/(1.4 – 1) [(251.0.97/97)1.4-1/1.4 – 1] = 74.208 KW
POWER SAVED = 85.79 – 74.208 = 11.582 KW

A twop stage air compressor has an intercooler pressure of 4 kg/cm2. What is the discharge pressure if suction
pressure is 1 kg/cm2?
A. 3 kg/cm2 B. 9 kg/cm2 C. 12 kg/cm2 *D. 16 kg/cm2
SOLUTION:
Px = (P1P2)1/2
Px2 = P1(P2)
42 = 16 kg/cm2
A two stage air compressor compresses air at 100 KPa and 22C discharges to 750 KPa. If intercooler intake is
105C. Determine the value of n.
A. 1.400 *B. 1.325 C. 1.345 D. 1.288
SOLUTION:
Px = (100 x 750)1/2 =273.86 KPa
Tx/T1 = (Px/P1)n-1/n
(105 + 273)/(22 + 273) = (273.86/100)n-1/n
1.281 = (2.6268)n-1/n
n = 1.326

A single acting compressor has a volumetric efficiency of 89%, operates at 500 rpm. It takes in air at 900 KPa
and 30C and discharges it at 600 KPa. The air handled is 8 m3/min measured at discharge condition. If
compression is isentropic, find mean effective pressure in KPa.
*A. 233.34 B. 973.17 C. 198.34 D. 204.82
SOLUTION:
P1V1K = P2V2K
100(V11.4) = 600(6)1.4
V1 = 28.768 m3/min
VD = 28.768/0.89 = 32.32 m3/min
W = n P1V1/n-1 x [(P2 / P1)n-1/n – 1] = [(1.4 x 100 x 32.32)/(1.4 – 1)] x [(600/100)1.4-1/1.4 – 1]
W = 7562.19 KJ/min
W = Pm x Vd
7562.19 = Pm x 32.32
Pm = 233.34 KPa

A water-jacketed air compressed handles 0.343 m3/s of air entering at 96.5 KPa and 21C and leaving at 460
KPa and 132C; 10.9 kg/h of cooling water enters the jacket at 15C and leaves at 21C. Determine the compressor
brake power.
A. 26.163 KW *B. 62.650 KW C. 34.44 KW D. 19.33 KW
SOLUTION:
T2/T1 = (P2/P1) n-1/n
(
132+273) / (21+273) = (480/96.5)n-1/n
n = 1.249
W = (1.249 x 96.5 x 0.343) / (1.249-1) [(480 / 96.5)1.249-1/1.249 – 1]
W = 62.57 KW
Q = heat loss = mcp(t2 – t1) = (10.9/3600)(4.187)(21 – 15) 0.075 KW
Brake power = W + Q = 62.57 + 0.076 = 62.65 KW

A double suction centrifugal pumps delivers 20 ft3/sec of water at a head of 12 m and running at 650 rpm. What
is the specific speed of the pump?
A. 5014.12 rpm B. 6453.12 rpm *C. 2770.73 rpm D. 9966.73 rpm
SOLUTION:
N = N(Q)1/2 / h3/4
Q = 20/2 ft3/sec x 7.481 gal/ft3 x 60 sec/1min = 4,488.6 gal/min
h = 12 x 3.281 = 39.37 ft
N = (650 x (4,488.6)1/2)/(39.37)3/4
N = 2,770.73 rpm

Determine the number of stages needed for a centrifugal pump if it is used to deliver 400 gal/min of water and
pump power of 15 Hp. Each impeller develops a head of 30 ft.
A. 6 B. 4 *C. 5 D. 7
SOLUTION:
Wp = w Q h
15 x 0.746 = 9.81(400 gal/min x 0.00785m3/gal x 1/60)h
h = 45.20 m x 3.281 ft/m = 148.317 ft
Number of stages = 148.317/40 = 4.94 stages = 5 stages

The suction pressure of a pump reads 3 in. of mercury vacuum and discharge pressure reads 140 psi is use to
deliver 120 gpm of water with specific volume of 0.0163 ft3/lb. Determine the pump work.
A. 4.6 KW B. 5.7 KW *C. 7.4 KW D. 8.4 KW
SOLUTION:
P1 = -3 in Hg x 101.325/29.92 = -10.16 KPa
P2 = 140 psi x 101.325/14.7 = 965 KPa
w = 1/v = 1/0.163 = 61.35 lb/ft3 x 9.81/62.3 = 9.645 KN/m3
h = (P2 – P1)/w = (965 +10.16)/9.645 = 101.105 m
Q = 120 gal/min x 3.785/1gal x 1m3/1000li x 1/60 = 0.00757 m3/sec
P = w Q h = 9.645(0.00757)(101.105) = 7.38 KW
A submersible pump delivers 350 gpm of water to a height of 5 ft from the ground. The pump were installed
150 ft below the ground level and draw down of 8 ft during the operation. If water level is 25 ft above the
pump, determine the pump power.
A. 7.13 KW B. 4.86 KW C. 7.24 KW *D. 9.27 KW
SOLUTION:
h = 5 + 150 – (25 – 8) = 138/3.281 = 42.06 m
Q = 350 gal/min x 0.003785 m3/gal x 1 min/60sec = 0.02246 m3/sec
Wp = w Q h = 9.81(0.02246)(42.06) = 9.27 KW

A vacuum pump is used to drain a flooded mine shaft of 20 water. The pump pressure of water at this
temperature is 2.34 KPa. The pump is incapable of lifting the water higher than 16 m. What is the atmospheric
pressure?
*A. 159.30 B. 32.33 C. 196.22 D. 171.9
SOLUTION:
Using Bernoulli’s Theorem:
P1/w + V12/2g + z1 = P2/w + V2/2g + z2
P1/w = P2/w + (V22 - V12)/2g + (z2 - z1)
P1/9.81 = 2.34/9.81 + 0 + 16
P1 = 159.30 KPa

A submersible, multi-stage, centrifugal deep well pump 260 gpm capacity is installed in a well 27 feet below
the static water level and running at 3000 rpm. Drawdown when pumping at rated capacity is 10 feet. The pump
delivers the water into a 25,000 gallons capacity overhead storage tank. Total discharge head developed by
pump, including friction in piping is 243 feet. Calculate the diameter of the impeller of this pump in inches if
each impeller diameter developed a head of 38 ft.
A. 3.28 B. 5.33 *C. 3.71 D. 6.34
SOLUTION:
V= DN
V=
D (3000/60) = (2(32.2)(38))1/2
D = 0.315 ft = 3.708 inches

A fan pressure of 2.54 cm of water t 1.42 m3 per second of air at static pressure of 2.54 cm of water through a
duct 300 mm diameter and discharges it through a duct 275 mm diameter. Determine the static fan efficiency if
total fan mechanical is 75% and air measured at 25 and 60 mm Hg.
A. 50.11% *B. 53.69% C. 65.67% D. 45.34%
SOLUTION:
wA = P/RT = 101.325/(0.287)(25 + 273) = 1.18 kg/m3
hA = hwww/wA = (0.0254)(1000)/1.18 = 21.52 m
vA = 1.42/( /4)(0.3)2 = 20.09 m/s
Vd = 1.42/( /4)(0.275)2 = 23.9 m/s
hv = (23.9)2 – (20.09)2 / 2(9.81) = 8.54 m
h = ha + hv = 21.52 + 8.54 = 30.06 m
eT = wa Q h/BP
0.75 = (1.18 x 0.00981)(1.42)(30.06) / BP
BP = 0.6588 KW
ep = wa Q hs/BP = (1.18 x 0.00981)(1.42)(21.52) / 0.6588 = 53.69%

A water cooler uses 50 lb/hr of melting ice to cool running water from 80 to 42 . Based on te inside coil
area, U1 = 110 Btu/hr-ft2- . Find the gpm of water cooled.
A. 0.10 GPM B. 0.21 GPM *C. 0.38 GPM D. 0.45 GPM
SOLUTION:
Q = mf L = mwcpw(t1 – t2)
50 (144) = mW(1)(80-42)
mw = 189.474 lb/hr
V = (189.474/62.4) (7.48/60) = 0.38 GPM
The charge in a Diesel engine consists of 18.34 grams of fuel, with lower heating value of 42,571 KJ/kg, and
409 grams of fuel and products of combustion. At the beginning of compression, t1 = 60 . Let rk = 14. For
constant cP = 1.11 KJ/kg-C, what should be the cut-off ratio in the corresponding ideal cycle?
A. 2.05 B. 2.34 C. 5.34 *D. 2.97
SOLUTION:
QA = mfQh = 0.01283(42,571) = 780,752 KJ
T2/T1 = rkk-1
T2 = (60 + 273)1.4-1 = 956.964K
mt + mg = 409
mt + ma + mf = 409
ma = 409 – 2(18.34) = 372.32 grams
QA = macp(t3 – t2)
780.752 = 0.37232(1.11)(T3 – 956.964)
T3 = 2846,146
rC = T3/T2 = 2846.146/956.964 = 2.97

The gain of entropy during isothermal nonflow process of 5 lb of air at 60 is 0.462 Btu/R. Find the V1/V2.
A. 3.85 *B. 0.259 C. 1.0 D. 0.296
SOLUTION:
s = m R T ln(V2/V1)
0.462 = 5 (53.33/778) ln (V2/V1)
V2/V1 = 3.85
V1/V2 = 1/3.85 = 0.259

An auditorium seating 1500 people is to be maintained at 80 dry bulb and 85 wet bulb temperature when
outdoor air is at 91 dry bulb and 75 wet bulb. Solar heat load is 110,000 Btu/hr and supply air at 60
determine the amount of supply air.
*A. 93,229.17 lb/hr B. 83,229.17 lb/hr C. 73,229.17 D. 63,229.17 lb/hr
SOLUTION:
Sensible heat per person = 225 Btu/hr
Qa = 225(1500) + 110,000 = 447,500 Btu/hr
Qa = m cp(t1 – t2)
447,500 = ma(0.24)(80 – 60)
ma = 93,229.17 lb/hr

In a Brayton cycle that operates between temperature limits of 300K and 1773K wit k = 1.4, determine the
temperature at the end of the compression (isentropic) for maximum work of the cycle.
A. 700K B. 590.5K *C. 730K D. 350K
SOLUTION:
For maximum work: T2 = (T1T3)1/2
T2 = (300 x 1773)1/2 = 730K

At 35% solution leaves the absorber and 30% solution enters the absorber. The heat removed from the absorber
by cooling water is 547.6 Btu and ammonia is superheated by 10 . Find the pound per pound of ammonia gas
from the evaporating coils.
A. 11 B. 12 *C. 13 D. 14
SOLUTION:
n = lb/lb of ammonia gas from the coils
n = (1 - x2) / (x1 - x2) – 1
n = (1- 0.3) / (0.35 – 0.3) – 1 = 13

A Carnot refrigeration system operates at Tmax / Tmin = 1.5. Find the KW per tons of refrigeration.
A. 1.91 B. 2.15 *C. 1.76 D. 1.55
SOLUTION:
Wo / TR = 3.516 / COP = 3.516 / (Tmin / (Tmax – Tmin)
Wo / TR = [3.516(Tmax – Tmin)] / Tmin
Wo / TR = 3.516[(Tmax / Tmin) – 1] = 3.516(1.5-1) = 1.758 KW/TR

Assume 8 ft3 of air at 100 psi, 100 are compressed isothermally to a volume of 2 ft3. For each of end states of
the process, find the bulk modulus.
A. 400 and 100 psi *B. 400 and 110 psi C. 400 and 120 psi D. 400 and 130
An empty open can is 30 cm high with a 15 cm diameter. The can, with the open end and down, is pushed under
water with a density of 1000kg/m3. Find the water level in the can when the top of the can is 50 cm below the
surface.
A. 17.20 cm *B. 2.12 cm C. 4.20 cm D. 5.87cm
SOLUTION:
Consider the water pressure
Pw = w h + 1010.325 + (0.8-x)(9.81) + 101.325 = 109.173 – 9.81x
Consider the air pressure
P1V1 = P2V2
101.325(Ax0.3) = P2[A(0.3-x)]
P2 =
Pw = P2

109.173 – 9.81x =
9.81x2 – 112.116x + 2.3705 = 0
By quadratic formula:
X = 0.02118 m = 2.12 cm

A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.03 m3/s having top diameter of 0.08, bottom diameter of
0.04 m and a height of 1.5m. Find the pressure between the pipe
A. 154.63 Kpa B. 197.93 Kpa *C. 252.44 Kpa D. 243.92 Kpa
SOLUTION:
+ Z1 = + Z2

Z1 – Z2 = 1.5 m
Z2 – Z1 = -1.5 m

V1 = = 5.968 m/s
( )

V2 = = 23.87 m/s
( )

P1 – P2 = 252.44 Kpa

Determine the size of pipe which will deliver 8 liters of medium oil (v= 6.10 x 10-6 m2/s) assuming laminar flow
conditions:
A. 622 mm B. 754 mm C. 950 mm *D. 835 mm
SOLUTION:

V=

Re =
For laminar flow, Re = 200

2000 =
d = 0.835 m = 835 mm

The type of flow occupying in a 1 cm diameter pipe which water flows at a velocity of 2.50 m/s. Use v = 1.13 x
10-6 m2/s for water.
*A. turbulent B. constant C. laminar D. none of the above

SOLUTION:

Re =
Re =

Re = 22,124
Since it is greater than 2000 then it is turbulent flow
What is the force is exerted by water jet 60 mm diameter if it strikes a wall at the rate of 15 m/s?
*A. 636.17 N B.442.62 N C. 764.23 N D. 563.34 N
SOLUTION:
F=wQv
Q = A v = *( ) + = 0.0424 m3/s
F = (1000)(0.0424)(15) = 636.17 N

A 300 mm diameter pipe discharges water at the rate of 200 li/s. Point 1 on the pipe has a pressure of 260 kpa
and 3.4 m below point 1 is point 2 with a pressure of 300 kpa. Compute the head loss between points 1 and 2.
A. 4.29 m B. 2.59 m C. 6.32 m *D. 1.87 m
SOLUTION:
hL
hL =

Water flowing at the rate of 10 m/s from an orifice at the bottom of a reservoir. Find the pressure at the bottom
of the reservoir.
A. 30 kpag B. 40 kpag *C. 50 kpag D. 60 kpag
SOLUTION:
h = V2/ 2g = 102/ 2(9.81) = 5.0968 m
P = w h = 9.81(5.0968) = 50 kpag

Steam flows through a nozzle at 400oC and 1 Mpa (h = 3263.9 KJ/kg) with velocity of 300 m/s. Find the
stagnation enthalpy.
A. 3300 KJ/kg B. 3290 KJ/kg *C. 3320 KJ/kg *D. 3309 KJ/kg
SOLUTION:
ho = h + v2/2000 = 3263.9 + 3002/2000 = 3309 KJ/kg

Air flows through a nozzle at a speed of 350 m/s. Find the stagnation temperature if entrance temperature is
200oC.
A. 241.25oC B. 251.25oC *C. 261.25oC D. 271.25oC
SOLUTION:
To = T1 + v2/2000Cp = (2000 + 273) + 3502/2000(1)
To = 534.25oK = 261.25

Carbon dioxide flows through a nozzle with a speed of 400 m/s. Compute the dynamic temperature.
A. 92.56oK *B. 94.56oK C. 96.56oK D. 98.56oK
SOLUTION:
For CO2: Cp = 0.846 KJ/kg-K
Dynamic temperature = v2/2000Cp = 4002/2000(0.846) = 94.56oK

Carbon dioxide flows through a nozzle with a speed of 380 m/s. The entrance condition of nozzle is 250oC and
1200 kpa. Find the stagnation pressure.
*A. 2,136.34 kpa B. 2,146.34 kpa C. 2,156.34 kpa D. 2,166.34 kpa
SOLUTION:
T1 = 250 + 273 = 523oK
To = T1 + v2/2000 = 523 = 3802/2000 = 595.2oK
P1 = 1200 kpa
T1/To = (P1/Po)k-1/k
For CO2: k = 1.289
523/595.2 = (1200/Po)1.289-1/1.289
P0 = 2,136.34 kpa

Air enters a diffuser with a velocity of 200 m/s. Determine the velocity of sound if air temperature is 30oC.
*A. 349 m/s B. 359 m/s C. 369 m/s D. 379 m/s
SOLUTION:
C= √

