Wiley Journal Style Manual - V5.4

Journals Style Manual
Version 5.4
Updated March 03, 2022
Contents
PREFACE .................................................................................................... 6
1 Levels of Editing ..................................................................................... 7
1.1 Copyediting Level 0 (CE0) – Document Structuring, Styling, & XML Tagging
............................................................................................................ 7
1.1.1 Definition ................................................................................ 7
1.1.2 Structuring and XML Tagging ..................................................... 7
1.1.3 CE0 Tasks ............................................................................... 7
1.1.4 CE0 Tasks to be Performed for Society-Copyedited CE0 Titles Only ... 8
1.2 Copyediting Level 1 (CE1) – Fundamental Language & Technical Editing .... 9
1.2.1 Definition ................................................................................ 9
1.2.2 Structuring and XML Tagging ..................................................... 9
1.2.3 Technical Editing ...................................................................... 9
1.2.4 Copyediting ........................................................................... 10
1.3 Copyediting Level 2 (CE2) – Advanced Language Editing ....................... 13
1.3.1 Structuring and XML Tagging ................................................... 13
1.3.2 Technical Editing .................................................................... 13
1.3.3 Copyediting ........................................................................... 13
1.4 Copyediting Level 3 (CE3) – Complex Language & Discipline-Specific Editing
.......................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1 Structuring and XML Tagging ................................................... 15
1.4.2 Technical Editing .................................................................... 15
1.4.3 Copyediting ........................................................................... 16
1.5 Scientific Editing (SE) – Discipline-Specific Qualitative Editing By Subject
Matter Experts ...................................................................................... 16
1.5.1 Specifications ........................................................................ 17
2 Parts of a Manuscript/Article ................................................................... 18
2.1 Front Matter .................................................................................. 18
2.1.1 DOI...................................................................................... 18
2.1.2 Article History ........................................................................ 18
2.1.3 Logos ................................................................................... 19
2.1.4 Article Type and Category ........................................................ 20
2.1.5 Article Title and Subtitle .......................................................... 21
2.1.6 Author Names/Byline .............................................................. 22
2.1.7 Author Affiliation .................................................................... 24
2.1.8 Correspondence ..................................................................... 26
2.1.9 Categories of Editors/Creators and Their Treatment ..................... 28
2.1.10 Present Address ................................................................... 29
2.1.11 Funding Information ............................................................... 29
2.1.12 Abstract/Graphical Abstract .................................................... 29
2.1.13 Keywords ............................................................................ 30
2.1.14 Keyword Style in Articles Without Abstract ................................ 31
2.1.15 Key Points/Highlights ............................................................ 31
2.1.16 JEL and AMS Classifications .................................................... 33
2.1.17 Title Page Footnotes .............................................................. 34
2.1.18 Abbreviations ....................................................................... 34
2.1.19 Title Page Footnote for End-Author Style .................................. 35
2.1.20 Copyright Line...................................................................... 36
2.1.21 Epigraphs ............................................................................ 37
2.2 Body Matter ................................................................................... 38
2.2.1 Running Head ........................................................................ 38
2.2.2 Heading Levels ...................................................................... 38
2.2.3 Figures ................................................................................. 43
2.2.4 Parts of Figures ...................................................................... 43
2.2.5 Tables .................................................................................. 46
2.2.6 Lists ..................................................................................... 49
2.2.7 Equations .............................................................................. 50
2.2.8 Enunciations .......................................................................... 52
2.2.9 Scheme and Structure............................................................. 53
2.2.10 Open Practices/Open Research Badges ..................................... 54
2.2.11 Boxes ................................................................................. 55
2.2.12 Handling of Dialogue or Q&A .................................................. 55
2.2.13 Abbreviations ....................................................................... 56
2.2.14 Scientific and Mathematical Content ........................................ 59
2.2.15 Math Markup........................................................................ 71
2.3 Back Matter ................................................................................... 71
2.3.1 Nomenclature ........................................................................ 72
2.3.2 Author Contributions ............................................................... 72
2.3.3 Acknowledgments .................................................................. 73
2.3.4 Conflict of Interest.................................................................. 73
2.3.5 Data Availability Statement ...................................................... 74
2.3.6 Ethics Statement .................................................................... 75
2.3.7 ORCID ID .............................................................................. 75
2.3.8 Peer Review ............................................................................ 75
2.3.9 Endnotes .............................................................................. 77
2.3.10 Author Biography/Biosketch ................................................... 78
2.3.11 Supporting Information ......................................................... 79
2.3.12 How to Cite ......................................................................... 79
2.3.13 Appendix ............................................................................. 80
3 References .......................................................................................... 82
3.1 General Information ........................................................................ 82
3.2 Citation of References ..................................................................... 83
3.2.1 Name and Year ...................................................................... 83
3.2.2 Number ................................................................................ 84
3.2.3 Basic Rules of Citations (Name and Year) ................................... 85
3.3 Reference Lists............................................................................... 86
3.3.1 Chemistry–Material Sciences Reference Style .............................. 86
3.3.2 American Mathematical Society (AMS) Reference Style ................. 88
3.3.3 American Medical Association (AMA) Reference Style ................... 89
3.3.4 American Psychological Association (APA) Reference Style ............ 95
3.3.5 Vancouver Reference Style ..................................................... 123
3.3.6 Math and Physical Sciences Reference Style............................... 126
3.3.7 American Physical Society (APS) Reference Style ........................ 129
3.3.8 Chicago Reference Style ......................................................... 132
3.3.9 Harvard Reference Style ......................................................... 136
3.3.10 Modern Language Association (MLA) Reference Style .................. 139
3.3.11 Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities
(OSCOLA – Footnote Reference Style) ................................................ 145
4 Language Editing ................................................................................. 147
4.1 General Guidelines ......................................................................... 148
4.2 British and American Usage ............................................................. 148
4.3 Capitalization ................................................................................ 151
4.4 Punctuation .................................................................................. 154
4.4.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks .............................................. 154
4.4.2 Period ................................................................................. 154
4.4.3 Comma................................................................................ 155
4.4.4 Semicolon ............................................................................ 156
4.4.5 Colon .................................................................................. 157
4.4.6 Slash................................................................................... 157
4.4.7 Quotation Marks .................................................................... 157
4.4.8 Parentheses, Brackets, and Braces ........................................... 158
4.5 Italics .......................................................................................... 158
4.6 Hyphenation ................................................................................. 159
4.6.1 Prefixes and Suffixes That Do Not Require Hyphens in Most Cases . 161
4.6.2 Prefixed Words That Require Hyphens in Most Cases ................... 162
4.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers ..................................................... 162
4.7.1 Misplaced Modifiers ................................................................ 162
4.7.2 Dangling Modifiers ................................................................. 163
4.8 Verbs .......................................................................................... 163
4.9 Tense .......................................................................................... 163
4.10 Subject and Verb Agreement ......................................................... 163
4.10.1 Intervening Phrase .............................................................. 163
4.10.2 False Singulars .................................................................... 164
4.10.3 False Plurals ....................................................................... 164
4.10.4 Collective Nouns .................................................................. 164
4.10.5 Compound Subject .............................................................. 164
4.10.6 Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb
Disagreement ................................................................................. 164
4.10.7 Subject and Predicate Nominative Differ in Number ................... 165
4.10.8 Indefinite Pronouns .............................................................. 165
4.11 Pronouns .................................................................................... 165
4.12 Relative Pronouns and Subordinate Conjunctions .............................. 165
4.12.1 Relative Pronouns ................................................................ 165
4.12.2 Subordinate Conjunctions ..................................................... 166
4.13 Parallel Construction..................................................................... 167
4.14 Tense ........................................................................................ 168
4.15 Commonly Misused Words and Phrases ........................................... 168
4.16 Em Dash and En Dash .................................................................. 169
PREFACE
This manual offers complete guidelines related to content followed by all journals
published by Wiley. Much of the information in this style manual is applicable to all
journals, while some may be specific to specialized disciplines or fields of
publication.
It contains the following sections:
Section 1: Levels of editing
Section 2: Parts of a manuscript/article
Section 3: References
Section 4: Language editing
Section 1 defines the levels of copyediting in Wiley and copyediting tasks to be

performed under each level. Section 2 splits an article into three sections — front
matter, body, back matter — detailing all the elements within these. Section 3 is
devoted to references in Wiley journals, including all the journal reference styles
and their treatment in a list. Section 4 offers copyediting guidelines related to
language editing with a focus on general rules of grammar usage.
This knowledge has been gathered after reviewing and analyzing the best editorial
practices, all the existing guidelines to editing and layout in Wiley journals, and the
need to keep pace with rapid technical advancements in the publishing industry. We
would also like to acknowledge the most important of these sources to which this
manual owes a great deal: the APA Manual of Style, 7th edition; the AMA Manual of
Style, 11th edition; and The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition.
This comprehensive style manual aims to be the single point of reference for all
copyediting guidelines to eliminate the need to use multiple style sheets for
treatment of content. It is a living document and might change according to the
Wiley publishing requirements.
1 Levels of Editing
In Wiley, copyediting is defined into five categories: Level 0 (CE0), Level 1 (CE1),
Level 2 (CE2), Level 3 (CE3), and Scientific Editing. These are based on the quality
of the original manuscript or the expectation defined by the publication. The levels
are defined to indicate the copyediting requirement for each journal. However,
editorial discretion must be exercised in following instructions.
Based on the specific workflows associated, CE1–3 are subcategorized into three
categories based on who is doing the task, Wiley inhouse, typesetter/vendor, or a
freelance copyeditor, e.g., CE1W, CE1T, and CE1F (W: Wiley inhouse, T: typesetter,
and F: freelance). These subcategories are not fixed, and in future, further
subcategories may be added depending on business requirements. CE3 only has a
single subcategory – Level 3F, i.e., CE3F.
The file structuring requirements are excluded in these definitions of copyediting as

they are essentially the same for all levels of copyediting. Copyediting specifications
of bibliographic references are applicable to all levels of copyediting.
1.1 Copyediting Level 0 (CE0) – Document Structuring,

Styling, & XML Tagging
1.1.1 Definition
CE0 is applicable to all Wiley journals and is the default level required for all
journals accepted for publication. No content-related edits are done at the CE0
level.
1.1.2 Structuring and XML Tagging

Structuring and XML tagging of the manuscript according to the WileyML 3G
specifications has to be done by the typesetter, i.e., the Wiley production
team/vendor. Structuring is the process in which the typesetter identifies various
elements in the article and applies the electronic tagging (mark-up), including
metadata, DOI, authors, affiliations, headings, paragraphs, links, and so on,
according to the WileyML 3G specifications. The fully structured file serves as the
input for the copyeditor.
1.1.3 CE0 Tasks

• Check that the manuscript is complete and that all elements are in the correct
sequence.
• All manuscript elements must be styled and formatted correctly, which includes
title page, headings, figures, tables, equations, acknowledgments, conflict of
interest, author contributions, lists, footnotes, endnotes, references, author
biographies, supporting information, how to cite, appendix, graphical abstract,
etc.
• Author names must be included as submitted.
• Family and given names must be correctly identified and put in the correct
sequence.
• Affiliation(s) are correctly assigned and styled (parts placed in the correct order).
• Check and correct the data integrity of the file (e.g., raised text versus
superscript, special character coding, font calls, thin spaces, units, nonbreaking
hyphens, quotation marks/apostrophes, and single/double quotation marks).
• Edit for mechanical aspects of journal style (e.g., ANOVA [should always be in
uppercase], Fig. 1/Figure 1/Fig. 1(a)/Fig. 1a, numbers in words or figures, and list
style).
• Identify and style units (SI units should be styled correctly (e.g., kg not kgs or
Kg/Kgs, “K” for Kelvin—not °K, mol as unit—not mole, etc.)) and negative
index/solidus notation (including fixed spaces).
• Crosscheck, style, and code the reference citations and references (including
abbreviated journal titles and so forth). Every citation in the text should have a
counterpart.
• Crosscheck, style, and code the figure and table citations and captions. Format
and code the tables to the journal style.
• Correct formatting for URLs and email addresses.
• Make sure journal-specific scientific notations (e.g., df, F, AUC, ppm, cfu, Pa, Da,
t1/2, Å, etc.) are followed.
• Brackets put/placed in correct order. Refer to Sec. 4.4.8
1.1.4 CE0 Tasks to be Performed for Society-Copyedited CE0

Titles Only
Society Copyeditor Service Provider

Check that the manuscript is complete All manuscript elements must be
and that all elements are in the correct formatted correctly, which includes title
sequence. page, headings, figures, tables,
equations, acknowledgments, conflict of
interest, author contributions, lists,
footnotes, endnotes, references, author
biographies, supporting information,
how to cite, appendix, graphical
abstract, etc.
Author names must be included as Check and correct the data integrity of
submitted. the file (e.g., raised text versus
superscript, special character coding,
font calls, thin spaces, units,
nonbreaking and hyphens).
Family and given names must be Edit for mechanical aspects of journal
correctly identified and put in the style (e.g., Fig. 1/Figure 1/Fig.
correct sequence. 1(a)/Fig. 1a).
Affiliation(s) are correctly assigned and Check and correct the data integrity of
styled (parts placed in the correct the file (e.g., quotation
order). marks/apostrophes, and single/double
quotation marks). (The service
provider should follow instructions
given in JSLD if provided.)
Identify and style units (SI units should Crosscheck and code the reference
be styled correctly (e.g., kg not kgs or citations and references. Every citation
Kg/Kgs, “K” for Kelvin—not °K, mol as in the text should have a counterpart.
unit—not mole, etc.)) and negative
index/solidus notation (including fixed
spaces).
Edit for mechanical aspects of journal Crosscheck, style, and code the figure
style (e.g., ANOVA [should always be in and table citations and captions.
uppercase], list style, numbers in words (However, no casing-related
or figures). changes should be performed by
the service provider.)
Style reference citations and references Format and code the tables to the
(including abbreviated journal titles and journal style.
so forth).
Make sure journal-specific scientific Correct formatting for URLs and email
notations (e.g., df, F, AUC, ppm, cfu, addresses.
Pa, Da, t1/2, Å, etc.) are followed.
Brackets put/placed in correct order.
1.2 Copyediting Level 1 (CE1) – Fundamental Language &
Technical Editing
1.2.1 Definition
Copyediting level 1 (CE1) includes both the technical editing and copyediting on the
below mentioned points, along with the structuring and XML tagging. The following
points are considered to constitute the base level of language and technical editing
and should be adhered to by all the Wiley journals.

Refer to Section 1.1.2.
1.2.3 Technical Editing

In addition to the CE0 tasks
• Format the author queries in accordance with Wiley style.
• Graphics sizing plus relabeling (if necessary).
• Check for representation of units (negative indices or solidus style).
1.2.4 Copyediting
• Spelling errors: Plain spelling errors are to be corrected. Standard use of UK/US
spellings within the manuscript must be maintained.
• Non-English words and terms with diacritical marks and accents are verified and
should be italicized.
• Verify the appropriateness of all sections and heading levels.
• Check consistency in word usage, including spelling and casing.
• All copyeditors should use the following latest editions of dictionaries for spellings
and medical/scientific terms and terminologies for consistency of usage in the
manuscript:
- UK spelling: Concise Oxford Dictionary (for words not found in Oxford
Dictionary, refer to Collins Dictionary.)
- US spelling: Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
- Australian spelling: Macquarie Dictionary
- Medical terms: Stedman's Medical Dictionary
• Check capitalization of basic terms (proper nouns, names of
institutes/organizations, sentence starting with capital letter, etc.).
• Check that style for statistical/scientific/medical terms and terminologies is
consistent in text, tables, and figures throughout the article.
• Format author queries in accordance with the Wiley style (use Wiley template for
author queries as first choice).
• Correct improper word inflection. Refer to the dictionary to correct some verbs or
plural forms of nouns.
• Ensure proper usage of definite and indefinite articles.
• Correct errors with singular/plural forms.
• Make sure subject–verb agreement is correct.
• Ensure proper usage of prepositions.
• Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses "which" versus "that" must be corrected.
Please refer to Sec. 4.12.1 for more details.
• Check for correct use of abbreviation, expansion at first instance and acronym
usage second mention onwards, and rules for casing (uppercase or lowercase).
This should be consistent in the manuscript.
• Check consistency of hyphens linked with recommended dictionaries (for scientific
terms and terminologies, follow rules related to prefixes and suffixes), en-rules,
and em-rules.
• Italicize genus and species names as per the recommended Wiley copyediting
guidelines.
• Ensure all rules of punctuation are applied and corrected, such as commas,
semicolons, colons, etc. (serial comma for US English, no serial comma for UK
English).
• Make sure treatment of numbers adheres to the recommended style.
• Check for mathematical operators, editing inline/displayed mathematical and
chemical formulas; treatment of numbers, spaces, and symbols.
• Use of abbreviations needs to be corrected (such as “USA” needs to be changed
to “United States” when used as a noun; US when used as a modifier, e.g., US
Army). Check for author's usage and preference and inform the author of the
changes made.
• Check manipulation of spaces within equations and conditions (em space, en
space, thin space, etc.).
• Complete reference check; check that reference callouts in the text match the
actual number of authors and also correspond to the listed references.
• Identify and style mathematical symbols (summation, product, subset, much less
than, much greater than, partial differential, delta, etc.).
• Style variables and notions in equations (italics, boldface, roman, etc.).
• Perform linearization and display formats wherever required (convert inline
equations into display equations and vice versa).
• Check for mathematical content—formatting of variables, constants, vectors,
matrices; consistency; linear/nonlinear equations; mathematical operators, etc.
• Scientific variables need to be italicized (e.g., v, a, m, etc.).
• SI units need to be verified and rectified if required.
Example 1:
Example 2:
1.3 Copyediting Level 2 (CE2) – Advanced Language
Editing
The CE2 level constitutes the standard copyediting level to edit scientific content
and language, based on the quality of the manuscript. This includes all copyediting
tasks of CE0 and CE1.


