New Era University

College of Engineering and Architecture

Civil Engineering Department

PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

(CE 325-18)

URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

CONCEPTS
BY:
Dalusong, Pauline F.
Gaetos, Patrick James
Gualvez, Rachelle T.
Lamberte, Drixc A.
Trinidad, Leah Mae A.

3CE-3

SUBMITTED ON:

-
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ENGR. MARCO T. NELMIDA
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INSTRUCTOR
 New Era University
College Of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

I. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:

1. To understand and contribute to urban transportation planning, and its concept for
the future purposes.
2. To differentiate the strength and weaknesses of urban transportation planning.
3. To determine the 8 disciplines of problem solving and it’s application.
4. To gain more ideas about urban transportation planning concepts for the sole
purpose of future development.

II. LEARNING OUTCOMES

In this chapter, it will be able to discuss the following:

1. Understand the meaning and significance of urban transportation planning.
2. Identify the impacts of urban planning.
3. Recognize urban transportation strategies.
4. Learn about the process of urban transportation planning.

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III. DISCUSSION PAPER

INTRODUCTION

We learned and gained knowledge about Transportation planning, its

characteristics, development factors, a role in transportation society, and more
about the transportation concept. We can also learn about Transportation as a
System and the Philippine Transportation System. In this chapter, titled Urban
Transportation Planning Concept, we will be able to apply our previous knowledge
in a more detailed and practical manner. We can now comprehend the urban
planning process and strategies.

URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Urban areas are the density of people, activities, and structures. The ability
to cope up with this density while moving people and goods are called Urban
Transportation.
Transportation planning is the process of looking at the current state of
transportation in the region, designing for future transportation needs, and
combining all of that with the elements of budgets, goals, and policies. It helps
shape how a community or city grows by evaluating everything from streets and
highways to cargo ships to public transit and bike lanes. It can influence everything
from business to recreation to quality of life.
Two distinct tasks are involved in the urban transportation planning process.
The first is to estimate the cost of the project, and the second is to estimate the
amount of traffic that will be expected in the future.
The evaluation and selection of highway or transportation facilities to serve
current and future land uses is part of urban transportation planning. Construction
of a new shopping center, airport, or convention center, for example, will

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necessitate the addition of new transportation services. In addition, new residential

development, office space, and industrial parks will increase traffic, necessitating
the construction or expansion of roads and transit services.

HISTORY OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Transportation in the Philippines is relatively underdeveloped, due in part to

the country's mountainous areas and scattered islands, and in part to the
government's persistent underinvestment in the country's infrastructure. However,
in recent years, the Philippine government has pushed to improve the country's
transportation system through various projects.
Throughout the Philippines, road-based modes of urban public
transportation are dominated by jeepneys, Asian utility vehicles, taxis, tricycles,
and pedicabs, some of which provide door-to-door service. Many urban roads are
inadequate and poorly maintained.
In the Philippines, various modes of transportation are used. There are
three types of transportation: land transportation, air transportation, and water
transportation.

• Land Transportation
It is the transport or movement of people, animals, or goods from one
location to another on land. Rail transport and road transport are the two main
modes of land transportation.

• Air Transportation
Air transportation is one of the quickest modes of public transportation for
crossing international borders. Air travel allows people from various countries to
cross international borders and travel to other countries for personal, business,
medical, and tourism reasons.

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• Water Transportation
Water transportation is defined as the transportation of people and goods
by boat, ship, barge, or sailboat across an ocean, sea, lake, canal, or river, or by
other means of water transportation. It is an essential mode of transportation.
Water transportation is the most cost-effective way to transport large,
perishable, and heavy goods over long distances. This mode of transportation is
primarily used to transport people, as well as perishable and non-perishable items
collectively known as cargo ship.

IMPORTANCE OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Safer. Smarter. Faster. More convenient. That’s the purpose of

transportation planning. It is important as it shapes cities, enabling economic
activities, promoting community interaction, and improving quality of life. It is also
necessary for long-term development and ensuring safe access at various levels
for all people. Effective transportation in urban areas is important to land
accessibility, economic productivity and growth, an adequate standard of living,
and the overall environment of the city.

SWOT ANALYSIS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

A SWOT analysis is a technique for analyzing these four features of your

company. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
SWOT analysis is a technique that can assist you in analyzing what your company
does best now and developing a successful future strategy.