Air flows through a nozzle with temperature of entrance of 420oK stagnation temperature of 468oK. Find the
mach number.
A. 0.744 *B. 0.754 C. 0.764 D. 0.774
SOLUTION:
To = T1 + v2/2000Cp
468 = 420 + v2/2000
v = 309.838 m/s
C= √
M = v/C = 309.838/410.8 = 0.754
Air at 300oK and 200 kpa is heated at constant pressure to 600oK. Determine the change of internal energy.
A. 245.58 KJ/kg B. 235.58 KJ/kg C. 225.58 KJ/kg *D. 215.58 KJ/kg
SOLUTION:
ΔU = mCv (T2 – T1) = 1(0.7186)(600 -300) = 215.58 KJ/kg

An insulated rigid tank initially contains 1.5 lb of helium at 80oF and 50 psia. A paddle wheel with power rating
of 0.02 hp is operated within the tank for 30 min. Determine the final temperature.
A. 159.22oF B. 169.22oF *C. 179.22oF D. 189.22 oF
SOLUTION:
W = ΔU = m Cv (T2 – T1)
0.02 hp (0.50hr)(2545Btu/hr/hp) = 1.5(0.171)(t2 – 80)
t2 = 179.22oF

A 4m2 asphalt pavement with emissivity of 0.85 has a surface temperature of 50oC. Find the maximum rate of
radiation that can be emitted from the surface.
A. 2,068.32 watts B. 2,078.32 watts C. 2,088.32 watts *D. 2.098.32 watts
SOLUTION:
Qr = e kev A Ts4
Kev = 5.67 x 10-8 ( Stefan Boltzman constant)
Qr = 0.85(5.67 z 10-8)(4)*50 +273)4 = 2,098.32 watts

Air at 10oC and 90 kpa enters a diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet area
diffuser is 0.40 m2. Determine the mass flow rate of air.
A. 72.79 kg/s B. 74.79 kg/s C. 76.79 kg/s *D. 78.79 kg/s
SOLUTION:
W = P/RT = 80/0.287(10 + 273) = 0.985 kg/m3
m = w v A = 0.985(200)(0.40) = 78.79 kg/s

Consider a refrigeration whose 40 watts light bulb remains on continuously as a result of a malfunction of the
switch. If the refrigerator has a COP of 1.3 and the cost of electricity is 8 cents per kw-hr., determine the
increase in the energy consumption of the refrigerator and its cost per year if the switch is not fixed.
*A. P49.59 B. P47.59 C. P45.59 D. P43.59
SOLUTION:
COP = RE/Wref
1.3 = 40/Wref
Wref = 30.769 watts
W = Wb + Wref = 40 + 30.769 = 70.77 watts
W = 0.07077 Kw
Cost = 0.07077(8760)(P0.08) = P49.59

A 75 hp motor that has an efficiency of 91% is worn out and is replaced by a high-efficiency motor that has an
efficiency of 95.4%. Determine the reduction in heat gain of the room due to higher efficiency under full-load
conditions.
A. 2.24 KW *B. 2.44 KW C. 2.64 KW D. 2.84 KW
SOLUTION:
P01 = (75 x 0.746)(0.91) = 50.91 KW
P02 = (75 x 0.746)(0.954) = 53.376 KW
Qreduced = 53.376 – 50.91 = 2.44 KW

A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450 watts and a COP of 2.5 is to cool five large watermelons,
10 kg each, to 8oC. If the watermelons are initially at 20oC, determine how long will take for the refrigerator
cool them. The watermelons can be treated as a water whose specific heat is 4.2 KJ/kg-oK.
A. 2220 seconds B. 2230 seconds *C.2240 seconds D. 2250 seconds
SOLUTION:
COP = RE/Wc
2.5 = RE/450
RE = 1,125 watts
RE = m cp (t2 – t1)
450 t = (10 x 5)(4.2)(20-8)
t = 2240 seconds
When a man returns to his wall-sealed house on a summer day, he finds that the house is at 32oC. He returns on
the air conditioner which cools the entire house to 20oC in 15 minutes, if COP is 2.5, determine the power
drawn by the airconditioner. Assume the entire mass within the house is 800 kg of air for which cv = 0.72
KJ/kg-K, cp = 1.0KJ/kg-K.
A. 1.072 KW B. 2.072 KW *C. 3.072 KW D. 4.072 KW
SOLUTION:
RE = m cv (T2 –T1) = (800/15x60)(0.72)(32-20)
RE = 7.66 KW
Wc = 7.68/2.5 = 3.072 KW

A heat source at 8000K losses 2000 KJ of heat to a sink at 500oK. Determine the entropy generated during this
process.
*A. 1.5 KJ/K B. 2.5 KJ/K C. -2.5 KJ/K D. 4 KJ/K
SOLUTION:
ΔSsource = -2000/800 = -2.5
ΔSsink = 2000/500 = 4
ΔSgen. = -2.5 + 4 = 1.5 KJ/K

Helium gas is compressed in an adiabatic compressor from an initial state of 14 psia and 50oF to a final
temperature of 320oF in a reversible manner. Determine the exit pressure of Helium.
A. 38.5 psia *B. 40.5 psia C. 42.5 psia D. 44.5 psia
SOLUTION:
T2/T1 = (P2/P1)n-1/n
(320 + 460)/(50 +460) = (P2/14)1.587-1/1.587
P2 = 40.5 psia

Air pass thru a nozzle with efficiency of 90%. The velocity of air at the exit is 600 m/s. Find the actual velocity
at the exit.
A. 382 m/s B. 540 m/s C. 458 m/s *D. 568 m/s
SOLUTION:
e = (v2/v3)2
0.9 = (v2/600)2
v2 = 568.21 m/s

A 50 kg block of iron casting at 500K is thrown into a large lake that is at a temperature of 258oK. The iron
block eventually reaches thermal equilibrium with the lake water. Assuming average specific hear of 0.45
KJ/kg-K for the iron, determine the entropy generated during this process.
*A. -12.65 KJ/k B. 16.97KJ/K C. 4.32 KJ/K D. 6.32 KJ/K
SOLUTION:
ΔSiron = m c ln (T2/T1) = 50(0.45)ln(285/500) = -12.65 KJ/K
ΔSlake = Q/T = [50(0.45)(500-285)]/285 = 16.97 KJ/K
ΔSgen. = -12.65 + 16.97 = 4.32 KJ/K

A windmill with a 12 m diameter rotor is to be installed at a location where the wind is blowing at an average
velocity of 10 /s. Using standard conditions of air (1 atm, 25oC), determine the maximum that can be generated
by the windmill.
A. 68 KW *B. 70 KW C. 72 KW D. 74 KW
SOLUTION:
w = P/RT = 101.325/(0.28)(25+ 273) = 1.1847 kg/m3
m = w A v = 1.1847(π/4 x 122)(10) = 1,1339.895 kg/s
KE = v2/2000 = 102/2000 = 0.05 KJ/kg
Power = m KE = 1,1339.895(0.05) = 70 KW

Consider a large furnace that can supply heat at a temperature of 2000oR at a steady rate of 3000Btu/s.
Determine the energy of this energy. Assume an environment temperature of 77oF.
A. 2305.19 KW *B. 2315.19 KW C. 2325.19 KW D. 2335.19 KW
SOLUTION:
e= = 0.7315
W = e Q = 0.7315(3000) = 2194.5 Btu/s = 2315.19 KW

A heat engine receives hat from a source at 1200oK at a rate of 5000KJ/s and rejects the waste heat to a medium
at 3000oK. The power output of the heat engine is 180 KW. Determine the irreversible rate for this process.
A. 190 KW *B. 195 KW C. 200 KW D. 205 KW
SOLUTION:
e = (1200 – 300) / 1200 = 0.75
W = 0.75(500) = 375 KW
Irreversibilities = 375 – 180 195 KW
A dealer advertises that he has just received a shipment of electric resistance heaters for residential buildings
that have an efficiency of 100 percent. Assuming an indoor temperature of 21oC and outdoor temperature of
10oC, determine the second law efficiency of these heaters.
A. 8.74% B. 6.74% *C. 3.74% D. 4.74%
SOLUTION:
COP1 = 100% efficient = 1
COP2 = (21 + 273) / (21 – 10) = 26.72
e = COP1 /COP2 = 1/ 26.72 = 3.74 %

A thermal power plant has a heat rate of 11,363 Btu/KW-hr. Find the thermal efficiency of the plant.
A. 34% B. 24% C. 26% *D. 30%
SOLUTION:
e = 3412 / Heat rate = 3412 / 11363 = 30 %

A rigid tank contains 2 kmol of N2 and 6 kmol of CO2 gasses at 300oK and 115 Mpa. Find the tank volume us
ideal gas equation.
A. 7.33 m3 B. 5.33 m3 C. 3.33 m3 *D. 1.33 m3
SOLUTION:
PmVm = Nm R Tm
15,000 Vm = (6 + 2)(8.314)(300)
Vm = 1.33 m3

A spherical balloon with a diameter of 6 m is filled with helium at 20oC and 200 kpa. Determine the mole
number.
*A. 9.28 Kmol B. 10.28 Kmol C. 11.28 Kmol D. 13.28 Kmol
SOLUTION:
PV=NRT
(200)[(4/3)(π)(6/2)3] = N (8.314)(20 + 273)
N = 9.28 Kmol

The air in an automobile tire with a volume of 0.53 ft3 is at 90oF and 20 psig. Determine the amount of air that
must be added to raise the pressure to the recommended value of 30 psig. Assume the atmospheric to be 14.7
psia and the temperature and the volume to remain constant.
*A. 0.026 lb B. 0.046 lb C. 0.066 lb D. 0.086 lb
SOLUTION:
PV=mRT
(20 + 14.7)(144)(0.53) = m1 (53.3)(90 + 460)
m1 = 0.09034 lb
(30 + 14.7)(144)(0.53) = m2(53.3)(90 + 460)
m2 = 0.11634 lb
madded = m2 – m1 = 0.11634 – 0.09034 = 0.026 lb

A rigid tank contains 20 lbm of air at 20 psia and 70oF. More air is added to the tank until the pressure and
temperature rise to 35 psia and 90 oF, respectively. Determine the amount of air added to the tank.
A. 11.73 lb *B. 13.73 lb C. 15.73 lb D. 17.73 lb
SOLUTION:
P1V1 = m1 R1T1
(20 x 144)(V1) = 20 (53.3)(70 + 460)
V = 196.17 ft3
P2V2 = m2R2T2
(35 x 144)(196.17) = m2 (53.3)(90 + 460)
m2 = 33.73 lbs
madded = m2 –m1 = 33.73 – 20 = 13.73 lb

A rigid tank contains 5 kg of an ideal gas at 4 atm and 40oC. Now a valve is opened, and half of mass of the gas
is allowed to escape. If the final pressure in the tank is 1,5 atm, the final temperature in the tank is:
*A. -38oC B. -30oC C. 40oC D. 53oC
SOLUTION:
PV = m R T
(4 x 9.81)(V) = 5(0.287)(40 + 273)
V = 11.446 m3
PV = mRT
(1.5 x 9.81)(11.446) = (5/2)(0.287)(T)
T = 234.74oK = -38.26oC
The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 200 kpa(gage) before the trip and 220 kpa(gage) after the
trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 90 kpa. If the temperature of the air in the tire before the trip
is 25oC, the air temperature after the trip is:
*A. 45.6oC B. 54.6oC C. 27.5oC D. 26.7oC
SOLUTION:
T2 / T1 = P2 / P1
T2 / (25+ 273) = (220 +90) / (200 + 90)
T2 = 318.55 K
t2 = 45.55oC

Water is boiling at 1 atm pressure in a stainless steel pan on an electric range. It is observed that 2 kg of liquid
ater evaporates in 30 mins. The rate of heat transfer to the water is:
A. 2.97 KW B. 0.47 KW *C. 2.51 KW D. 3.12 KW
SOLUTION:
Q = mL = * +(2257) = 2.51 KW

Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20oC. Determine the total rate of heat transfer from this person
if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6 m2 and 29oC,
respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/m2 with emissivity factor of 0.95.
A. 86.40 watts B. 61.70 watts C. 198.1 watts *D. 168.1 watts
SOLUTION:
Qc = h A (t2 – t1) = (6)(1.6)(29.20) = 86.40 watts
Qr = (0.95)(5.67 x 10-6)[(1.6)(29 + 273)4 – (20 + 273)4] = 81.7 watts
Q = Qc + Qr = 86.40 + 81.7 = 168.1 watts

Water is boiler in a pan on a stove at sea level. During 10 minutes of boiling, it is observed that 200 grams of
water has evaporated. Then the rate of heat transfer to the water is:
A. 0.84 KJ/min *B. 45.1 KJ/min C. 41.8 KJ/min D. 53.5 KJ/min
SOLUTION:
Q = m L = (0.2 / 10) (2257) = 45.1 KJ/min

An aluminum pan whose thermal conductivity is 237 W/m-C has a flat bottom whose diameter is 20 cm and
thickness 0.4 cm. Heat is transferred steadily to boiling water in the pan through its bottom at a rate of 500
watts. If the inner surface of the bottom of the pan is 105oC, determine the temperature of the surface of the
bottom of the pan.
A. 95.27 oC *B. 105.27oC C. 115.27oC D. 125.27oC
SOLUTION:
A = π / 4 ( 0.20)2 = 0.0314 m2
Q=

500 =

T2 = 105.27oC

For heat transfer purposes, a standing man can be modeled as a 30 cm diameter, 170 cm long vertical cylinder
with both the top and bottom surfaces insulated and with the side surface at an average temperature of 34oC. For
a convection heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2- oC, determine the rate of heat loss from this man by
convection in an environment at 20oC.
A. 316.46 watts B. 326.46 watts *C. 336.46 watts D. 346.46 watts
SOLUTION:
Qc = k A (t2 – t1) = 15 (π x 0.30 x 1.7) (34 – 20) = 336.46 watts

A 5cm diameter spherical ball whose surface is maintained at a temperature of 70oC is suspended in the middle
of a room at 20oC. If the convection heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/m2 – C and the emissivity of the surface is
0.8, determine the total heat transfer from the ball.
A. 23.56 watts *B. 32.77 watts C. 9.22 watts D. 43.45 watts
SOLUTION:
A = 4 π r2 = 4 π (0.05)2 = 0.0314 m2
Qc = h A (t2 – t1) = 15 (0.0314)(70 – 20) = 23.56 watts
Qr = (0.80)(5.67 x 10-6)(0.0314)[(70 + 273)4 – (50 + 273)4] = 9.22 watts
Q = Qr + Qc = 23.56 + 9.22 = 32.77 watts
A frictionless piston-cylinder device and rigid tank contain 1.2 kmol of ideal gas at the same temperature,
pressure, and volume. Now heat is transferred, and the temperature of both system is raised by 15 oC. The
amount of extra heat that must be supplied to the gas in the cylinder that is maintained at constant pressure.