1.3.3 Copyediting
1.3.3.1 Spelling
• Spellings of trade and non-proprietary drug and equipment names, medical and
non-medical terms, and specialty-specific phrases; and non-English words and
terms with diacritical marks and accents are verified; PubMed may be used to
verify usage and spelling of specialty-specific terms and phrases; eponyms are
checked and used consistently; different spellings may be used for noun/adjective
word forms; the style for statistical terms and tests is made consistent in text,
tables, and figures throughout the article.
• All copyeditors should use the latest editions of dictionaries for spellings and
medical terms. Refer to Sec. 1.2.4 for details.
1.3.3.2 Capitalization
Capitalization of directions (North, South, East, West, and their derivatives are
capitalized when they indicate definite regions or are part of a proper name) and words
such as Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western when they refer to the people in a
region or to their political, social, or cultural activities.
1.3.3.3 Grammar
• Refer to Section 1.2.4
• Correct conjunction errors.
• Correct inconsistencies in active/passive voice, first/third person, present/past
tense, and idiom/style. The author’s preference must be retained unless
inconsistent within the manuscript. Query the author before making big changes.
1.3.3.4 Syntax
• Query or eliminate redundancies; shorten or break up run-on sentences, or query
the author to rewrite the sentence; query dangling modifiers.
• Remove unnecessary repetition of words (e.g., London instead of London city,
Asia instead of Asian continent).
• Correct fundamental errors in syntax.
• Rephrase text to achieve parallel structure.
• Reword difficult-to-understand sentences for clarity and readability; ask the
author for confirmation.
1.3.3.5 Usage
• Commonly misused terms are corrected; many gender-specific terms have a
neutral equivalent: mankind/humankind.
• Correct for ethical appropriateness and stereotypical language.
1.3.3.6 Scientific and Mathematical Content

• Check the usage of genus and species, and the classifications (order, family,
subfamily, genus, and species) for styling and formatting.
• Check and query for chemical elements and names if there is any ambiguity.
• Check usage of correct and precise terms for brevity, e.g. treatment of
protein/gene names.
• Refer to Sec. 2.2.14 for more details.
1.3.3.7 Manuscript Components

• Every citation in the text should have a counterpart; verify the appropriateness of all
section and head levels; do a close reading and editing of tables; check figure legends
against figures; make or recommend changes for sense, clarity, or consistency, and
query the author to verify the changes made.
• Query for all drug dosages; this can be done as a blanket query.
• Although it is not the responsibility of the copyeditor to check whether text,
tables, or illustrations require permission to reprint, if there are strong indications
that an element of the article could have been published previously elsewhere but
there is no indication that permission to reproduce has been obtained, it is
reasonable to add a query pointing out that the author should have obtained
permission to reproduce the material.
Example 1:
Example 2:
1.4 Copyediting Level 3 (CE3) – Complex Language &

Discipline-Specific Editing
CE3 requires extremely experienced copyeditors and subject-matter experts with a
good command over the language, who can produce results of a noticeably greater
breadth than is required for CE2 editing. Style sheets, or guides, for CE3 journals
are lengthy and complex. The CE3 specifications include CE1 and CE2 rules and
other additional editing rules mentioned below.


• Refer to Section 1.2.3.
• In addition, the copyeditor is expected to apply high-level discipline-specific rules
for abbreviations and nomenclature.
1.4.3 Copyediting
1.4.3.1 Spelling
PubMed may be used to verify usage and spelling of specialty-specific terms and
phrases; eponyms should be checked and used consistently; different spellings may
be used for noun/adjective word forms; the style for statistical terms and tests
should be consistent in text, tables, and figures throughout the article. Other
sources, generally databases for international standards, are used for verification,
as specified in the style manual.
1.4.3.2 Grammar
• Refer to Sec. 1.3.3.3
1.4.3.3 Syntax
1.4.3.4 Usage
1.4.3.5 Scientific and Mathematical Content

• Refer to Section 1.3.3.6.
• Content editing: Verify facts in articles using outside sources (e.g., references,
Internet searches, databases).
• Non-SI units need to be converted to SI units for consistency, or vice versa in text
(e.g., The width of the box is 1 m, and the length is 5 ft (not accepted); Correct:
The width of the box is 1 m, and the length is 16.4 m)
1.4.3.6 Manuscript Components

• Edit tables to save space (e.g., several heads can be combined into one in a
virgule construction to save space [Study/Y/%]).
• Clarify language as much as possible, whether or not an indisputable error has
occurred. The author is asked to verify all changes.
• Read the abstract content against the article content to ensure that the abstract
correctly reflects the article’s thesis, methods, and conclusion. The copyeditor
may also edit the article title on the basis of content and query.
• Revise poor writing that is a result of an author’s lack of familiarity with English.
1.5 Scientific Editing (SE) – Discipline-Specific

Qualitative Editing By Subject Matter Experts
SE is done by subject-matter experts and addresses the meaningful content of the
publication, restoring the coherence of individual parts, eliminating gaps and
redundancies, fact-checking, deleting material, and ensuring that emphasis placed
on various elements is appropriate to their significance. Currently, other publishers
refer to this editing by different names, i.e.,
substantial/developmental/comprehensive/technical editing. In Wiley, it is termed
as Scientific Editing (SE).
1.5.1 Specifications
• The editor focuses only on the scientific content. The manuscript is
comprehensively reviewed.
• The editor is expected to apply high-level discipline-specific rules for abbreviations
and nomenclature (e.g., human gene nomenclature, typographic distinctions
between genes and corresponding proteins).
• Check whether the scientific argument reflects the central question or objective.
• Check the structure, clarity, flow, and relative emphasis of the arguments.
• Check the description of the rationale, methods, and how the conclusions were
derived.
• Check and comment on the presentation of context and of any objectively
justifiable implications of the research.
• Check on the clarity and suitability of the figures, tables, and supplementary
information.
• Comment on any sections that lack detail or are unnecessarily long.
• Emphasize the effectiveness of the cover letter and other supporting materials.
2 Parts of a Manuscript/Article
An article makes up the primary content of a journal that may be a research
paper/original article, commentary, book review, editorial or letter to the editor,
new reports, announcements, and the like. Each article can be divided into three
main sections: front matter, body, and back matter. These contain various
elements that make up the manuscript supplied by the author or the editor.
2.1 Front Matter

This is the first section in the article and has content elements that include article
title, article category, author byline and their affiliation, and correspondence details.
The abstract that summarizes the article also makes up the front matter, as well as
the keywords of the manuscript.
2.1.1 DOI
The digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by the
International DOI Foundation to identify and provide a link to its location on the
Internet. This is assigned by the publisher when the article is published and made
available electronically. This directs readers to the content regardless of where the
content resides and sits embedded in the reference lists of electronic articles that
allow click-through access to each reference.
• Include the DOI for both print and electronic sources.
• The DOI must begin with the number 10 and contain a prefix and a suffix
separated by a slash. The prefix is a unique number of four or more digits
assigned to organizations, while the suffix is assigned by the publisher.
• The DOI is placed on the first page of the journal article.
• It appears in the form “DOI: xxx” at the top left of the first page.
• The alphanumeric string for the DOI must be exactly as published in the article.
• It contains the publisher’s prefix. For example: 10.1002/
• It contains the journal code. For example: Advanced Materials: adma
2.1.2 Article History

Standard layout: Received and accepted dates are mandatory; revised date is
optional (no “Published on” date). Standardized text: “Received,” “Revised,”
“Accepted.” No period at the end of history dates.
Additional option: For journals and article categories that do not use/require
history dates, do not include these.
• If the revised date is not provided, do not raise a query.
• Do not retain dates for Introduction articles.
• Do not add a period at the end of history dates.
• Standardized text: “Received,” “Revised,” “Accepted” (no “Published on” date).
For example:
2.1.3 Logos
• The layout guideline allows logos to be placed at the top right of the first page.
When a journal does not precisely have a logo, it can be created by cropping the
corresponding web banner. If a journal does not have a web banner or journal
logo, it is fine for only the Wiley logo to be used.
• Wiley logos can be removed if societies do not want to display them on society
journals.
• Verso pages: The Wiley logo appears as the first logo, followed by the
journal/society logo.
• Recto pages: The journal/society logo appears first, followed by the Wiley logo.
• Logos in b/w for POD. A journal may ask for a color logo in POD as a special
request.
• If a journal has a requirement to include more than two logos on the first page,
they would be placed as shown below:
2.1.4 Article Type and Category
An article type describes specific characteristics, such as length and content, of a
manuscript.
A category is assigned to each article type defined by the editors of a specific
journal. In some journals, there may also be a subcategory/subtitle. The article
types permissible for Wiley journals include:
Article type Article category as visible on PDF/Wiley Online Library (WOL)

Article Article/Original Article/Full Paper/Research Paper/Research Article/Refereed
Paper/Original Arbeit/Original Paper/Main Article/…
Rapid Publication Rapid Publication/Rapid Communication/…
Short Short Communication/Short Report/Brief Note/Brief Report/Research in
Communication Brief/…
Editorial Editorial/Guest Editorial/Editorial Review/…
Book Review Literature Review/Design Review/Review/Review Article/Review Essay/…
Obituary In Memoriam/Obituary/…
Letter Letter to the Editor/Correspondence/Forum/…
Technical Note Clinical Note/ Technical Note/Primer Note/…
Historical Historical Perspective/…
Perspective
Case Study Case Report/Case Study/Patient Report/Case Study/…
Introduction Introduction/…
Commentary Commentary/Opinion Article/Viewpoint/Personal View/Debate/…
Events Calendar of Events/Event/…
Erratum Erratum/…
Addendum Addendum/Corrigendum/Correction/…
Announcement Announcement/…
News News/…
Abstract Abstract/…
Author Instruction for Author/Note for Contributor/Note on the Submission of
Instructions Paper/…
Index Index/Author Index/Keyword Index/Subject Index/Volume
Index/Bandregister/…
• The category name is ragged left, ALL CAPS, bold, and underlined.
• The category name is placed above the article title.
• The article type should match what is provided as metadata from the Editorial
Manager (or other manuscript submission system).
• The subcategory needs to be set in title case.
For example:
Article Category with Subtitle:
Lengthy Article Category:
Corrigendum:
Book Review:
Original Research:
2.1.5 Article Title and Subtitle

• Article titles are set in sentence case, but capitalize proper nouns.
• Lowercase the second part of a species name, such as lucius in Esox lucius, or the
part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text, such as de or von.
• Use bold, roman, no end period.
• Capitalize the first word after a colon or em dash unless it is a lowercase
abbreviation or follows any other specified usage.
• Spell out numerals if they appear in the beginning of a title.
• Avoid the use of abbreviations in a title unless they include the name of a group
that is best known by its acronym (e.g., CONSORT statement).
• Non-English words not found in the recommended dictionaries (US English:
Webster’s, UK English: Concise Oxford English Dictionary) are to be italicized.
For example:
ARTICLE TITLE
Sexual dysfunction and response to medications in multiple
sclerosis
Nutrient deficiencies do not contribute to yield loss after
waterlogging events in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Renaissance courtier expected to display sprezzatura, or
nonchalance, in the face of adversity
Competition is always better—An experimental study of
extortionary corruption
FOREIGN LANGUAGE TITLE

Intimidades: Un marco conceptual integrativo y multicultural en
terapia de pareja
ARTICLE SUBTITLE
2.1.6 Author Names/Byline

• Title case, names in full, ranged left; do not use “and” or “&” between last two
authors.
• Initials are spaced out.
• Pronouns to be included if provided by the author:
o Those pronouns should be retained during copyediting and tagged
correctly during CE0.
o Parentheses should be included around the pronouns.
▪ Authors may or may not include the parentheses when they
provide them.
▪ This should be the only edit CEs make to the pronoun
information provided.
o The pronouns themselves should not be edited or queried in any way
for any reason
▪ This includes changes to the internal punctuation (e.g.,
“they/them” and “they, them”), to capitalization (e.g.,
“She/Her” and “She/her” and “she/her”), and to the number of
pronouns listed (e.g., “he/him/his” and “he/him” as well as
“he/they” or “he/him/they/them”), as well as to spelling.
▪ Even if there are inconsistencies in how the pronouns are
displayed for different authors within the same byline or if the
copyeditor thinks there may be a typo, there cannot be any
edits and there must not be a query. Pronouns must publish
exactly as provided by the author.
o Pronouns will appear in parentheses after the author name in the
byline (before degrees or job titles). If degrees or job titles are
present, there will be a comma after the pronouns.
• Degrees are to be included if present in the existing journal style. Degree without
periods; no comma between author name and degree; comma separator needed
between pronouns and degree; more than one degree for the same author should
be separated with a comma.
For example:
Job titles are to be included if present in the existing journal style. No comma
between author name and job title/degrees; comma separator needed between
pronouns and job title, or between a degree and job title.
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3 (pronouns):
Example 4:
John Engler MPH, Postdoctoral Researcher
Ellen Kojima Research Assistant
• Use superscript numerals to indicate affiliations. If there is just one affiliation,
then no superscript numbers should be used.
• The superscript Arabic numbers should be closed up with the author surname.
• Asterisks should not be used to denote corresponding authors, but name,
affiliation, and email should be provided in the Correspondence section.
• ORCID IDs, Twitter logos, Facebook links, and other handles will appear after the
author name.
2.1.7 Author Affiliation

• Placement: below author names.
• Affiliations should be linked to author names with superscripted Arabic numerals.
• Affiliations should be in a sequential order.
• Roman, title case.
• Short address with Arabic numerals as links.
• Include country names for all affiliations.
• The name of the country is not abbreviated, except United States of America
(USA) and United Kingdom (UK). Use Germany, not FRG.
• List department, institution, city, state, and country.
• Traditionally, China is used to refer to Mainland China (People’s Republic of
China); in the case of Taiwan, ROC (Republic of China) should be retained.
Exercise caution in making any changes and check with the author if in doubt.
• The department comes before the university. Department and university names,
where possible, are given in English.
• US state names should be spelled out in affiliations (e.g., Michigan) and
abbreviated in the corresponding address with postal abbreviations (e.g., MI). UK:
no full stops, same as in text.
• Foreign language affiliations: For institutional names in a foreign language, keep
as submitted by the author; however, names of cities and countries in a foreign
language must be changed to English spellings. For example: “Italia” to “Italy.”
For example:
1
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
2
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
3
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site, Berlin, Germany
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
4
Massachusetts, USA
Illustration:
2.1.8 Correspondence
• Short address, including the name of the author with email ID, would suffice. If
street names, post/ZIP codes, or PO boxes are provided, retain them, but delete
telephone and fax details.
• Include country names for all author correspondence, including USA and UK in
abbreviated forms.
• The order of the address details in the correspondence address should be as used
in the respective country (refer to Universal Postal Union website).
• Email: Always starts on a new line; standard text “Email” should be used (without
hyphen).
• Full stop at the end of the correspondence address, before email.
For example:
• Two corresponding authors with different addresses should be set as follows:
• Two corresponding authors with the same address should be set as follows:
2.1.9 Categories of Editors/Creators and Their Treatment
Types of creators are listed below:
Author This creator is designated as an ‘author’
Checker This creator is designated as a ‘checker’
Contact This creator is designated as a contact person for the article and is not an author
Illustrator This creator is an illustrator
This creator is a member of a collaborative group but not listed individually as an

Investigator
author
Translator This creator is designated as a “translator”
Types of editors are listed below:
Editor This editor is designated as an 'editor'

Editor-in-
This editor is designated as an 'editor-in-chief'
Chief
Executive
This editor is designated as an 'executive editor'
Editor
Guest Editor This editor is designated as a 'guest editor'
Handling
This editor is designated as a 'handling editor'
Editor
Special Editor This editor is designated as a 'special editor' (deprecated)
Sponsoring
This editor is designated as a 'sponsoring editor' (deprecated)
Editor
Subject Editor This editor is designated as a ‘subject editor’
The categories given above are handled as shown below (if provided):
Place on the first page, left column under “Correspondence”:

Correspondence
Sophie Restellini, Service de
Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie, Geneva
University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
Email: sophie.restellini@hcuge.ch
Present address
Alwin Miller, Cancer Research UK Centre,
Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
Handling Editor: Vincent Wong
2.1.10 Present Address

• Present address should be included if supplied and placed below Correspondence
in the same style as Correspondence.
• Include country names for all countries.
2.1.11 Funding Information

Section heading should be Funding information.
• If funding information is supplied as a separate section, then the funding agency
and grant number(s) are to be tagged, and the complete section has to be
displayed below the Correspondence section on the title page with the heading
‘Funding information’ in sentence case:
• If funding information is supplied as a part of Acknowledgements, retain it in the

Acknowledgements section and display it on the title page, even if this means it
will appear twice.
• If the content is too long and cannot be displayed below the Correspondence
section on the title page, then place it as a title page footnote.
• If funding information is supplied as ‘None’ or something similar to that, then it
need not be displayed for PDF or HTML.
• For articles where the author names are at the end of the article (e.g., Editorial,
Letter, Correspondence, etc.), the funding information should be displayed after
the Conflict of Interest with the heading ‘FUNDING INFORMATION’ in ALL
CAPS:
2.1.12 Abstract/Graphical Abstract

• The heading should be “Abstract”.
• The following abstract styles are allowed: structured, unstructured, list.
• Unstructured abstracts: Only one paragraph is allowed.
• Structured abstracts: Subheadings in bold, followed by colon in title case style.
• Reference, figure, and table citations are not allowed in the abstract.
• Abstract text in roman.
• Numbered abstracts are allowed.
• Abbreviations in the abstract text are allowed; define all abbreviations and
acronyms on first occurrence and use abbreviations thereafter.
• Numerals: Use numerals for numbers 10 and above throughout the manuscript,
except at the beginning of a sentence.
• Genus and species names should be defined at first use as in text.
• A copyright line is not allowed in the Abstract section.
• If an isotope is mentioned, spell out the name of the element when it is first used
and provide the isotope number on the line (e.g., carbon-12 [first occurrence],
then C-12).
• Non-research articles such as editorials, commentaries, and errata do not have
abstracts, and brief reports/short communications may exclude abstracts at the
discretion of the journal editor.
• Graphical Abstract: Include a Graphical Abstract as per the journal style. If the
query page appears in the beginning of an article, the Graphical Abstract will be
placed AFTER the query page; however, if the query page is placed at the end of
an article, the Graphical Abstract will be placed BEFORE the query page.
2.1.13 Keywords
• Heading: KEYWORDS or Keywords in bold.
• Placement: below the Abstract in the abstract box.
• Include keywords if journal style, including the number of keywords allowed.
• Set in lowercase (except for proper nouns, etc.); alphabetical order; separated by
commas; no end period.
• Abbreviations are allowed.
• Inverted keywords are allowed. Set in lowercase (except for proper nouns, etc.);
alphabetical order; separated by semicolons; no end period.
For example:
KEYWORDS
adolescents; adults; Africa, South; education, graduate; education, nursing;
health literacy; information literacy
(as opposed to South Africa, graduate education, and nursing education)
• Letters to the Editor do not include keywords.
• Chemical formulas beginning with symbols (e.g., δ13C, δ1 5N) are listed at the
end of the keywords; formulas starting with letters (e.g., C3) should be arranged
alphabetically among the other keywords; formulas starting with numerals (e.g.,
13C) come at the beginning of the keywords.
2.1.14 Keyword Style in Articles Without Abstract

