GONZAGA JESUIT COLLEGE

SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE

2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION

SOCIAL STUDIES
JSS1

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 WEEK 1
MEANING OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson the students should be able to

1. Define social environment

2. List the forms or types
3. State the features or characteristics of social environment
4. Identify the divisions in social class
5. Explain the social class structures that exist in the society.
MEANING OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Social environment is the social practices around a man and the interaction that exist between a man
and other people in the groups e.g. Family, peer groups, school, community and institution. It also
deals with man’s pattern of life and how he interacts with others in the community. Man belongs to
a social environment because he lives within a group. This is why we say that man is a social being.

FEATURES OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

1. Custom 6. Eating habit
2. Morals 7. Language
3. Norms and Values 8. Food
4. Religions 9. Dressing
5. Occupation

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Social environment:
1. Enhances our working environment 4. Promotes professionalism
2. Promotes learning 5. Promotes unity in the home
3. Enables the community to be a safe place
to leave

COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

1. Social relationship: Social environment can be experienced often through our household, kinsmen,
neighbourhood, towns, cities and regions.
2. Immediate physical surrounding: the social environment include many aspects of the environment.
Such as landscape, water and other natural resources which have been fused partially into human
social processes because human cannot do without them e.g. humans relates with the water
through worship, swimming, travelling etc.
3. Cultural practices: Cultural is the essence of a society. Humans interact with each other through
culture. E.g. new yam festivals, masquerade festivals, burial, marriage, naming ceremony are
aspects of culture where people show oneness or togetherness with one another.
4. Power / governance: Power is the capacity of an individual to control or influence the action or
conduct of others in the environment. Therefore, power is gotten by the interdependence and
interaction between two or more people.
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5. Religion: Religion is one of the most well-known social institutions that shapes every society or
environment. Religion places in people the right social values that is necessary for proper
interaction among people in our everyday environment.

SOCIAL GROUP
Social groups are aspect of the social environment that bring together two or more people who are
united, organized or related by blood to achieve a common goal.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP

1. Primary social group
2. Secondary social group

PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP

This refers to members or people who share close, personal relationship with one another over a
long period of time. Members of primary social group have intimate face to face relationship. They
have direct contact with each other.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP

1. Closeness of members: Members of primary social group always have face to face interaction
with each other this enables them to see and talk to each other’s, make or exchange ideas as
well as share opinion easily.
2. Small in size: Primary social group is small in size. It is usually people who know each other
by their names. In other words members of this group have personal and intimate relationship
with each other which enables them to understand each other.
3. Similar goal: Members of primary social group have similar goals, desire and attitude. As such
they cooperate with each other for the attainment of their common goal.
4. Relationship is intimate: Nothing is kept secret in primary social group because members
knows each other personally. This relationship is found in mother- child relationship, husband-
wife relationship.
5. Similar background: The members of a primary social group usually come from a similar
background e.g. from the same family, clan, tribe, kindred etc. they are brought up in a similar
environment.

SOCIAL CLASS OR STRAIFICATION

This can be defined as the grouping of people based on wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity,
gender, occupation and social status

SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE

In the modern society, social class is structured into three. They are

1. The upper class

2. The middle class
3. The lower class

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 THE UPPER CLASS
The upper class usually consist of people who hold the highest social status in the society. They
are the wealthiest members of the society who hold great political power. This class are usually
referred to as the nobles.

THE MIDDLE CLASS

The middle class consist of people who are at the middle of the social chain, which is defined by
their occupation etc. But what makes up middle class varies among culture.

THE LOWER CLASS

The lower class refers to the working class people. Those who engage in manual labour,
occupation or industrial works who are paid through wages or salaries.

DIVISION OF SOCIAL CLASS

In the olden days, most society e.g. Igbo or Indian society, social class can be divided into three,
that is: (a) Out caste (b) Slave(c) Free born

OUT CASTE
This is a form of social stratification base on hereditary transmission of a style of life, which
often include ritual statue or customary social interaction. This exclusion is based on cultural
notions of purity and pollution. People under this social stratification face problem of
dehumanization, discrimination, exploitation and stigmatization. However, the caste system has
been declining as a result of urbanization, education, civilization and through action programs.
In the Igbo land the caste system went further to discourage social interaction and marriage with
a person who is a free born.

SLAVE
In the olden days, slaves are obtained through kidnapping, wars, through punishment for crime,
breach of taboos, failure to pay debt etc. parents even sold their children for want of food or to
get OZO title. Some people kept slaves for domestic purposes. These slave just as the out caste
are stigmatized and marginalized from all form of social interaction and marriage with a free
born.

FREE BORN
This is the bona-fide custodian of the custom of the community. This is because a free born is
regarded as the sons of the soil or masters. A free born is not allowed to associate with the
outcaste.