SOLUTION:
A. 0 B. 50 KJ C. 100 KJ *D. 150 KJ
Q = m cp (t2 – t1) = (1.2 x 8.314)(1)(15) = 150 KJ

A supply of 50 kg of chicken needs at 6oC contained in a box is to be frozen to -18oC in a freezer. Determine
the amount of heat that needs to be removed. The latent heat of chicken is 247 KJ/kg, and its specific heat is
3.32 KJ/kg-oC above freezing and 1.77 KJ/kg-oC below freezing. The container box is 1.5 kg, and the specific
heat of the box material is 1.4 Kj/kg-oC. Also the freezing temperature of chicken is -2.8oC.
*A. 15,206.4 KJ B. 50.4 KJ C. 15,156 KJ D. 1,863 KJ
SOLUTION:
Qchicken = 50 [3.32(6 + 2.8) = 247 1.77(-2.8 + 18)] = 15,156 KJ
Qbox = 1.5(1.4)(6 + 8) = 50.4 KJ
Q = 15,156 + 50.4 = 15, 206.4 KJ

Water is being heated in a closed pan on top of a range while being stirred by a paddle wheel. During the
process, 30 KJ of heat is transferred to the water, and 5 KJ of heat is lost to the surrounding air. The paddle
wheel work amounts to 500 N-m. Determine the final energy of the system if its initial energy is 10 KJ.
*A. 35.5 KJ B. 45.5 KJ C. 25.5 KJ D. 14.5 KJ
SOLUTION:
Final energy = Qa + ΔU – Qloss + W = 30 + 10 – 5 + 0.50 = 35.5 KJ

A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air- conditioned with window air-conditioning units of 5
KW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed to dissipate heat at a rate of about 360 KJ/hr. There are
10 light bulbs in the room, each with a rating of 100 watts. The rate of heat transfer to the classroom through the
walls and the windows is estimated to be 15,00 KJ/hr. If the room air is to be maintained at a constant
temperature of 21oC, determine the number of window air- conditioning units required.
A. 1 unit *B. 2 units C. 3 units D. 4 units
SOLUTION:
Q = total head load = 40(360/3600) + 10(0.100) + 15,000/3600 = 9.167 KW
No. of air-conditioning = 9.167/5 = 1.833 = 2 units

A 4m x 5m x 6m room is to be heated by a baseboard resistance heater. It is desired that the resistance heater be
able to raise the air temperature in the room from 7 to 23oC within 15 minutes. Assuming no heat losses from
the room and an atmospheric pressure of 100 kpa, determine the required power of the resistance heater.
Assume constant specific heats at room temperature.
A. 2.34 KW *B. 1.91 KW C. 4.56 KW D. 6.34 KW
SOLUTION:
w = P / R T = 100 / (0.287)(7 +273) = 1.244 kg / m3
m = 1.244 (4 x 5 x 6) = 149.28 kg
Q = m cv (t2 – t1 ) = 149.28 (0.7186)(23 – 7) = 1,716.36 KJ
Power = 1,716.36 / (15 x 60) = 1.91 KW

A student in a 4m x 6m x 6m dormitory room turns on her 150 watts fan before she leaves the room on a
summer day, hoping that the room will be cooler when she comes back in the evening. Assuming all the doors
and windows are tightly closed and disregarding any heat transfer through the walls and the windows,
determine the temperature in the room when she comes back 10 hours later. Use specific heat values at room
temperature, and assume the room to be at 100 kpa and 15oC in the morning when she leaves
A. 28.13oC B. 38.13oC C. 48.13oC *D. 58.13oC
SOLUTION:
w = P / R T = 100 / (0.287)(15 + 273) = 1.2098 kg / m3
m = 1.2098(4 x 6 x 6) = 174.216 kg
Q = m cv (t2 – t1)
0.15(10 x 3600) = 174.216 (0.7186)(t2 – 15)
t2 = 58.13oC
A piston cylinder device whose piston is resting on top of a set stops initially contains 0.50 kg of helium gas at
100 kpa and 25oC. The mass of the piston is such that 500 kpa of pressure is required to raise it. How much heat
must be transferred to the helium before the piston starts rising?
A. 1557.13 KJ B. 1657.13 KJ C. 1757.13 KJ *D. 1857.13 KJ
SOLUTION:
For helium: cv = R / (k-1) = (8.314 / 4) (1.667 – 1) = 3,116 KJ/ kg-K
T2 = (25 + 273)(500 / 100) = 1,490oK
T1 = 25 + 273 = 298oK
Q = m cv (T2 – T1) = 0.50(3.116)(1490 – 298) = 1857.13 KJ

In order to cool 1 ton (100kg) of water at 20oC in an insulated tank, a person pours 80 kg of ice at -5oC into the
water. Determine the final equilibrium temperature in the tank. The melting temperature and the hat of fusion of
ice at atmospheric pressure are 0oC and 333.7 kJ/kg, respectively.
*A. 12.43oC B. 14.43oC C. 16.43oC D. 18.43oC
SOLUTION:
Qwater =Qice
1000(4.187)(20 –te) = 80(2.09)(0 + 5) + 80(333.7) + 80(4.187)(te – 0)
te = 14.43oC

A fan is powered by a 0.5 hp motor and delivers air at a rate of 85 m3/min. Determine the highest value for the
average velocity of air mobilized by the fan. The density of air to 1.18 kg/m3.
A. 18.23 m/s *B. 21.12 m/s C. 25.34 m/s D. 32.23 m/s
SOLUTION:
P=wQh
0.50(0.746) = ( 1.18 x 0.00981)( 85 / 60) (h)
h = 22.74 m
v=√ = 21.12 m/s

An Ocean – Thermal Energy Conversion power plant generates 10,000 KW using a warm surface water inlet
temperature of 26oC and a cold deep- water temperature of 15oC. ON the basis of a 3oC drop in the temperature
of the warm water and a 3oC rise in the temperature of the cold water due to removal and addition of heat,
calculate the power required in KW to pump the cold- deep water to the surface and through the system
heat.Assume a Carnot cycle efficiency and density of cold water to be 1000 kg/m3.
A. 108 *B. 250 C. 146 D. 160
SOLUTION:
e = (Th – TL)/ TH = [(26 + 273) – (15 + 273)] / (26 + 273) = 0.0679
e =W / Qa
0.03676 = 10, 000 / QA
QA = 271, 612. 99 KW
QR = Qa – W = 271,812.99 – 10, 000 = 261,813 KW
QR = m cp (Δt)
261, 813 = m (4.187)(3)
M = 20, 643.32 kg/s
Q = 20,843.32 kg/s or 20,843.32 li/s = 20.843 m3/s
H = P / w = 12 / 9.81 = 1.223 m
Wp = w Q h = 9.81(20.843)(1.223) = 250.12 KW

A plate – type solar energy collector with an absorbing surface covered by a glass plate is to receive an incident
radiation of 800 W/m2. The glass plate has a reflective of 0.12 and a transmissivity of 0.85. The absorbing
surface has an absorptivity of 0.90. The area of the collector is 5m2. How much solar energy in watts is
absorbing by the collector?
A. 2500 B. 2880 C. 3510 *D. 3060
SOLUTION:
Q = heat absorbed from sun
Q = (800 W/m2)(5 m2)(0.85)(0.9) = 3,060 watts

A tank contains liquid nitrogen at -190oC is suspended in a vacuum shell by three stainless steel rods 0.80 cm in
diameter and 3 meters long with a thermal conductivity of 16.3 W/m2-C. If the ambient outside the vacuum
shell is 15oC, calculate the magnitude of the conductive heat flow in watts along the support rods.
*A. 0.168 B. 0.0587 C. 0.182 D. 0.176
SOLUTION:
Q = h A (Δt) = 16.3 (π/4 x 0.0082)(15 – (-190)) = 0.168 watts
An elastic sphere containing gas at 120 kpa has a diameter of 1.0 m. Heating the sphere causes it to expand to a
diameter of 1.3 m. During the process the pressure is proportional to the sphere diameter. Calculate the work
done by the gas in KJ.
A. 41.8 B. 50.6 *C. 87.5 D. 35.4
SOLUTION:
PαD
P=kD
120 = k(1)
K = 120
P = 120 D
V = 4/3 π(D/d)2 = 4/24 π D3
dV = (12/24) π D2 dD
W=∫ ∫ ∫ D3dD
W = 87.47 KJ

An ideal gas with a molecular weight of 7.1 kg/kg mol is compressed from 600 kpa and 280oK to a final
specific volume of 0.5 m3/kg. During the process the pressure varies according to p = 620 + 150v + 95v2 where
p is in kpa and v in m3/kg. Calculate the work of compression in KJ/kg?
A. 32.8 B. 28.7 C. 35.6 *D. 33.3
SOLUTION:
V1 = R T / P = (8.314 / 7.1)(280) / (600) = 0.546 m3/kg
W=∫ ∫

One cubic meter container contains a mixture of gases composed of 0.02 kg-mol of oxygen and 0.04 kg-mol of
helium at a pressure of 220 kpa. What is the temperature of this ideal gas mixture in degrees Kelvin?
*A. 441 B. 350 C. 400 D. 450
SOLUTION:
V = V1 + V2
VT =
1=

T = 441 oK

Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is burned with 25% excess air. How much unburned oxygen in kg-mol-oxygen / kg-
mol fuel will there be in the products if the combustion is complete?
A. 0.35 B. 0.45 *C. 0.37 D. 0.65
SOLUTION:
CH3OH + O2 + (3.76)N2 = CO2 + H2O + (3.76)N2
CH3OH + 1.5O2 + 1.5(3.76)N2 = 1 CO2 + 2H2O + 1.5(3.76)N2
Consider 25% excess air:
CH3OH + 1.25(1.5)O2 + 1.25(1.5)(3.76)N2 = 1CO2 + 2H2O + 1.25(1.5)(3.76)N2 + 0.25(1.5)O2
Unburned O2 = 0.25(1.5) = 0.375

A 12 DC electrical motor draws a current of 15 amps. How much work in KJ does this motor produce over a 10
minute period of operation?
*A. 108.0 B. 129.6 C. 216.0 D. 318.2
SOLUTION:
W=E=QV
W = (15 x 10 x 60)(12) = 108,000 J = 108 KJ

A 4 liter (2-liter per revolution at standard pressure and temperature) spark ignition engine has a compression
ratio of 8 and 2200 KJ/kg heat addition by the fluid combustion. Considering a cold air-standard Otto cycle
model, how much power will the engine produce when operating at 2500 rpm?
*A. 166.53 hp B. 73.12 hp C. 97.4 hp D. 148 hp
SOLUTION:
W = 1.2 kg/m3 (standard density of air)
M = 2 li/rev x 2500 rev/min x 1.2 kg/m3 x 1 m3/ 1000 li x 1 min/ 60 sec = 0.10 kg/s
e = W / QA
e = 1 -1 / 8 1.4 -1 = 0.5647
0.5647 = W / 2200
W = 1,242.34 KJ/kg (0.10 kg/s) = 124.23 KW = 166. 53 hp
A simple Rankine cycle produces 40 MW of power, 50 MW of process heated and rejects 50 MW of heat to the
surroundings. What is the utilization factor of this cogeneration cycle neglecting the pump work?
A. 50% B. 60% *C. 64% D. 80%
SOLUTION:
QA = WT + WprocessWp = 40 + 50 + 50 = 140 KW
UF = = 64 %

The rate of heat transfer to the surroundings’ from a person at a rest is about 400 KJ/hr. Suppose that the
ventilation system fails in an automobile in an auditorium containing 120 people and assuming that the energy
goes into the air of volume 1500 m3 initially at 300oK and 101 kpa, calculate the rate in oC/min of air
temperature change.
A. 0.81 B. 0.53 *C. 0.63 D. 1.0
SOLUTION:
Q = m cv Δt
PV = m RT
101(1500) = m (0.287)(300)
m = 1,759.58 kg
Q = m cv Δt
120(400 / 60) = 1759.58 (0.7186)(Δt)
Δt = 0.633 oC / min

An insulated box containing helium gas falls from a balloon 4.5 km above the earth’s surface. Calculate the
temperature rise in oC of the helium when box hits the ground.
A. 15.2 B. 12.6 C. 25.3 *D. 14.1
SOLUTION:
Cv of helium = 3118.9 j/kg-C
m g h = m cv Δt
m (9.81)(4500) = m (3118.9) Δt
Δt = 14.15 oC

Consider two Carnot heat engines operating in series. The first engine receives heat from the reservoir at
2500oK and rejects the waste heat to another reservoir at temperature T. The second engine receives heat by the
first one, convert some of it to work, and rejects the rest to a reservoir at 300oK. If thermal efficiencies of both
engines are the same, determine the temperature T.
*A. 849oK B. 578 oK C. 763 oK D. 976 oK
SOLUTION:
et = e2

T = 849oK

An ideal gas mixture consists of 2 kmol of N2 and 6 kmol of CO2. The mass fraction of CO2 is:
A. 0.175 B. 0.250 *C. 0.825 D. 0.750
SOLUTION:

6(44)
Mass fraction of CO2 = = 0.825
6(44) + 2(28)

An ideal gas mixture consists of 2 kmol of N2 and 6 kmol of CO2. The apparent gas constant of mixture is:
*A. 0.208 B. 0.231 C. 0.531 D. 0.825
Solution:
M= (2/8)(28) + (6/8)(44) = 40
R= 8.314/M = 8.314/40 = 0.208 KJ/kg-K

A Carnot cycle operates between the temperature limits of 300OK and 1500OK, and produces 600 KW of net
power.
The rate of entropy changes of the working fluid during the heat addition process is:
A. 0 B. 0.4KW/K *C. 0.5KW/K D.2.0KW/K
Solution:
W= ( s) (TH – TL)
600 = ( s) (1500 – 300)
( s)= 0.50 KW/K
Air in an ideal Diesel cycle is compressed from 3L to 0.15L and then it expands during the constant pressure
heat addition process to 0.3L. Under cold air standard conditions, the thermal efficiency of this cycle is:
rk = 3/0.15= 20
rc= 0.3/0.15= 2

1 rck- 1 1 21.2 - 1
e=1- =1- = 0.6467
rkk-1 k(rc – 1) 201.4-1
1.4 (2-1)
=64.67%
Helium gas is an ideal Otto cycle is compressed from 20oC and 2L to 0.25L and its temperature increases by an
additional 800oC during the addition process. The temperature of helium before the expansion process is:
*A. 1700oC B. 1440oC C. 1240oC D.880oC
Solution:
rk =2/0 25 = 8
T2 = (20+273) (8)1.667-1 =1,172K
T3 = T2 + 800 = 1172 + 800 = 1972oK
t3 = 1699oC = 1700oK

In an Ideal Otto cycle, air is compressed from 1.20 kg/m^3 and 2.2L t0 0.26 L and the net work output of the
cycle is 440 KJ/kg. the mean effective pressure for the cycle is:
A. 612 kPa *B. 599 kPa C. 528 kPa D. 416 kPa
Solution:

=1.1616KJ

In an ideal Brayton cycle has a net work output of 150KJ/kg and backwork ratio of 0.4. If both the turbine and
the compressor had an isentropic efficiency of 80%, the net work output of the cycle would be.
A. 50KJ/kg *B. 75KJ/kg C. 98KJ/kg D.120KJ/kg
Solution:
Backwork ratio = WO/WT
0.40 = WO/WT
WO = 0.40 WT
Wnet = WT - WO
150 = WT – 0.4 WT
WT =250 KJ/kg
WT ‘=250(0.8) = 200KJ/kg
WP = 0.40(200) =100KJ/kg
WP’ = 100/0.80 =125 KJ/kg
Wnet= WT’ – WC’= 200 – 125 = 75 KJ/kg

Air entered a turbojet engine at 200 m/s at a rate of 20 kg/s, and exists at 800 m/s relative to the aircraft. the
thrust developed by the engine is:
A. 6KN *B. 12KN C.16KN D. 20KN
Solution:
Thrust developed = m(v2 – v1) = 20(800 – 200) = 12,000N = 12KN

A thermal power has a net power 10MW. The backwork ratio of the plant is 0.005. Determine the compressor
wor.
A. 50.15KW B. 50.35KW *C.50.25KW D. 50.45KW
Solution:
Wnet= WT + WP
BW= WP / WT
0.005 =WP / WT
WP= 0.005WT
Wnet= WT - WP
10,000 = WT – 0.005WT
WT= 10,050.25 KW
WC= 0.005(10,050.25) = 50.25KW
A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1200oK at a rate of 500KJ/s and rejects the waste heat to a sink at
300oK. If the power output of the engine is 200KW, the second law efficiency of the heat engine is:
A.35% B.40% *C.53% D.75%
Solution:
ea= 200/500 = 0.40
et= (TH – TL)/TH = (1200 – 300)/1200 = 0.75
es= 0.40/0.75= 53.33%
A water reservoir contains 100,000 kg of water at an average elevation of 60 m. The maximum amount of
electric power that can be generated from this water is:
A.8KWh *B.16KWh C.1630KWh D.58, 800KWh
Solution:
P= m h = (100,000 x 0.00981)(60)= 58,860 KJ
P= 58,860 KJ x KWh/3600 KJ = 16.35KWh

A house is maintained at 22oC in winter by electric resistance heaters. If the outdoor temperature is 5oC, the
second law of efficiency of the resistance heaters is:
A.0% *B.5.8% C.34% D.77%
Solution:
ea= 100% of resistance heaters
et= (22 – 5)/(22 + 273) = 5.8%
es= 5.8/100 = 5.8%