Correspondence
John A. Doe, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1
Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030.
Email: jdoe@baylor.edu
Funding information
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; CIHR,
Grant/Award Number: HOA-80072
KEYWORDS
breast cancer, cancer, caregivers, dyadic, oncology, qualitative, survivors
2.1.15 Key Points/Highlights

• Key points/Highlights are placed below the Abstract section. It can be placed on
the second page below the Keywords section if the Abstract section completely
covers the first page, as shown in the below example.
• The heading should be “Key points” or “Highlights” or as submitted by the author
or as per journal style and should be in sentence case.
For example:
2.1.16 JEL and AMS Classifications
For journals that use JEL or AMS codes, this is the style:
• Heading: JEL CLASSIFICATION or AMS CLASSIFICATION in ALL CAPS and
bold.
• Placement: below the Keywords in the abstract box.
• Comma as separator, no end period, and the order is to be followed as submitted
by the author or the standard journal style.
For example:
KEYWORDS
1820s, Corn Laws, free trade, Huskisson, Lord Liverpool, Navigation Act,
Reciprocity of Duties Act, silk trade
JEL CLASSIFICATION
B30, N73
OR
N73, B30
2.1.17 Title Page Footnotes

The hierarchy of the footnote elements on the title page is as follows:
Abbreviations
Equal contributions
Paper presentations
Deceased author
• Abbreviations:
- Not all the journals use abbreviations lists.
- The format: “Abbreviations: xx, xxxx; xx, xxxxx; xx, xxxx.”
- Set in alphabetical order.
• Placed on first page.
• Standardized format: no symbols for title page footnotes, except daggers (†) for
deceased authors.
For example:
Myrtle Coe and Simon Foe contributed equally to this study.
This study was first presented at the…
†
Died May 14, 2014.
2.1.18 Abbreviations
• Set in alphabetical order, separated by a comma. Use semicolons to separate
several abbreviations, period at the end.
For example:
• Where the abstract is large and the list of abbreviations exceeds the first-page
limit, the list can continue on the next page.
2.1.19 Title Page Footnote for End-Author Style

For articles with author information listed at the end of the article (Editorial, Letter,
etc.), if there is a note tagged to the author(s) (e.g., co-author/deceased), then the
note will be added after the corresponding author address and NOT as a footnote.
For editorial, there are two options:
1. Author byline and affiliation toward the end of the editorial (default style)
2. Author byline and affiliation on the first page of the editorial (like main article
types). This is optional.
For example:
For guest editors, we follow the below treatment:
Guest Editor/s
Editor 1 Name
Editor 2 Name
1
Affiliation
2
Affiliation
2.1.20 Copyright Line
• The copyright line appears only on the first page in the article footer.
For example:
• Place above the footer rule if it is lengthy. When this is done, the journal URL is
moved to the bottom right of the footer.
For example:
• The complete journal title will appear in italics up to two words. When there are
more than two words, the journal title is abbreviated (use periods for abbreviated
terms if required by journal; e.g., Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardial. 2017; 1–6).
For the abbreviation of journal titles, please refer to
https://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/.
E-locator workflow Non-e-locator workflow
Full stop required after journal title (use periods for abbreviated terms if required
by journal; e.g., Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardial. 2017; 1–6)
Semicolon after year
Colon after volume number or supplement issue number
No spaces between year, volume, and No spaces between year, volume, and
e-locator (vol. no. will be absent until EV page range (vol. no. will be absent until
stage) EV stage)
Full stop after e-locator Full stop after page range
DOI appears in https://-URL format DOI display is NOT required in the
second line
For example: For example:
• If a legal statement appears in the proofs, it should be placed above the footer
rule, below a dotted line. The copyright line has to be displayed below the legal
statement, i.e., above the solid rule (refer to the snapshot below). Generally, the
journal URL appears in center position. But the journal URL should be flush right
when there is a legal statement. This style is also applicable when there is a
lengthy copyright line. Please note that the journal URL should be hyperlinked.
For example:
Note: The final period for the copyright line should be retained.
2.1.21 Epigraphs
• An epigraph is a short quotation set at the beginning of the article.
• Epigraphs are set in italics and are flush left.
• The signature is set in roman type underneath the quotation and is flush right.
For example:
2.2 Body Matter

2.2.1 Running Head
• Author names: use only surnames, set in full caps.

• Single author: SURNAME.
• Two authors: SURNAME 1 and SURNAME 2 (“and” in small caps).
• More than two authors: SURNAME 1 ET AL. (“ET AL.” in roman and small caps).
• Lowercase particles in small caps (e.g., van KARGA).
• Miscellaneous categories (Editorial, Letter to the Editor, Correspondence): The
article category should be used as running head in full caps.
• Short titles can be used if a journal prefers short titles (journal title or short
article title) to author surnames.
• The journal can opt for “no running head” if required.
For example:
2.2.2 Heading Levels

Heading
• Heading levels 1, 2, 3, and 4—unjustified style.
• Heading level 1: ALL CAPS and bold. Keep the casing of genes and protein names
as submitted by the author.
• For example:
• REGULATION OF p53 GENE
• ROLE OF Arp2/3
• Heading level 2: bold and sentence case except proper nouns and acronyms.
• Heading levels 3, 4, and 5: sentence case except proper nouns and acronyms.
Numbered Heading
Heading Description Example

level
1 Numbered with Arabic numbers, 1 | INTRODUCTION
bold, all caps
2 Numbered, bold, sentence case 2.1 | Materials and
(except for proper nouns and methods
acronyms)
3 Numbered, sentence case (except for 2.2.1 | Screening of
proper nouns and acronyms) differentially expressed genes
4 Unnumbered, lightface, italics, Acceptance set
sentence case (except for proper
nouns and acronyms)
5 Unnumbered, lightface, italics, Properties. There is
sentence case (except for proper considerable variability in
nouns and acronyms) with end phenotype in patients with
period, run-in missense mutations…
Please note that article types such as editorials and book reviews do not need to
have introductions.
Unnumbered heading

level
1 Bold, all caps HEAD
2 Bold, sentence case (except for proper nouns and Head head
acronyms) head
3 Sentence case (except for proper nouns and Head head
acronyms) head
4 Italics, sentence case (except for proper nouns and Head 4
acronyms)
5 Italics, sentence case (except for proper nouns and Head 5.
acronyms) with end period, run-in
Roman heading

level
1 Bold, all caps II | HEADING
2 Bold, sentence case (except for proper II.I | Heading
nouns and acronyms) heading
3 Sentence case (except for proper nouns II.I.I | Heading
and acronyms) heading
4 Unnumbered, italics, sentence case (except Head 4
for proper nouns and acronyms)
5 Unnumbered, italics, sentence case (except Head 5.
for proper nouns and acronyms) with end
period, run-in
Alphanumeric heading
Heading level Description Example

1 Bold, all caps A | HEADING
2 Bold, sentence case (except for A.1 | Heading
proper nouns and acronyms) heading
3 Sentence case (except for proper A.1.1 | Heading heading
nouns and acronyms)
4 Unnumbered, italics, sentence case Head
(except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
5 Unnumbered, italics, sentence case Head 5.
(except for proper nouns and
If a journal wants to adopt numbered headings till level 5, it can select any
of the styles given below:
Numbered Headings for fourth- and fifth-level headings

level
1 Numbered with Arabic numbers, 1 | INTRODUCTION
bold, all caps
2 Numbered, bold, sentence case 2.1 | Materials and
(except for proper nouns and methods
acronyms)
3 Numbered, sentence case (except for 2.2.1 | Screening of
proper nouns and acronyms) differentially expressed genes
4 Unnumbered, lightface, italics, 2.2.1.1 | Acceptance set
nouns and acronyms)
5 Unnumbered, lightface, italics, 2.2.1.1.1 | Properties.
nouns and acronyms) with end
period, run-in
Roman heading for fourth- and fifth-level headings

level
1 Bold, all caps II | HEADING
2 Bold, sentence case (except for proper II.I | Heading
nouns and acronyms) heading
3 Sentence case (except for proper nouns II.I.I | Heading
and acronyms) heading
4 Unnumbered, lightface, italics, sentence II.I.I.I | Head 4
case (except for proper nouns and
acronyms)
5 Unnumbered, lightface, italics, sentence II.I.I.I.I | Head 5.
case (except for proper nouns and
Alphanumeric heading for fourth- and fifth-level headings

Heading level Description Example
1 Bold, all caps A | HEADING
2 Bold, sentence case (except for A.1 | Heading
proper nouns and acronyms) heading
3 Sentence case (except for proper A.1.1 | Heading heading
nouns and acronyms)
4 Unnumbered, lightface, italics, A.1.1.1 | Head
nouns and acronyms)
5 Unnumbered, lightface, italics, A.1.1.1.1 | Head 5.
nouns and acronyms) with end period,
run-in
2.2.3 Figures
• All figures must be referred to in the main body of the text.
• Figures should be placed close to their first citations or close to the paragraphs
where they are cited.
2.2.3.1 Figure Legends

• Sentence case, roman, no period at the end (except if integral part of title, as
abbreviation, etc.). End period can be included for complete sentences at the end
of the legend.
For example:
FIGURE 1 Supplement of the product
FIGURE 1 Prototype of the proposed model. The overall setup has been
illustrated.
• Label in ALL CAPS and bold (FIGURE 1) without period.
• Abbreviations need to be redefined.
• The term “Source” should be in italics followed by a colon.
• For example:
• Raise a query if any symbol in the artwork is not defined in the figure caption.
• Check the figure captions against the figures and against the text to ensure
consistency. Make sure, for example, if parts “x” and “y” are mentioned in the
captions or the text, parts “x” and “y” also appear in the figure.
2.2.4 Parts of Figures

Option 1
• Artwork: Use lowercase labels enclosed in parentheses. For example: (a), (b)
• Captions: Use lowercase labels enclosed in parentheses.
For example: (a) Histological section of…. (b) Comparison of…
• Match the figure parts given in the legend with the parts given in the artwork.
Option 2
• Artwork: Use uppercase labels. For example: (A), (B)
• Captions: Use uppercase labels enclosed in parentheses.
For example: (A) Histological section of…. (B) Comparison of…
• Match the figure parts given in the legend with the parts given in the artwork.
2.2.4.1 Figure Citations in Text
• All figures must be cited in the text by number.
• The citation should be spelled out.
For example:
Figure 1 shows …
• The order of the citations of figures in the text must be sequential.
• Insert missing citations and query the author.
• Figure parts: Use uppercase/lowercase labels closed up with the number,
separated by a comma without a space after the comma.
For example:
Figure 1a,b or Figure 1A,B
Figure 1a–d or Figure 1A–D
• Refer to Section 2.2.3.1 for figure labels.
• Citations to figures from other sources should be lowercase and contracted (e.g.,
fig. 3).
• Few examples of the use of figure citations in text are given below:
Figure 1 shows…
As shown in Figures 2 and 3a,b…
in the illustration (Figure 1a).
…which are leiomyosarcomas (Figures 1 and 2).
Illustration:
2.2.5 Tables
• Tables should be placed and cited in order of reference and in numerical order.
• Tables should be placed close to their first citation on the top or bottom of the
page.
2.2.5.1 Table Legends/Captions

• Sentence case, roman, left aligned, no period at the end (except if integral part of
title, as abbreviation, etc.). End period can be included for complete sentences at
the end of the table caption.
For example:
TABLE 1 Model parameters
TABLE 1 Model parameters. The details of the parameters have been listed.
• Label in ALL CAPS and bold (TABLE 1); use Arabic numerals for table numbers.
• Abbreviations need to be defined.
2.2.5.2 Table Body

• Column headings: bold, roman; bottom aligned.
• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of all headings (column heads,
column spanners, subheads, and table spanners) and word entries. Also,
capitalize the first letter of each word of all proper nouns and the first word
following a colon or an em dash.
• First column left aligned, numerical columns follow alignment with
decimal/operator alignment, text columns left aligned.
• Numerical entries must be aligned by decimal (if applicable), digits and
operational (math), symbols (if applicable).
• A few examples of alignment of table components are given below. For more
details on layout and XML specifications, please refer to the attachment below.
Table Alignment
Specifications
• Each cell entry should be in sentence case.
• Separate decimal entries in the same column are treated as given below:
• Shorter text, formulas, and equations can be set center aligned.

• Generally, longer text entries or combination text, numbers, equations, etc.
should be left aligned.
• In tables, the three-letter abbreviations for days of the week and months may be
used.
For example: Mon, Jan.
• An ellipsis (…), an en dash, or a hyphen may be used to indicate that no data are
available for a cell.
• List and sublist in a table
2.2.5.3 Table Footnotes

• Footnotes end with a period.
• All footnotes are placed above one another.
• Order of table footnotes:
- general notes
- abbreviations and their definitions
- linked table footnotes
- levels of probability
• The heading “Note” in italics is used for general statements. (This heading is not
required if there are only labelled and linked table footnotes.).
• Abbreviations: Use the heading “Abbreviation” if only one abbreviation follows;
use “Abbreviations” if there are more. Abbreviations need to be redefined; list
them in alphabetical order, use semicolons as separators, and a period at the end.
• Use superscript letters for linked table footnotes (a, b, c, …); asterisks are used
for levels of probability.
• The term “Source” should be in italics followed by a colon.
For example:
Note: xxxxx.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a
Controls were matched to cases by age, sex, index date, and duration of
recorded history in the UK General Practice Research Database before the
index date.
***, **, and * denote statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10%
levels, respectively.
Source: Text.
2.2.5.4 Table Citations in Text

• All tables must be cited in the text by number.
• The order of the main citations of tables in the text must be sequential.
• Insert missing citations and query the author.
• Spell out in full (even in parentheses).
For example:
Table 1 shows…
As shown in Tables 2 and 3…
…text (Table 1).
…text (Tables 1 and 2).
• Citations to tables from other sources should be lowercase and contracted (e.g.,
tab. 1).
2.2.6 Lists
2.2.6.1 Display Lists

• Numbered, alphabetical, roman, dash, and bulleted lists are allowed. Any
combination of the lists can be used as submitted by the author or as per the
journal style.
• There should be a line space above and below a list.
2.2.6.2 Run-in Lists

• In text, use uppercase or lowercase letters, lowercase Roman numerals, or Arabic
numbers within round parentheses.
For example:
(a) text, (b) text, and (c) text
OR
(A) text, (B) text, and (C) text
OR
(1) text, (2) text, and (3) text
OR
(i) text, (ii) text, and (iii) text
• Use semicolons to separate three or more elements that have internal commas.
For example:
We tested three groups: (a) low scorers, who scored fewer than 20
points; (b) moderate scorers, who scored between 20 and 50 points; and
(c) high scorers, who scored more than 50 points.
2.2.7 Equations
• The equation number should be set flush right in parentheses.
• Equation numbers should appear in sequence. Both Arabic and Roman numerals
for display equations are acceptable.
For example:
(1), (2), (3), etc.
(I), (II), (III), etc.
• Symbols representing variables and scalars should be italicized (e.g., a + b = c).
• Arrays and vectors should be in boldface (e.g., a, b, c, d).
• Boldface uppercase letters are to be used to refer to matrices (e.g., A, B, C, D,
etc.).
• Differential “d” is set in italic type.
• The symbol for exponential is “e” (roman, not italic).
• Greek symbols as variables should be set in italics.
• Punctuation after a set-off equation is helpful. Display equations are often
preceded by punctuation. Equations set in display do not need punctuation to set
them off from the text; omit colons before them unless the text preceding the
equation could stand as a complete sentence. Commas preceding a display
equation are acceptable if they are grammatically necessary.
• Equations are centered, and if the equation is longer than the available width, the
runover line should be broken before the operator symbol (e.g., +) and aligned to
the operator symbol or equal sign in the preceding line.
• All display equations should be numbered.
• Equation citations are treated as given below.
For example:
Equation (1) shows…
Equations (2) and (3) suggest…
As shown in Equations (I) and (II) (not eq or Eq.)
in the illustration (Equation 1)
For example:
• Citations to equations from other sources should be lowercase and contracted

(e.g., eq. 5).
• Perform linearization and display formats wherever required.
Example 1:
Before linearization:
After linearization:
Example 2:
Before linearization:
After linearization:
2.2.8 Enunciations
• Should be set as given below, regardless of referencing or copyediting style for
the journal.
Enunciation Title Number (if Text

any)
Theorem (and Assertion, Axiom, etc.) Roman, bold Roman, bold Italics
Proof Italics Roman Roman
Definition (and Assumption, Example, Roman, bold Roman, bold Roman
etc.)
Remark (and Answer, Case, Claim, etc.) Italics Roman Roman
For example:
2.2.9 Scheme and Structure
Graphics that are not designated as figures are called schemes or structures. Please
note that an author's version need not to be changed if he/she has used the
category "Figure" to define schemes or structures.
2.2.9.1 Scheme
A scheme comprises a group of chemical reactions. These reactions are denoted by

arrows. A scheme should be defined by a legend.
For example: … (as shown in Scheme 3)
SCHEME 3 Chemical reactions
2.2.9.2 Structure
A structure does not have a legend. It can have one or more reactions, but the
reactions are not denoted by arrows.
For example:
2.2.10 Open Practices/Open Research Badges

• The badges should appear after the title on page one.
• Badges should sit on the same line as the article title and be of the same size as
the title text.
• Only the badge/badges a journal has acquired should be displayed.
For example:
2.2.11 Boxes
• Headings should be bold and in sentence case.

• For the treatment of lists in a box, see Display List (Section 2.2.6.1).
• Label: BOX 1
• Citation: Box 1
• Source is mandatory for boxes taken from other articles/journals.
For example:
2.2.12 Handling of Dialogue or Q&A

• Unnumbered, boldface, italics, sentence case with colon, run-in headings (if
present)
For example:
2.2.13 Abbreviations
• General Information: Define all abbreviations and acronyms on first occurrence
and use abbreviations thereafter.
• Academic degrees and honors: Academic degrees are abbreviated in bylines and
in the text. These abbreviations are used only with the full name of a person.
For example: James Ray ART (accredited record technician); Xu Zhang DMSc
(doctor of medical science).
• Military services and titles: Military titles and abbreviations should be verified with
the author.
For example: MC, USA (Medical Corps, US Army); USAF, MC (Medical Corps, US Air
Force); GEN (General); LTG (Lieutenant General).
• Use the following standard Latin abbreviations only in parenthetical material; in

nonparenthetical material, use the English translation of the Latin terms (in
Roman); in both cases, include the correct punctuation that accompanies the
term:
cf. compare i.e., that is,
e.g., for example, viz., namely,
, etc., and so forth vs. versus, against
• Abbreviations for eras are set in small caps with no punctuation.