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 WEEK 2

MEANING OF PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to
a. Define primary social group
b. State the importance of primary social group
c. Identify the privileges that exit in belonging to a social group
d. Explain how family belongs to a primary social group

MEANING OF PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP

A primary social group is a group of people who know one another very closely and share close
personal and long lasting relationships. They usually have face-to-face permanent relationship
and possibly know one another by their names. Members show concern for one another and
share activities and culture together. Example of primary social group are:

a. Family
b. Kinsmen
c. Peer group
d. Play mate
e. Age grade etc.

IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP

1. Primary social group shape personality of an individual: it plays a very important role in
moulding, shaping, and developing the personality of an individual.
2. Primary group fulfil different emotional needs of an individual such as love, affection,
cooperation, companionship and exchange of thought.
3. Primary social group provide security to all its members. Particularly, it provides security to
the children, old and less privileged. It also provides security to its members at the time of
need.
4. Primary social group acts as an agency of social control. It exercises control over the
behaviour of its members and regulates their relation in an informal way.
5. Primary social group develops democratic spirit in people. It develops the quality of love,
affection, co-operation, tolerance and mutual help.
6. Primary group introduces individuals to the society. It teaches them how to lead a successful
life in a society.
7. Primary group also fulfil different needs of the society. It is the brain of all social
organization.

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 MEMBERSHIP INTO PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP.

1. Membership into primary social group is usually through family

2. Membership into primary social group is also through kinship, which we have in the villages
i.e. relatives.
3. Membership into primary social group is also seen when new neighbour moves into a
particular neighbourhood.
4. Membership into primary social group is also through friendship, study groups, sports teams,
school mates etc.
PRIVILEGES OF BELONGING TO A PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP.

1. Protection: Being part of the primary social group makes it difficult for us to be exposed to
dangerous situation. If someone attack us, other members of the group will probably come
to our defence or if we are left without a basic livelihood, others will give us shelter.
2. Provide us with role models: being part of the primary social group makes it possible for us
to have role models we will emulate from, those who are willing to direct our action towards
achieving our goal.
3. Strengthens our self-esteem: it gives us a feeling of belonging. This reinforces us to self-
esteem. Seeing how other people consider us a part of the group means that they recognize
our importance.
4. Fight loneliness: loneliness is one of the life situations most related to harmful life habits and
physical or emotional illness. Therefore, belonging to a primary social group encourages us
to go out and relate with others.
5. Provides us with information: information is a resource and belonging to a group with the
possibility of contacting many people is an important social advantage to us.

FAMILY AS A SOCIAL GROUP

Family consist of a group of people who are related to each other by blood, marriage, adoption
or residence. It is regarded as a social group because it was all the characteristics of primary
social group.

WHAT MAKES FAMILY A SOCIAL GROUP

1. It is the unit of socialization: it is in the family that people acquire socially approved ways
of eating, dressing, speaking, religion etc. the family helps us to guide, direct and develop
the behaviour of an individual.
2. Everybody belongs to one family or the other: family is the birth place of human society.
Babies are born in the homes/ families and are cared for by the members of the family and
their needs are also provided for by the parent.
3. Every society grows from the social unit called family: many families makes up the society.
There cannot be a society without family. Family makes it possible for the continuity of the
society.
4. The members of the family are close to each other: because members are in close contact
with each other, they develop intimacy. Members know each other personally and develop a
group character.

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5. There is continuity of relationship: the relationship among the members of the family are
direct, close, intimate and personal. These relationships are strong, continuous and
permanent.

WEEK 3

SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUP

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to
a. State the types of social group
b. Explain the roles of members of the social group
c. Identify the conflicts that exist within the social group
d. Explain social differences
SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUP
A secondary social group is one in which the relationship and interaction among the members is
not very close or intimate. It is usually a formal organization whose members are not related to
one another but come together to achieve a common goal.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP

1. School: These include primary, secondary schools and tertiary institution. I.e. university,
polytechnics, collage of education. These are places of formal interaction among people.
Student interact with each other as well as their teachers.
2. Political parties: A political party is a group of people bound together with the major aim of
seeking and gaining political power. They have members drawn from different communities,
ethnic some examples of them are people’s democratic party (PDP), All progressive congress
(APC), Labour party (LP), etc. through their manifestation, they educate citizens through
their programs, campaigns and rallies etc.
3. Pressure group: A person group is any group of people with common interests in a political
system are with the purpose of influencing the policies of government to suit its own
interests. Pressure groups are sometimes regarded as selfish interest groups because their
main objective is to affect the political system and government programs in favour of the
members. They do not aspire to rule and are not concerned about interests that are different
from the own. Example of pressure groups are.
a. Nigerian Medical Association (NMA)
b. Nigerian Union of Teacher (NUT)
c. Trade Union Congress (TUC)
d. Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC)
e. Christian Association of Nigeria ( CAN)
f. Supreme Council of Islamic Affair (SCIA)
4. Voluntary Organization: These are groups joined willingly by members with the sole aim of
rendering humanitarian services to the society without the expectation of any monetary
reward but free of charge. Such organization include Man O’ War cadets club, Red cross and