A thermoelectric refrigerator that resembles a small ice chest is powered by a car battery, and has a COP of
0.10. If the refrigerator cools at 0.350L canned drink from 20OC to 4OC in 30 min. determine the average
electric power consumed by the thermoelectric refrigerator.
*A.130 watts B.110 watts C.120 watts D.140 watts
Solution:
(1 x 0.35)
Q= m cp(t2 – t1) = (4.187)(20 – 4) = 13 watts
30 x 60
COP= RE/Wc
0.10= 13/0.10= 130 watts

A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is 25OC and consumes 2 kW of power when
operating. If the food compartment of the refrigerator is to be maintained at 3OC, determine the rate of heat
removal from the food compartment.
*A.1504.8 kJ/min B.12.86 kJ/min C.1625 kJ/min D.9.57 kJ/min
Solution:
COP= TL /TH– TL = (3 + 273)/ (25 + 273) – (3+273) =12.54
QL= COP x W = 12.54 x 2(60) = 1504.8 kJ/min

A household refrigerator with EER 8.0 removes heat from the refrigerated space at a rate of 90 kJ/min.
Determine the rate of heat transfer to the kitchen air.
A.101.25 kJ/min B.63.05 kJ/min *C.128.46 kJ/min D.80 kJ/min
Solution:
COP= EER /3.412 = 8/ 3.412 = 2.34
COP= QL /QH – QL = 2.34 = 90 / QH – 90
QH=128.46Kj/min

An air-conditioning system is used to maintain a house at 75OF when the temperature outside is 95OF. The
house is gaining heat through the walls and windows at a rate of 1250 Btu/min, and the heat generation rate
within the house from people, lights and appliances amounts to 350 Btu/min. Determine the minimum power
input required for this air-conditioning system.
A.10.06 hp B.1.36 hp *C.1.41 hp D.7.94 hp

Solution:
QL= 1250 + 350 = 1600 Btu/min
COP= TL / TH – TL= (75 + 460)/(95 + 460) - (75+460) = 26.75
W= QL /COP = (1600 / 26.75) / 42.4 = 1.41 hp

A refrigeration system is to cool bread loaves with an average mass of 450 g from 22OC to -10OC at a rate of
500 loaves per hour by refrigerated air. Taking the average specific and latent heats of bread to be 2.93 kJ/kg,
O
C and 109.3 kJ/kg, respectively, determine the product load.
A.541.7 kJ/min B.351.6 Kj/min *C.761.5 kJ/min D.409.9
kJ/min
Solution:
Mbread= (500 breads/h) (0.45 kg / bread) = 225 kg/h
Qtotal= Qbread + Qfreezing
= (mcp∆T)breadl (mhlatent)bread = (225)(2.93)[22-(-10)] l (225)(109.3)
Qtotal= 45,688.5 kJ/h = 761.5 kJ/min
A house that was heated by electric resistance heaters consumed 1200 kWh of electric energy in a winter
month. If this house were heated instead by a heat pump that has an average performance factor, PF of 2.4,
determine how much money the homeowner would be saved that month. Assume a price of 0.085$/kWh for
electricity.
A. $42.5 *B. $59.50 C.$109 D.$97.75
Solution:
W= QH/PF = 1200kWh / 2.4 = 500 kWh
$ Savings per month = (1200 – 500) (0.085) = $59.50

An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates with a suction pressure of 291.6 kPa and a condenser pressure of
1204 kPa develops 15 tons of refrigeration. Determine the theoretical horsepower of the compressor.
The following enthalpies have been found: condenser entrance = 1653 kJ/kg, exit =346.6 kJ/kg,
compressor entrance = 1450.2 kJ/kg, exit= 1653kJ/kg.
A.7.23 hp *B.13 hp C. 15 hp D.8.23 hp
Solution:
m= Qe/ (h1 – h4) = (15 x 3.52) / (1450.2 – 346.6) = 0.0478 kg/s
W= m (h2 – h1) = (0.0478)(1653 – 1450.2) / 0.746 = 13 hp

An ammonia ice plant operates between a condenser temperature of 35OC and evaporator of -15OC. It produces
10 metric tons of ice per day from water at 30OC to ice at -5OC. Assuming simple saturation cycle, determine
the horsepower of the motor if the adiabatic efficiency of the compressor ηc=0.85 and mechanical efficiency
ηm=0.95. The specific heat of ice is 2,094kJ/kg. OC and the latent heat is 335kJ/kg.
From the table for ammonia the following enthalpies are: condenser entrance = 1703 kJ/kg, exit= 366.1 kJ/kg;
compressor entrance= 1443.9kJ/kg, exit = 1703kJ/kg
A.17.68 hp B.18.61 hp C.15.5 hp *D.21.9 hp
Solution:
qe=cpa (te – tf) lhlatentlcph(tf – ts)
= (4.187) (30 – 0) + 335 + (2.094) [(0- (-5)] = 471.08 kJ/kg
Qe= (10 x 1000) (471.08) / 24 = 196,283.33 kJ/hr= 54.523kJ/s
m= Qe / (h2 – h4) = (54.523)/ (1443.9 – 366.1) = 0.05059kg/s
W= m (h2 – h1) = (0.0509) (1703 – 1443.9)/ 0.746 = 17.68 hp
Wmotor= 17.68 / (0.85) (0.95) =21.9 hp

A Freon 22 air conditioning under standard operating conditions of 35OC is condensing and 5OC evaporating
temperatures. The volume flow rate entering the compressor is 23.72 L/s. determine the refrigerating capacity if
the refrigerating effect is 164 kJ/kg. From the table for R22 the specific volume at the compressor entrance is
40.36L/kg.
A.393.3 TR B.79.3 TR C.96.4 TR *D.27.4 TR
Solution:
m= V1/v1= 23.72 / 40.36 = 0.5877 kg/s
Qe= m (qe) = 0.5877 (164)/ 3.52 = 27.4 TR

The refrigerant volume flow rate at the entrance of compressor were obtained from a test on a twin cylinder
single acting 15 cm x 20 cm, 320 rpm compressor ammonia refrigerating plant 33 L/s. Determine the
volumetric efficiency of the compressor.
A.77.65% *B.87.6% C.97.6 TR D.65.65%
Solution:
VD = (π D2 L/4) N= (π /4) (0.15)2(0.2) (320) (2) = 2.26 m3/min
nv =V1/VD = 33/2.26 (1000/60) = 0.876 or 87.6 %

A twin cylinder ammonia compressor with volume displacement of 14,726 cm3 operates at 300 rpm. Condenser
and evaporator pressure are 1200 kPa and 227 kPa respectively. Specific volume of refrigerant at the entrance
of compressor is 528.26 L/kg. Compression process is polytrophic with a 1.20 and clearance factor of
compressor is 2%. Determine horsepower required.
A.60hp B.70hp C.80hp D.90hp
Solution:
nv= 1+c-c(p2/p1)1/n= 1 + 0.02 – 0.02(1200/227)1.20= 0.8725
VD= (π D2 L/4) N= (0.014726) (320) (2) = 9.424 m3/min
V1= (nv) VD- (0.8725) (9.424) - 8.2224 m3/min
W= (n p1 V1 /1-n) [(p2/p1) n-1/n-1]
= [(1.20 x 2.27 x 8.2224)/ (1-1.20)] [(1200/2.27)1.2-1/1.2 -1] = 3582 kJ/min
W= 3582/ (60) (0.746) = 80 hp
A reversed Carnot cycle has a refrigerating COP of 2.5. Determine the ratio TH/TL?
A.1.4 B.1.5 C.1.25 D.1.2
Solution:
COP= TH/ (TH-TL)
1/COP = (TH-TL)/TL= TH/TL-1
TH/TL =1 + 1/COP =1 +1/2.5 =1.4

Three thousand cubic feet per minute of air are circulated over an air-cooled condenser. If the load on the
condenser is 64,800 Btu/hr, compute the temperature rise of the air passing over the condenser. Specific volume
of standard air (13.34ft3/lb)
A.10OF B.15OF C.20OF D.25OF
Solution:
Qc= m c ∆t
∆t = Qc/ m c = 64,800/ [3000 (60) / (13.34)] (0.24) = 20OC

Saturated vapor ammonia at -16OC (h1 = 1442.60 kJ/kg) leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor at -
6OC (h1 = 1465kJ/kg. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 40OC (h4= 390.6 kJ/kg) and
enter the expansion valve at 35OC (h5 =366.1kJ/kg). Heat rejected from the compressor amount to 50kW. The
work to compressor is 208kJ/kg, while the heat loss from compressor is 33kJ/kg. If 95kJ/kg of heat are lost in
the piping between the compressor discharge and condenser inlet, determine the refrigerating capacity of the
system.
A.49.5 TR B.46.61 TR C.12.88 TR *D.13.24 TR
Solution:
Solving for the enthalpy at the exit of compressor using energy balance about the compressor
h2 = h1 + w - qwc = 1465 + 208 – 33= 1640 kJ/kg
Solving for the enthalpy at the entrance of condenser using energy balance about piping from
compressor exit to condenser entrance
h3= h2 – q2-3= 1640 – 95 = 1545kJ/kg
Solving for heat rejected in condenser using energy balance about the condenser
qc = h3 – h4 = 1545 – 390.6 = 1154.4kJ/kg
m = Qc/qc = 50/1154.4 = 0.0433kg/s
Solving for refrigerating effect using energy balance about the evaporator h 5 – h4 = 366.1kJ/kg

qe= h1 – h5 = 1442.6 – 366.1 = 1076.5kJ/kg

Therefore, the refrigerating capacity
Qe= m qe = [(0.0433) (1076.5)] / 3.52 = 13.24 TR

An actual refrigerating cycle using R12 as working fluid, the refrigerant flow rate is 0.05 kg/s. Vapor enters the
expansion valve at 1.15 MPa, 40OC (h = 238.5kJ/kg) and leaves the evaporator at 175 kPa, -15OC (h =
345kJ/kg). The electric input to motor driving the compressor is measured and found 3.0 kW. Motor efficiency
at this load is 92% and mechanical efficiency 82%. Determine the actual coefficient of performance for this
cycle.
A.1.58 B.2.36 C.1.78 D.1.34
Solution:
Qe= (0.05) (345 - 238.5) = 5.325kW
W = (3) (0.92) (0.82) = 2.26kW
COPactual= 5.325 / 2.26 = 2.36

An ammonia refrigeration system the temperature in the evaporator is -12OC and the ammonia at the evaporator
entry is 0.1511 dry while at exit is 0.95 dry. If the rate of ammonia circulation is 5.64 kg/min, determine the
refrigerating capacity of the system. Enthalpy of saturated liquid and vapor at -12OC is 144.929kJ/kg and
1447.74kJ/kg respectively.
A.17.82 B.34.82TR C.27.82TR D.4.82TR
Solution:
h4= hf4 + x4 (hg4 – hf4) = 144.929 + (0.1511) (1447.74 – 144.929) = 341.78
h1= hf1 + x1 (hg1 – hf1) = 144.929 + (0.95) (1447.74 – 144.929) = 1382.6kJ/kg
Qe = m (h1 – h4) = (5.64) (1382.6 – 341.78) / 211 = 27.82 TR

A two stage cascade vapor compression refrigeration system uses ammonia in the low-temperature loop and R-
12 in the high-temperature loop. The ammonia provides 15 tons cooling. If the high-loop temperature requires
10.12 kW compressor power and low-loop 15.93 kW, determine the COP of the system.
A.2.027 B.5.22TR C.3.314TR D.9.1TR
Solution:
Wtotal= 10.12 + 15.93 = 26.05 kW
COP = 15 (3.52) /26.05 = 2.027
When a man returns to his well-sealed house on a summer day, he finds that the house is at 32OC. He turns on
the air conditioner, which cools the entire house to 20OC in 15min. If the COP of the air-conditioner system is
2.5, determine the power drawn by the air conditioners. Assume the entire mass within the house is equivalent
to 800 kg of air for which c= 0.72kJ/kg OC
A.7.68Kw B.3.07kW C.19.2kW D.12.03kW
Solution:
Qe = m c (t1 – t2) / ∆time = (800) (0.72) (32 – 20) / (15 x 60) = 7.68kW
W= Qe / COP = 7.68 / 2.5 = 3.07kW

It is desired to double the COP of a reversed Carnot engine for cooling from 5.0 by raising the temperature of
the heat addition while keeping the temperature of the heat rejection constant. By what percentage must the
temperature of heat addition be raised?
A.10.1% B.9.1% C.8.1% D.7.1%
Solution:
Percent increase of the temperature = (TL – TL) TL = TL / TL – 1 of heat addition
Original COP: 5 = TL / (TH – TL); (TH – TL) TL = 1/5; TH / TL -1 = 1/5 = 02; TH / TL = 1.2
eq.1
Doubling the COP:
10 = TL / (TH – TL); (TH – TL) TL = 1/10; TH / TL – 1 =1/10 = 0.1; TH/TL=1.1
Dividing eq.1 and eq.2:
(TH/TL) (TH/TL) = 1.2 / 1.1 = 1.091
Percent Increase of heat addition = 1.091 – 1 = 0.091 or 9.1%

An ammonia water-cooled compressor receives the refrigerant at specific volume 62 L/kg. It has a piston
displacement rate of 3m3/min. If a squirrel cage motor is running at 1200 rpm drives the compressor and
average piston speed is 490m/min, calculate size of cylinder bore.
A.20.4 cm B.26.0 cm C.16.13 cm D.13.6 cm
Solution:
Piston speed = 2LN = 490 = 2(L) (1200); L= 0.204 m = 20.4 cm
Vp = (π D2 L/4) N = (π/4) D2 (0.204) (1200) =5
D = 0.1613m = 16.13cm

If the initial volume of an ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume and to twice its temperature,
the pressure:
A. Doubles B. Quadruples C. Remains constant D. Halves
Solution:
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1V1/T1= P2 (1/2 V1) / (2T1)
P2 = 4 P1

If the gage pressure of a medium is 30kPa (vacuum) and the atmospheric pressure is 101.3kPa, the absolute
pressure will be:
A.131.3kPa B.-71.3kPa C.71.3kPa D.-131.3kPa
Solution:
Pabs = Patm - Pvac
= 101.3kPa - 30kPa = 71.3kPa

If a particle has a velocity of 4 meters per second and a kinetic energy of 144 Joules, then the mass, in
kilograms of this particle must be:
A.44 B.16 C.18 D.24
Solution:
KE = (1/2) (m) (V2) / 2k
144 – (1/2) (m) (4)2 / [(2) (1)]
m = 18kg

A condenser vacuum gauge reads 715 mm Hg when the barometer stands at 757 mm Hg. State the absolute
pressure in the condenser in kN/m or kPa.
A.5.6kPa B.5.9kPa C.6.5kPa D.5.2kPa
Solution:
Pabs = Patm – Pvac = 757 – 715 = 42 mm Hg (101.325kPa/760 mm Hg) = 5.60kPa

Determine the force in Newton in a piston of 465 mm2 area with a pressure of 0.172MPa.
A.65N B.72N C.80N D.111
Solution:
F= PA – (0.172MPa) (105 Pa/MPa) (465 mm2) (m2 / 105 mm2)
F = 79.98N
One piston of a hydraulic press has an area of 1cm2. The other piston has an area of 25cm2. If a force of 130N is
applied on the smaller piston, what will be the total force on the larger piston is both piston surfaces are the
same level?
A.6N B.175N C.3750N D.4250N
Solution:
F1/A1 = F2/A2
(150/1) = (F2/ 25)
F2 = 3750N

If the pressure of a confined gas at a constant temperature is tripled, what will happen to the volume?
A. The volume will be tripled B. The volume will remain
C. The volume will be reduced to one-third of its original value D. The volume is constant
Solution:
P1V1 = P2V2
P1V1 = (3P1) V2
V2 = (1/3) V1

The work done on air is 10.86kJ/kg, determine the compressor power if it is receiving 272 kg/min if air.
A.36.72 hp B.49.23 hp C. 29.54 hp D.66 hp
Solution:
W= (10.86) (272.60) = 49.232 kJ/s or kW
= 49.232 kW (1 hp/ 0.746kW) = 65.99 hp

A water tank of 18 ft long and 4 ft high, calculate the pressure at the bottom of the tank.
A.1.733psi B.1.999psi C.2.337psi D.3.773psi
Solution:
P= (62.4 lbf/ft3) (4ft) (1ft2 / 144 in2) = 1.733psi

The pressure of 750 mm Hg in kN/m2

A.90 B.100 C.103 D110
Solution:
P= 750 mm Hg (101.325 kPa/ 760 mm Hg)
= 99.99 kPa

A double purpose tank 18 ft wide, 24 ft long and 4 ft depth is filled with water. What is the weight of water in
the tank in long tons?
A.49tons B.48tons C.54tons D.50tons
Solution:
W = (62.4 lb/ft2) [(18) (24)(4)] ft3 = 107,827.2 lbf
= 107,827.2 lb (1ton/ 2200 lb) = 49tons

Oil flow through a 16 tubes on a single cooler with a velocity of 2 m/s, the internal diameter of the tube is
30mm and oil density is 0.85gm/ml. Find the volume flow in liters per sec.
A.22.62 B.32.22 C. 62.22 D.42.62
Solution:
Volume flow rate = (3.1416) (0.015)2 (2) (16) = 0.02262 m3/s or 22.62 liters/s

A substance temperature was 620OR. What is the temperature in OC?