Use the following abbreviations when complete local addresses are given.
Air Force Base AFB Place Pl

Army Post Office APO Post Office PO
Avenue Ave Road Rd
Boulevard Blvd Route Rte
Building Bldg Rural Free Delivery RFD
Circle Cir Rural Route RR
Court Ct Saint St or Ste
Drive Dr South S
East E Southeast SE
Fleet Post Office FPO Southwest SW
Fort Ft Square Sq
Highway Hwy Street St
Lane Ln Terrace Terr
Mount Mt West W
North N Northwest NW
Northeast NE Parkway Pkwy
• Do not abbreviate the non-English counterparts of the aforementioned

designators (e.g., rue, Strasse, Platz).
• When the plural form is used, do not abbreviate it (e.g., Broad and Vine streets).
• When a street number is not given, do not abbreviate (e.g., National Hospital for
Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WClN 3BG, England).
• Do not abbreviate room, suite, department, or division.
• Do not use periods or commas with N, S, E, W, or their combinations
• US states, territories, and possessions; provinces; and countries:
- Names of US states, territories, provinces, and possessions should be spelled out
in full when they stand alone.
- Use postal codes as provided.
- Do not abbreviate a state name after a county name.
For example:
Chicago, IL
Chicago, IL 60601
Cook County, Illinois
• The abbreviation “US” may be used as a modifier (i.e., only when it directly
precedes the word it modifies) but should be expanded to “United States” in all
other contexts.
• Senior and Junior are abbreviated with or without periods, but should be
consistent, when they are part of a name, with no commas (e.g., Sr or Sr. and Jr
or Jr.).
• The following social titles are always abbreviated when preceding a surname, with
or without the first name or initials: Dr, Mr, Messrs, Mrs, Mmes, Ms, and Mss.
These abbreviations can use periods as well but should maintain consistency.
• In the text, do not abbreviate a business term if the company spells it out (e.g.,
Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation).
The following abbreviations do not need to be defined; however, author’s

preference can be retained and must be consistent throughout the article.
Abbreviati Expanded form Abbreviati Expanded form

on on
CD clusters of differentiation DOS disk operating system
(use with a number, e.g.,
CD4 cell)
CD compact disc EDTA ethylene diamine tetra acetic
acid
CD-ROM compact disc read-only F French (add catheter; use only
memory with a number, e.g., 12F
catheter)
DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloro HLA human leukocyte antigen (say
ethane HLA antigen)
(chlorophenothane)
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid ISBN International Standard Book
Number
ISSN International Standard m- meta- (use only in chemical
Serial Number formulas or names)
Nd:YAG neodymium:yttrium- o- ortho- (use only in chemical
aluminum-garnet formulas)
OD oculus dexter (right eye) os oculus sinister (left eye) (use
(use only with a number) only with a number)
OU oculus unit as (both p- para- (use only in chemical
eyes) or oculus uterque formulas or names)
(each eye) (use only with
a number)
Abbreviati Expanded form Abbreviati Expanded form
on on
PaCO2 partial pressure of PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen,
carbon dioxide, arterial arterial
PCO2 partial pressure of pH hydrogen ion concentration;
carbon dioxide negative logarithm of hydrogen
ion activity
PO2 partial pressure of RAM random access memory
oxygen
RNA ribonucleic acid ROM read-only memory
SD standard deviation SE standard error
SEM standard error of the ssc standard saline citrate
mean
SSPE sodium chloride, sodium TNM tumor, node, metastasis
phosphate, EDTA (buffer)
ul uniformly labeled UV ultraviolet
UV-A/B/C Ultraviolet A/B/C VDRL Venereal Disease Research
Laboratory (add test)
2.2.14 Scientific and Mathematical Content

• In general, lines, variables, unknown quantities, and constants (e.g., x, y, z, A, B,
C) are set in italics.
• Units of measurement (e.g., kg, ml, s, m), symbols, and numbers are set in
roman. No repetition of units except for percent (%) when defined in range (10–
12 kg, 3 and 5 ml, not 2–3%, 2 and 3%)
• Use a nonbreaking space between numerals and units.
• Use a thin space before and after the following mathematical symbols: ±, =, +, -,
÷, ×, and ~. Note that copyeditors should use ordinary spaces; the compositor
will set this.
• Symbols are set close to numbers, superscripts and subscripts, greater than or
less than signs, and parentheses, brackets, and braces.
• Use italics for chemical prefixes (N-, cis-, trans-, p-, etc.), for restriction enzymes,
and for lowercase letters used in alphabetic enumerations of items or topics (the
parentheses are set roman): (a), (b), (c), etc.
• Abbreviate the following: h, hour; min, minute; s, second; ms, millisecond; ns,
nanosecond.
• Probability: lowercase italic p. “t” for t-test; “n” for small sample; “N” for large
sample
• %, percentage (use the word percentage when a number is not given)
• Volume: Liter for standalone → L (always). For example: 5 L and 6 ml
• Temperature: 3–4°C (degrees Celsius, no space before °C)
• Measures of currency: $55.60
2.2.14.1 Numbers
Use numerals to express:

• numbers 10 and above (e.g., 12-cm wide)
• numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement (e.g., a 5-mg dose)
• numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions (e.g., multiplied by
5)
• numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale, exact
sums of money, and numerals as numerals (e.g., 1 h 34 min)
• numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series (e.g., row 5)
Use words to express:

• numbers zero to nine
• any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading
• common fractions (e.g., one fifth of the class)
• universally accepted usage (e.g., the Twelve Apostles)
Use a combination of numerals and words to express back-to-back modifiers:

• 2 two-way interactions
• ten 7-point scale
Ordinal Numbers
Second-order factor
The fourth graders
The first item of the 75th trial
The first and third groups
Spell out ordinal that appears before a numeral
Comma in Numbers
Use a comma as a separator in numbers of 5 decimal places. The standard/default

is ‘comma as a thousand separator’, but a journal can choose a thin space if
required.
This rule does not apply for titles in German. In UK and US English, a period is used
to indicate the decimal place. In German, a comma is used. While the UK and US
use a comma to separate groups of thousands, in German, a period is used.
For example:
10.000 (GER) but 10,000 (UK, US)
A comma should never be used in the place of a decimal point for US and UK
content.
Decimal Fractions
• Use a zero before the decimal point with numbers that are less than 1 when the
statistic can exceed 1.
0.23 cm
Cohen’s d = 0.70
0.48 s
• As per the requirement, use or remove a zero before a decimal fraction when the
statistic cannot be greater than 1 (e.g., correlations, proportions, and levels of
statistical significance: p, beta, alpha), but the consistency should be maintained
within the journal style.
r(24) = –.43 or –0.43
p = 0.028 or .028
Usage of Solidus/Indices
Solidus or indices in units will be used as per the author’s preference.
For example:
m/s2 or m s-2
kg/m/s2 or kg m-1 s-2
Manufacturer Information (Equipment, Devices, and Reagents)

It is no longer required to include the location of the manufacturer because whoever
desires more specific details can easily find them online.
Plurals of Numbers
• To form the plurals of numbers, whether expressed as figures or as words, add s
or es alone, without an apostrophe.
For example:
fours and sixes; 1950s; 10s and 20s
Time and Date
For US English (at both article- and journal-level consistencies):
Date: April 18, 1992
Time: 8:30 p.m., 12:30 a.m.
For UK English (at both article- and journal-level consistencies):
Date: 18 April 1992
Time: 8:30 PM, 12:30 AM
Note: A copyeditor can query the author about the format of the time and date (US or UK) if
there is an ambiguity.
2.2.14.2 Scientific Abbreviations

• Do not repeat abbreviated units of measurement when expressing multiple
amounts: 16–30 kHz.
• Write out abbreviations for units that are not accompanied by numeric values
(e.g., measured in centimeters, several kilograms).
• Units of time. To prevent misreading, do not abbreviate the following units of
time, even when they are accompanied by numeric values: day, week, month,
year.
• Routes of administration: You may abbreviate a route of administration when it
is paired with a number-and-unit combination. icv = intracerebral ventricular, im
= intramuscular, ip = intraperitoneal, iv = intravenous, sc = subcutaneous, and
so on.
For example:
anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (90 mg/kg ip)
2.2.14.3 SI Units
• Base quantities and dimensions used in the SI
Quantity symbols are always written in an italic font, and symbols for
dimensions in sans-serif roman capitals.
• SI base units
The symbols for quantities are generally single letters of the Latin or
Greek alphabets.
• SI derived units
Derived units are products of powers of base units. Coherent derived units
are products of powers of base units that include no numerical factor
other than 1.
• Units with special names and symbols
The special names and symbols are simply a compact form for the
expression of combinations of base units that are used frequently.
• SI coherent derived compound units with special names and symbols
• SI prefixes
• Units accepted for use with the SI units
Volume: Liter for standalone → L (always). For example: 5 L and 6 ml
• Other non-SI units

2.2.14.4 Standard Notations in Mathematics
2.2.14.5 Scientific Names
In text, the species names (Latin) of plants and animals are italicized. Every
binomial contains a genus name (capitalized) and a species name (lowercased).
These names should not be misinterpreted with orders and phyla (not italicized).
For example:
- Many species names, such as Rosa caroliniana and Styrax californica, reflect the
locale of the first specimens described.
- The pike, Esox lucius, is valued for food and sports.
- Certain lizard taxa, such as Basiliscus and Crotaphytus, are bipedal specialists.
2.2.14.6 Use of Genus Names
After the first use, the genus name may be abbreviated to a single capital letter. If
two or more species of the same genus are listed together, the abbreviation may be
doubled (to indicate the plural) before the first species, though repeating the
abbreviation with each species is more common. But if species of different genera
beginning with the same letter are discussed in the same context, abbreviations
may not be appropriate.
For example:
One method estimates the maximum speed obtained by Callisaurus draconoides in

the field. We found that durations of both C. draconoides and Uma scoparia do not
change after the third stride.
2.2.14.7 Names of Author/s
The name of the author who proposed a specific epithet is sometimes added,
abbreviated, and not italicized. A capital L. stands for Linnaeus; Mill. stands for
Miller.
For example:
Diaemus youngi cypselinus Thomas
Euchistenes hartii (Thomas)
Linaria spuria (L.) Mill.
2.2.14.8 Species and Varieties
Abbreviations “sp.” and “var.,” when used without a following element, indicate that
the species or variety is unknown or unspecified. The plural “spp.” is used to refer
to a group of species. The abbreviations are not italicized.
For example:
Rhododendron spp.
Rosa rugosa var.
Viola sp.
2.2.14.9 Higher Divisions
Phylum, class, order, and family are capitalized but not italicized.
For example:
Chordata (phylum)
Chondrichthyes (class)
Monotremata (order)
Ruminantia (suborder)
Hominidae (family)
Felinae (subfamily)
2.2.14.10 Chemical Terms
Names of chemical elements and compounds are lowercased when written out.
Symbols, however, are capitalized and set without periods; the number of atoms in
a molecule appears as a subscript.
For example:
ozone; O3
sodium chloride; NaCl
sulfuric acid; H2SO4
2.2.14.11 Mass Number
In formal chemical literature, the mass number appears as a superscript to the left
of the symbol. In work intended for a general audience, however, it may follow the
symbol, after a hyphen, in full size.
For example:
14
C (formal style); C-14 or carbon-14 (informal style)
2.2.14.12 Medical Terms
Names of diseases, syndromes, diagnostic procedures, and anatomical parts are

lowercased, except for proper names forming part of the term. Acronyms and
initials are capitalized.
For example:
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS
Alzheimer disease
computed tomography or CT
The possessive forms Alzheimer’s, Down’s, and Hodgkin’s, though less common in
medical literature, may be preferred in a general context.
2.2.14.13 Terms for Radiation
Terms for electromagnetic radiations may be spelled as follows:
β-ray (noun or adjective) or beta ray (in nonscientific contexts, noun or adjective)
γ-ray (noun or adjective) or gamma ray (in nonscientific contexts, noun or

adjective)
x-ray (noun, verb, or adjective)
cosmic ray (noun); cosmic-ray (adjective)

ultraviolet ray (noun); ultraviolet-ray (adjective)
Note that the verb to x-ray, though acceptable in a general context, is not normally
used in scholarly medical literature, where writers would more likely speak of
obtaining an x-ray image, or a radiograph, of something, or of subjecting
something to x-ray analysis.
2.2.14.14 Drug Names

• Drug names are lowercased.
• Brand names are capitalized and mostly included in parentheses after the first
occurrence of the generic name (e.g., interferon beta-1a (Avonex)).
2.2.14.15 Geographic Coordinates
Abbreviations lat and long, usually without periods, may be used when part of a
coordinate. They can sometimes be dropped, as the compass point identifies the
coordinate.
For example:
lat 42°15′09″ N, long 89°17′45″ W
lat 45°16′17″ S, long 116°40′18″ E
The chart showed shoal water at 19°29′59″ N, 107°45′36″ W.
Note that primes (′) and double primes (″), not quotation marks, are used.
2.2.14.16 Cultivars and Their Treatments
The cultivar names are written enclosed in single quotes in roman followed with
initial casing.
For example:
Single quotes are not required when cultivar names are written alone (without
species name).
For example:
2.2.15 Math Markup
2.2.15.1 Standard Markup
Standard math markup includes the following points (copyediting level 0 or higher):
• Correct handling of numbers and units
• Correct use of characters for Greek and Roman letters
• Correct use of characters for symbols, numbers, and letters (e.g., x ×, l 1, and O
0)
• Correct setting of numbers, signs, punctuation, units, and recognizable functions
to upright
• Retention of any special formatting (bold, italic bold, upright characters within the
italic default, different fonts, e.g., sans serif) set by the author
• Correct splitting up of an equation that spreads over more than one line
• Correct equation alignment over a line break
2.2.15.2 Extended Markup
Extended math markup includes the following points (copyediting level 1 or higher):
• Same as Section 2.2.14.1
• Correct setting of variables to italic
• Ensuring the consistency of formatting in displayed equations, inline mathematics,
and symbols in the text
• Correct styling and sizing of signs, operands, fences (e.g., primes, right and left
angle brackets, integral signs)
2.2.15.3 Intensive Math Markup
Intensive math markup specifically includes the following points (copyediting level 2
or higher):
• Same as Sections 2.2.14.1 and 2.2.14.2
• Correct styling of single-letter functions (e.g., differential d, exponential e)
• Correct styling of the complex number i or j
• Correct styling of all single-character label subscripts (nonvariables)
• Correct styling of particle names, e.g., e (electron mass)
• Correct identification and styling of vectors, matrices, tensors, and other
characters with dimension
2.3 Back Matter

The order of the back matter should be as given here.
2.3.1 Nomenclature
Nomenclature is defined as a system of names and terms used in a particular field
of study or community.
For example:
2.3.2 Author Contributions
• Retain if given by the author.

• Treatment of author names: Title case, names in full; initials are spaced out.
For example:
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Study concept and design: Emily L. Baldwin and Jacob D. Zahler. Analysis and
interpretation of data: Jacob D. Zahler. Drafting of the manuscript: Alexis
MacAllister. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content:
Emily L. Baldwin and Jacob D. Zahler. Statistical analysis: Jacob D. Zahler.
Obtained funding: William R. Gibbons. Study supervision: Emily L. Baldwin and
Jacob D. Zahler.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Yoon K. Loke developed the original idea and the protocol, abstracted and analyzed
data, wrote the manuscript, and is the guarantor. Deirdre Price and Sheena Derry
contributed to the development of the protocol and prepared the manuscript.
CRediT Statement
Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) comprises individual author contributions,

which help reduce conflicts among authorships and enable collaborations.
CRediT statements should be provided during the submission process.
There are two ways of displaying the Author Contributions statement using CRediT:
With “degree of contribution”:
Pierro Asara: review and editing (equal). Kerys Jones: Conceptualization (lead); writing – original
draft (lead); formal analysis (lead); writing – review and editing (equal). Elisha Roberto: Software
(lead); writing – review and editing (equal). Hebei Wang: Methodology (lead); writing – review
and editing (equal). Jinnie Wu: Conceptualization (supporting); Writing – original draft
(supporting); Writing – review and editing (equal).
Without “degree of contribution”:
Pierro Asara: review and editing. Kerys Jones: Conceptualization; writing –

original draft; formal analysis; writing – review and editing. Elisha Roberto:
Software; writing – review and editing. Hebei Wang: Methodology; writing –
review and editing. Jinnie Wu: Conceptualization; Writing – original draft; Writing
– review and editing.
2.3.3 Acknowledgments
• The ACKNOWLEDGMENTS head should be all caps and bold roman.