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 Red Crescent Societies of Nigerian, National Council of Women Societies, Girls Guides,
Rotary Club, Civil Defence Corps.
5. Educational pressure groups: Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) and national
association of Nigerian student (NANSU) etc. are formed for the purpose of achieving a
definite objective and the moment this is achieved, the group ceases to exist.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUP

1. Larger size: Secondary groups are large in size, they have many members some who spread
all over the world e.g. Red Cross Society and Rotary club.
2. Definite aims: They are formed for the realisation of some specific interests or aims. The
success of a secondary group is judged according to the extent by which it can fulfil those
aims.
3. Wider membership: Unlike the primary social group with members from the same home,
and tribe, members of secondary social group come from different families, ethnic group,
professions and location.
4. No physical closeness: Secondary group are not known by physical closeness. Many
secondary group are not limited to any specific area. Some secondary group are international
e.g. Boy’s brigade, Rotary club, Lion club etc.
5. Voluntary membership: No one is forced to be a member of a secondary group. It is left for
the individual to decide whether or not he wants to be a part of the group.

STRUCTURE OF SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUP

1. Constitution: There are written body of rules, laws and regulations governing the activities
of most social groups. This determines the membership and other issue.
2. Membership: The membership in secondary social group is voluntary. The details on
membership are stated in the group’s constitution.
3. Administration: Officers are usually appointed through elections. The constitution states who
is eligible to vote and be voted for when elections are to take place and the tenure of the
elected officers. I.e. how long they will stay in the office.
4. Meetings: The officers decide when how usual and where to hold meetings. The meetings
may be monthly. Or quarterly but most secondary social group hold Annual general meetings
(AGM)
5. Finance: Money is raised to carry in the contribution of members. How this money is to be
raised and used all stated in the group’s constitution.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUP

1. They create room for a wider, longer forum of relationship beyond the primary social group
2. They help to broaden the views of members and other ethnic groups, religions and social
classes since all these are accommodated in secondary social groups.
3. By their training, discipline and activities, they help in developing patriotism and good
citizenship in their members.
4. Ethnic and town unions away from their native areas, help members to understand and
promote their language, culture and other traditions.
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5. Secondary social groups are to maintain discipline, peace and order among their members
and extend this to the larger society.

FUNCTIONS OF SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUP

1. They help to maintain law and order in the society e.g. Boys Scout, Man O’ War cadet club,
etc and provide security service such as traffic control on our road.
2. They foster unity in different socio-cultural ethnic groups with different religions inductions
and political ideologies.
3. They encourage peace and friendship which could eventually lead to inter-tribal and inter-
religious marriages especially among the un-married youth.
4. They encourage division of labour which leads to interdependence, cooperation and
specialization among members.
5. They help individual to learn new roles as members changes role from time to time to a
higher posts which present new functions or challenges to the individual.
6. They prepare members for higher leadership roles in the larger society.

CONFLICTS THAT EXIST WITHIN THE SOCIAL GROUP

Conflict refers to misunderstanding or disagreement between two or more people.

CAUSES OF CONFLICT
1. Selfishness: Depriving of one’s right is very common to social organizations in our society
and a person who is deprived of his right will negatively react, to claim his right.
2. Lack of cooperation: Failure to work as a team often results to disagreement,
misunderstanding and division.
3. Bad leadership: When leaders are greedy there will be conflict.
4. Lack of religious to learn from: The major role of religious groups is to promote peace in the
society. Imposition of religion on active and physical threat over which religion is the best
often result to conflict in our society.
5. Communication gap: When needed information are not supplied at the right time, conflict
will set in.
6. Laziness and inefficiency: Diligent workers protect when laziness and inefficiency are notice
in some members of a group.
7. Criminal activities: such as kidnapping. Murder, immorality within a social group in the
society.

SOLUTION TO CONFLICT
1. Negotiation: This has to do with the two parties involve in the conflict coming together, using
dialogue to facilitate the settlement. This negotiation could be made through the
representative of both parties. At the end, a consensus is reached
Compromise: Here both parties give on the matter that brings about conflict, strike a balance
to bring the matter to an end with no winner or loser.
2. Meditation: Here a third party act as a peace maker between the two opposing parties to bring
about peace for instance conflict between countries are usually mediated by the United
Nation Organization (UNO), African Union (AU), Meditates in conflict between members.