STRENGTH:
• Improves community health
• Improves fuel efficiency

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• Improves Road congestion

• Enhances community mobility

WEAKNESS:
• Traffic congestion
• Noise pollution
• Air pollution
• Adverse health impacts

OPPORTUNITY:
• Economic Growth
• Job offers
• Accessible quality transportation for everyone
• Promote usage of advance technologies for transportation

THREATS:
• Lack of vision and holistic approach
• Lack of public participation and engagement
• Data challenges
• Inadequate planning capacity
• Institutional challenges
• Weak coordination between land use and transport

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COMPREHENSIVE URBAN AREA TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS

• ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The urban transportation study is carried out to develop a program of

highway and transit projects that should be completed in the future. Thus, a
statement of goals, objectives, and standards are prepared that identifies
deficiencies in the existing system, desired improvements, and what is to be
achieved by the transportation improvements.

• INVENTORY OF EXISTING TRAVEL AND FACILITIES

This is the data-gathering activity in which urban travel characteristics are

described for each defined geographic unit or traffic zone within the study area.
Inventories and surveys are made to determine traffic volumes, land uses, origins
and destinations of travelers, population, employment, and economic activity.
Inventories are made of existing transportation facilities, both highway and transit.
Capacity, speed, travel time, and traffic volume are determined. The information
gathered is summarized by geographic areas called traffic analysis zones (TAZ).

• GENERATION OF ALTERNATIVES

In this phase of the urban transportation planning process, the alternatives to

be analyzed will be identified. It also may be necessary to analyze the travel effects
of different land-use plans and to consider various lifestyle scenarios. The options
available to the urban transportation planner include various technologies, network
configurations, vehicles, operating policies, and organizational arrangements.

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• ESTIMATION OF PROJECT

This activity in the urban transportation planning process involves two

separate tasks. The first is to determine the project cost, and the second is to
estimate the amount of traffic expected in the future. The estimation of facility cost
is relatively straightforward, whereas the estimation of future traffic flows is a
complex undertaking requiring the use of mathematical models and computers.

• PLANNING-LEVEL COST ESTIMATION

Project cost estimation at the planning stage may be hampered either

because the project has not yet been well-defined or because a significant
amount of time has passed since the project’s cost was estimated, rendering the
older estimate out of date.

To address the first problem, many transportation agencies maintain a set

of unit costs which allows for a quick determination in the absence of more detailed
data. These unit costs may be stratified by area type (rural or urban), number of
lanes, and roadway design.

To address the second problem of costs being out of date, cost indices may
be used which convert costs from a historical year to a current year by accounting
for inflation. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) provides an average rate of inflation
for all goods and services. Indices specific to the transportation field are the
Federal Aid Highway Index (compiled by the Federal Aid Highway Administration
for highway construction projects) and the Railroad Index (compiled by the
American Association of Railroads for railroad projects).

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• PLANNING-LEVEL DEMAND ESTIMATION

Future travel is determined by forecasting future land use in terms of the

economic activity and population that the land use in each TAZ will produce. With
the land-use forecasts established in terms of number of jobs, residents, auto
ownership, income, and so forth, the traffic that this land use will add to the highway
and transit facilities can be determined. This is carried out in a four-step process
that includes the determination of the number of trips generated, the origin and
destination of trips, the mode of transportation used by each trip (for example, auto,
bus, rail), and the route taken by each trip. The urban traffic forecasting process
thus involves four distinct activities: trip generation, trip distribution, modal
split, and network assignment, as illustrated in Figure 11.8.

• EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

This phase of the process is similar in concept to what was described earlier
but can be complex in practice because of the conflicting objectives and diverse
groups that will be affected by an urban transportation project.
The purpose of the evaluation process is to identify feasible alternatives in
terms of cost and traffic capacity, to estimate the effects of each alternative in terms
of the objectives expressed, and to assist in identifying those alternatives that will
serve the traveling public and be acceptable to the community. Of particular
importance are the environmental assessments mandated in most urban
transportation studies.

• CHOICE OF PROJECT

Selection of a project will be based on a process that will ultimately involve

elected Chapter 11 The Transportation Planning Process 573 (such as a subway

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system)
may involve a public referendum. In other cases, a vote by a state legislature may
be required before funds are committed. A multiyear program will then be produced
that outlines the projects to be carried out over the next 20 years. With approval in
hand, the project can proceed to the specification and construction phase.

URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS

Urban transportation planning includes the assessment and choice of
roadway, transit, airports, and pier to support present and future land, air, and
water uses. It is concerned with two distinct time horizons, the short-term project,
and the long-term project.

SHORT - TERM PROJECT

• Short-term focus aimed at selecting projects that can be implemented in
one to three years. These initiatives are designed to improve existing facility
management by making. They must be used as efficiently as possible.
• This project includes things like traffic signal timing to improve the flow of
cars and van pooling to reduce congestion, park-and-ride, and the transit
improvements and fringe parking lots to increase transit ridership.

APPROACH TO URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING

• Traditional Approach - also known as "Automobile Approach."
• Sustainable Approach - also known as "Contemporary Approach."

SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING STRATEGIES

Strategies are necessary for accomplishing objectives efficiently, and this is
also applicable in urban transportation planning. We can consider various
strategies or approaches. Choosing the best approach for a specific goal in urban
transportation planning will greatly increase our chances of success.

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A-S-I APPROACH

Different strategies fall into these three categories. Each category focuses
on each of their desired goals whether it is for system efficiency, trip efficiency, or
vehicle efficiency.

• Avoid – avoid or reduce the need to travel or reduce trips. These categories
of strategies aim for system efficiency.
a. Transit Oriented Development
b. Integrated Land use and Transport

• Shift – Shift to or maintain share of more environmentally friendly modes.

These categories of strategies aim for trip efficiency.
a. Non-motorized Transport
b. Public Transport
c. Transportation Demand Management

• Improve – improving vehicle and fuel technology of all modes of transport

to improve environmental efficiency from each kilometer traveled. This
category of strategies mostly focusses on vehicle efficiency.
a. Cleaner Fuels and Technologies
b. Inspection and Maintenance
c. Intelligent Transportation System

LONG - TERM PROJECT

• It deals with the long-range transportation needs of an area and identifies
the projects to be constructed over a 20-year period.

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• Long-term projects include adding new highway elements, more bus lines
or freeway lanes, rapid transit systems and extensions, or access roads to
airports or shopping malls.

8 DISCIPLINES OF PROBLEM SOLVING

The eight disciplines (8D) model is a problem-solving approach used primarily by
quality engineers and other professionals in the automotive industry, but it has also
been successfully applied in healthcare, retail, finance, government, and
manufacturing. The 8D methodology's goal is to identify, correct, and eliminate
recurring issues, making it useful for product and process improvement.

The 8D problem solving model establishes a permanent corrective action based

on statistical analysis of the problem and focuses on the root causes of the problem.
Although the eight disciplines system originally consisted of eight stages or
disciplines, it was later supplemented by an initial planning stage.
How 8D Can Help You
The benefits of 8D include:
• More effective and efficient problem solving.
• A team-oriented approach
• Open communication within the team and with management
• A framework for corrective action that allows for systemic changes and
continual improvement.
• Intense examination of the control systems that permitted the problem.
• Easy integration with process-improvement tools

• D0: Plan - Plan for solving the problem and determine the prerequisites.
• D1: Use a team - Select and establish a team of people with product/process
knowledge.

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• D2: Define and describe the problem - Specify the problem by identifying in
quantifiable terms the who, what, where, when, why, how, and how many (5W2H)
for the problem.
• D3: Develop interim containment plan; implement and verify interim
actions - Define and implement containment actions to isolate the problem from
any customer.
• D4: Determine, identify, and verify root causes and escape points - Identify all
applicable causes that could explain why the problem occurred. Also identify why
the problem was not noticed at the time it occurred. All causes shall be verified or
proved, not determined by fuzzy brainstorming. One can use 5 Whys and cause
and effect diagrams to map causes against the effect or problem identified.
• D5: Choose and verify permanent corrections (PCs) for
problem/nonconformity - Through preproduction programs, quantitatively
confirm that the selected correction will resolve the problem for the customer.
• D6: Implement and validate corrective actions - Define and implement the best
corrective actions (CA).
• D7: Take preventive measures - Modify the management systems, operation
systems, practices, and procedures to prevent recurrence of this and all similar
problems.
• D8: Congratulate your team - Recognize the collective efforts of the team. The
team needs to be formally thanked by the organization.

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5W2H Method Used for Problem Solving

The 5W2H method is one of the most effective quality management tools as it

is easy and simple to use. This approach is no more than a skillful, organized,

analytical and practical plan of action that has different stages until you reach the

conclusion. In a productive and remarkably competitive business world, both practical

activities and organized communications need to be rapid and nimble because many

issues can arise if the transmitted information has errors. This is why this method was

invented to make the information secure and error free.