• If there is more than one person to thank, the heading should be plural
(ACKNOWLEDGMENTS); otherwise the heading should be singular
(ACKNOWLEDGMENT).
• Should be presented as a separate section.
• For articles using US spelling, it should be “ACKNOWLEDGMENT” or
“ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.”
• For articles using UK spelling, it should be “ACKNOWLEDGEMENT” or
“ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.”
For example:
2.3.4 Conflict of Interest

• This section will not be used in all journals/articles, but when it is used, it should
be placed after the Acknowledgments section.
• Should be set in all caps and bold.
• Section heading should be CONFLICT OF INTEREST or CONFLICTS OF
INTEREST.
For example:
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as
prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.
2.3.5 Data Availability Statement

A data availability statement (also sometimes known as a “data accessibility
statement”) tells the reader where the data associated with a paper are available,
and under what conditions the data can be accessed. They also include links (where
applicable) to the data set.
“DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT” is the standard heading to be used across all

Wiley titles. Please check that the data availability statement in the manuscript is
correct.
For example:
2.3.6 Ethics Statement
2.3.7 ORCID ID
The ORCID ID logo will appear in the PDF with a hyperlink to the ORCID ID in the
author byline (check for the ORCID ID in the metadata; updated 23 Feb 2017).
Copyeditors are not responsible for inserting the ORCID logo. The treatment is the
same for Twitter and other handles.
2.3.8 Peer Review

Peer review (PR) shows the complete peer review process from initial review to final
decision. This means that alongside the published article, readers can see a full
peer review history, including reviewer reports, editor decision letters, and the
authors’ responses.
Wiley has launched a PR initiative in collaboration with Clarivate Analytics’ Publons
and ScholarOne. Under PR, if authors have chosen peer review and their article is
accepted, the peer reviewers’ reports, authors’ responses, and editors’ decisions
will also be published. Authors may have the option to participate or not when they
submit their article to the journal; some journals may have mandatory
participation. Reviewers may have the option with every review to disclose their
names alongside their reports or to remain anonymous; some journals may require
reviewers to be named or anonymous. The peer review history is openly available
on a page hosted by Publons via a URL incorporated into the published article, both
the HTML and PDF version. Each component has a DOI, ensuring each element is
fully citable. For those reviewers who choose to sign their reviews, the DOIs for
their reviews can also be added to their ORCiD records. Please note that the
“[article DOI]” in “https://publons.com/publon/[article DOI]” should be replaced by
the corresponding article’s DOI, not the entire Publons URL.
“PEER REVIEW” is the standard heading to be used across all Wiley titles and is
placed in the back matter.
For example:
2.3.9 Endnotes
• The existing journal style will be applied for body footnotes (whether bottom-of-
the-page footnotes or endnotes should be used).
• Endnotes:
- “ENDNOTE” (or “ENDNOTES” if there are more) is the standard heading text to
be used for endnotes. Do not use “NOTE” as the default heading text.
- Placement: before References.
For example:
• Both endnotes and bottom-of-the-page footnotes are cited by sequential

superscript Arabic numerals, following any punctuation mark except a dash (note:
if superscript numbered reference citation style is followed, then the footnotes
would be cited with symbols to avoid ambiguity). A footnote number that appears
with a dash—like this2—always precedes the dash.
2.3.10 Author Biography/Biosketch

• An author biography should be set after any appendix or, if there is no appendix,
after the References.
• The heading AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY for one biography and AUTHOR
BIOGRAPHIES for more than one should be set in bold and all caps.
• Authors’ photographs should be included if opted for by a journal.
• Author names in bold and roman (not in small caps or all caps). Spell out first
name and surname, and use initials for middle names.
For example: Jay W. Smith
• A few titles use the terminology “BIOSKETCH” instead of “BIOGRAPHY.” This
section can be styled similar to Biography:
2.3.11 Supporting Information
• Supporting information should be placed at the end of the article after the
References.
• Caption not required as general style, instead insert this standard text:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting
Information section at the end of this article.
• Text citations for supporting information: Figure S1, Table S1, Data S1, etc.
• Text citations for multiple supporting information files:
For example:
Supporting Information S1: Section 6 OR Supporting Information S1: Sections 1–
6 OR Supporting Information S1: Sections 1 and 2 OR Supporting Information S1:
Sections 1, 3, and 6
Supporting Information S2: Figure 6 OR Supporting Information S2: Figures 1–6
OR Supporting Information S2: Figures 1 and 2 OR Supporting Information S2:
Figures 1, 3, and 6
Supporting Information S3: Table 6 OR Supporting Information S3: Tables 1–6
OR Supporting Information S3: Tables 1 and 2 OR Supporting Information S3:
Tables 1, 3, and 6
Supporting Information S4: Data 6 OR Supporting Information S4: Data 1–6 OR
Supporting Information S4: Data 1 and 2 OR Supporting Information S4: Data 1,
3, and 6
Note: The caption for supporting information is displayed based on the journal’s
requirement.
2.3.12 How to Cite

• The “How to Cite” section must be included in all journals for the main article
types: Original article (and similar article types); Review article (and similar
article types); Short communication; Commentary.
• This section would be automatically generated/manually developed by the
typesetters. However, it is not mandatory in the PDF.
• Place it after the Supporting Information section.
• The “How to Cite” section should be styled as per the journal reference style.
• If the supplement is numbered, and there is an issue number, use the following
format:
• If the supplement is numbered, and there is no issue number, use the following
format:
• Illustration:
Articles without an e-locator:
For example:
How to cite this article: Tritschler M, Retschnig G, Yañez O, Williams GR,

Neumann P. Host sharing by the honey bee parasites Lotmaria passim and Nosema
ceranae. Ecology and Ecology. 2017;2:1–9.
Articles with an e-locator: The DOI appears in https://-URL format after the page
range (in blue with underlining).
For example:
How to cite this article: López JM, Fortuny G, Puigjaner D, Herrero J, Marimon F,
Garcia–Bennett J. Effects of walking in deep venous thrombosis: A new integrated
solid and fluid mechanics model. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng. 2016;32:e2819.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.2819
2.3.13 Appendix
• Placement: after References and “How to Cite”.
• Heading in ALL CAPS: APPENDIX or APPENDIX 1 or APPENDIX A1.
For example:
3 References
3.1 General Information
As many as 11 reference styles, which includes the Modern Language Association
(MLA) reference style, and 4 citation styles are available for Wiley journals. A
journal has the option to choose any of these recommended styles of references
and citations. A journal can also go with “As in Manuscript” as its choice of
reference and citation styles. The reference and citation styles are not
interdependent on each other. For the abbreviation of journal titles, please refer to
https://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/ (wherever
required).
Please note that in addition to OSCOLA footnote reference style, other footnote
reference styles for titles/journals under social science and humanities (SSH) are
allowed. These styles mainly follow as “submitted by author”; however, if the
footnote references are required to be styled as per any of the aforementioned
reference styles, except AMA and OSCOLA, then it should be first confirmed with
the author/editorial office.
For example:
References can be clubbed in the numbered citation style format if there is a

requirement from the journal.
For example:
1. Hu P, Reuben DB. Effects of managed care on the length of time that elderly
patients spend with physicians during ambulatory visits: National Ambulatory
Medical Care Survey. Med Care. 2002;40(7):606-613. doi:10.1097/00005650-
200207000-00007; Geller AC, Venna S, Prout M, et al. Should the skin cancer
examination be taught in medical school? Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(9):1201-1203.
doi:10.1001/archderm.138.9.1201; Chau NG, Haddad RI. Antiangiogenic agents in
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: tired of going solo. Cancer. Published
online September 20, 2016. doi:10.1002/cncr.30352
2. Johnson CL, Dohrmann SM, Kerckove VD, et al. National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey: National Youth Fitness Survey estimation procedures, 2012.
Vital Health Stat 2. 2014;(168):1-25; Chau NG, Haddad RI. Antiangiogenic agents
in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: tired of going solo. Cancer. Published
online September 20, 2016. doi:10.1002/cncr.30352
3.2 Citation of References

3.2.1 Name and Year
• One author: Gabriel (2000) and (Gabriel, 2000).
• Two authors: (Mathes & Severa, 2004) and Mathes and Severa (2004).
• Three or more authors: Waterman et al. (1993) and (Waterman et al., 1993).
• Authors with same surname: Among studies, we review M. A. Light and Dark
(2008) and I. Light (2006).
• To avoid ambiguity, if two papers have first-listed authors with the same last
name in the reference list, list as many names as needed to differentiate the
papers, followed by “et al.” in citations.
For example: Fannon, Chan, Ramirez, Johnson, and Grimsdottir (2019) … and
Fannon, Chan, Montego, Daniels, and Miller (2019)… can be cited as (Fannon,
Chan, Ramirez, et al., 2019) or Fannon, Chan, Ramirez et al. (2019), and
(Fannon, Chan, Montego, et al., 2019) or Fannon, Chan, Montego et al. (2019),
respectively.
• Anonymous author: on free care (“Study Finds,” 2007); (Anonymous, 1998).
• Several studies within the same parentheses should be listed alphabetically by
first author’s surname: (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998).
• Secondary sources: Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
• Citing parts of a source: (Shimamura, 1989, Chap. 3).
• Personal communications: T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001).
• Sample reference list entry to an appealed case: Durflinger v. Artiles, 563 F.
Supp. 322 (D. Kan. 1981), aff’d, 727 F.2d 888 (10th Cir. 1984).
- Text citation: Durflinger v. Artiles (1981/1984).
• If the author names and the year of publication are identical, then letters a,b, ...
can be used to differentiate the citations referred to in the text.
For example,
(Baheti, 2001a, 2001b)
• If references with the same authors, published in the same year are identified as
articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series
order, not alphabetically by the title.
Place lowercase letters-a, b, c, and so forth-immediately after the year, within
the parentheses.
For example:
Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control…
Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of…
• Organization whose name is then abbreviated:

First occurrence—(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009) or “The
American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) noted…”
Next occurrence—APA (2009) or (APA, 2009)
• Sample reference to an unreported decision: Gilliard v. Oswald, No. 76-2109 (2d
Cir. Mar. 16, 1977).
• Sample reference to a case appealed to a state supreme court: Compton v.
Commonwealth, 239 Va. 312, 389 S.E.2d 460 (1990).
• Sample reference to a case appealed to a state court of appeals: Texas v.
Morales, 826 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. Ct. App. 1992).
• Sample references to cases decided by the US Supreme Court: Brown v. Board of
Educ, 347 US 483 (1954).
• Sample reference for federal testimony: RU486: The Import Ban (1990).
• Sample reference for a full federal hearing: Urban America’s Need (1992).
• Form for executive order: Executive Order No. 11,609 (1994).
• Patents: US Patent No. 123,445 (1988).
3.2.2 Number
For numbered citations, Arabic numbers are used. The reference numbers are given
in brackets or in superscript (need to be consistent throughout the article).
For brackets:
• Single citation: [1]
• Multiple citations: [2–6, 10]. Numbers should be in numerical and sequential
order.
• With author's name in the text: John [11] explained...
For superscripts:
• Single citation: Number1
• Multiple citations (numbers should be in numerical and sequential order):
- Use en dashes to join the first and last numbers of a closed series: Number2–6
- Use commas without a space to separate other parts of multiple citations:
Number2–6,8
- Place superscript numerals outside periods and commas, inside colons and
semicolons: Number.2,3 | Number,2,3 | Number2,3: | Number2,3;
For superscripts in brackets:
• Single citation: Number[1]

• Multiple citations (numbers should be in numerical and sequential order):
- Use en dash to join the first and last number of a closed series in brackets:
Number[2–6]
- Use comma without a space to separate other parts of multiple citations enclosed
in brackets: Number[2–6,8]
Place superscript numerals in brackets outside periods and commas, inside colons
and semicolons: Number.[2,3] | Number,[2,3] | Number[2,3]: | Number[2,3];
3.2.3 Basic Rules of Citations (Name and Year)
Type of First citation Subsequent Parenthetical Parenthetical

citation in text citations in format, first format,
text citation in subsequent
text citations in
text
One work by Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)
one author
One work by Walker and Walker and (Walker & (Walker &
two authors Allen (2004) Allen (2004) Allen, 2004) Allen, 2004)
One work by Bradley et al. Bradley et al. (Bradley et al., (Bradley et al.,
three or more (1999) (1999) 1999) 1999)
authors
Groups (readily National NIMH (2003) (National (NIMH, 2003)
identified Institute of Institute of
through Mental Health Mental Health
abbreviation) (NIMH, 2003) [NIMH], 2003)
as authors
Groups (no University of University of (University of (University of
abbreviation) Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
as authors (2005) (2005) 2005) 2005)
• Indirect citations (those in parentheses) should be listed alphabetically.

• Use “and” for direct citations (those not in parentheses) and “&” for indirect
citations.
3.3 Reference Lists
3.3.1 Chemistry–Material Sciences Reference Style
Reference list should be numbered.
Type Example/Style Exceptions/Remarks

Journal (no J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. - If each issue of a journal
article title) Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. begins on page 1, the issue
Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, number must also be included
P. L. Burn, A. B. Holmes, in brackets directly after the
Nature 1990, 347, 539. volume number, e.g., 125(3).
In other cases, the issue
numbers should not be
included (and should be
deleted if they are present)
- Place names given in brackets
after the journal title should be
deleted: e.g., Nature (London)
should be Nature
- Journal title is abbreviated
(more than one word). If the
journal title abbreviation is
unknown, check CASSI:
http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp
Book R. McWeeny, Coulson’s The edition is not given if only
Valence, 3rd ed., Oxford one edition has been published.
University Press, Oxford 1979. For towns in the USA, query
the author to specify the state
(except for very well-known
cities such as New York); use
the two-letter postal
abbreviation for the state. If
the city is not well known, add
the country, e.g., ‘Dordrecht,
The Netherlands’, or
‘Weinheim, Germany’. Only one
location should be given.
Book published L. B. Schein, Series editors are not listed
in a series Electrophotography and
Development Physics, 2nd ed.,
Springer Series in
Electrophysics, Vol. 14,
Springer, Berlin 1992.
Multi-authored Handbook of Heterogeneous Note that if there is only one
(edited) book Catalysis (Eds: G. Ertl, H. editor “Eds:” is changed to
Knözinger, J. Weitkamp), “Ed:”
Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,
Germany 1997.
Chapter in a A. Smart, in The Chemistry of The chapter number (e.g., Ch.
multi-authored Metal CVD (Eds: T. Kodas, M. 5) is optional. The chapter title
(edited) book Hampden-Smith), VCH, should be deleted if provided. A
Weinheim, Germany 1994, page number can be given
Ch.5. instead of a chapter number
(e.g., p. 312). The first and last
pages may also be given (e.g.,
pp. 312–345).
Proceedings Abbrev. Proc. Title (Eds: A. B.
volume Editor1, C. D. Editor2),
Publisher, Location Year.
Paper in a A. B. Author1, C. D. Author2, Page no. is optional.
proceedings E. F. Author3, G. H. Author4, in
volume Abbrev. Proc. Title (Eds: I. J.
Editor1, K. L. Editor2),
Publisher, Location Year of
publication, page no.
Papers presented A. B. Author1, presented at
at conferences Abbrev. Conf. Title, Location of
(unpublished conference, Month and year of
proceedings) conference.
Thesis A. B. Author, Degree Thesis, Note that the degree (Diploma,
University (Location) Year. M.Sc., Ph.D., etc.) should be
specified. The location need
only be given if it is not
obvious from the name of the
university.
Patent A. B. Author1, A. B. Author2 If a patent is consigned to a
(Company), Country Patent company, the company name
number, Year. may be included in parentheses
after the names of the authors,
but it is optional. Rather than a
country, the patent may be a
world patent or a European
(Eur.) patent.
Website Advanced Materials homepage,
http://www.advmat.de
(accessed: July 2007).
Unpublished A. B. Author1, C. D. Author2, If a reference is described as
work E. F. Author3, unpublished. “submitted,” this should be
changed to “unpublished.”
Accepted for A. B. Author1, C. D. Author2, If a reference is described as
publication E. F. Author3, Abbrev. Journal “accepted,” query the author
Title, Year. https://doi.org/[DOI] for a journal title, year, and
DOI.
Personal A. B. Author1, personal The year is optional
communication communication (Year).
3.3.2 American Mathematical Society (AMS) Reference Style

Reference list should be alphabetically arranged.

Journal J.-S. Li, Singular unitary representations
of classical groups, Invent. Math. 97
(1989), 237–255. MR1001840
(90h:22021).
Journal (three M. Harris, S. S. Kudla, and W. J. Sweet,
authors) Theta dichotomy for unitary groups, J.
Amer. Math. Soc. 9 (1996), 941–1004.
MR1327161 (96m:11041).
Journal (more G. Burosch, J. Dassow, W. Harnau, and D. Lau, On The issue number, if
than 3 authors) subalgebras of an algebra of predicates, present, should be
Elektron. Informationsverarb. Kybernet. 21 preceded by “no.”;
(1985), no. 1–2, 9–22. MR 87c:03044. however, the issue
J.-S. Li, A. Paul, E.-C. Tan, and C.-B. number is normally
Zhu, The explicit duality correspondence omitted except when
of (Sp(p, q), O(2n)), J. Funct. Anal. 200 omission would result
(2003), no. 1, 71–100. MR1974089 in an ambiguous
(2004c:22018). reference.
Book L. H. Loomis, An introduction to abstract
harmonic analysis, D. Van Nostrand Company,
London, 1953. MR0054173 (14,883c).
A. M. Arthurs, Complementary variational
principles, 2nd ed., Clarendon, Oxford, 1980.
W. Scharlau, Quadratic and Hermitian
forms, Grundlehren der Mathematischen
Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles
of Mathematical Sciences], vol. 270,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985.
MR770063 (86k:11022).
Book with R. W. Cottle, F. Giannessi, and J.
authors as L. Lions (eds.), Variational inequalities
editors and complementarity problems, Proc.
Internat. School (Erice, 1978), Wiley,
New York, 1980.
Thesis S. Povall, Ultra-parallel complex hyperbolic
triangle groups, Ph.D. thesis, University of
Liverpool, 2019.
Proceedings and W. Jaco and P. B. Shalen, A new decomposition
conference theorem for irreducible sufficiently-large 3-
manifolds, Algebraic and geometric topology
(Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Stanford Univ.,
Stanford, Calif., 1976), Proc. Sympos. Pure
Math., XXXII, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I.,
1978, pp. 71–84. MR520524.
W. M. Goldman, Mapping class group

dynamics on surface group
representations, Problems on mapping
class groups and related topics, Proc.
Sympos. Pure Math., vol. 74, Amer.
Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2006, pp.
189–214, DOI
10.1090/pspum/074/2264541.
MR2264541.
Book in series L. V. Ahlfors and L. Sario, Riemann
surfaces, Princeton Mathematical Series,
No. 26, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ, 1960. MR0114911.
URL A. Hatcher, Basic notes on 3-manifolds.
http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/
3M/3Mfds.pdf, 2007.
3.3.3 American Medical Association (AMA) Reference Style

• Reference list should be numbered.
• Retain the issue number if provided in the reference list; do not query the
author for missing issue numbers in a reference list.
• Journals mandating the use of issue numbers in AMA reference style can
specify the same in Journals Service Level Document (JSLD).
Type Example/Style Exceptions