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3. Mutual understanding between two opposing parties: It is the understanding of what you like
and you don’t like that will make the resolution of any conflict to be permanent. If A
understands what B does not want, there will not be any need for disagreement.
4. Respect for individual and the rule of law: For a conflict to be resolved permanently,
everybody concerned should respect the people around the as well as understand that
everybody is equal before the law.

SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION
Social differentiation can be defined as a can be define as a way of classifying people within a
society. This differentiation can be in the form of:

a. Age
b. Gender
c. Race
d. Ethnicity
This can also involve differentiating people through their:

a. Job
b. Religion
c. Region etc.
We can say that this is way the total human population has been organised.

TYPES OF SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION

1. Biosocial differentiation: This involves the classification of people in the society into race,
sex and age.
2. Sociocultural value differentiation: This involve the classification of people in the society
into kinship groups, neighbourhood or territorial, language, culture and history.
3. Ideological value differentiation: This classifies people in the society base on science,
philosophy, education, sports, eminent leaders etc.
4. Family formation: This classifies people in the society base on clan and tribe, castes and
social classes.

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 WEEK 4
FAMILY

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to
a. Define family
b. State the function and forms of family
c. Explain small and large family
d. Identify the implication of small and large family

FAMILY
Family is a group of people who are related by blood or by marriage. Families are the origin of
human communities. Some members of a family include father, mother, children, relative,
grandparent and in-laws. Family as responsible for supporting, caring for and preparing children
for adulthood. The family is usually the first environment of every child, the personality
development of the child is highly influenced by the family. The family is the primary
environment in which the child grows.

FORMS OR TYPES OF FAMILY

a. Nuclear family
b. Extended family
Other types of modern day family

c. Foster family
d. Adopted family

NUCLEAR FAMILY
This is a family that is made up of father, mother and the children. There are two types of nuclear
family. It can be monogamous family i.e. a family which is made up of the man, his wife and
the children. It can also be polygamous i.e. a family which is made up of the man, more than one
wife and children

EXTENDED FAMILY
This is the types of family which is made up of father, mother, children, uncles, aunties,
grandparents, cousins, nieces, nephew etc.

OTHER FORMS OF FAMILY

a. Foster family: This is a family in which a couple or adults are acting as parent who may or
may not be their relation
b. Single parent family: This is a family in which children live with only one of their biological
parent either the father or the mother. This often occurs due to divorce or death of one of the
couple

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 FUNCTION OF THE FAMILY
1. Procreation: One of the function of the family is to bear and rear children. Children born out
of wedlock often are stigmatised in the society. Therefore, family provide a legitimate ground
for one to bear children.
2. To regulate sexual behaviour: Family install in the mind of people positive attitude and value.
These attitude and values influences people’s behaviour towards sex.
3. Family impart affection, care, and love. Family support togetherness and the education of
children
4. Education of children: The family provide both formal and informal education to the
children. Formal education is learnt in school provided by teachers while informal education
is the domestic training, moral education etc. provided by the parent.
5. Security: The family provides security and support best suited for teaching children Life
skills, cultural values and social responsibility
6. Social status: Children born into a family generally takes up the family name, religious and
political status
7. Companionship: While some people prefer doing things alone, most people likes having a
companion who care for them, show affection, share joy, and sorrows and give support in
time of need.

ROLE AND RSPONSIBILITY OF MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY

THE FATHER
1. The father train the family on good believes. Through good exemplary life style
2. Father also oversees disciplinary activities at home
3. Father ensure that unity, harmony, love and peace exist between family members
4. Father provides money for the family
5. Father protects and defends the family
6. Father ensure proper up-bringing of the family

THE MOTHER
1. Mother prepares delicious meals for the family
2. Mother ensures neatness and cleanliness of the home
3. The mother trains the children on how to take care of the home, wash clothes prepare food
4. Mother report every act of indiscipline at home to the husband for necessary action
5. Mother also supports the father in meeting family needs

THE CHILDREN
1. Children obey all the instructions of their parents
2. Children cooperate with their parents while they are being trained
3. Children takes good care of the house chores
4. Children respect and show love to everyone in the family
5. Children always report important incidents which need their parent’s immediate action.

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 SMALL AND LARGE FAMILY
SMALL FAMILY
Small family are families which is made up of small number of children. This family stands a
better chance of providing for the family. Small family is a family that consist of father, mother
and very few children

LARGE FAMILY
Large families are families that is made up of father, mother or mothers and many children. They
may be children of both parents or of any one of the parent

FACTORS LEADING TO A LARGE FAMILY SIZE

1. When the quality of life of children is considered more importantly than in the large family
2. When boys and girls are equally valued and parents do not insist on having either sex before
they stop bearing children
3. Knowledge of how to plan family size
4. Late marriage and parenthood
5. When health of mother and child is considered very important

CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL FAMILY

1. Family size consist of the father, mother and few children
2. There is no over-crowding
3. The children can easily be provided for
4. Parents can afford to train and educate the children in institution of higher learning.
5. Children are sometimes selfish, emotional, unstable, exclusive and over affectionate.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE FAMILY

1. Overcrowding: Due to large size of the family, the existing space is crowed
2. There are many dependent children
3. Children enjoy the support of grown up brothers and sister
4. Children from large families socialize and associate easily with members of the community
5. Low academic qualification: large families often find it difficult to give higher level of
education to all their children consequently, the children possess little or no education

CONSEQUENCES OF FAMILY SIZE

There are positive and negative consequences of family size.