Concept of 5W2H Method

It is factual that ideas solely become valid from the instant they’re written
on paper, and 5W2H analysis may be a tool designed to prepare them in an
innate and operational means through the utilization of a list. The name 5W2H
may seem complex and intricate, but its concept is interesting. It involves 5 W’s
and 2 H’s that are:
• When?
• Where?
• Who?
• Why?
• What?
• How?
• How many?

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How 5W2H Method Can Be Used for Problem Solving

Answers for following questions and you are good to go.
• What needs to be done?
• Why it should be done?
• When to do?
• Where it should be done?
• Who will do?
• How to do it?
• How much budget is required to do it?

What?

This question requires the complete description of problem and what needs to be
done. It analyzes the whole situation and evaluates if the measurements are
accurate or not.

Why?

It comprises of all the possible reasons to the issue.

When?

It’s a vital thought to understand once the difficulty is prevailing. Analyzing the
frequency of the matter and time of incidence will assist you to create higher
precautions.

Where?

It assists in knowing the placement of the defect and helps to examine the
geographic distribution of client complaints.

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Who?

It identifies the causes related to the matter. It can be personnel or the

processes. It characterizes the purchasers who have complaints and determines
the operators who are making difficulties.

How?

It is necessary to investigate the kind of scenario and the mode of a difficulty.

Examine the procedures that you’re using for problem-solving to answer this
question.

How much?

It requires finding out the budget available or required for problem solving.

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IV. ANNEXURES

I. Objectives……………………………………………………………………1
II. Learning Outcomes…………………………………………………………1
III. Discussion Paper
Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 2
Urban Transportation Planning…………………………………………… 2
History of Urban Transportation in the Philippines……………………… 3
Importance of Urban Transportation Planning…………………............. 4
SWOT Analysis for Urban Transportation…………………………….... 4
Comprehensive Urban Area Transportation Planning Process………. 6
Urban Transportation Planning Process………………………………… 9
Short – Term Project………………………………………………………. 9
Approach To Urban Transportation Planning…………………………… 9
Sustainable Urban Transportation Planning Strategies……………… 9
A-S-I Approach…………………………………………………………… 10
Long – Term Project………………………………………………………10
8 Discipline of Problem Solving…………………………………………. 11
5 Whys 2 Hs Method Used for Problem Solving……………………… 13
IV. Annexures ………………………………………………………………… 16
V. Attachments
Land Transportation (Figure 1-4) ……………………………………..... 17
Air Transportation (Figure 5-7) ……………………………………......... 18
Water Transportation (Figure 8-10) …………………………………….. 18
Traditional & Sustainable Approach (Figure 11) …………………….. 19
VI. Process Flows/Charts
Process Flow Chart 1 …………………………………………………….. 21
Process Flow Chart 2 …………………………………………………….. 22
Process Flow Chart 3…………………………………………………… 23

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VII. References ………………………………………………………………... 23

V. ATTACHEMENTS
HISTORY OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Land Transportations

Tricycle Jeepney
(Figure 1) (Figure 2)

Kalesa Bus
(Figure 3) (Figure 4)

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Air Transportations

Airplane Helicopter
(Figure 5) (Figure 6

Water Transportations

Ship Boat
(Figure 7) (Figure 8)

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APPROACH TO URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING

Traditional & Sustainable Approach

(Figure 9)

(Figure 10)

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(Figure 11)

(Figure 12)

VI. PROCESS FLOWS/CHART

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(Process Flow Chart 1)

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Evaluation of Alternatives (page 11)

(Process Flow Chart 2)

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(Process Flow Chart 3)

VII. REFERENCES
French E. (2016). Urban transport planning. Retrieved from https :// slide player.
com/slide/4649819/ on FEBRUARY 13, 2021

Garber, N., Hoel, A. Traffic and Highway Engineering (Fourth Edition). P566-574
Raini, V. (2019, October 17). Urban Transportation Planning. Academia.edu.
Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/40656481/Urban_Transportation_planning
What are the eight disciplines (8d)? ASQ. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2023, from
https://asq.org/quality-resources/eight-disciplines-8d
What is transportation planning?: Plan RVA. Plan RVA |. (2019, July 8). Retrieved
from https://planrva.org/transportation/what-is-transportation-planning/

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