/Remarks
Journal Hu P, Reuben DB. Effects of managed care on the If the DOI is
article with length of time that elderly patients spend with supplied for
1-6 authors physicians during ambulatory visits: National a journal
Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Med Care. reference
2002;40(7):606-613. doi:10.1097/00005650- (regardless
200207000-00007 of the
number of
authors), it
should be
retained.
Journal Geller AC, Venna S, Prout M, et al. Should the skin The names of
article with cancer examination be taught in medical school? Arch only three
more than Dermatol. 2002;138(9):1201-1203. authors (plus
6 authors doi:10.1001/archderm.138.9.1201 “et al.”) are
included if the
article has
more than six
authors.
Journal Chau NG, Haddad RI. Antiangiogenic agents in head
article and neck squamous cell carcinoma: tired of going
published solo. Cancer. Published online September 20, 2016.
online doi:10.1002/cncr.30352
ahead of
print
Journal Talhouk A, McConechy MK, Leung S, et al. A clinically
article with applicable molecular-based classification for
discontinuo endometrial cancers. Br J Cancer. 2015;113(2):299-
us 310, 315. doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.190
pagination
Journal Johnson CL, Dohrmann SM, Kerckove VD, et al.
article National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey:
without a National Youth Fitness Survey estimation procedures,
volume 2012. Vital Health Stat 2. 2014;(168):1-25.
number
/Remarks
Part of an Newman KM, Jean-Claude J, Li H, Ramey WG, Tilson
issue MD. Cytokines that activate proteolysis are increased
in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation.
1994;90(pt 2):224-227.
Special or Winker MA, Flanagin A, eds. Emerging and
theme reemerging global microbial threats. JAMA.
issue 1996;275(theme issue):163-256.
Journal Dean HD, Myles RL, Spears-Jones C, Bishop-Cline A, If there is an
article in a Fenton KA. A strategic approach to public health issue
supplement workforce development and capacity building. Am J number, it
Prev Med. 2014;47(5)(suppl 3):S288-S296. precedes the
supplement
number in its
own set of
parentheses
(as shown).
Abstract of Falco NA, Upton J. Infantile digital fibromas. JAMA.
a complete 1996;275(19):1462b. Abstract republished in: J Hand
article Surg Am. 1995;20(6):1014-1020.
taken from doi:10.1016/S0363-5023(05)80152-2
another
publication
Journal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
article with Licensure of a meningococcal conjugate vaccine
no named (Menveo) and guidance for use—Advisory Committee
author or a on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR Morb
group Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(9):273.
name
Discussants Allo MD. In discussion of: McKindley DS, Fabian TC,
Boucher BA, Croce MA, Proctor KG. Antibiotic
pharmacokmetics following fluid resuscitation from
traumatic shock. Arch Surg. 1995;130(12):1321-
1329. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1995.01430120075012
Correction Nelson HD, Nevitt MC, Scott JC, Stone KL, Cummings
SR; for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research
Group. Smoking, alcohol, and neuromuscular and
physical function of older women [published correction
appears in JAMA. 1996;275:446]. JAMA.
1994;272:1825-1831.
/Remarks
Retractions Liou GI, Wang M, Matragoon S. Precocious IRBP gene
expression during mouse development. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(3):1083-1088. Retracted
in: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(8):3127.
Entire book Sherlock S, Dooley J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary The location
System. 9th ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications; of the
1993. publisher is
no longer
included in
book
references.
Book Luketich JD, Ginsberg RJ. Diagnosis and staging of Note the
chapter lung cancer. In: Johnson BE, Johnson DH, eds. Lung page range
Cancer. 2nd ed. Wiley-Liss Inc; 1995:161-173. for the
chapter.
Book with an Plato. The Laws. Taylor EA, trans-ed. JM Dent & Sons Plato is the
editor/ Ltd; 1934:104-105. author;
translator Taylor is the
translator-
editor.
Book with a Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens JW, Lukens JN,
volume eds. Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology. Vol 2. 9th ed.
number Lea & Febiger; 1993.
Book with Schlant RC, Alexander KW, eds. Hurst’s The Heart:
an edition Arteries and Veins. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co;
number 1994.
Newspaper Gianelli DM. AMA launching ethics institute for
article, no research, outreach projects. American Medical News.
online November 4, 1996:1, 75.
information
Newspaper Rosenwald MS. History’s deadliest pandemics, from
article, ancient Rome to modern America. Washington Post.
online February 22, 2021. Accessed February 23, 2021.
information https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/local
provided
/retropolis/coronavirus-deadliest-pandemics/?itid=hp-
top-table-main
Governmen US Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the
t bulletins United States: 1993. 113th ed. US Bureau of the
Census; 1993.
/Remarks
Serial Miller JE, Korenman S. Poverty, Nutritional Status,
publications Growth and Cognitive Development of Children in the
United States. Princeton University Office of
Population Research; 1993. Working paper 93-5.
Thesis/disser Knoll EG. Mental Evolution and the Science of
tation Language: Darwin, Miiller, and Romanes on the
Development of the Human Mind. Dissertation.
University of Chicago; 1987.
Conference/ Donegan J. Anesthesia for patients with ischemic
meeting, cerebrovascular disease. Paper presented at:
unpublished American Society of Anesthesiologists; October 17-21,
1981; New Orleans, LA.
Conference Slama K, ed. Tobacco and Health: Proceedings of the Once
/meeting, Ninth World Conference on Tobacco and Health, Paris, conference/
published France, 10-14 October 1994. Plenum Press; 1995. meeting
presentation
s are
published,
the
reference
should follow
the format of
the
publication
(e.g., a book
or a journal
article).
Special Hunter J. An account of the dissection of morbid
collection bodies: a monograph or lecture. 1757;No. 32:30-32.
Located at: Library of the Royal College of Surgeons,
London, England.
Package Lamasil. Package insert. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals
insert Corp; 1993.
Patent Furukawa Y, Kishimoto S, Nishikawa K, inventors;
Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd, assignee.
Hypotensive imidazole derivatives. US patent
4,340,598. July 20, 1982.
Audiotape/vi The Right to Die … The Choice Is Yours. Videotape.
deotapes Society for the Right to Die; 1987.
/Remarks
Television How to register for the coronavirus vaccine in your
or radio state. Transcript. Weekend Edition Saturday. National
broadcast Public Radio. February 20, 2021. Accessed February
22, 2021.
https://www.npr.org/2021/02/20/969703383/how-to-
register-for-the-coronavirus-vaccine-in-your-state
Software Epi Info. Version 6. Centers for Disease Control and Software
Prevention; 1994. does not
have to be
cited in the
References
section.
Software Dean AG, Dean JA, Coulombier D, et al. Epi Info, Software
manual Version 6: A Word-Processing, Database, and manuals are
Statistics Program for Public Health on IBM- formatted
Compatible Microcomputers. Centers for Disease just as other
Control and Prevention; 1994. books are.
CD-ROMs The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM.
Oxford University Press; 1992.
Database RefSeq: NCBI Reference Sequence Database. National
Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed
February 22, 2021.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/
Website Common questions about the COVID-19 outbreak.
American Cancer Society. February 16, 2021.
Accessed February 22, 2021.
https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/common-
questions-about-the-new-coronavirus-outbreak.html
Tweet @theAGU. At what wind speeds will a plastic bottle
start flying in a storm? @pallavr6 says knowing this
will help determine which regions of the world are the
most susceptible to this type of plastic infiltration into
environments surrounding landfills. February 22,
2021. Accessed February 22, 2021.
https://twitter.com/theAGU?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle
%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor
/Remarks
Journal Klassen TP, Watters LK, Feldman ME, Sutcliffe T, The current
article, in Rowe PC. The efficacy of nebulized budesonide in AMA style
press dexamethasone-treated outpatients with croup. guide does
Pediatrics. Forthcoming 1996. not
recommend
this for
journal
articles, but
Wiley style
does allow
this. Note
the use of
“Forthcomin
g” rather
than “In
press.”
3.3.4 American Psychological Association (APA) Reference

Style

/Remarks
Journal article, 1 Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez,
to 20 authors, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in
no DOI storybooks: A comparison of storybooks
that represent ethnic and racial groups in
the United States. Psychology of Popular
Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217.
Journal article, 1 Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez,
to 20 authors, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in DOI format should
with DOI storybooks: A comparison of storybooks be changed to URL
that represent ethnic and racial groups in format.
the United States. Psychology of Popular
Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
/Remarks
Journal article Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., DOI format should
with DOI, more Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., be changed to URL
than 20 authors Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, format.
W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J.,
Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P.,
Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster,
R., … Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal
experiment (SubX): A multimodel
subseasonal prediction
experiment. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043–
2061.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220041000
1676305
Journal article Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The
without DOI geographic expansion of Mexican
immigration in the United States and its
implications for local law enforcement.
Law Enforcement Executive Forum
Journal, 8(1), 73–82.
Journal article Guimard, P., & Florin, A. (2007). Les DOI format should
with/without evaluations des enseignants en grande be changed to URL
DOI, title section de matemelle sont-elles format.
translated into predictives des difficultes de lecture au
English, print cours preparatoire? [Are teacher ratings
version in kindergarten predictive of reading
difficulties in first grade?]. Approche
Neuropsychologique des Apprentissages
chez I’Enfant, 19, 5–17.
Bussières, E.-L., St-Germain, A., Dubé,
M., & Richard, M.-C. (2017). Efficacité et
efficience des programmes de transition à
la vie adulte: Une revue systématique
[Effectiveness and efficiency of adult
transition programs: A systematic
review]. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie
canadienne, 58, 354–365.
https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000104
/Remarks
Journal article Von Ledebur, S. C. (2007). Optimizing DOI format should
with DOI, knowledge transfer by new employees in be changed to URL
advance online companies. Knowledge Management format.
publication Research & Practice. Advance online
publication.
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8
500141
Journal article Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U.,
with article Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., &
number Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine
with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE,
13(3), Article e0193972.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019
3972
Journal article Missing volume number If the journal does
with missing Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: not use volume,
information New discipline practices promote college issue, and/or article
access. The Journal of College Admission, or page numbers,
(231), 44–47. omit the missing
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about what scientists have discovered in the title. Count a
our solar system—and beyond? This URL or other link, a
[Image attached] [Status update]. hashtag, or an emoji
Facebook. as one word each,
https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW/ and include them in
photos/a.117532185107/1015626805726 the reference if they
0108/?type=3&theater fall within the first 20
words. Do not
italicize emojis.
If a post includes
images, videos,
thumbnail links to
outside sources, or
content from another
post (such as when
sharing a link),
indicate that in
square brackets.
Describe the post
type (e.g., “[Status
update],” “[Video]”)
in square brackets
after any description
of attached content.
/Remarks
Instagram/TikTo Philadelphia Museum of Art Same rules as for
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Ot4/
Washington Post [@washingtonpost].
(2019, December 3). News is all around
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APA Databases [@APA_Databases].
(2020, September 2). We have curated a
collection of journal articles from APA
PsycArticles on #COVID19. View:
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coverage [Image attached] [Tweet].
Twitter.
https://twitter.com/APA_Databases/statu
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Instagram/TikTo National Geographic [@natgeo]. (n.d.). Unlike other social
k/Twitter profile IGTV [Instagram profile]. Instagram. media profile pages,
Retrieved December 8, 2019, from the TikTok page does
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nel/ or other tabs. For the
Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. title in the reference,
(n.d.). vsco mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok. use the first 20
Retrieved January 12, 2020, from words of the
https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86 description (in the
APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets example, “vsco
[Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved mom”).
January 15, 2020, from
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progress or (2008). Mental health help-seeking in
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Unpublished Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on
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a recorded with Dr. Colley F. Sparkman/Interviewer:
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Message posted Rampersad, T. (2005, June 8). Re:
to a newsgroup, Traditional knowledge and traditional
online forum, or cultural expressions [Online forum
discussion group comment].
http://www.wipo.int/roller/comments/ipis
forum/Weblog/theme_eight_how_can_cul
tural#comments
Message posted Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re:
to an electronic Disputed estimates of IQ [Electronic
mailing list mailing list message].
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fore
nsicNetwork/message/670
Blog post Ouellette, J. (2019, November 15).
Physicists capture first footage of
quantum knots unraveling in superfluid.
Ars Technica.
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reference list Kan. 1981), aff’d, 727 F.2d 888 (10th Cir.
entry to an 1984).
appealed case
Sample Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. §
reference to a 9401 (1988).
statute
Sample Mental Care and Treatment Act, 4 Kan.
reference to a Stat. Ann. §§ 59-2901-2941 (1983 &
statute in a state Supp. 1992).
code
Sample Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990,
reference to a 42 U.S.C.A. § 12101 et seq. (West 1993).
statute in a
federal code
/Remarks
Sample RU486: The import ban and its effect on
reference for medical research: Hearings before the
federal Subcommittee on Regulation, Business
testimony Opportunities, and Energy, of the House
Committee on Small Business, 101st
Cong. 35 (1990) (testimony of Ronald
Chesemore).
Sample Urban America’s need for social services
reference for a to strengthen families: Hearing before the
full federal Subcommittee on Human Resources of
hearing the Committee on Ways and Means,
House of Representatives, 102d Cong. 1
(1992).
Sample Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental
reference to Illnesses Act of 1993, H.R. 1563, 103d
unenacted Cong. (1993).
federal bills
Executive order Exec. Order No. 13648, 78 Fed. Reg. 129
(July 5, 2013).
If the order has been codified in the
United States Code (U.S.C.), you can add
the following elements at the end of the
reference:
Exec. Order No. 11,609, 3 C.F.R. 586
(1971–1975), reprinted as amended in 3
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3.3.5 Vancouver Reference Style

/Remarks
Journal article Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid- Optional: If a
organ transplantation in HIV-infected journal carries
patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul continuous
25;347(4):284–7. pagination
throughout a
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medical journals
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month and issue
number.
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with DOI (and Ballinger JR, Solanki CK, Barber RW, et al.
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print version, no
DOI
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by DOI (before Ballinger JR, Solanki CK, Barber RW, et al.
issue Finding an optimal method for imaging
publication with lymphatic vessels of the upper limb. Eur J
no page Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004.
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1399-3
Article in Slifka MK, Whitton JL. Clinical implications
electronic of dysregulated cytokine production. Dig J
journal by DOI Mol Med. 2000.
(no paginated https://doi.org/10.1007/s801090000086
version)
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a volume breaking. Top Curr Chem. 2007.
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Book, authored Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS,
Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed.
St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.
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database Who's Certified [Internet]. Evanston (IL): The
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Organization ISSN International Centre: The ISSN
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Accessed 20 Feb 2007.
3.3.6 Math and Physical Sciences Reference Style

Journal article Hamburger, C.: Quasimonotonicity, regularity Regarding truncation
and duality for nonlinear systems of partial of author names, this
differential equations. Ann. Mat. Pura. Appl. would be as submitted
169, 321–354 (1995) by the author/as in
manuscript
Inclusion of Campbell, S.L., Gear, C.W.: The index of
issue number general nonlinear DAES. Numer. Math. 72(2),
(optional) 173–196 (1995)
Journal article Slifka, M.K., Whitton, J.L.: Clinical implications
with DOI (and of dysregulated cytokine production. J. Mol.
with page Med. 78, 74–80 (2000).
numbers) https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000086
Journal article Hendi, S.H., Momeni, D.: Black-hole solutions

with DOI (and in F(R) gravity with conformal anomaly. Eur.
with article Phys. J. C 71, 1823 (2011).
citation ID) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-011-
1823-y
Journal article Slifka, M.K., Whitton, J.L.: Clinical implications
by DOI (before of dysregulated cytokine production. J. Mol.
issue Med. (2000).
publication with https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000086
page numbers)
Article in Slifka, M.K., Whitton, J.L.: Clinical implications
electronic of dysregulated cytokine production. Dig. J.
journal by DOI Mol. Med. (2000).
(no paginated https://doi.org/10.1007/s801090000086
version)
Journal issue Smith, J. (ed.): Rodent genes. Mod. Genomics
with issue J. 14(6), 126–233 (1998)
editor
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with no issue 233 (1998)
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OnlineFirst Saito, Y., Hyuga, H. Rate equation approaches
chapter in a to amplification of enantiomeric excess and
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a volume (2007).
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Proceedings Aaron, M.: The future of genomics. In:
with an editor Williams, H. (ed.) Proceedings of the Genomic
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publisher)
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editor (without acid from Streptomyces fradiae. In: Abstracts
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Paper Chung, S.-T., Morris, R.L.: Isolation and
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conference acid from Streptomyces fradiae. Paper
presented at the 3rd international symposium
on the genetics of industrial microorganisms,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June
1978
Patent Norman, L.O.: Lightning rods. US Patent Name and date of
4,379,752, 9 Sept 1998 patent are optional
Dissertation, Trent, J.W.: Experimental acute renal failure.
Ph.D. thesis Dissertation, University of California (1975)
Institutional International Anatomical Nomenclature
author (book) Committee: Nomina anatomica. Excerpta
Medica, Amsterdam (1966)
Non-English, Wolf, G.H., Lehman, P.-F.: Atlas der Anatomie, Use the language of
Latin alphabet vol. 4/3, 4th edn. Fischer, Berlin (1976) the primary document,
publication not that of the
cited in an reference for "vol"
English etc.!
publication.
Non-Latin Marikhin, V.Y., Myasnikova, L.P.: Optional are the title
alphabet Nadmolekulyarnaya struktura polimerov (The of the publication in
publication supramolecular structure of polymers). the original language
cited in an Khimiya, Leningrad (1977) (and alphabet) and an
English English translation,
publication. which are placed in
parentheses when
they are present.
In press Holmes, R., et al.: References. In: Jones, T.C.
(ed.) Science style manual. Sprint, London
(2007, in press)
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document Publishing PhysicsWeb.
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(2007). Accessed 26 June 2007
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homepage Accessed 22 Feb 2000
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heidelberg.de/mydata.html (1999). Accessed
25 Dec 1999
FTP site Doe, J.: Trivial HTTP, RFC2169.
ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2169.txt (1999).
Accessed 12 Nov 1999
Organization ISSN International Centre: The ISSN register.
site http://www.issn.org (2006). Accessed 20 Feb
2007
3.3.7 American Physical Society (APS) Reference Style