A.50.7 B.45.54 C.71.11 D.94.44
Solution:
T, OC = [(620 – 460) – 32] (5/9) = 71.11

Unknown volume of container gas of gas of 1 atmosphere is allowed to expand to another container of 10 m3
volume at 500 mm Hg at constant temperature. Find the unknown volume.
A.6.58 m3 B.6.75 m3 C.5.67 m3 D.7.65 m3
Solution:
P1V1 – P2V2
(760) V1 = (500) (10)
V1= 6.58 m3

An iron block weighs 5 Newton and has volume of 200 cm3. What is the density of the block?
A. 2458kg/m3 B. 2485 kg/m3 C. 2584 kg/m3 D. 2549 kg/m3
Solution:
Density = specific weight [at sea level or near the surface of the earth]
= (5N/200 cm) (10 cm3/m3) (1kg/9.8066N) = 2549.30 kg/m3
If air is at a pressure of 22.22 psia and at temperature of 800 OR, what is the specific volume?
A.11.3 ft3/lbm B.33.1 ft3/lbm C.13.3 ft3/lbm D.31.3 ft3/lbm
Solution:
Pv = RT
v = (53.34) (800) / [(22.22) (144)] = 13.33 ft3/lbm

The specific gravity of mercury is 13.55. What is the specific weight of mercury?
A.123.9 kN/m3 B.139.2 kN/m3 C.139.9 kN/m3 D.193.2
3
kN/m
Solution:
? = (13.55) (9.8066) = 132.88 kN/m3

The equivalent weight of mass 10 kg at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 9.77 m/sec2
A. 97.7N B.79.7N C.77.9N D.977N
Solution:
Weight = mg/k = [(10) (9.77)] /1 =97.7N

A transportation company specializes in the shipment of pressurized gaseous materials. An order is received
from 100 liters of a particular gas at STP (32OF and 1 atm). What minimum volume tank is necessary to
transport the gas at 80OF and maximum pressure of 8 atm?
A.16 liters B.14 liters C.10 liters D.12 liters
Solution:
P1V1/ T1 = P2V2/ T2
[(1) (100)/ (32 + 460)] / [(8) (V2)/ (80 + 460)
V2 = 13.72 liters

100 g of water are mixed with 150 g of alcohol (density = 790 kg/m3). What is the specific volume of the
resulting mixtures, assuming that the fluids mixed completely?
A.0.82x10-3 cu.m/kg B.0.88x10-3 cu.m/kg C.0.63x10-3 cu.m/kg D.1.16x10-3 cu.m/kg
Solution:
Mass of mixtures = 100 + 150 =250 g
Volume of mixture = [(0.100) / (1000)] + [(0.150)/ (790)] = 0.00029 m3
Specific volume of mixture = (0.00029)/ (0.250) = 1.16x10-3 cu.m/kg

How much does 30 lbm weigh on the moon? (gmoon = 5.47 ft/s2
A.20 lbr B.3.2 lbr C.3.4 lbr D.5.096 lbr
Solution:
Weight = mg/k = {[(30) (5.42)]/32.174} = 5.1 lbf

A 10 kg block is raised vertically 3 meters. What is the change in potential energy?

A.320 J B.350 kg-m2/s2 C.294 J D.350
N-m
Solution:
PE = mgs/k = {[(10) (9.8066) (3)]/1} = 294.2 J

How many cubic meters is 100 gallons of liquid?

A.3.7850 cu.m B.0.1638 cu.m C.0.3785 cu.m D.1.638 cu.m
Solution:
100gal (785 liters/gal) (1m3/1000 liters) = 0.3785 m3

Steam turbine is receiving 1014 lbm/hr of steam, determine the horsepower output of the turbine if the work
done by steam is 251 Btu/lbm
A.100 hp B.462.7 hp C.200 hp D.6002.7 hp
Solution:
W= (251 Btu/lbm) (1014 lbm/hr) 1hp/2545 Btu/hr) = 100 hp

What is the resulting pressure when one pound of air at 15 psia and 200OF is heated at constant volume to
800OF?
A.52.1 psia B.15 psia C.28.6 psia D.36.4 psia
Solution:
P1/T1 = P2/T2
P2 = [(800+460) / (200+460)] (15) = 28.64 psia
A bicycle tire has a volume of 600 cm3. It is inflated with carbon dioxide to pressure of 551.43kPa at 20OC.
How many grams of CO2 are contained in the tire? Rcoz = 0.18896 kJ/kg.K
A.5.98 g B.6.43 g C.4.63 g D.3.83 g
Solution:
m = rv/RT = [(551.43) (600)/ (102)] / [(0.18896) (20+273)] = 0.00598 kg or 5.98 g

# Two kilogram of gas is confined in a 1 m3 tank at 200 kpa and 88°C. What type of gas is in the tank?
Solution:
PV=mRT
200(1) = 2(8.314/M) (88+273)
M = 30
Therefore: gas is Ethane

# Find the enthalpy of helium if its internal energy is 200 KJ/kg.

Solution:
R = 8.314/4 = 2.0785
K = 1.667 for helium
Cp = k R/(k-1) = 2.0785/(1.667 – 1) = 3.116 KJ/kg-K
Δh/Δ = Cp/Cv
Δ /200 = 5.195/3.116
Δ = ______________ANS

# Compute the mass of a 2 m3 propane at 280 kpa and 40°C.

Solution:
Propane is C3 H8 --------- M = 12(3) + 8(1) = 44
PV = mRT
280(2) = m(8.314/44)(40+273)
m = ____________ ANS

# A thermal power plant has a heat rate of a 11,363 Btu/kw-hr. Find the thermal efficiency of the plant.
Solutionj:
eth = 3412/Heat rate = 3412/11,363 = _________ANS.

# What is the hydraulic gradient of a 1 mile, 17 inches inside diameter pipe when 3300 gal/min of water flow
with f = 0.03.
Solution:
V = (3300/7.481)/(π/4)(17/12)2(60) = 4.66 ft/s
L = 1 mile = 5280 ft
hL = fLv2/2gD = 0.03(5280)(4.66)2/2(32.2)(17/12) = 37.7 ft
Hydraulic gradient = 37.7/5280 = ___________ANS.

# Find the loss of head in the pipe entrance if speed of flow is 10 m/s.
Solution:
Loss at entrance = 0.5(v2/2g) = 0.5[102 / 2(9.81)] = ___________ANS.

Wet material, containing 220% moisture (dry basis) is to be dried at the rate of 1.5 kg/s in a continuous dryer to
give a product containing 10% (dry basis). Find the moisture removed, kg/hr.
Solution:
Solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
[1/(1 + 2.2)](1.5) = [1/(1 + 0.1)](x)
x = 0,5156 kg/s (total dried product)
Moisture removed = 1.5 – 0.5156 = 0.984 kg/s = ___________ANS.

# Copra enters a dryer contacting 70% moisture and leaves at 7% moisture. Find the moisture removed on each
pound of solid in final product.
Solution:
Solid in wet feed = solid in dried product
0.3x = 1
x = 3.333 lbs
1= 0.93y
Y = 1.07527 lb
Moisture removed = x – y = 3.333 – 1.07527 = _________ ANS.
# A 1 m x 1.5 m cylindrical tank is full of oil with SG = 0.92. Find the force acting at the bottom of the tank in
dynes.
Solution:
P = w h = (0.92 x 9.81) (1.5) = 13.5378 kpa
F = PA = 13.5378(π/4 x 12) = 10,632 KN = 10,632.56 N x 10,000 dynes/N
F = ____________ANS.

# Find the pressure at the 100 fathom depth of water in kpag

Solution:
H = 100 fathom x 6 = 600 ft
P = w h = (600/3,281)(9.81) = ______________ANS.

# Find the depth in furlong of the ocean (SG = 1.03) if the pressure at the sea bed is 2,032.56 kpag.
Solution:
P=wh
2,032.56 = (1.03 x 9.81) h
H = 201.158 m x 3.281ft/m x 1 yd/3ft x 1 furlong/220 yd = 1 furlong

# Find the mass of 10 quartz of water.

Solution:
V = 10 quartz x 1gal/4quartz x 3.785li/gal x 1m3/1000li
V= 0.0094625 x 10-3 m3
W = m/V
1000 = m/0/0094625 x 10-3
m = __________ ANS.

# Find the mass of carbon dioxide having a pressure of 20 psia at 200°F with 10 ft3 volume.
Solution:
PV = m R T
(20 x 144)(10) = m (1545/44)(200 + 460)
m = ___________ANS.

# Find the heat needed to raise the temperature of water from 30°C to 100°C with 60% quality. Consider and
atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kpa. Use the approximate enthalpy formula of liquid.
Solution:
At 100°C
hf = Cp t = 4.187(100) 418.7 KJ/kg
hfg = 2257 KJ.kg
h2 = hf + xhfg = 418.7 + 0.60(2257) = 1,772.9 KJ/kg
Q = 1(4.187)(100-30) + 1(1772.9 – 418.7) = _________ANS.

# Find the enthalpy of water at 212°F and 14.7 psi if the dryness factor is 30%. Use the approximate enthalpy
formula of liquid.
Solution:
hf = (°F – 32) = (212 – 32) = 180 Btu/lb
hfg = 970 Btu/lb
h = hf + xhfg
h = 180 + 0.3(970) = ________ANS.

# An air compressor consumed 1200 kw-hr per day of energy. The electric motor driving the compressor has an
efficiency of 80%. If indicated power of the compressor is 34 kw, find the mechanical efficiency of the
compressor.
Solution:
Pim = 1200kw-hr/24 hrs = 50 kw
BP = 50(0.80) = 40 kw
em = 34/40 = _______ANS.

# A refrigeration system consumed 28,800 kw-hr per month of energy. There are 20% of energy is lost due to
cooling system of compressor and motor efficiency is 90%. If COP of the sustem is 6, find the tons of
refrigeration of the system.
Solution:
Pim = 28,800/(24 x 30) = 40 kw
BP = 40 (0.90) = 36 kw
Wc = 36(1-0.20) = 28.80 kw
COP = RE/Wc
6 = RE/28.80
RE = 172.8/3.516 = ______________ANS.
# A 23 tons refrigeration system has a heat rejected of 100 kw. Find the energy efficiency ratio of the system.
Solution:
QR = RE + Wc
100 = 23(3.516) + Wc
Wc = 19.132 kw
COP = RE/Wc = (23 x 3.516) / 19.132 = 4.23
EER = 3.412 COP = 3.412(4.23) = ____________ANS.

# A 200 mm x 250 mm, 8-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine has a break power of 150 kw. The mechanical
efficiency is 80%. If two of the cylinders were accidentally cut off, what will be the new friction power?
Solution:
em = BP/IP
0.8 = 150/IP
IP = 187.5 kw
FP1 = IP – BP = 187.5 – 150 = 37.50 kw
FP1 = FP2 = ____________ANS.

# If the energy efficiency ratio of the refrigeration system is 12.6, what is the COP of the system?
Solution:
EER = 3.412 COP
12.6 = 3.412 COP
COP = ____________ANS.

# An air compressor has a power of 40 kw at 4% clearance. If clearance will increase to 7%, what is the new
power?
Solution:
The power of compressor will not be affected with the changes in clearance. Therefore the power will
still be 40 kw.

# What is the approximate value of temperature of water having enthalpy of 208 Btu/lb?
Solution:
h = °F – 32
208 = °F -32
°F = _________ANS.

# An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. Find the pressure ration during compression.
Solution:
P1V1k = P2V2k
(V1/V2)k = (P2/P1)
rK = rp
rp = (8)1.4 = ___________ANS.

# A diesel cycle has a cut off ratio of 2.5 and expansion ratio of 4. Find the clearance of the cycle.

# Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where barometric reading is 740 mm Hg and gravitational
acceleration is g = 9.7 m/s2. Assume the temperature of mercury to be 10°C, at which the density is 13,570
kg/m3.
Solution:
P = (wg)h = (13,570 x 9.7)(9.74) (1Kpa/1000 N/m2) = ___________ANS.

# The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930 mbars at the beginning of a hiking trip and 780 mbars at the end.
Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance climb.
Assume g = 9.7 m/s2.
Solution:
P1 – P2 = w h
(0.93 – 0.78)(100 kpa/bar) = (1.2 x 0.00981) h
h = 1274.21 m
h = 1274.21 (9.81/9.7) = ___________ANS.

# The lower half of a 10 m high cylindrical container is filled with water and the upper half with oil that has SG
= 8.85. Determine the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the cylinder.
Solution:
ΔP = Pw + Po = 9.81(5) + (0.85 x 9.81)(15) = ________ANS.
# An ideal gas at 0.80 atmospheres and 87°C occupies 0.450 liter. How many moles are in the sample? (R =
0.0821 liter-atm/mole – K)
Solution:
PV = nRT
(0.80 atm)(0.450 li) = n (0.0821 )(87+273)K
n = ___________ANS.

# A certain gas at 101.325 Kpa and 10°C whose volume is 2.83 m3 are compressed into a storage vessel of 0.31
m3 capacity. Before admission, the storage vessel contained the gas at a pressure and temperature of 173.8 Kpa
and 26°C, after admission the pressure has increased to 1171.8 Kpa. What should be the final temperature of the
gas in the vessel in Kelvin?
Solution:
Solving for the mass of gas which is to be compressed:
PV = mRT
101.325(2.83) = m1R(10 + 273)
m1 = 1.01325/R
Solving for the mass of gas initially contained in the vessel:
PV = mRT
137.8(0.31) = m2R(26 + 273)
m2 = 0.14286/R
Solving for the final temperature:
m3 = m1 + m2
m3 = 1.01325/R + 0.14286/R = 1.156/R
1171.8(0.31) = (1.156/R)RT3
T3 = ____________ANS.

# A perfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 ft-lb/lb-R and k = 1.23. if 20 Btu are added to 10 lbs of this gas at
constant volume when initial temperature is 90°F, find the final temperature.
Solution
Q = m cv (t2 – t1)
cv = R / (k -1) = = 0.29086 Btu/lb-F
20 = 10(0.29086)(t2 – 90)
t2 = ___________ANS.

# Ammonia weighing 22kgs is confirmed inside a cylinder equipped with a piston has an initial pressure
of 413KPa at 38 C. If 3200KJ of heat is added to the ammonia until its final pressure and temperature are
413KPa and 100oC respectively, what is the amount of work done by the fluid in KJ?
SOLUTION
Since the molecular weight of ammonia is 17. Then
R = 8.3143/M = 8.3143/17 = 0.489 KJ/kgoK
P1V1 = mRT1
413V1 = 22(0.489)(38 + 273)
V1 = 8.101 m3
P2V2 = mRT2
413V2 = 22(0.489)(100 + 273)
V2 = 9.716 m3
W = P(V1-V2) = 413(9.716 – 8.101) = ANS.

# A tank contains 90ft3 of air at a pressure of 350 psig; if the air is cooled until its pressure and
temperature decreases to 200 psig and 70oF respectively. What is the decrease in internal energy?
SOLUTION
m = PV/RT = (200 + 14.7)(90)(144)/(53.342)(70 + 460) = 98.50 lbs
for constant volume process:
P1/T1 = P2/T2
T2 = 70 + 460 = 530oR
=
T
T1 = 900oR
ΔU = mcv(T2 – T1) = 98.50(0.171)(530 – 900) = ANS.

