Week Topics

1 revision/Welcome Test

2 Area of plane figures: Enlargement and reduction of plane figures

3 Wood work machines: types; portable power tools

4 metal work machines: Types of metal work machines

5 Friction: definition, types of friction, causes, advantages and disadvantages

6 Belt and chain drives: Definition, examples of belt and chain drives, application of belt and
chain drives

7 Continuous/ Assessment Test

8 Gears: Definition, examples gear, uses of gear/ gear ratio

9 Hydraulic and Pneumatics: Definition, Examples of hydraulic and pneumatic devices

10 Building Construction: Site preparation, required tools and their classification, setting out,
excavation, timbering.

11 Practical

12 Revision

Area of plane figure

Enlargement and reduction

An object is enlarged when all its dimensions are change in the same ratio.

Thus, enlargement is also called TRANSFORMATION: each length of the original objects is multiplied by
same number called the scale factor to obtain the Enlargement.

Plane figures

Plane figure is a flat close figure that is in a plane. It can be made of straight lines, curved lines or both
straight and curved lines. Plane figures include:

1. Triangle
 2. Square
3. Rectangle
4. Parallelogram
5. Quadrilateral
6. Trapezium
7. Circle
8. Sector
9. Ellipse
10. Polygon etc.
Generally, we can calculate the areas of plane figures by calculating the space occupied by the
plane figure. This is done by calculating the product of various length using various formulas.
Since the area is gotten by products of various length, the unit of measurement is usually in
form of m², cm² etc
TRIANGLE
Area = ½b×h
SQUARE OR RECTANGLE
Area= l×b
Area = a²

PARALLELOGRAM
Area = b × h
TRAPEZIUM
Area = ½(a + b)h
CIRCLE
Area =πr²
SECTOR
Area =
Week 3
Wood working machines
Wood working machines are classified as:
1. Portable power tools
2. Machine Saws
Portable Power Tools: These tools are portable, held in the hand and are operated electrically.
examples:
Sanders: normally coated with abrasive materials (sand paper). The abrasive materials may be made of
glass, garnets, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide etc.
(i) They are used for smoothen wood
(ii) They are used for shaping and finishing readiness for polishing the wood in the workshop.
Types of Sanders
1. Disc sander
2. Orbital sander
3. Drum sander
Hand drills

Hand drills are electrically powered portable tool used for making holes in wood.

Wood working machines

The wood working machines are the machine saws, which are operated electrically. There are two basic
types of working machines:

 The planning machines

2. The sawing machines: The examples of sawing machines are:

 The circular sawing machines: The basic operation of circular sawing machines is to cut plank
into required size or marketable sizes with a high speed of rotating blade. The circular saw machine is
used for cutting the internal and external curves.
Examples
 The Ripsaw: This is used for cutting the wood along the grain. This operation called ripping.
 The crosscut saw: This is used for cutting the wood across the grain. This operation is called
cross cutting.
 The Band Saw: The band saw is a special machine which operates on an endless saw blade for its
operation. It is used for cutting curves and straight cutting in wood e g coping saws
Wood lathe
This is a wood working machines employed where there is an amount of turning to be done to the
wood. The wood lathe machines are used for turning wood pieces into different shapes. They are also
used for producing cylindrical shapes on the conical surface in wood. The turning operations in wood is
the process of carrying out cutting operation on wood to obtain flat surface.

Week 4
Metal Work machine
The metal work machine tools are machine that are capable of cutting metals in the workshop.
The metal work machines tools perform various types of functions in the metal workshop. The metal
work machines tools installed workshop is used to carry out the metal work operations workshop.
These tools include:
1. The milling machines
2. The grinding machines
3. The turning machines
4. The shaping machines
5. The centre lathe machines
6. The power hacksaw machines
7. The drilling machines
1. THE MILLING MACHINES
The milling machine is a machine tool which cuts metal with a multiple tooth cutting tool called the
milling cutter. The milling machine is used for producing slots, key ways, and channels in the metal.
There are various types of milling machines in different forms and sizes. The two (2) common milling
machines are:
 The horizontal milling machine,
 The vertical milling machines

Week 6

Belt and chain drive

Belt drive: It is a method of transmitting energy from one part of a machine to another especially where
slip is important. Belt and pulley are also used to transmit power and to provide a way of changing
speed. Belt drive consists of a pulley and belt.