Journal article S. Preuss, A. Demchuk Jr., M. Stuke,
Appl. Phys. A 61, 33 (1995).
Inclusion of issue D. S. Saunders, Sci. Am. 234(2), 114
number (1976).
(optional)
Journal article M. K. Slifka, J. L. Whitton. J. Mol. Med.
with DOI (and 78, 74–80 (2000).
with page https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000086
numbers)
Journal article by M. K. Slifka, J. L. Whitton, Clinical
DOI (before implications of dysregulated cytokine
issue publication production. J. Mol. Med. (2000).
with page https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000086
numbers)
Article in M. K. Slifka, J. L. Whitton, Clinical
electronic journal implications of dysregulated cytokine
by DOI (no production. Dig. J. Mol. Med. (2000).
paginated https://doi.org/10.1007/s801090000086
version)
Journal issue J. Smith (ed.), Rodent genes. Mod.
with issue editor Genomics J. 14(6) (1998).
Journal issue Rodent genes, Mod. Genomics J. 14(6)
with no issue (1998).
editor
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Book, authored H. Ibach, H. Lüth, Solid-State Physics,
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Book, edited R. S. Seymour (ed.), Conductive Polymers
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Chapter in a D. M. MacKay, in Handbook of Sensory
book in a series Physiology, vol. 3, ed. by R. Jung, D.M.
without volume MacKay (Springer, Heidelberg, 1973), p.
titles 307.
Chapter in a S. E. Smith, in Neuromuscular Junction,
book in a series ed. by E. Zaimis. Handbook of
with volume Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 42
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OnlineFirst Y. Saito, H. Hyuga, Rate equation
chapter in a approaches to amplification of
series (without a enantiomeric excess and chiral symmetry
volume breaking. Top. Curr. Chem. (2007).
with a DOI)
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book (in a series Artificial Intelligence, ed. by N. Foo, R.
and subseries) Goebel. 4th Pacific Rim Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, Cairns, August
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Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol.
1114 (Springer, Heidelberg, 1996), p.
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Proceedings with M. Aaron, in Proceedings of the Genomic
an editor Researchers, edited by H. Williams
(without a (unpublished).
publisher)
Proceedings S. T. Chung, R. L. Morris, in Abstracts of
without an editor the 3rd International Symposium on the
(without a Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms,
publisher) University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9
June 1978.
Paper presented S. T. Chung, R. L. Morris, Isolation and
at a conference characterization of plasmid
deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces
fradiae. Paper presented at the 3rd
international symposium on the genetics
of industrial microorganisms, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June 1978.
Patent L. O. Norman, U.S. Patent 4,379,752, 9 Name and date of patent
Sept 1998. are optional
Dissertation, J. W. Trent, Dissertation, University of
Ph.D. thesis California, 1975.
Institutional International Anatomical Nomenclature
author (book) Committee, Nomina anatomica. (Excerpta
Medica, Amsterdam, 1966).
Non-English, G. H. Wolf, P. F. Lehman (eds.), Atlas der Use the language of the
Latin alphabet Anatomie, vol. 4/3, 4th ed. (Fischer, primary document, not
publication cited Berlin, 1976). that of the reference for
in an English "vol" etc.!
publication.
Non-Latin V. Y. Marikhin, L. P. Myasnikova, Optional are the title of
alphabet Nadmolekulyarnaya struktura polimerov the publication in the
publication cited (The supramolecular structure of original language and an
in an English polymers). (Khimiya, Leningrad, 1977). English translation, which
publication. are placed in parentheses
when they are present.
In press R. Holmes et al., in Science style manual, Regarding truncation of
edited by T.C. Jones (Sprint, London, in author names, this would
press). be as submitted by the
author/as in manuscript
Online document J. Cartwright, Big stars have weather too.
(IOP Publishing PhysicsWeb, 2007),
http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/11/6
/16/1. Accessed 26 June 2007.
Online database Healthwise Knowledgebase (US
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Sept 1998.
Supplementary J. Doe, Title of supplementary material
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University site J. Doe, Title of preprint (1999),
http://www.uni-
heidelberg.de/mydata.html. Accessed 25
Dec 1999.
FTP site J. Doe, Trivial HTTP, RFC2169 (1999),
ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2169.txt.
Accessed 12 Nov 1999.
Organization site ISSN International Centre: The ISSN
register (2006), http://www.issn.org.
3.3.8 Chicago Reference Style

Book with single Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s
author Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals.
New York: Penguin.
Keith, Edward O. 2001. Survey of Marine
Mammals. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt
Publishing Company.
Book with two Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. 2007.
authors The War: An Intimate History, 1941–
1945. New York: Knopf.
Purkis, Samuel, and Victor Klemas. 2011.
Remote Sensing and Global
Environmental Change. Oxford: Wiley-
Blackwell.
Book with three Heatherton, Joyce, James Fitzgilroy, and
authors Jackson Hsu. 2007. Meteors and
Mudslides: A Trip through. New York:
Knopf.
Book with editor Woodward, David, ed. 1987. Art and
as author Cartography: Six Historical Essays.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Book with three Goodman, James A., Samuel J. Purkis,
or more authors and Stuart R. Phinn, eds. 2013. Coral
or editors Reef Remote Sensing: A Guide for
Mapping, Monitoring and Management.
Dordrecht: Springer.
Book with Soloviev, Alexander, and Roger Lukas.
author and 2006. The Near-Surface Layer of the
editor/translator Ocean: Structure, Dynamics and
Applications. Edited by Lawrence A.
Mysak and Kevin Hamilton. Dordrecht:
Springer.
Forthcoming Bloemraad, Irene. Forthcoming. Land
book Grant Colleges Today. New York:
Macmillan Co.
Faraday, Carry. Forthcoming. “Protean
Photography.” In Seven Trips beyond the
Asteroid Belt, edited by James Oring.
Cape Canaveral, FL: Launch Press.
Chapter in an Messing, Charles G., John K. Reed,
edited book Sandra D. Brooke, and Steve W. Ross.
2008. "Deep-Water Coral Reefs of the
United States." In Coral Reefs of the USA,
edited by Bernhard M. Riegl and Richard
E. Dodge, 767–92. Dordrecht: Springer.
Journal article Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Journal articles often list
Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding many authors, especially
College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: in the sciences. If there
Effects on Graduate Quality and Income are four or more
Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital authors, list up to ten in
11(1, Spring): 1–34. the reference list; in the
https://doi.org/10.1086/690235. text, list only the first,
LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A followed by et al. (“and
Story about Reading.” New England others”). For more than
Review 38(1): 95–109. Project MUSE. ten authors (not shown
Weinstein, Joshua I. 2009. “The Market in here), list the first seven
Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104: in the reference list,
439–58. followed by et al.
Journal: Online Campbell, Alexandra M., Jay Fleisher, DOI is preferred over
format with DOI Christopher Sinigalliano, James R. White, URL. Always use DOI if
and Jose V. Lopez. 2015. "Dynamics of given instead of URL.
Marine Bacterial Community Diversity of
the Coastal Waters of the Reefs, Inlets,
and Wastewater Outfalls of Southeast
Florida." Microbiology Open 4(2): 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.245.
Journal: Online Spieler, Richard E. 1971. “A Carp-Goldfish
format without Hybrid with No Caudal Fin.” Transactions
DOI of the Kansas Academy of Science
74(3/4): 342–43.
http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facarticles
/215/.
Article in press: Swallow, Sundar K., and Mary J.
If publication Mazzotta. 2004. “Assessing Public
year is known Priorities for Experiment Station
Research: Contingent Value and Public
Preferences for Agricultural Research.”
American Journal of Agricultural
Economics 86: in press.
Article in press: Swallow, Sundar K., and Mary J.
If publication Mazzotta. Forthcoming. “Assessing Public
year is not Priorities for Experiment Station
known Research: Contingent Value and Public
Preferences for Agricultural Research.”
American Journal of Agricultural
Economics: in press.
Article in a Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear.
popular “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in
magazine Health Care Vote.” New York Times,
February 28, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/
politics/28health.html.
Online article Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts.
2009. “Origins of Homophily in an
Evolving Social Network.” American
Journal of Sociology 115: 405–50.
https://doi.org/10.1086/599247.
Paper delivered Adelman, Rachel. “‘Such Stuff as Dreams
at a meeting Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the
and not Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic
published Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual
meeting for the Society of Biblical
Literature, New Orleans, LA, November
21–24, 2009.
Paper delivered Ku, Bhatt, and Helen Bake. 2000. “Re-
at a meeting reading the ‘167 event’: The Politics of
and published Numbers and the Making of Hong Kong
‘Others’.” Twelfth Annual Meeting on
Socioeconomics, 54. London. July 7–10.
Proceedings Chiswick, Bake R. 1977. “A Longitudinal
Analysis of the Occupational Mobility of
Immigrants.” In Proceedings of the 30th
Annual Winter Meetings, Industrial
Relations Research Association, ed.
Barbara D. Dennis, 20–7 Madison, WI:
IRRA.
Newspaper/mag Royko, Mike. 1992. “Next Time, Dan,
azine Take Aim at Arnold.” Chicago Tribune,
September 23, 1992.
Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy, Sugary
History of Peeps.” Vox, April 11, 2017.
http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/1
5209084/peeps-easter.
Streaming video Kurzgesagt - In a Nutshell. 2013. “The
Gulf Stream & Climate Change.”
Streaming video.
https://youtu.be/UuGrBhK2c7U.
Anonymous Circadian hormone basis for seasonal
works - conditions in the gulf killifish, Fundulus
unknown grandis. 1978. Amsterdam: Elsevier
authorship Science Ltd.
Anonymous [Meier, Albert, Albert J. Fivizzani, Richard Use if authorship is not
works - known E. Spieler, and Nelson Horseman]. 1978. listed, but author is
authorship Circadian hormone basis for seasonal known or guessed
conditions in the gulf killifish, Fundulus through another
grandis. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd. method.
Capstone, Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “King Lear and Its These are cited similarly
thesis, or Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of to a book.
dissertation Chicago.
Pruzinsky, Nina. 2018. “Identification and
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Tuna
(Family: Scombridae; Tribe: Thunnini)
Early Life Stages in the Oceanic Gulf of
Mexico.” MS thesis, Nova Southeastern
University.
https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/47
2/.
3.3.9 Harvard Reference Style

Journal article Selman, P. (2016) The global decline of
with one author intercountry adoption: what lies ahead?
Social Policy and Society, 11(3), 381–397.
Journal article Barros, B., Read, T. & Verdejo, M.F.
with 3 authors (2008) Virtual collaborative
experimentation: an approach combining
remote and local labs. IEEE Transactions
on Education, 51(2), 242–250. Available
from:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2007.908071
Journal article Holding, M.Y., Saulino, M.F., Overton,
with 4 or more E.A., Kornbluth, I.D. & Freedman, M.K.
authors (2008) Interventions in chronic pain
management. 1. Update on important
definitions in pain management. Archives
of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89
(3, Supplement 1), S38–S40.
Journal article, Bussières, E.-L., St-Germain, A., Dubé, M. The English translation
non-English title & Richard, M.-C. (2017) Efficacité et in brackets and DOI
efficience des programmes de transition à info are optional.
la vie adulte: Une revue systématique
[Effectiveness and efficiency of adult
transition programs: A systematic review].
Canadian Psychology/Psychologie
canadienne, 58(4), 354–365. Available
from:
https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000104
Reference with Department of Health. (2009) Living well
no author with dementia: a national dementia
strategy. Available from:
www.gov.uk/government/publications/livin
g-well-with-dementiaa-national-dementia-
strategy [Accessed 4th June 2015].
Pre-print journal Silas, P., Yates, J.R. & Haynes, P.D.
articles (2008) Density-functional investigation of
the rhombohedral to simple cubic phase
transition of arsenic. To be published in
Physical Review B. Arxiv. [Preprint]
Available from:
http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1692 [Accessed
23rd July 2010].
Book with one Adair, J. (1988) Effective time
author management: how to save time and spend
it wisely. London: Pan Books.
Book with three Simons, N.E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M.
authors (2001) A short course in soil and rock
slope engineering. London: Thomas
Telford Publishing.
Book with seven Davis, M., Charles, S., Curry, M.J., Shanti, Regarding truncation
or more authors H., Prasad, M., Hewings, A. et al. (2003) of author names, this
Challenging spatial norms. London: would be as submitted
Routledge. by the author/as in
manuscript
Book with non- Foucault, M. (1971) L'archéologie du The English translation
English title savoir [The archaeology of knowledge]. in brackets is optional.
Paris: NRF/Gallimard.
Book with Barnes, R. (1995) Successful study for
edition degrees, 2nd edition, London: Routledge.
Book with an Danaher, P. (Ed.) (1998) Beyond the
editor Ferris wheel. Rockhampton: CQU Press.
Book: chapter in Partridge, H. & Hallam, G. (2007)
an edited book Evidence-based practice and information
literacy. In: Lipu, S., Williamson, K. &
Lloyd, A. (Eds.) Exploring methods in
information literacy research. Wagga
Wagga, Australia: Centre for Information
Studies, pp. 149–170.
Books with an The University Encyclopedia (1985)
anonymous or London: Roydon.
unknown author
Book online Simons, N.E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M.
(2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock
Slope Engineering. London: Thomas
Telford Publishing. Available at:
http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=93941
[Accessed 18th June 2015].
Conference Wittke, M. (2006) Design, construction,
proceedings and supervision and long-term behaviour of
symposium tunnels in swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem,
A., Charlier, R., Thimus, J.-F. and
Tshibangu, J.-P. (Eds.) Eurock 2006:
multiphysics coupling and long term
behaviour in rock mechanics: proceedings
of the international symposium of the
international society for rock mechanics,
EUROCK 2006, 9–12 May 2006, Liège,
Belgium. London: Taylor & Francis, pp.
211–216.
Report Leatherwood, S. (2001) Whales, dolphins,
and porpoises of the western North
Atlantic. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report
number: 63.
Map British Geological Survey. (1998) South
London. 270, 1:50,000. London: British
Geological Survey.
Web European Space Agency. (2015) Rosetta:
page/website rendezvous with a comet. Available at:
http://rosetta.esa.int [Accessed 15th June
2015].
Email: personal Harrison, R. (2014) Email sent to Mimi
Weiss Johnson, 10th June.
Personal Law, James. Engineering consultant.
communication (Personal communication, 26th April
2014).
Lecture/present Wagner, G. (2006) Structural and
ation functional studies of protein interactions in
gene expression. [Lecture] Imperial
College London, 12th December.
Government Department for Education and
publications Employment (DfEE), (2001) Skills for life:
the national strategy for improving adult
literacy and numeracy skills. Nottingham:
DfEE Publications.
Newspaper Cumming, F. (1999) Tax-free savings
articles push. Sunday Mail, 4 April, p. 1.
Religious texts Good News Bible (2010). New York:
HarperCollins.
Video recording Rules of the game (1991) I’ll fly away,
television program, New York
Broadcasting Company.
Systematic Osborn, D.A. & Sinn, J.H. (2006) Soy
reviews formula for prevention of allergy and food
intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database
of Systematic Reviews, no. 4, art. no.:
CD003741, viewed 19 May 2009.
Acts of Corporation Act 2001 (Commonwealth of
parliament Australia) s. 3, viewed 19 May 2009,
<http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Leg
islation/ActCompilationl.nsf/32EF0670948
5AA287>
Cases Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC 246.
Patent Smith, P.S. (2002) A pump for use in
windmill assembly, application no.
2008230011, 17 October, viewed 15 May
2009,
<http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols>
3.3.10 Modern Language Association (MLA) Reference Style

Book with single Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in
author an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.
Book with two Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich. The
authors Crown of Columbus. HarperCollins
Publishers, 1999.
Book with three Charon, Rita, et al. The Principles and
or more authors Practice of Narrative Medicine. Oxford UP,
or editors 2017.
Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, et al., editors.

Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies
after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. U of
Massachusetts P / Library of Congress,
Center for the Book, 2007.
Book with editor Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar,
as author editors. The Female Imagination and the
Modernist Aesthetic. Gordon and Breach
Science Publishers, 1986.
Book with editor Milton, John. The Riverside Milton. Edited
who is not the by Roy Flannagan, Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
author
Book with Lazarillo de Tormes. Medina del Campo,
anonymous/unk 1554.
nown author
Book in a Erpenbeck, Jenny. Gehen, ging, gegangen
language other [Go, Went, Gone]. Penguin Verlag, 2015.
than English
Book with an The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First
organization as Century. New York State, Commission on
the author and the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First
publisher Century, 1990.
Book with an United Nations. Consequences of Rapid
organization as Population Growth in Developing
the author but a Countries. Taylor and Francis, 1991.
different
publisher
Book with a Chartier, Roger. The Order of Books: If you are discussing a
translator Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe translated work and
between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth your discussion focuses
Centuries. Translated by Lydia G. on the translator’s
Cochrane, Stanford UP, 1994. choices, you may place
OR the translator in the
Wall, Geoffrey, translator. Madame Author element
Bovary. By Gustave Flaubert, Penguin (followed by the label
Books, 2003. translator). If the work
has a primary author,
place the primary
author’s name in the
Contributor element
preceded by the label
by.
Book with Milkis, Sidney M., and Michael Nelson. The
numbered American Presidency: Origins and
edition Development, 1776–1993. 2nd ed., CQ
Press, 1994..
Book that is a Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston
multivolume set Hughes. 2nd ed., Oxford UP, 2002. 2 vols.
Forthcoming Jespersen, T. Christine, and David J.
book Plante. “Critical Globalization and Political
Economy in Tropic of Orange.” Approaches
to Teaching the Works of Karen Tei
Yamashita, edited by Ruth Y. Hsu and
Pamela Thoma, Modern Language
Association of America, forthcoming.
Chapter in an Toorn, Penny van, and Daniel Justice.
edited book “Aboriginal Writing.” The Cambridge
Companion to Canadian Literature, edited
by Eva-Marie Kröller, Cambridge UP,
2017, pp. 26–58.
Journal article Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The
with single Impact of Digital Communication Media.”
author PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp.
193–200.
Kincaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo,

vol. 24, no. 2, spring 2001, pp. 620–26.
Journal article Boggs, Colleen Glenney, and Serge
with two authors Bielanko. “Public Reading and the Civil
War Draft Lottery.” American Periodicals,
vol. 26, no. 2, 2016, pp. 149–66.
Kafka, Ben, and Barbara Adams. “The

Demon of Writing: Paperwork, Public
Safety, and the Reign of Terror.”
Representations, no. 98, 2007, pp. 1–24.
Belton, John, and Ken Borsuk. “Painting by

the Numbers: The Digital Intermediate.”
Film Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 3, spring
2008, pp. 58–65.
Journal article Helmling, Steven, et al. “A Martyr to
with three or Happiness: Why Adorno Matters.” Kenyon
more authors Review, vol. 28, no. 4, 2006, pp. 156–72.
The Modern Language Association of

America. MLA Handbook (p. 414). The
Modern Language Association of America.
Kindle Edition.
Journal article “Racial Stereotype Busters: Black
with anonymous Scientists Who Made a Difference.” Journal
author of Blacks in Higher Education, vol. 25,
1999, pp. 133–34.
Journal: Online Quirk, Tom. “The Flawed Greatness of
format with DOI Huckleberry Finn.” American Literary
Realism, vol. 45, no. 1, fall 2012, pp. 38–
48. JSTOR,
https://doi.org/10.5406/amerlitereal.45.1.
0038.
Journal only Fişek, Emine. “Palimpsests of Violence:
available online Urban Dispossession and Political Theatre
in Istanbul.” Comparative Drama, vol. 52,
no. 3,
scholarworks.wmich.edu/compdr/vol52/iss
3/7.
Alpert-Abrams, Hannah. “Machine Reading

the Primeros Libros.” Digital Humanities
Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 4, 2016,
www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/10/4/0
00268/000268.html.
Journal article Originally published online:
published in a
database Chan, Evans. “Postmodernism and Hong
Kong Cinema.” Postmodern Culture, vol.
10, no. 3, May 2000. Project Muse,
https://doi.org/10.1353/pmc.2000.0021.
Originally published in print:
Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport:

Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.” The
Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, spring
2010, pp. 69–88. JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.
Article from a Hayes, Terrence. “The Wicked Candor of
blog post Wanda Coleman.” The Paris Review, 12
June 2020,
www.theparisreview.org/blog/2020/06/12
/the-wicked-candor-of-wanda-coleman/.
The Daily.
Article in a Magra, Iliana, and Andrea Zaratemay.
popular “Hikers’ Love of a Rarity in the Andes
newspaper or Takes a Toll.” The New York Times, 3 May
magazine 2018, p. A7.
Deresiewicz, William. “The Death of the

Artist—and the Birth of the Creative
Entrepreneur.” The Atlantic, Jan.-Feb.
2015, pp. 92–97.
Tribble, Ivan. “Bloggers Need Not Apply.”