# A large mining company was provided with a 3m3 of compressed air tank. Air pressure in the tank drops
from 700KPa while the temperature remains constant at 28oC. What percentage has the mass of air in the tank
been reduced?
SOLUTION
Percent mass reduced = (700 – 150)/700 = ANS.
# A 4m3/hr pump delivers water to a pressure tank. At the start, the gauge reads 138KPa until it reads
276KPa and then the pump was shut off. The volume of the tank is 180liters. At 276KPa the water occupied 2/3
of the tank volume. Determine the volume of the water that can be taken out until the gauge reads 138KPa.
SOLUTION
Consider the air pressure:
V2 = 1/3 (180) = 60liters
P1V1 = P2V2
(138 + 101.325)(V1) = (276 + 101.325)(60)
V1 = 94.59 liters
Amount of water to be removed = 2/3 (180) – (180 – 94.59) = ANS.

# A refrigeration plant is rated at 15tons capacity. How many pounds of air per hour will it cool from 70 to
o
90 F at constant pressure.
SOLUTION
Tons of refrigeration = mcp(t2 – t1)/12000
m

m= ANS.

# An air standard engine has a compression ratio of 18 and a cut – off ratio of 4. If the intake pressure and
temperature are 100KPa and 27oC, find the work in KJ per kg.
SOLUTION
1 rkc
e = 1 – k-1 [ ]
rk
T1 = 27 + 273 = 300oK
Process 1 to 2 is isentropic procees:
T2 = T1(V1/V2)k-1 = 300(18)1.4-1 = 953.301oK
Process 2 to 3 is constant pressure process:
T3/T2 = V2/V3 = rc
T3 = 953.301 (4) = 3813.205oK
QA = mcp(T3 – T2) = 1(3813.205 -953.301) = 2860 KJ/kg
W = (.5531)(2860) = ANS.

# Determine the air – standard efficiency of an engine operating on the diesel cycle with clearance of 6%
when the suction pressure is 99.97KPa and the fuel injected for 7% of the stroke. Assume k = 1.4.
SOLUTION
V3 – V2 = 0.07VD
V2 = 0.06VD
V3 - 0.06VD = 0.07VD
V3 = 0.13VD
rc = V3/ V2 = 0.13VD/0.06VD = 2.167
rk = (1 + 0.06)/0.06 = 17.667
= ANS.

# Steam at 2MPa and 250oC in a rigid cylinder is cooled until the quality is 30%. Find the heat rejected
from the cylinder.
At 2MPa and 250oC: v = 0.11144m3/kg u = 2679.6 KJ/kg
At 2MPa, (saturated): vf = 0.0011767m3/kg, vg = 0.09963m3/kg uf = 906.44 KJ/kg,
ufg = 1693.8KJ/kg
SOLUTION
Q = U2 – U1
U1 = 2679.6 KJ/kg
U2 = Uf + xUfg = 906.44 + 0.30(1693.8) = 1414.58 KJ/kg
Q = 1414.58 – 2679.6 = ANS.

# At 1.3MPa, mixture steam and water has an entropy of 3KJ/kg - oK. Find the enthalpy of the mixture.
At 1.3MPa: sf = 2.2515, sg = 6.4953, hf = 814.93, hfg = 1972.7
SOLUTION
s = sf + xsfg
3 = 2.2515 + x(6.4953)
x = 0.17614
h = hf + xhfg = 814.93 + 0.17614(1972.7) = ANS.
# Mixture with 70% quality at 500KPa is heated isothermally until its pressure is 300KPa. Find the heat
added during the process.
At 500KPa: sf = 1.8607, sfg = 4.9606
o
At 300KPa and 151.86 C s = 7.088 KJ/kg
SOLUTION
s1 = sf + xsfg = 1.8607 + 0.70(4.9606) = 5.333 KJ/kg
s2 = 7.088 KJ/kg
Q = T(s2 - s1) = (151.86 + 273)(7.088 – 5.333) = ANS.

# A tank contains exactly one kilogram of water consisting of liquid and vapor equilibrium at 1MPa. If the
liquid contains one – third and the remaining is vapor of the volume of the tank, what is the enthalpy of the
contents of the tank?
At 1MPa: vf = 0.0011273 vfg = 0.19444
hf = 762.81 hfg = 2015.3
SOLUTION
Let V = total volume of the tank
T2 = T1(V1/V2)k-1 = 300(18)1.4 – 1 = 953.301oK
Process 2 to 3 is constant process:

T3 = 953.301(4) = 3813.205oK
QA = mcp(T3 – T2) = 1(3813.205 - 953.301) = 2850 KJ/kg
W = (0.5531)( 2850) = ANS.

# Determine the air standard efficiency of an engine operating on the diesel cycle with clearance of 6%
when the suction pressure is 99.97KPa and the fuel is injected for 7% of the stroke. Assume k = 1.4.
SOLUTION
V3 - V2 = 0.07VD
V2 = 0.06VD
V3 = 0.07VD + 0.06VD
V3 = 0.13VD
rc = V3/ V2 = 0.13VD /0.06VD = 2.167
rk = (1 + 0.06)/(0.060) = 17.667
1 2.1671.4 - 1
e = 1- [
1.4-1 1.4(2.167-1
= ANS.
17.667

# A steam at 2MPa and 250oC in a right rigid cylinder is cooled until the quality is 30%. Find the heat
rejected from the cylinder.
At 2MPa and 250oC: v = 0.11144 m3/kg u = 2679.6 KJ/kg
3
At 2MPa, (saturated): vf = 0.0011767 m /kg, vg = 0.09963 m3/kg
uf = 906.44 KJ/kg ufg = 1693.8 KJ/kg
SOLUTION
Q = (u2 – u1)
u1 = 2679.6KJ/kg
u2 = uf + x ufg = 906.44 + 0.3(1693.8) = 1414.58KJ/kg
Q = (1414.58 – 2679.6) = ANS

# At 1.3MPa, mixture steam and water has an entropy of 3KJ/kg-oK. Find the enthalpy of the mixture.
At 1.3MPa: sf = 2.2515, sg = 6.4953, hf = 814.93, hfg = 1972.7
SOLUTION
s = sf + x(sg – sf)
3 = 2.2515 + x(6.4953 – 2.2515)
x = 0.17637
h = hf + xhfg = 814.93 + 0.17637(1972.7) = ANS.

# Mixture with 70% quality at 500KPa is heated isothermally until its pressure is 300KPa. Find the heat
added during the process.
At 500KPa: sf = 1.8607, sfg = 4.9606
At 300KPa and 151.86oC: s = 7.0888
SOLUTION
For isothermal process, t1 = t2
s1 = sf + xsfg = 1.8607 + 0.7(4.9606) = 5.333
s2 = 7.0888
Q = T(s2 – s1) = (151.86 + 273)(7.0888 – 5.333) = ANS.
# A tank contains exactly one kilogram of water consisting of liquid and vapor in equilibrium at 1MPa. If
the liquid contains one third and the remaining is vapor of the volume of the tank, what is the enthalpy of the
contents of the tank?
At 1MPa: vf = 0.0011273 vfg = 0.19444
hf = 762.81 hfg = 2015.3
SOLUTION
Let V = total volume of tank
mL = VL/vL = (V/3) / 0.0011273 = 295.69 V
mv = Vv / vv = (2V/3) / 0.1944 = 3.429V
x= = ANS.

# Water substance at 70 bar and 65oC enters a boiler tube of constant inside diameter of 35mm. The water
leaves the boiler tube at 50 bar and 700oK at velocity of 100m/s. Calculate the inlet volume flow(li/sec).
SOLUTION
From steam tables:
At 70bar(7MPa) and 65oC
v1 = 0.001017m3/kg
at 50bar(5MPa) and 700oK(427oC)
v2 = 0.06081m3/kg
m1 = m2
Q1/ v1 = Q2/ v2

V1 = 1.672m/sec
Q1 = A x v = (π/4)(0.035)2(1.672) = ANS.

# Steam leaves an industrial boiler at 827.4KPa and 171.6oC. A portion of the steam is passed through a
throttling calorimeter and is exhausted to the atmosphere when the calorimeter pressure is 101.4KPa. How
much moisture does the steam leaving the boiler contain if the temperature of the steam at the calorimeter is
115.6oC?
At 827KPa(171.6oC): hf = 727.25 KJ/kg, hfg = 2043.2 KJ/kg
From table 3: At 101.4KPa and 115.6oC: h2 = 2707.6 KJ/kg
SOLUTION
Let x = quality of steam entering the throttling calorimeter
h1 = h2
hfg + xhfg = h2
727.25 + x(2043.2) = 2707.6
x = 0.9692; y = 1 - 0.9692 = ANS.

# A throttling calorimeter is connected to the desuperheated steam line supplying steam to the auxiliary
feed pump on a ship. The line pressure measures 2.5MPa. The calorimeter pressure is 110KPa and 150 oC.
Determine the entropy of the steam line.
At 110KPa and 150.C: h2 = 2775.6KJ.kg
At 2.5MPa: hf = 962.11KJ/kg, hfg = 1841 KJ/kg, sf = 2.5547, sfg = 3.7028
SOLUTION
For throttling process: (h1 = h2)
h1 = h2 = hf + x hfg
2775.6 = 962.11 + x(1841)
x = 98.5%
s1 = sf + x sfg = 2.5447 + 0.985(3.7028) = ANS.

# Atmospheric pressure boils at 212oF. At the vacuum pressure at 24 in Hg, the temperature is 142oF. Find
the boiling temperature when the pressure is increased by 40psia from the atmospheric.
SOLUTION
P2 = 14.7 + 40 = 54.7 psia
P1 = -24(14.7/29.92) + 14.7 = 2.908 psia
By interpolation:

t2 = ANS.
# A certain coal has the following ultimate analysis:
C = 69% N2 = 5% H2 = 2.5% S = 7%
Determine the amount of oxygen of the heating value of fuel is 26 961.45 KJ/kg.
SOLUTION
Qh = 33 820C + 144 212 (H - ) + 9304S
26961.45 = 33820(.69) + 144212 (0.025 – O/8) + 9304(0.07)
O= ANS.

# A diesel engine consumed 945 liters of fuel per day at 35oC. If the fuel was purchased at 15.5oC and
30oAPI at P29.00/li, determine the cost of fuel to operate the engine per day.
SOLUTION
16

Cost = P29.00/li(935.44li) = ANS.

# A cylindrical tank 4m long and 3m diameter is used for oil storage. How many days can the tank supply
the engine having 27oAPI with fuel consumption of 60kg.hr?
SOLUTION
V = π/4 D2 h = π/4 (3)2(4) = 28.274 m3

Density of fuel = 0.89274(1000kg/m3) = 892.74kg/m3

w = m/V
V = 60/892.74 = 0.0672 m3/hr
Number of days = 28.274/0.0672 = 420.75hrs = ANS.

# A logging firm in Isabella operates a Diesel Electric Plant to supply its electric energy requirements.
During a 24 period, the plant consumed 250 gallons of fuel at 80oF and produced 2900KW-hrs. Industrial fuel
used is 30oAPI and was purchased at P30.00/li at 60oF. Determine the overall thermal efficiency of the plant.
SOLUTION
Qh = 41130 + 139.6xoAPI = 41130 + 139.6(30) = 45318 KJ/kg
60oF = 15.6oC
80oF = 26.6oC

At 26.6oC
mf = 250gal/24hrs x 3.785li/gal x 0.869kg/li x 1hr/3600sec
mf = 0.00952 kg/sec
load = 2900/24 = 120.833KW
overall efficiency = = ANS.

# The dry exhaust gas from oil engine has the following gravimetric analysis:
CO2 = 21.6% O2 = 4.2% N2 = 74.2%
Specific heats at constant pressure for each component of the exhaust gas in Kcal/kgoC are:
CO2 = 0.203 O2 = 0.219 N2 = 0.248
Calculate the specific gravity if the molecular weight of air is 28.97 kg/kg-mol.
SOULTION
Converting the gravimetric analysis to volumetric:
CO2 = 0.219/44 = 0.004909
O2 of nitrogen in lb/= 0.042/32 = 0.001312
N2 = 0.742/28 = 0.026500
0.032721 mols/kg-mol
Molecular weight = 1/0.032721 = 30.56kg/kg-mol
SG = 30.56/28.97 = ANS.
# A bituminous coal has the following composition:
C = 71.5% H = 5.0% O = 7.0% N = 1.3% S = 3% Ash = 7.6%
W = 3.4%
Determine the theoretical weight of nitrogen in lb/lb of coal.
SOLUTION
Theo. A/F = 11.5C + 34.5(H – O/8) + 4.3S
= 11.5(0.715) + 34.5 (0.05 – 0.07/8) + 4.3(0.03)
= 9.8 lb air / lb coal
N2 in air by weight = 76.8%
therefore:
theoretical weight of N2 = 0.768(9.8) = ANS.

# A gaseous fuel mixture has a molal analysis:

H2 = 14% CH4 = 3% CO = 27%
O2 = 0.6% CO2 = 4.5% N2 = 50.9%
Determine the air fuel ratio for complete combustion of molal basis.
SOLUTION
Chemical reaction with oxygen:
0.14H2 + 0.070O2 = 0.14H2O
0.03CH4 + 0.060O2 = 0.03CO2 + 0.06H2O
0.27Co + 0.135O2 = 0.27CO2
0.265O2
Actual O2 in product = 0.265 O2 – 0.006 O2 = 0.259 O2
Molal A/F = 0.259 + 0.259(3.76) = ANS.

# A volumetric analysis of a gas mixture is as follows:

CO2: 12% N2: 80%
O2: 4% CO: 4%
What is the percentage of CO2 on a mass basis?
SOLUTION
Converting to mass basis:
CO2 = 0.12 x 44 = 5.28
O2 = 0.014x32 = 1.28
N2 = 0.82x28 = 22.96
CO = 0.02x28 = 0.56
Total mass of product = 5.28 + 1.28 + 22.96 + 0.56 = 30.08 kg
% mass of CO2 = 5.28/30.08 = ANS.

# The following coal has the following ultimate analysis by weight:

C = 70.5% H2 = 4.5% O2 = 6.0% N2 = 1.0%
S = 3.0% ash = 11% moisture = 4%
A stocker fired boiler of 195000kg/hr steaming capacity uses this coal as fuel. Calculate volume of air in m3/kg
with air at 60oF and 14.7 psia pressure of boiler efficiency is 70% and FE = 1.10.
SOLUTION

Theo. A/F = 11.5C + 34.5(H – O/8) + 4.3S

= 11.5(0.705) + 34.5(0.045 – 0.06/8) + 4.3(0.03)

= 9.53

Actual A/F = 9.53(1.3) = 12.389 kg air/kg fuel

( )

( )

( )
 ; mf = 23107.56 (12.389) = 286279.57 kg/hr

101.325(V) = 286279.57(0.287)(15.6 + 273)

V= ANS.

# 23.5 kg of steam per second at 5MPa and 400oC is produced by a steam generator. The feedwater enters
the economizer at 145oC and leaves at 205oC. The steam leaves the boiler drum with a quality of 98%. The unit
consumes 3kg of coal per second as received having a heating value of 25102 KJ/kg. What would be the overall
efficiency of the unit in percent?

Steam properties:

At 5MPa and 400oC: h = 3195.7KJ/kg At 5MPa: hf = 1154.23, hg =1640.1

At 205oC: hf = 875.04 At 145oC: hf = 610.63

SOLUTION

= ANS.

# In a Rankine cycle steam enters the turbine at 2.5MPa (enthalpies and entropies given) and condenser of
50KPa (properties given), what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle?

At 2.5MPa: hg = 2803.1 sg = 6.2575

At 50KPa: sf = 1.0910 sfg = 6.5029 hf = 340.49 hfg = 2305.4 vf = 0.0010300

SOLUTION

h1 = 2803.1 KJ/kg

solving for h2:

s = sf + xsfg

6.2575 = 1.0910 + x(6.5029)

x = 0.7945

h2 = hf + xhfg = 340.49 + 0.7945(2305.4) = 2172.13 KJ/kg

h3 = 340.49 KJ/kg

h4 = hf + vf (P2 – P1) = 340.49 + 0.00103(2500 - 50) = 342.98 KJ/kg

Efficiency = ANS.