Areas of application of belt drive are

1) Pepper grinding machine

2) Radio cassette player

3) Sewing machine

4)Speed boat

5) Video player etc

Pulleys are made from metals and serve to carry the belt tor transmission. here are two types of pulley.

a) Driving pulley or driver: This is fixed to a location where the power produced.

b) Driven pulley: This is fixed at a point where the energy is transmitted to perform work.

Belts: Belts are used to connect the two pulleys together for transmission of energy

Types of belt

a) Flat belt

b) Variable belt

c) Vee belt
Chain drive: Chains are often used to of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. A
common example of the use of chain drive in transmission of power is found in bicycles and motorcycle
chain drive are made up of roller chain and sprocket gear.

1) The roller chain: It is made up of metal and it is used to convey power from one place to another.

2) Sprocket gear: The sprockets are made in prom of gear with teeth for meshing with holes in the links
of the chain. It is divided into driver gear and driven gear

Belt and chain drive - Advantages and disadvantages

Bet drive Advantages

1) No lubrication is needed

2) They are easy to fix

3) Friction is reduced

4) Slip is not important

5) Can transmit motion through long distance

6) Can transmit power at other angles

Disadvantage

1) Excess heat can be produced due to friction in the belt.

2) Belt wastes useful energy due to friction

3) In large machine with large belt, slipping of belt can cause injury when in motion

Chain drive advantages

1) They are stronger than belt

2) A chain is made of metal, so it does not break easily unlike belt

3) There is little friction between chain and the sprocket gear

4) Slip is not allowed in chain drive making it more reliable than belt drive.

5) Chain drives are narrower than belts making it easier to shift them from one gear to another in order
to vary the gear ratio.

Disadvantage

1) Chain drive are unstable tor transmission of energy over a long distance
2) Chain drive have potential for vibration because of the constant change in radius of action during
revolution

3) Chain drive have greater mass which increase the inertia of the drive chain

4) Chain drive requires lubrication to reduce friction

5) Chain drive are not suitable for transmission of power at inclined angles

Comparison of belt and chain drive similarities

1) They are both used for transmission of energy from one place to another

2) Both drives found their application in one mechanical device or the other depending on the
circumstances

Differences

1) The belt drive is cheap to maintain compared to chain drive

2) Belt do not require lubricant while chain drive require lubricant

3) Chain drive are often used to move things vertically by holding them in frames while belts are good at

moving things horizontally

week 8

Gear

A gear is a drive mechanism used to transmit mechanical power from one point to another. It is a wheel
fixed in machine to make different parts move at different speed or in different direction. Gears have
toothed edges that help them to engage or mesh with one another.

The arrangement of two or more gears in a shaft to transmit motion is called gearing while the
engagement of gear is called meshing.

During gearing the gears are divided into

1) The driver gear or driving gear: - It is the gear which generates the motion or power.

2) The driven gear - It is the gear power is transmitted to

Types of gear

1) Bevel gear

2)Worm gear
3) Spur gear

4) Helical gear

5) Rack and pinion gear

0)Sprocket gear

7) Spider gear

Uses o gear

1) Itis used to change direction of motion

2) tis used to transmit power from one shaft to another

3) It is used to drive heavier load

4) tis used to change the speed of a machine

Advantages

1) Gears do not suffer slippage

2) They have long life span when properly lubricated

3) They are cost effective in maintenance

4)They have higher efficiency and simple operation

5) They can be used for a wide range of power transmission

Geer Ratio and Speed

Gear Ration (GR): - It can be calculated during gear motion as follow

Number of teeth on driver gear (G 7)

Number of teeth on driven gear (6 /23

Example 2 - Calculate the gear ratio of a machine on which the gear system has 20 teeth driving gear
and 60

teeth driven gear

Solution

20 1 13
Example Ina given gear system the driver gear with 100 teeth has the speed of 50rev/min. the driver
gear

drives another gear which has 50 teeth. What is the speed of the driven gear

GZi 2 100 250r 100x50 r2100

72

Functions of lubricant in gear

1) Prevent the gear surface from corrosion

2) Prevent wear and tear of moving parts

3) Reduce frictional effect

4Serve as a cooling agent to reduce the heat generated

5) Serve as cushion for the machine by filling the space between metal parts.