Positive consequences
1. More hands are available to perform worth and carry out responsibilities
2. Member solve one another problems as a result, they grow to be givers and not beggars
3. Children learn the differences between wants and needs. Because many person are competing
for the scarce resources, members learn to wait for what they want
4. They learn to get along with one another they can co-exist easily with other people
5. The younger children enjoy the support of grown up brothers and sisters

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Negative consequences
1. Congestion: this results when many people are sharing little space. Accommodate all
members comfortably.
2. It leads to shortage of food, water and other basic necessities of life
3. It increases the rate of school drop out
4. High rate of crime: the inability of parent to cater adequately for the children exposes them
to crime
5. It leads to fall in standard of living

CONSEQUENCES OF SMALL FAMILY

Positive consequences
1. Small family size enables the family, society or nation to plan and provide for its people
2. It leads to the development of high skilled manpower needs for economic growth
3. Small family size enhances the quality of a nation’s economy
4. It reduces the rate of criminality in the society

ABANDONMENT
Abandonment is defined as a situation where a parent fails to provide support to his or her
children or family. It also refers to the desertion of a family or child by a parent. When a child
is left behind by his or her parent with the intention of not coming back it is called abandonment.

CAUSES OF ABANDONMENT
1. Poverty of financial hardship: If basic needs are not met, this can lead to difficulty as such
might lead to abandonment
2. Abuse: Physical abuse along with substance abuse can lead to one of the parent to abandon
the family
3. Poor knowledge regarding family planning
4. Unwanted pregnancy: When a woman who is not married get pregnant and is still a student,
this woman can give birth to the child and abandon the child.
5. Death : Death is natural, losing a loved one un expectedly can create an emotional void in
the life of those they left behind

IMPLICATION OF ABANDONING THE FAMILY

1. Difficulty in trusting others or relying upon any one else
2. Abandonment leads to anger and aggressive behaviours because of piled up pain
3. An adult who experienced abandonment may also become a parent that will abandon or
neglect their children
4. Abandonment can also lead to the feeling of emptiness and the person can also shun intimate
relationships
5. Abandonment can lead to depression and low self-esteem, which can result to withdrawal
from friends and all social activities

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 WEEK 5
SOCIALIZATION

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to
a. Meaning of socialization
b. State the significance and the agents of socialization
c. Identify the effects of socialization
d. Explain the stages and process of socialization
SOCIALIZATION
A. Socialization is the processes by which a child learn how to do things like other human being
in the society
B. Socialization is also defined as a process by which an individual acquire the norms, custom
and ideologies of the society.

Socialization have to do with an individual learning the habits, belief, skills, and standards of
judgement that are necessary for effective participation in social group and communication

SIGNIFICANCES OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Socialization helps children and adult to learn the do’s and don’ts of the society
2. Through socialization children learn respect in the society by learning and putting in practice
what is desired by others
3. Socialization helps to prepare new members of the society to behave in the manner
acceptably by the society
4. Socialization prepare children and enables them learn how to live and interact with other
members of the society
5. It helps the people in the society to learn how to play their roles and be useful to themselves
and the society or group they belong to

AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Family: The family is the first agent of socialization of the child, in the family, the child’s
parents, brothers, sisters and other relatives act as the immediate socialization agents of that
child.
2. School: The school is the place where formal education takes place. The school provides
educational opportunities for the individual to go through several stages of training.
3. The peer group: Peer groups consist of individual that share the same age, educational level
and location. They also help in the socialization of an individual
4. The mass media: The mass media and press plays an important role in the socialization of
children. Press or mass media include cinema, television, radio, newspaper, magazines,
internet, Facebook, twitter etc.
5. Religious organization: The various religious organization such as the church and mosques
help in moulding behaviours and character of an individual in the society

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 STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Infant socialization: It is the first stage of socialization. After birth, the infant first come into
contact with the mother, then the father and other members of the family. During infancy,
the infant’s socio-cultural environment is very limited up to the age of three of four. The
infant’s world is limited to the family
2. Child socialization: It is the second stage of socialisation. During this stage, the infant comes
into contact with the members outside the family and neighbour. He /she gradually
disassociate himself or herself from the parents and other family members. Then he/she git
admitted to school and comes into contact with schoolmates and teachers and the child’s
behaviour will then be greatly influenced by the school environment up to the age of fifteen.
3. Adolescent socialization: It is the third stages of socialization. During this stage, school
mates, friends, teachers, sports, book, means of recreation etc. will matter most for the child.
In this stage the adolescent learns a lot in the course of living in school.
4. Adult socialization: It is the fourth stage of socialization. After adolescent stage, the
individual reaches adulthood. During this stage, an individual is greatly influenced by his
education, occupation, circles of friends etc.

PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Direct teaching: Most of the time, man learns through the use of language, he can
intentionally guide the behaviour of others through reward and punishment. Direct teaching
involves the use of the words of the mouth and teaching aids
2. Incidental learning: This occurs when a child learns from things that are not planned or
intended directly to teach.
3. Learning from model: This occurs when a child or a matured individual learns by observing
and imitating people around him.
4. Role learning: When an individual learns to perform the duties assigned to him in society,
we say that socialization has taken place through the process of role learning
5. Re-Socialization: This is a special training given to a person who is not properly socialized.
This occurs in adults whose previous socialization was inadequate. Example of a places for
re-socialization are prison, army camp, mental hospital etc.

EFFECTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Socialization enables children and adults to learn socially and approves behaviour.
2. Socialization helps to bring up a child for future development.
3. Socialization helps us to drop the negative behaviour considered inimical to the society.
4. Through socialization, rules and sanctions are established without which the society may
destroy itself
5. Socialization helps children and adults to share views, ideas, and problems as members of a
society.
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION.

1. Social Interaction: A child is able to function well in the society by virtue of socialization
2. Personality formation: Socialization is a process that enables a child to be moulded to
specific directions through the process of accepting or rejecting particular beliefs, attitudes,
and norms.

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 3. Sex roles: It explains why human males and females behave in different ways. From
childhood, boys are taught to be strong and independent, and the females believe that they
are sensitive and weak.
4. A source of transmitting culture: It helps in transmitting existing cultural beliefs, values, and
norms from one generation to the other.
5. Communal Spirit: Socialization encourages communal spirit which is being used to execute
meaningful social and economic projects in the communities.

SOCIALIZATION IN MODERN SOCIETY

Socialization for us living together in this current time have taken a new turn. This is because of
the presence of the social Media where people can connect and interact with millions of people
world over without coming into direct contact with them.
Example of social Media that people can learn or interact with people include

(a) Facebook
(b) Twitter
(c) YouTube
(d) Instagram
(e) WhatsApp
(f) Pinterest
Socialization is the process to be socialised or having the quality to be accepted in society. In this
way, social media gives us the platform to interact with different people, scroll through their daily
activities or venture into a new world.

WEEK 6
CULTURE

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to
a. Define culture
b. State the component and features of culture
c. Identify the function of culture
d. Define cultural changes

CULTURE
Culture is the way of life of the people of a society. It includes the totality of people, of a society.
It includes the totality of people’s beliefs, their modes of worship, their works of art and crafts,
language, religion, technology, dressing, etc.
Culture varies from place to place. This is because people have different cultures.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

(a) Material culture: this refers to those aspects of culture that we can see, feel, and touch around us
e.g. furniture, work of art, food, buildings, etc.

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(b) Non-material culture: this refers to the intangible aspects of our culture that are not visible such
as language, religion, morality, beliefs, values, music, etc.

FEATURES OF CULTURE
1. Language: language is the system which human beings use to communicate and express
themselves. It is through language that we create, share, express our views etc.
2. Food: the types of food a particular society produces and consumes also serves as a means of
identifying them.
3. Dressing: the type of clothes, style of sewing, and manner the clothes are put on, helps to define
a particular group
4. Religion: people’s system of beliefs and worship are parts of their culture
5. Music & dance: these are used for entertainment and serve as a means of expressing one’s mood
or state of mind

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
1. Culture is learned: culture is not what people have at birth and so, it is not inherited. We learn
culture from families, peers, institutions, media, etc.
2. Culture is shared: no human being or society exist in complete isolation, so culture is not a personal
property that is why people living together in community often share common languages, dress
in similar ways, etc.
3. Culture is dynamic: culture changes. It is not static. Through social societies lend and
borrow one another’s culture.
4. Culture is universal: culture is universal. It is not peculiar to any particular group. No
culture is superior to the other.
5. Culture differs: culture differs from place to place. It makes a people unique among
others.

IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE
1. Culture helps us to preserve our tradition, belief, history, legacy, etc.
2. It teaches us about our forefathers and how they do things in the past and how they do things in
the past and how we can preserve the good ones.
3. It modifies our behaviour through societal norms and values
4. It strengthens our dialects and mother tongues
5. It helps us to know who we are and where we come from
WAYS OF PRESERVING OUR CULTURE.
We can preserve our culture in the following ways:

1. learn about our religious traditions

2. spend time with other members of the community
3. share our culture’s arts
4. organize traditional festivals
5. teach our children or younger generation how to cook our native food
6. teach our younger generation how to speak our language

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 TYPES OF CULTURE IN NIGERIA
There are many cultural groups in Nigeria, but there are three major cultural groups and other minor
cultural groups. The major cultural groups are;

1. Igbo
2. Hausa
3. Yoruba
While the minor cultural groups are:

Ijaw, Urhobo, Efik, Gwari, Nupe, Tiv, Jukan, Fufude, Egbes, Ijebu, Ijesa, Igbira, Igala, Idoma,
Birom, Angas, etc.

HOW WE LEARN CULTURE.

1. Acculturation: this is a condition whereby somebody acquire the culture of other people through
contact with them. E.g., a girl who grows up in Hausa land but is Igbo will acquire a behaviour
that is similar to Hausa.
2. Enculturation: this deals with the ability of an individual to adopt or accept the element of his
own culture, such as norm, discipline, social roles, etc.
3. Cultural influences: this takes place when the people of a society are influenced by other people’s
culture through observation, i.e. when people copy other people’s culture
4. Cultural consciousness: this has to do with an individual being wee informed and deep-rooted in
the practice of the culture of his people
5. Cultural Universals: this refers to the aspects of culture that are generally observed by all cultural
groups. E.g. all cultural groups believe in marriage, dance, burial naming ceremony, etc.

FUNCTION OF CULTURE
1. Culture brings together the values and norms of the society
2. Culture provides one of the most important basis for social unity
3. Culture brings about the uniqueness in people that distinguishes one society from the other
4. Culture establish and moulds the social personality. A person is known or described by his name,
his language, etc.
5. Culture provides a society with acceptable pattern, which prepares people for social life.

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 WEEK 7
ELEMENT OF CULTURE

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to
a. Define elements of culture
b. Identify the elements of our culture that bind us together
c. Define cultural identity
d. Explain the uniqueness of our culture
ELEMENT OF CULTURE
1. Language: A group of words or ideas having common meaning and is shared to a social situation
is called language. Language is the entrance to a culture. Language is a source of communication.
Language differs from culture to culture and transmitted from one generation to another.
2. Symbols: Symbols are anything used to represent, express, and stand for an eventful situation.
Symbols direct and guide our behaviour. It is used to show an event of past, present or future
3. Norms: These are rules and guidelines which specify the behaviour of an individual. Norms keep
a person within the boundary of society and its culture.
4. Values: Value depend upon culture. Culture varies from society to society and thus, values are
different in every society.
5. Belief: Every group within a culture have some beliefs for these beliefs are responsible for the
spiritual fulfilment of needs and wants.

CULTURAL SIMILARITIES IN NIGERIA

1. Religion: They all believe in the existence of one supreme being who is to be revered and honoured
2. Marriages and ceremonies: the different ethnic groups share common experiences in marriage and
ceremonies
3. Naming ceremony: Almost all the culture groups celebrate the birth and naming of a new born
baby
4. Existence of traditional rulers: all the ethnic groups have traditional rulers
5. Economic: All groups engage in one economic activities or the other to earn a living. Mostly
farming, trading, etc.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
1. Language: The language spoken in Nigeria differs from one region to the other. Differences in
language constitute major barrier to communication
2. Religion: The religious practices among the ethnic groups also differs. The three major religion
in Nigeria are Christianity, Islam, and traditional religion
3. Mode of dressing: The mode of dressing for these ethnic and religious groups differs.
4. Marriage ceremonies: Marriage ceremonies are performed in almost all the different cultural
groups. The nature and pattern of the ceremonies differ.
5. Food: The main meal eaten in the cultural groups differs. Different choice of meals among the
groups make each group look at the other differently.
6. Mode of greeting: The pattern of greetings among the groups also differ.
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 CULTURAL IDENTITY
Cultural identity can be defined as the identity of an individual which enhances the feeling of
belonging to a group or culture that tells us who we are. This is often because of shared qualities
like birthplace, tradition, practices and belief, art, music, and food.

IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL IDENTITY

Cultural identity:

1. Is an important contributor to people’s wellbeing

2. It can help us to identify ourselves with a particular culture
3. It gives us the feeling of belonging, and security
4. It provides us with support, and it helps us to share our values and aspirations
5. It influences our beliefs about what is true or false about us

ELEMENTS OF CULTURAL IDENTITY

1. Social organization: The family patterns and social classes of a culture
2. Custom and tradition: This includes the way we act, wear clothes, what we eat, and laws of the
land
3. Language: The language we speak helps to identify who we are
4. Religion: The types of religion that is practical in a particular place help to tell more about us
5. Art and literature: Cultural crafts and writing also help to tell more about the people of a particular
region

WEEK 8
ACCIDENT IN THE HOME, SCHOOL, AND AT WORKPLACE

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to
a. Define accident
b. State the types of accidents
c. Explain the need for safety in our society
d. formation of road safety clubs in Nigeria
e. Identify roles of road safety clubs in the socialization of youths
ACCIDENT
Accident is the sudden occurrence of unpleasant event which lead to injury or death.

TYPES OF ACCIDENT
1. Accident at home
2. Accident at school
3. Accident in our workplace
4. Accident on the road
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 SAFETY
Safety is a situation whereby one person is free from risk or danger. It is when injury is prevented
from happening.

REASON WHY WE NEED SAFETY

1. To prevent loss of life: when carrying out a task, safety ensure that we put things in their proper
place to prevent death of an individual
2. To minimize risk: safety minimizes the risk of been injured while carrying out a task
3. To prevent disabilities: safety prevent injury that can cause disabilities. Some loss their eyes,
limbs, arms, and other body parts because of lack of safety
4. To prevent damage of properties: road and fire accident can lead to great damage to many
properties
5. To prevent avoidable accidents: no matter the type of accident, if proper safety measures are put
in place, all these accidents will be prevented. E.g. in swimming, if swimming pool gadget is
fully available, it will prevent and eliminate drowning.

ACCIDENT IN THE HOME AND SCHOOL

These are accidents that occurs while carrying out our task at home or in the school environment.

Example of Home Accidents

1. Fire outbreak
2. Pressing iron burns
3. Hot water burns
4. Sliding in the bathroom
5. Knife cut
6. Electric shocks through electrical appliances
7. Bone fracture due to falling from the stair case

Example of School Accidents

1. Burning of skin due to splash of chemicals during experiments in the school laboratory
2. Hitting of students eyes by a fellow student
3. Falling from the school staircase
4. Fracture while running or playing in the pitch
5. Drowning in school water tank
SAFETY MEASURES AT HOME.

1. To prevent electrical shocks, the house should be properly wired by professionals

2. Gas cylinder should be properly closed to prevent gas leakage
3. Petrol and kerosene should be kept from the reach of children
4. The use of candle, mosquito coils, boiling rings, etc. should be avoided if possible
5. Bathroom floors should be scrubbed regularly while old bathroom tiles should be replaced
6. The bush around the house should be cleared to prevent snake, scorpion, and other dangerous
animal

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 SAFETY MEASURES IN A SCHOOL
1. The school building should be constructed properly, with necessary safety measures put in place
2. Fire extinguishers should be provided and placed in strategic location, especially in the
laboratories
3. Sport masters and possibly a nurse should be available during sports or special sporting event
4. School buses should be in good condition and should be driven by professional drivers
5. First aid kits should be provided in the school, clinics, laboratories, and other school environment

ACCIDENTS IN THE WORKPLACE

1. Fire extinguishers should be in strategic places
2. Proper wiring of the workshop should be done by experts
3. Staff should ensure that all electrical gadgets are switched off after office hours
4. Smoking should not be allowed in all office
5. Safety manager should conduct periodic training of staff on how to prevent accident in the
workplace

FORMATION OF ROAD SAFETY CLUBS IN NIGERIA

WHAT IS ROAD SAFETY CLUB?

Road safety club us a club established to teach the youths how to become better road users. It is
also an avenue to learn road safety rules and how to apply them.

STRUCTURE OF ROAD SAFETY CLUBS

Road safety management has three tiers. They are;

1. The regular marshals (first - tier): These are those who work in the offices of the FRSC.
2. The special marshals (second-tier): These are men and women who volunteer to manage traffic especially
on busy roads
3. Road safety club (third-tier): It is the club level in schools. It is organized into road safety clubs
at primary, secondary, tertiary, and in National Youth Corps (NYSC)

AIMS OF ROAD SAFETY CLUBS

1. To inculcate into the youths, road safety culture as stated in highway code
2. To assist in raising campaign on road safety ethic
3. To monitor and report back to the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) offices, the condition of the
road
4. To increase awareness of career opportunities related to road safety
5. To report road crashes to the nearest FRSC office or any relevant body for assistance

ROLES OF ROAD SAFETY CLUBS IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF YOUTHS

1. Protection of vulnerable people from road accidents: through road safety club, youths are
sensitised on road safety
2. Sensitisation: the clubs teaches the youth what they need to do to reduce the incidence of
dangerous driving and road accident
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3. Guidelines: guidelines on road safety are taught to pupils and students. They in turn will teach
their peers and their parents
4. Signs and symbols: road safety club members are also taught road signs and symbols, and what
they stand for.

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