# A two-stage air compressor air at 100 Kpa and 22⁰ C discharges to 750Kpa. If intercooler intake is 105⁰ C,
determine the value of n.
Solution:
Px = √ = 273.86 Kpa

( )

( )

1.281 =
n = _____________ ANS.
# A single acting air compressor has a volumetric efficiency of 89%, operates at 500 rpm. It takes in air at
100kpa and 30⁰ C and discharges it at 600 Kpa. The air handled is 8 m3/min measured at discharge condition.
If compression is isentropic, find mean effective pressure in Kpa
SOLUTION:
P1V1k = P2V2k
100(V11.4) = 600(8)1.4
V1 = 28.37687 m3/min
VD = 28.768/0.89 = 32.32 m3/min
-

W= [( ) ]= * +

W = Pm x VD
7562.19 = Pm x 32.32
Pm = ________ ANS.

# A water-jacketed air compressor handles 0.343 m3/s of air at 96.5 kpa and 21⁰ C and leaving at 480 kpa and
132⁰ C; 10.9 kg/h of cooling water enters the jacket at 15⁰ C and leaves at 21⁰ C. Determine the compressor
break power.
SOLUTION:

( )

( )
n = 1.249
W= * + = 62.57 KW
Q = heat loss = mCp(t2 – t1) = (10.9/3600)(4.187)(21 – 15) = 0.076 KW
Brake power = W + Q = 62.57 + 0.076 = _______ ANS.

# A double suction centrifugal pump delivers 20 ft3/sec of water at a head of 12 m and running at 650 rpm.
What is the specific speed of the pump?
SOLUTION:
√
Ns =
Q=
h = 12 x 3.281 = 39.37 ft
Ns = __________ANS.

# Determine the number of stages needed for a centrifugal pump if it is used to deliver 400 gal/min of water
and pump power of 15 Hp. Each impeller develops a head of 30 ft.
SOLUTION:
Wp = w Q h
15 x 0.746 = 9.81(400 gal/min x 0.003785 m3/gal x 1/60) h
h =45.20 m x 3.281 ft/m = 148.317 ft
Number of stages = 148.317/30 = 4.94 stages

# The suction pressure of a pump reads 3 in. of mercury vacuum and discharge pressure reads 140psi is use to
deliver 120 gpm of water with specific volume of 0.0163 ft3/lb. Determine the pump work.
SOLUTION:
P1 = -3 in Hg x 101.325/29.92 = -10.15 Kpa
P2 = 140 psi x 101.325/14.7 = 965 Kpa
W = 1/v = 1/.0163 = 61.35 lb/ft3 x 9.81/62.4 = 9.645 KN/m3
h= = = 101.105 m
Q = 120 gal/min x 3.785 li/1gal x 1m3/1000li x 1/60 = 0.00757 m3/sec
P = w Q h = 9.645(0.00757)(101.105) = ____________ ANS.

# A submersible pump delivers 350 gpm of water to a height of 5 ft from the ground. The pump was installed
150 ft below the ground level and a draw down of 8 ft during the operation. If water level is 25 ft above the
pump, determine the pump power.
SOLUTION:
h = 5+ 150 – (25 – 8) = 138/3.281 = 42.06 m
Q = 350 gal/min x 0.003785 m3/gal x 1min/60sec = 0.02246 m3/sec
Wp = w Q h = 9.819.02246)(42.06) = __________ ANS.
# A vacuum pump is used to drain a flooded mine shaft of 20⁰ C water. The pump pressure of water at this
temperature is 2.34 Kpa. The pump is incapable of lifting the water higher than 16 m. What is the atmospheric
pressure?
SOLUTION:

P1 = ___________ ANS.

# A submersible, multi-stage, centrifugal deep well pump 260 gpm capacity is installed in a well 27 feet below
the static water level and running at 3000 rpm. Drawdown when pumping at rated capacity is 10 ft. the pump
delivers the water into a 25,000 gallons capacity overhead storage tank. Total discharge head developed by
pump, including friction in piping is 243 ft. Calculate the diameter of the impeller of this pump in inches if
each impeller diameter developed a head of 38 ft.
SOLUTION:
V=πDN
V=√
π D (3000/60) = √
D = 0.315 ft = _________ ANS.

# A fan draws 1.42 m3/sec of air at a static pressure of 2.54 cm of water through a duct 300 mm diameter and
discharges it through a duct of 275 mm diameter. Determine the static fan efficiency if total fan mechanical is
75% and air is measured at 25⁰ C and 760 mmHg.
SOLUTION:
wa =

# A total head of fan is 187 m and has a static pressure of 210 mm of water gage, what is the velocity of air
flowing if density of air is 1.15 kg/m3?
SOLUTION:
hs = 0.21(1000-1.15) = 182.61 m
h = hs + hv
187 = 182.61 + hv
hv = 4.39 m
4.39 = v2 /2(9.81)
v = _________ANS.

# A fan delivers 5.7 m3/sec at a static pressure of 5.08 cm of water when operating at a speed of 400 rpm. The
power input required is 2.963 KW. If 7.05 m3/sec are desired in the same fan and installation, find the pressure
in cm of water.
SOLUTION:

N2 = 494.74 rpm

( )

( )
h2 = __________ANS.

# A rigid container is closed at one end and measures 8 in diameter by 12 in long. The container is held
vertically and is slowly moved downward until the pressure in the container is 17 psia. What will be the depth
of the top of the container from the free water surface?
SOLUTION:
Patm = Pgage + Patm
17 = Pgage + 14.7
Pgage = 2.30 psi
Pgage = w h
2.30(144) = 62.4 (h)
h = 5.3077ft x 12 =__________ans.
 # An empty, open can is 30 cm high with a 15 cm diameter. The can, with the open end down, is pushed under
water with a density of 1000 kg/m3. Find the water level in the can when the top of the can is 50 cm below the
surface.
SOLUTION:
Consider the water pressure
Pw = wh + 101.325 = (0.8 - x)(9.81) + 101.325 = 109.173 – 9.81x
Consider the air pressure:
P1V1 = P2V2
101.325(A x 0.3) = P2[A(0.3 – x)]
P2 =
Pw = P 2
109.173 – 9.81x =
9.81x2 – 112.116x + 2.3705 = 0
By quadratic formula:
X = 0.02118 m = _____________ANS

# A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.03 m3/s having top diameter of 0.08, bottom diameter
of 0.04 m and height of 1.5 m. Find the pressure between the pipe.
SOLUTION:

Z1 – Z2 = 1.5 m
Z2 – Z1 = -1.5 m
V1 =

V2 =

+ (-1.5)
P1 – P2 = __________ANS.

# Determine the size of pipe which will deliver 8 liters of medium oil (v = 6.10 x 10-6 m2/s) assuming laminar
flow conditions.
V=

Re =
For laminar flow, Re = 2000
2000 =
d = 0.835 m = ________ANS.

# The type of flow occupying in a 1 cm diameter pipe which water flows at a velocity of 2.50 m/s. Use
v=1.13x10-6 m2/s for water.
SOLUTION:
Re =dV/ v
Re =
Since it is greater than 2000, then it is _________ANS
# An insulated rigid tank initially contains 1.5 lb of helium at 80⁰ F and 50 psia. Apaddle wheel with power
rating of 0.02 hp is operated within the tank for 30 min. Determine the final temperature.
SOLUTION:
W= ΔU = mcv(T2 – T1)
0.02hp (0.50 hr)(2545 Btu/hr/hp) = 1.5 (0.171)(T2 – 80)
T2 = __________ANS.

# A 4 m2 asphalt pavement with emissivity of 0.85 has a surface temperature of 50⁰ C. Find the maximum rate
of radiation that can be emmited from the surface.
SOLUTION:
Qr = e ksvA
Ksv = 5.67 x 10-8 (Stefan Boltzman constant)
Qr = 0.85(5.67 x 108)(4)(50 +273)4 = ____________ANS.

# Air at 10⁰ C and 80 kpa enters a diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet area of
diffuser is 0.40 m2. Determine the mass flow rate of air.
SOLUTION:
w = P/RT = 80/0.287(10+273) = 0.985 kg/m3
m = wvA = 0.985(200)(0.40) = ___________ANS.
# Consider a refrigeration whose 40watts light bulb remains on continuously as a result of a malfunction of the
switch. If the refrigerator has a COP of 1.3 and the cost of electricity is 8 cents per kw-hr, determine the
increase in the energy consumption of the refrigeration and its cost per year if the switch is not fixed.
SOLUTION:
COP = Re / Wref
1.3 = 40 / Wref
Wref = Wb + Wref = 40 + 30.769 = 70.77 watts
W = 0.07077 KW
Cost = 0.07077(8760)(P0.08) = ___________ANS.

# A 75 hp motor that has an efficiency of 91% is worn out and is replaced by a high-efficiency motor that has
an efficiency motor that has an efficiency of 95.4%. Determine the reduction in heat gain of the room due to
higher efficiency under full-load conditions.
SOLUTION:
P01 = (75x0.746)(0.91) = 50.91 KW
P02 = (75x0.746)(0.954) = 53.376 KW
Qreduced = 53.376 – 50.91 = _________ANS.

# A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450 watts and a COP of 2.5 is to cool five large
watermelons, 10 kg each, to 8⁰ C. If the watermelons are initially at 20⁰ C, determine how long will it take for
the refrigerator to cool them. The watermelons can be treated as water whose specific heat is 4.2 KJ/kg-⁰ K.
SOLUTION:
COP = Re/Wc
2.5 = Re/450
Re = 1,125 watts
Re = mcp(t2 – t1)
450t = (10 x 5)(4.2)(20 – 8)
t = ____________ANS.

# When a man returns to his wall-sealed house on a summer day, he finds that the house is at 32⁰ C. He
returns on the air conditioner which cools the entire house to 20⁰ C in 15 minutes. If COP is 2.5, determine the
power drawn by the air conditioner. Assume the entire mass within the house is 800 kg of ait which cv= 0.72
KJ/kg-K, cp=1.0 KJ/kg-K.
SOLUTION:
Re = mcv(t2 – t1) = (800/15x60)(0.72)(32 – 20)
Re = 7.68 KW
Wc = 7.68 / 2.5 = ___________ANS.

A heat source at 800°K losses 2000 KJ of heat to a sink at 500°K. Determine the entropy generated during the
process.
Solution:
∆Ssource = -2000/800 = -2.5
∆Ssink = 2000/500 = 4
∆Sgen = -2.5/4 = _____________ANS
Helium gas in compressed in an adiabatic compressor from an initial state of 14 psia and 50°F to a final
temperature of 320°F in a reversible manner. Determine the exit pressure of Helium.
Solution:
T2/T1 = (P2/P1)n-1/n
(320+460)(50+460) = (P2/14)1.667-1/1.667
P2 = _____________ANS

Air pass thru a nozzle with efficiency of 90%. The velocity of air at the exit is 600 m/s. Find the actual Velocity
at the exit.
Solution:
e = (Va/V3)2
0.9 = (Va/600)2
Va = _____________ANS

A 50 kg block of iron casting at 500°K is thrown into a large lake that is at a temperature of 285°K. The iron
block eventually reaches the thermal equilibrium with the lake water. Assuming average specific heat of 0.45
KJ/kg-K for the iron, determine the entropy generated during the process.
Solution:
∆Siron = m c ln(T2/T1) = 50(0.45)ln (285/500) = -12.65 KJ/K
∆Slake = Q/T = [50(0.45)(500-285)] / 285 = 16.97 KJ/K
∆Sgen = -12.65 + 16.97 = _____________ANS
A windmill with a 12 m diameter rotor is to be installed at a location where the wind is blowing at an average
velocity of 10 m/s. Using standard condition of air (1 atm, 25°C), determine the maximum power that can be
generated by the windmill.
Solution:
w = P/RT = 101.325 / (0.287)(25+273) = 1.1847 kg/m3
m = w A v = 1.1847(π/4 x 122)(10) = 1,339.895 kg/s
KE = v2/2000 = 102/2000= 0.05 KJ/kg
Power = m KE = 1,339.895(0.05) = _____________ANS

Consider a large furnace that can supply heat at a temperature of 2000°R at a steady rate of 3000 Btu/s.
Determine the exergy of this energy. Assume an environment temperature of 77°F.
Solution:

W = e Q = 0.7315 (3000) = 2194.5 Btu/s = _____________ANS

A heat engine receives hat from a source at 1200°K at a rate of 500KJ/s and rejects the waste heat to a medium
at 300°K. The power output of the heat engine is 180 KW. Determine the irreversibility rate for this process.
Solution:
e = (1200-300) / 1200 = 0.75
W= 0.75(500) = 375 KW
Irreversibilities = 375-180 = _____________ANS

A dealer advertises that he has just received a shipment of electric resistance heaters for residential buildings
that have an efficiency of 100 percent. Assuming an indoor temperature of 21°C and outdoor temperature of
10°C, determine the second law efficiency of these heaters.
Solution:
COP1 = 100 efficient = 1
COP2 = (21+273) / (21-10) = 26.72
esl = COP1 / COP2 = 1 / 26.72 = _____________ANS

A thermal power plant has a heat rate of 11,363 Btu/KW-hr. Find the thermal efficiency of the plant.
Solution:
e = 3412 / Heat rate = 3412 / 11363 = _____________ANS

A rigid tank contains 2 kmol of N2 and 6 kmol of CO2 gases at 300°K and 115 Mpa. Find the tank volume using
ideal gas equation
Solution:
Pm Vm = Nm Ru Tm
15,000 Vm = (6+2)(8.314)(300)
Vm = _____________ANS

A spherical balloon with a diameter of 6 m is filled with helium at 20°C and 200 kpa. Determine the mole
number.
Solution:
PV=NRT
(200)* + = N (8.314) (20+273)
N = _____________ANS

The air is an automobile tire with a volume of 0.53 ft3 is at 90°Fand 20 psig. Determine the amount of air that
must be added to raise the pressure to the recommended value of 30 psig. Assume the atmospheric pressure to
be 14.7 psia and the temperature and the volume to remain constant.
Solution:
PV=mRT
(20+14.7)(144)(0.53) = m1 (53.3)(90+460)
m1 = 0.09034 lb
(30+14.7)(144)(0.53) = m2 (53.3)(90+460)
m2 = 0.11634 lb
madded = m2 – m1 = 0.11634 - 0.09034 = _____________ANS

A rigid tank contains 20 lbm of air at 20 psia and 70°F. More air is added to the tank until the pressure and
temperature rise to 35 psia and 90°F, respectively. Determine the amount of air added to the tank.
Solution:
P1 V1 = m1 R1 T1
(20 x 144) (V1) = 20(53.3)(70+460)
V = 196.17 ft3
P2 V2 = m2 R2 T2
 (35 x 144)(196.17) = m2(53.3)(90+460)
m2 = 33.73 lbs
madded = m2 – m1 = 33.73 – 20 = _____________ANS

A rigid tank contains 5 kg of an ideal gas at 4 atm and 40°C. Now a valve is opened and half of mass of the gas
is allowed to escape. If the final pressure in the tank is 1.5 atm, the final temperature in the tank is:
Solution:
PV=mRT
(4 x 9.81)(V) = 5(0.287)(40+273)
V = 11.446 m3
PV=mRT
(1.5 x 9.81)(11.446) = (5/2)(0.287)(T)
T = _____________ANS

The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 200 kpa(gage) before the trip and 220 kpa(gage) after the
tip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 90 kpa. If the temperature of the air in the tire before the trip
is 25°C, the air temperature after the trip is:
Solution:
T2/T1 = P2/P1
T2 / (25+273) = (220+90) / (200+90)
T2 = 318.55°K
t2 = _____________ANS

Water is boiling at 1 atm pressure in a stainless steel pan on an electric range. It is observed that 2 kg of liquid
water evaporates in 30 min. The rate of heat transfer to the water is:
Solution:
Q = mL = * + = _____________ANS

Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20°C. Determine the total rate of heat transfer from this person
if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6 m2 and 29°C,
respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6W/ m2 with emissivity factor of 0.95.
Solution:
Qc = h A (t2-t1) = (6)(1.6)(29.20) = 86.40 watts
Qf = (0.95)(5.67 x 10-8)(1.6)[(29+273)4-(20+273)4] = 81.7 watts
Q = Qc + Qf = 86.40 + 81.7 = _____________ANS

Water is boiled in a pan on a stove at sea level. During 10 minutes of boiling, it is observed that 200 grams of
water has evaporated. Then the rate of heat transfer to the water is:
Solution:
Q = mL = (0.2/10) (2257) = _____________ANS