The lubricant oil is used for gear is also known as gear oil and should only be used on gear.

Week 9

Hydraulic and pneumatic machines

Hydraulic and pneumatic machine or device are machines which operate on the property of fluid to do
useful work.

Hydraulic device is any device or machine which uses the behavior of an encoded or continues liquid to
transmit force over a distance Pneumatic machine is operated by transmitting pressure Using
compressed air over a distance. All hydraulic and pneumatic device work on the principle of
transmissibility of pressure in an enclosed area. The principle was discovered by Pascal and it states that
'a pressure applied at one part of a fluid (Liquid and gas) is transmitted to all other parts of the fluid
equally in all direction.

Example of by drably and pneumatic devices are force pump, double acting pump, centrifugal pump.,
simple garden sprinkler, water wheel.

Components and uses of machine

1) Simple force pump: - They are used to lift both liquid and gases to a height above the ground by
pressure or Suction. Example are water pump, oil pump, car and bicycle pump.

2) Hydraulic Jack: - A jack is used to carry heavy load e.g Lift vehicle during maintenance, when the level
or handle is operated, the pressure exerted is transmitted to other part and then exert a greater force
on the load at the impact point to raise it.
3) Simple garden sprinkler. - It is used to irrigate or wet a garden especially during dry season. It consists
of a pipe which can carry water from the source and a jet with man holes also known as nozzles. The jet
revolves under the principle of action and reaction and water is delivered at high pressure at the nozzle.

4) Water wheel: - It is used to generate electricity and also to drive other mechanical devices such as
grinding machine etc. this machine is usually operated using water force of a stream or water tap.

Week 10

Building construction- site preparation

Site preparation is the process of getting the site ready for construction after the land has been acquired
for a project.

Site preparation and clearing include;

I. Pulling down and cutting big trees

II. Cutting and moving earth to required places

III. Extermination of termites and their nest

IV. Leveling the site

Tools used in site preparation

Classification of tools

a) Hand tools

b) Mechanical tools

Hand Tools

1) Spade: - Used for digging usually relatively loose or soft earth.

2) Shovel: -Used for lifting and throwing loose material (Aggregate) or soft soil into another position and
for spreading and leveling the earth.

3) Chain saw - Used for felling trees and for cutting tree trunk into smaller length

4) Machete- For cutting grasses, tree branches and shrubs

5) Hoer-For digging the surface of the ground

6) Axe: -For cutting bigger branches.

Mechanical tools
1) Bull dozer - This is a very powerful machine which can push down almost any obstacle on its way

2) Tractor shovel (Pay loader) This machine has a tipping shovel bucket at the front. It is used for lifting
large

quantities of loose materials at a time and loading them into trucks or tippers

3) Grader: The grader is used mainly fir grading, that is for level ing of excavated areas. It is also used for

trimming of banks or edges of roads and for cutting ditches

Setting out

Setting out is the process of transferring with a high degree of skill and accuracy, the details of the
foundation plan from the drawing sheet to the ground with pegs, lines and tape.

Tools used during setting out

1) Builders square: This is a wooden version of the steel square and it is used for checking squareness of
the Square corner.

2) The odolite- it is used tor setting out a building when greater accuracy is required. it is used tor setting
out massive and complex structure

3) Steel square: Used for setting out the angles of small building usually not larger than a 5- meters span.

4) Tapes and pegs: - They are used in setting out the square end of a building based in setting out the
square end of building based on the Pythagoras theorem which proves that any triangle whose sides are
in the ratio of 3, 4, 5 is a right-angle triangle.

5) Timbering: It is the safety measure or practice of using timber to support the vertical side of a trench
to prevent the wall of the trench from collapsing. The sizes and system of arrangement of various
timbers used in timbering are influenced by the nature of the soil and the depth of the excavation. Tools
used are timbers and nails of various sizes

Excavation: This is the digging of the soil for foundation. There are two methods of excavation

a) Manual method: It involves using digger and shovel to dig trenches

b) Mechanical method: This involves the use of mechanically operated machine especially where deep

trenches are required.