An aluminum pan whose thermal conductivity is 237 W/m-C has a flat bottom whose diameter is 20 cm and
thickness 0.4 cm. Heat is transferred steadily to boiling water in the pan through its bottom at a rate of 500
watts. If the inner surface of the bottom of the pan is 105°C, determine the temperature of the surface of the
bottom of the pan.
Solution:
A = π/4 (0.20)2 = 0.0314m2

t2 = _____________ANS

For a heat transfer purposes, a standing man can be modeled as a 30 cm diameter, 170 cm long vertical cylinder
with both the top and bottom surfaces insulated and with the side surface at an average temperature of 34°C. For
a convection heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2-°C, determine the rate of heat loss from this man by
convection in an environment at 20°C.
Solution:
Qc = k A (t2-t1) = 15(π x 0.30 x 1.7) (34-20) = _____________ANS
A 5 cm diameter spherical ball whose surface is maintained at a temperature of 70°C is suspended in the middle
of a room at 20°C. If the convection heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/m2-°C and the emissivity of the surface is
0.8, determine the total heat transfer from the ball.
Solution:
A = 4 π r2 = 4 π (0.05)2 = 0.0314 m2
Qc = h A (t2-t1) = 15(0.0314) (70-20) = 23.56 watts
Qr = (0.80) (5.67 x 10-8) (0.0314) [(70+273)4-(50+273)4] = 9.22 watts
Q = Qc + Qr = 23.56 + 9.22 = _____________ANS

A frictionless piston-cylinder device and a rigid tank contain 1.2 kmol of an ideal gas at the same temperature,
pressure, and volume. Now heat is transferred, and the temperature of both system is raised by 15°C. The
amount of extra heat that must be supplied to the gas in the cylinder that is maintained at constant pressure.
Solution:
Q = m Cp (t2-t1) = (1.2 x 8.314)(1)(15) = _____________ANS

A supply of 50 kg of chicken at 6°C contained in a box to be frozen to -18°C in a freezer. Determine the amount
of heat that needs to be removed. The latent heat of the chicken is 247 KJ/kg, and its specific heat is 3.32 KJ/kg-
C above freezing and 1.77 KJ/kg-C below freezing. The container box is 1.5 kg, and the specific heat of the box
material is 1.4 KJ/kg-C. Also the freezing temperature of chicken is -2.8°C.
Solution:
Qchicken = 50[3.32(6+2.8) + 247 + 1.77(-2.8+18)] = 15,156 KJ
Qbox = 1.5(1.4)(6+18) = 50.4 KJ
Q = 15,156 + 50.4 = _____________ANS

Water is being heated in a closed pan on top of a range while being stirred by a paddle wheel. During the
process, 30 KJ of heat is transferred to the water and 5 KJ of heat is lost to the surrounding air. The paddle-
wheel work amounts to 500 N-m. Determine the final energy of the system if its initial energy is 10 KJ.
Solution:
Final energy = QA + ∆U – Qlose + W = 30 + 10 – 5 + 0.50 = _____________ANS

A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned with window air-conditioning units of 5
KW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed to dissipate heat at rate of about 360 KJ/hr. There are 10
light bulbs in the room, each with a rating of 100 watts. The rate of heat transfer to the classroom through the
walls and the windows is estimated to be 15,000 KJ/hr. If the room to be maintained at a constant temperature
of 21°C, determine the number of window air-conditioning units required.
Solution:
Q = total heat load = 40(360/3600) + 10(0.100) +15,000/3600 = 9.167 KW
No. of air conditioning = 9.167/5 = 1.833 = _____________ANS

A 4m x 5m x 6m room is to be heated by a baseboard resistance heater. It is desired that the resistance heater be
able to raise the air temperature in the room from 7 to 23°C within 15 minutes. Assuming no heat losses from
the room and an atmospheric pressure of 100 kpa, determine the required power of the resistance heater.
Assume constant specific heats at room temperature.
Solution:
w = P/RT = 100 / (0.287)(7+273) = 1.244 kg/m3
m = 1.244(4 x 5 x 6) = 149.28 kg
Q= m Cv (t2-t1) = 149.28(0.7186)(23-7) = 1,716.36 KJ
Power = 1,716.36 / (15 x 60) = _____________ANS
A student living in a 4m x 6m x 6m dormitory room turns on her 150 watts fan before she leaves the room on a
summer day, hoping that the room will be cooler when she comes back in the evening. Assuming all the doors
and windows are tightly closed and disregarding any heat transfer through walls and the windows, determine
the temperature in the room when she comes back 10 hours later. Use specific heat values at room temperature,
and assume the room to be at 100 kpa and 15°C in the morning when she leaves.
Solution:
w = P/RT = 100 / (0.287)(15+273) = 1.2098 kg/m3
m = 1.2098(4 x 6 x 6) = 174.216 kg
Q= m Cv (t2-t1)
0.15(10 x 3600) = 174.216(0.7186)(t2 - 15)
t2 = _____________ANS
A piston-cylinder device whose piston is resting on top of a set of stops initially contains 0.50 kg of helium gas
at 100 kpa and 25°C. The mass of the piston is such that 500 kpa of pressure is required to raise it. How much
heat must be transferred to the helium before the piston starts rising?
Solution:
For helium: Cv = R/(k-1) = (8.314/4)(1.667-1) = 3.116 KJ/kg-K
T2 = (25+273)(500/100) = 1,490°K
T1 = 25+273 = 298°K
Q= m Cv (T2-T1) = 0.50(3.116)(1490-298) = _____________ANS

In order to cool 1 ton (1000 kg) of water at 20°C in an insulated tank, a person pours 80 kg of ice at -5°C into
the water. Determine the final equilibrium temperature in the tank. The melting temperature and the heat of
fusion of ice at atmospheric pressure are 0°C and 333.7 KJ/kg, respectively.
Solution:
Qwater = Qice
1000(4.187)(20-tB) = 80(2.09)(0+5) + 80(333.7) + 80(4.187)(tB-0)
tB = _____________ANS

A fan is powerd by a 0.5 hp motor delivers air at a rate of of 85 m3/min. Determine the highest value for the
average velocity of air mobilized by the fan. Take the density of air to be 1.18 kg/m3.
Solution:
P=wQh
0.50(0.746) = (1.18 x 0.00981)(85/80)(h)
√ = _____________ANS

An Ocean-Thermal Energy Conversion power plant generates 10,000 KW using a warm surface water inlet
temperature of 28°C and a cold deep-water temperature of 15°C. On the basis of a 3°C drop in the temperature
of the warm water and a 3°C rise in the temperature of the cold water due to removal and addition of heat,
calculate the power required in KW to pump the cold-deep water to the surface and through the system heat
exchanger if the required pumping pressure increase is 12 kpa.Assume a Carnot cycle efficiency and density of
cold water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Solution:
e = (TH-TL)/TH = [(28+273)-(15+273)(28+273)] = 0.03679
e = W/QA
0.03679 = 10,000/QA
QA = 271,812.99 KW
QR = QA – W = 271,812.99 -10,000 = 261,813 KW
QR = m Cp (∆t)
261,813 = m (3)(4.187)
m = 20,843.32 kg/s
20,843.32 kg/s or 20,843.32 lit/s = 20.843 m3/s
h = P/w = 12/9.81 = 1.223 m
Wc = w Q h = 9.81(20.843)(1.223) = _____________ANS

A plane-type of solar energy collector with an absorbing surface covered by a glass plate is to receive an
incident radiation of 800 W/m2. The glass plate has a reflectivity of 0.12 and a transmissivity of 0.85. The
absorbing surface has an absorptivity of 0.90. The area of the collector is 5 m2. How much solar energy in watts
is absorbed by the collector?
Solution:
Q = heat absorbed from the sun
Q = 16.3(π/4 x 0.008)[15-(-190)] = _____________ANS

An elastic sphere containing gas at 120 kPa has a diameter of 1.0 m. Heating the sphere causes it to expand to a
diameter of 1.3 m. During the process the pressure is proportional to the sphere diameter. Calculate the work
done by the gas in KJ.
Solution:
PαD
P = kD
120 = k(1)
k = 120
P = 120 D
V = 4/3 π (10/2)3
dV = 12/24 π D2 dD
∫ ∫ ∫
W = _____________ANS
# An ideal gas with a molecular weight of 7.1 kg/kg mol is compressed from 600 kPa and 280 K to a final
specific volume of 0.5 m3/kg. During the process the pressure varies according to p = 620 + 150v + 95v2 where
p is in kPa and v in m3/kg. Calculate the work of compression in KJ/kg.
Solution:
V1 = RT/P = (8.314/7.1)(280)/(600) = 0.546 m3/kg
W=∫ ∫ __________________ANS.

# A one cubic meter container contains a mixture of gases composed of 0.02 kg-mol of oxygen and 0.04 kg-mol
of helium gas at a pressure of 220 kPa. What is the temperature of this ideal gas mixture in degrees Kelvin?
Solution:
V = V1 + V2
VT = m1R1T1/P1 + m2R2T2/P2
1 = (0.02x32)(8.314/32)(T)/220 + (0.04x32)(8.314/4)(T)/220
T = __________ANS.

# Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is burned with 25% excess air. How much unburned oxygen in kg-mol-oxygen/kg-
mol-fuel will there be in the products if the combustion is complete?
Solution:
CH3OH + O2 +3.76N2 = CO2 + H2O + 3.76N2
CH3OH + 1.5O2 + (1.5) (3.76) N2 = 1CO2 + H2O + 1.5(3.76) N2
Consider 25% excess air:
CH3OH + 1.5O2 + 1.25(1.5) (3.76) N2 = 1CO2 + H2O + 1.25(1.5) (3.76) N2 + 0.25(1.5) O2
Unburned O2 = 0.25(1.5) = _________ANS.

# A 12 DC electrical motor draws a current of 15 amps. How much work in KJ does this motor produce over a
10-minute period of operation?
Solution:
W=E=QV
W = (15 x 10 x 60)(12) = 108,000 J = _____________ANS.

# A 4liter (2-liter per revolution at standard pressure and temperature) spark ignition engine has a compression
ratio of 8 and 2200 KJ/kg heat addition by the fluid combustion. Considering a cold air-standard Otto cycle
model, how much power will the engine produce when operating at 2500 rpm?
Solution:
w= 1.2 kg/m3 (standard density of air)
m = 2 li/rev x 2500 rev/min / 1.2 kg/m3 x 1 m3/1000 li x 1 min/60 sec = 0.10 kg/s
e = W/QA
e = 1 – 1/81.4-1 = 0.5647
0.5647 = W/2200
W = 1,242.34 KJ/kg (0.10 kg/s) = 124.23 KW = _____________ANS.

# A simple Rankine cycle produces a 40 MW of power, 50 MW of process heated and rejects 50MW of heat to
the surroundings. What is the utilization factor of this cogeneration cycle neglecting the pump work?
Solution:
QA = WT + Wprocess WP = 40 + 50 + 50 = 140 KW
UF = (Qprocess + WT)/QA = (50 +40)/140 = _______________ANS.

# The rate of heat transfer to the surroundings from a person at rest is about 400 KJ/hr. Suppose that the
ventilation system fails in an auditorium containing 120 people and assuming that the energy goes into the air of
volume 1500 m3 initially at 300K and 101 kPa, calculate the rate in °C/min of air temperature change.
Solution:
Q = m CV
PV = mRT
101(1500) = m(0.287)(300)
m = 1,759.58 kg
Q = m CV
120(400/60) = 1759.58(0.7186)
= __________ANS.

# An insulated box containing helium gas falls from a balloon 4.5 km above the earth’s surface. Calculate the
temperature rise in °C of the helium when box hits the ground.
Solution:
Cv of helium = 3118.9 J/kg-C
m g h = m Cv
m (9.81) (4500) = m (3118.9)
= ___________ANS.
# Consider two Carnot heat engines operating in series. The first engine receives heat from the reservoir at 2400
K and rejects the waste heat to another reservoir at temperature T. The second engine receives heat by the first
one, convert some of it to work, and rejects the rest to a reservoir at 300K. If thermal efficiencies of both
engines are the same, determine the temperature T.
Solution:
e1 = e2

T = ___________ANS.

# An ideal gas mixtrure consists of 2 kmol of N2 and 6 mol of CO2. The mass fraction of CO2 is:
Solution:
M = (2/8)(28) + (6/8)(44) = 40
R = 8.314/M = 8.314/40 = __________ANS.

# A Carnot cycle operates between the temperature limits of 300K and 1500K, and produces 600 KW of net
power. The rate of entropy change of the working fluid during the head addition process is:
Solution:
W=
600 =
= ___________ANS.

# Air in an ideal Diesel cycle is compressed from 3 L to 0.15 L and then it expands during the constant pressure
heat addition process to 0.3 L. Under cold air standard conditions, the thermal efficiency of this cycle is:
Solution:
rK = 3/0.15 = 20
rC = 0.3 / 0.15 = 2
e = 1 – (1/rKk-1)[(rCK – 1)/k(rC – 1)] = 0.6467 = ________ANS.

# Helium gas in an ideal Otto cycle is compressed from 20°C and 2 L to 0.25 L and its temperature increases by
an additional 800°C during the head addition process. The temperature of helium before the expansion process
is:
Solution:
rk = 2/0.25 = 8
T2 = (20 + 273)(8)1.667-1 = 1,172 K
T3 = T2 + 800 = 1172 + 800 = 1972K = ______________ANS.

# In an ideal Otto cycle, air is compressed from 1.20 kg/m3 and 2.2 L to 0.26 L and the net work output of the
cycle is 440 KJ/kg. The mean effective pressure for the cycle is:
Solution:
VD = V2 – V1 = 2.2 x 10-3 m3 – 0.26 x 10-3 m3 = 1.94 x 10-3 m3
W = 440 KJ/kg (1.2 kg/m3 x 2.2 x 10-3 m3) = 1.1616 KJ
Pm = W/VD = 1.1616 / 1.94 x 10-3 = _____________ANS.

# An ideal Brayton cycle has a net work output of 150 KJ/kg and backwork ratio of 0.4. Of both the turbine and
the compressor had an isentropic efficiency of 80%, the net work output of the cycle would be?
Solution:
Backwork Ratio = WC / WT
WC = 0.40 WT
Wnet = WT - WC
Wnet = 250 KJ/kg
Wnet’ = 250(0.80) – 0.40(200)/0.80 = ___________ANS.

# Air enters a turbojet engine at 200 m/s at a rate of 20 kg/s, and exits at 800 m/s relative to the aircraft. The
thrust developed by the engine is:
Solution:
Thrust developed = m (v2 – v1) = 20(800-200) = ____________ANS.

# A thermal power plant has a net power 10 MW. The backwork ratio of the plant is 0.005. Determine the
compressor work.
Solution:
Wnet = WT + WP
BW = WP / WT
WP = 0.005WT
10,000 = WT – 0.005WT
WT = 10,050.25 KW
WC = 0.005(10,050.25) = ____________ANS.
# A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1200K at a rate of 500 KJ/s and rejects the waste heat to a sink at
300K. If the power output of the engine is 200 KW, the second law efficiency of this heat engine is?
Solution:
ea = 200/500 = 0.40
et = (TH - TL)/TH = (1200-300)/1200 = 0.75
es = 0.40/0.75 = _________ANS.

# A water reservoir contains 100,000 kg of water at an average elevation of 60m. The maximum amount of
electric power that can be generated from this water is:
Solution:
P = mh = (100,000x0.00981)(60) = 58,860 KJ
P = 58,860 KJ x KWh/3600KJ = ____________ANS.

# A house is maintained at 22°C in winter by electric resistance heaters. If the outdoor temperature is 5°C, the
second law efficiency of the resistance heaters is:
Solution:
ea = 100% resistance heaters
et = (22-15)/(22+273) = 5.8%
es = 5.8/100 = _________ANS.

# A thermoelectric refrigerator that resembles a small ice chest is powered by a car battery, and has a COP of
0.10. If the refrigerator cools a 0.350 L canned drink from 20°C to 4°C in 30 min, determine the average
electric power consumed by the thermoelectric refrigerator.
Solution:
Q = m cp (t2 – t1) =[(1 x 0.35)/(30 x 60)] (4.187) (20-4) = 13 watts
COP = RE / WC
0.10 = 13/0.10 = __________ANS.