The Chronicle of Higher Education, 8 July
2005, chronicle.com/article/Bloggers-
Need-Not-Apply/45022.
Riis, Jacob. “Huddled Masses.” 1890.

Lapham’s Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 1, winter
2017,
www.laphamsquarterly.org/home/huddled
-masses.
Proceedings Chang, Steve S., et al., editors.
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual
Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics
Society, February 12–15, 1999: General
Session and Parasession on Loan Word
Phenomena. Berkeley Linguistics Society,
2000.
Social media Chaucer Doth Tweet [@LeVostreGC]. “A
post daye wythout anachronism ys lyke Emily
Dickinson wythout her lightsaber.” Twitter,
7 Apr. 2018,
twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/98282998
7286827009.
World Wildlife Fund. “Five Things to Know

on Shark Awareness Day.” Facebook, 14
July 2020,
www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/vide
os/745925785979440/.
Thomas, Angie. Photo of The Hate U Give

cover. Instagram, 4 Dec. 2018,
www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/.
Online video “What Is the MLA International
Bibliography?” Vimeo, uploaded by MLA
International Bibliography, 14 Oct. 2016,
vimeo.com/187399565.
Work with no Beaton, Kate. “The Secret Garden.” Hark!
publication date A Vagrant,
www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=350
. Accessed 17 Jan. 2017.
Capstone, thesis, Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A
or dissertation Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting.
2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.
OR
Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A

Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting.
2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.
ProQuest,
search.proquest.com/docview/305212264.
Personal Santiago, Robert. Personal communication
communication with author. 11 Feb. 2017.
3.3.11 Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal

Authorities (OSCOLA – Footnote Reference Style)
Only law/legal journals opting for footnote reference style can choose OSCOLA for
styling.
When citing any source, either directly (as a quotation) or indirectly (by
paraphrasing or referring to ideas in a source), cite the reference in a footnote.
Indicate footnotes with a superscript number.
For example:
1
Paul Craig, ‘Theory, “Pure Theory” and Values in Public Law’ [2005] PL 440.
2
Human Rights Act 1998, s 2.
Journal Author, | ‘Article Title’ | [year] | Journal
Acronym | first page of article.
For example:
Paul Craig, ‘Theory, “Pure Theory” and Values in
Public Law’ [2005] PL 440.
OR
Author, | ‘Article Title’ | [year] | Volume No. |
Journal Acronym | first page of article.
For example:
Alison L Young, ‘In Defence of Due
Deference’ (2009) 72 MLR 554.
Online journals Author, | ‘Article Title’ | [year] | Volume Issue No. is optional.
No. (Issue No.) | Journal Acronym | If provided, then
<web address> | Date accessed retain.
For example:
Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of
Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1)
EJLT <http://ejlt.org/article/view/17> accessed 27
July 2010
Book Author, | Book Title | (Additional
information (optional), | Edition
(optional), | Publisher | Year)
For example:
Timothy Endicott, Administrative Law (OUP
2009).
Gareth Jones, Goff and Jones: The Law of
Restitution (1st supp, 7th edn, Sweet & Maxwell
2009).
Edited and If there is no author, cite the editor or

translated book translator as you would an author,
adding in parentheses after their name
“(ed)” or “(tr)” or “(eds)” or “(tr)” if
there is more than one.
For example:
Jeremy Horder (ed), Oxford Essays in
Jurisprudence: Fourth Series (OUP 2000).
Peter Birks and Grant McLeod (trs), The
Institutes of Justinian (Duckworth
1987).
Legal cases When citing cases, give the name of the
case, the neutral citation (if
appropriate), and volume and first page
of the relevant law report, and where
necessary the court. If the name of the
case is given in the text, it is not
necessary to repeat it in the footnote.
For example:
If the citation is Phipps v Boardman,31
then the reference is styled as
31
[1967] 2 AC 46 (HL).
Legislation A citation in a footnote is not required when
citing legislation if all the information the reader
needs concerning the source is provided in the
text, as in the following sentence:
This case highlights the far-reaching judicial
role ushered in by the Human Rights Act 1998.
Where the text does not include the
name of the Act or the relevant section,
this information should be provided in a
footnote.
For example:
In text: British courts must only
consider Strasbourg jurisprudence: they
are not bound by it.1
Reference style:
1
Human Rights Act 1998, s 2.
4 Language Editing
A language editor must have good command over the English language with good
knowledge of the scientific content. Scientific content requires very sensitive
treatment, with emphasis on accuracy, precision, and detail. This section covers
basic guidelines on copyediting tasks under language editing such as punctuation,
British and American usage, and more advanced editing such as correcting poor
style. However, editorial discretion must be exercised while editing content and
author’s preference given high precedence, especially when the author is a native
English speaker.
4.1 General Guidelines

• Perform copyediting as per Wiley copyediting specifications.
• Rephrasing and rewriting must be done only when required. A copyeditor must
have the ability to know when to rephrase and rewrite and not make any
unnecessary changes.
• Words or phrases in a manuscript must never be changed due to personal
preference.
• Unless incorrect, use the author’s own words to rephrase and reconstruct a poor
construction.
• Correct poor style only if it hinders comprehension.
• Words or phrases that serve no meaningful purpose in a sentence should be
deleted.
• Author’s preference for passive voice and first person must be kept. However,
overuse and complicated sentences can be simplified, e.g., changing “It could be
shown by our report that…” to “Our report showed that…”
• The use of he/she should be avoided. Bring it to the author’s attention rather than
changing the entire text.
• Do not use the adjectival form of a word where a noun form is more suitable.
• Do not delete information that the author has repeated for the sake of emphasis.
4.2 British and American Usage

• Both American and British spellings are allowed for Wiley articles.
• UK/US usage needs to be consistent within the article or the journal. If a
copyeditor is required to change from one usage to another, the author must be
informed of the same.
• For American spellings, use the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. For
British spellings, the Collins English Dictionary must be used. If authors have used
words from the Oxford Dictionary, these are acceptable.
The following are general spelling differences between UK and US English:
UK -our vs. US -or UK -re vs. US -er UK -ae/-oe/-oeu vs.

US -e/-o/-eu
armour armor amphitheatre amphitheater archaeology archeology
behaviour behavior centimetre centimeter gynaecology gynecology
colour color centre center leukaemia leukemia
favourite favorite fibre fiber manoeuvre maneuver
flavour flavor kilometre kilometer mediaeval medieval
harbour harbor litre liter mementoes mementos
honour honor lustre luster oestrogen estrogen
humour humor louvre louver orthopaedic orthopedic
labour labor manoeuvre maneuver paediatric pediatric
neighbour neighbor metre meter palaeontology paleontology
rumour rumor spectre specter toxaemia toxemia
saviour savior theatre theater
UK -se vs. US -ze* UK -l vs. US -ll UK -ogue vs. US -og

analyse analyze enrolment enrollment analogue analog
apologise apologize fulfil fulfill catalogue catalog
appetiser appetizer instalment installment dialogue dialog
catalyse catalyze skilful skillful monologue monolog
civilise, civilize,
civilisation civilization
colonise, colonize,
colonisation colonization
criticise criticize
emphasise emphasize counsellor counselor defence# defense
organise organize fuelled fueled licence license
(noun) (both
license noun and
(verb) verb)
popularise, popularize, travelling traveling offence# offense
popularisation popularization
prise prize paralleled paralleled pretence pretense
realise realize quarrelling quarreling
recognise recognize
*Additional notes:
· UK English uses both "-ise" and "-ize" forms but tends to prefer -ise (-isation)
form.
· Verbs in UK English that can be spelled with either "-ize" or "-ise" at the end are
always spelled with -ize in US English.
· Verbs in UK English that end in "-yse" (e.g., analyse) are always spelled "-yze" in
US English (analyze).
!Remember: In UK English, verbs that end in -l preceded by a vowel usually double

the final -l when a suffix -ed/-ing is added. In US English, the final -l is doubled
only when the last syllable is stressed.
#
But note: defensive, offensive
UK -dge/-gue vs. US - UK -gramme vs. US -gram

dg/-gu
programme (noun) program
judgement judgment (TV/radio programme or programme
of events plans, conferences, a
arguement argument theatre programme etc.)
UK -que vs. US -k/–ck programme (verb) (to instruct) program
cheque check program (programme) program

(money) (computer program)
gram (gramme) gram
kilogram (kilogramme) kilogram
Miscellaneous spelling differences
UK US UK US
ageing aging mould mold
aluminium aluminum mum, mom, mommy
mummy
(mom,
mam)
encyclopaedia encyclopedia omelette omelet
kerb (edge of roadway or curb (both noun practise practice (both noun
pavement) and verb) (verb), and verb),
curb (verb means practising, practicing
"restrain") practice
(noun)
draught (current of air) draft pyjamas pajamas
grey gray plough plow
sulphur sulfur tyre tire
jewellery jewelry sceptic skeptic
marvellous marvelous woollen woolen
4.3 Capitalization
Capitalize:
• Words beginning a sentence.
• The first word after a colon is capitalized when i) it introduces a speech or a
dialogue in an extract, ii) it introduces a direct question, and iii) it is the beginning
of a complete sentence.
• Specific terms and terminologies
• Only the first word and proper nouns in table headings and figure captions.
• References to titles of sections within the same article.
• Proper nouns and adjectives and words used as proper nouns.
• Names of university departments if they refer to a specific department within a
specific university and complete names of academic courses if they refer to a
specific course.
• Trade and brand names of drugs, equipment, and food.
• Titles of heads of governments (President, Prime Minister, …) when they precede
a name.
• Nouns followed by numerals or letters that denote a specific place in a numbered
series.
For example:
On Day 2 of Experiment 4
• Complete titles of published and unpublished texts.
• Names of derived variables within a factor or principal components analysis.
- The words factor and component are not capitalized unless followed by a
number.
For example:
Mealtime Behavior (Factor 4)
Factors 6 and 7
• Abbreviations beginning a sentence.
For example:
p-Endorphins
• Proper nouns and words derived from proper nouns.
• Geographic names for cities, townships, counties, states, countries, continents,
islands, peninsulas, straits, bodies of water, mountain chains, streets, parks,
forests, canyons, dams, specific locations, accepted designations for regions, and
political divisions.
Note: There may be exceptions based on historical, political, and regional contexts,
and author’s preference should be accepted.
• Words denoting political divisions, such as a state, republic, empire, ward, or
precinct, when they are followed by a name or are an accepted part of the name.
• When a common noun is capitalized in the singular as part of a proper name or in
a title, it is generally not capitalized in the plural.
For example:
Mississippi and Missouri rivers; Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
• Expanded compass directions are not capitalized.
For example:
southern France, northern Illinois
• Nouns and adjectives derived from compass directions should not be capitalized.
For example:
midwesterner; southern-style cooking
• Proper names of languages, peoples, races (e.g., Black or White), political parties,
religions, and religious denominations and sects.
• Names of historical events and periods, special events, awards, treaties, and
official names and specific parts of adopted laws and bills.
• When an eponym is included in the name of a disease, syndrome, sign, position,
or similar designation, capitalize the eponym but not the common noun.
For example:
Raynaud disease, Babinski sign, Marfan syndrome.
• Trademarks and proprietary names of drugs and brand names of manufactured
products and equipment.
• Phylum, class, order, family, and tribe.
• Formal name of a genus when it is used in the singular, with or without a species
name.
• Designations of specific deities and personifications.
• Recognized holiday and calendar events (e.g., Thanksgiving Day, Christmas,
Diwali, and others).
• The exact and complete titles of tests and subscales of tests should be capitalized.
The word test is not usually capitalized except when it is part of the official name
of the test. Always verify exact names of any tests with the author or with
reference sources.
For example:
Goodenough–Harris Drawing Test
• The title of a person when it precedes the person’s name but not when it follows
the name.
For example:
Chair John W. Smith; John W. Smith was named chair.
• Academic degrees when they are abbreviated.
• Official titles of conferences, congresses, postgraduate courses, organizations,
institutions, business firms, and governmental agencies, as well as their
departments and other divisions.
Do Not Capitalize:
• Nouns that denote common parts of books or tables followed by numerals or
letters.
• Names of laws, theories, models, statistical procedures, or hypotheses.
• Nouns that precede a variable.
For example:
trial n and item x
• Shortened, inexact, or generic titles of tests.
For example:
a vocabulary test
• Names of conditions or groups in an experiment.
• Effects or variables unless they appear with multiplication signs.
• Compass points and terms derived from them if they indicate direction or location,
such as in the southwest of Italy, pointing to the south, a north wind, etc.
• English words derived from the taxonomic systems such as feline, astilbe,
hominids, carnivores, etc.
4.4 Punctuation
Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling the reader where to
pause (comma, semicolon, and colon), stop (period and question mark), or take a
detour (dash, parentheses, and brackets).
4.4.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks

Insert one space after
• commas, colons, and semicolons
• periods that separate parts of a reference citation; and
• periods of the initials in personal names (e.g., J. R. Zhang).
Exception:
Do not insert a space after internal periods in abbreviations (e.g., a.m., i.e.,),
including identity-concealing labels for study participants (F.I.M.), or around colons
in ratios.
4.4.2 Period
Use a period to end a complete sentence. Periods are used with abbreviations as
follows:
Use periods with Do not use periods with

Initials of names (J. R. Smith) Abbreviations of state names (NY; OH;
Washington, DC) in reference list entries
or in vendor locations (e.g., for drugs
and apparatus described in the Method
section)
Identity-concealing labels for study Capital letter abbreviations and
participants (F.I.M.) acronyms (APA, NDA, NIMH, IQ)
Latin abbreviations (a.m., cf., i.e., vs.) Abbreviation for United States when it is
used as an adjective (US Navy)
Reference abbreviations (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Abbreviations for routes of
p. 6, F. Supp.) administration (icv, im, ip, iv, sc)
Use periods with Do not use periods with
Metric and nonmetric measurement
abbreviations (cd, cm, ft, h, kg, lb, min,
ml, s)
Exception: The abbreviation for inch (in.) takes a period because without the
period it could be misread.
4.4.3 Comma
Use a comma Do not use a comma

Between elements (including before and Before an essential or restrictive clause
and or) in a series of three or more (e.g., The switch that stops the
items (only applicable for US English) recording device also controls the light)
To set off a nonessential or Between the two parts of a compound
nonrestrictive clause. predicate.
For example: Correct:
Switch A, which was on a panel, All subjects completed the first phase of
controlled the recording device. the experiment and returned the
following week for Phase 2.
Incorrect:
All subjects completed the first phase of
the experiment, and returned the
following week for Phase 2
To separate two independent clauses
joined by a conjunction (Cedar shavings
covered the floor, and paper was
available for shredding and nest
building)
To separate groups of three digits in
most figures of 10,000 or more
After introductory phrases
Between coordinate adjectives modifying

the same noun:
The team was prepared for a long,
engaging training session.
Use a comma Do not use a comma
To offset the word respectively:
For example
The peak absorption wavelengths of
samples A and B were 710 and 600 nm,
respectively.
Oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
detector flows were set at 85, 7, and 4
ml/min, respectively.
4.4.4 Semicolon
Use a semicolon:
• To separate two independent clauses that are not joined by a conjunction.
For example:
The participants in the first study were paid; those in the second were
unpaid.
• To separate elements in a series that already contain commas.
For example:
The color order was red, yellow, blue; blue, yellow, red; or yellow, red,
blue (Davis & Hueter, 1994; Pettigrew, 1993).
age, M = 34.5 years, 95% CI [29.4, 39.6]; years of education, M = 10.4
[8.7,12.1]; and weekly income, M = 612 [522, 702]; …
• Certain adverbs, when used to join two independent clauses, should be preceded
by a semicolon rather than a comma. These transitional adverbs include however,
thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides, therefore, and sometimes then. A
comma usually follows the adverb but may be omitted if the sentence seems just
as effective without it.
For example:
The accuracy of Jesse’s watch was never in question; besides, he was an
expert at intuiting the time of the day from the position of the sun and
stars.
Kallista was determined not to miss anything on her voyage; accordingly,
she made an appointment with her ophthalmologist.
4.4.5 Colon
Use a colon Do not use a colon

Between a grammatically complete After an introduction that is not an
introductory clause and a final phrase or independent clause or complete sentence.
clause. For example:
For example: Freud (1930/1961) wrote of The formula is ri = ai + e.
two urges: an urge toward union with The instructions for the task were
others and an egoistic urge toward Your group’s task is to rank the 15 items
happiness. in terms of their importance for the
They have agreed on the outcome: crew’s survival
Informed participants perform better than
do uninformed participants
To introduce a list of items
For example:
Many fundamentals were covered in the
guideline: grammar, punctuation, style,
and voice.
The following functions need to be
performed:
1. Input data
2. Write reports
3. Complete tax forms
4.4.6 Slash
Use a slash (also called a virgule, Do not use a slash

solidus)
To clarify a relationship in which a When a phrase would be clearer.
hyphenated compound is used. For example:
For example: Each child handed the ball to her mother
the classification/similarity-judgment or guardian.
condition Incorrect: Each child handed the ball to
her mother/guardian.
Raise an author query in case of any
confusion.
4.4.7 Quotation Marks
• Use single quotation marks inside double quotation marks (US English).
• Use double quotation marks inside single quotation marks (UK English).
For example:
Miele (1993) found that “the ‘placebo effect’, which had been verified in
previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors
were studied in this manner” (p. 276).
Miele (1993) found that ‘the “placebo effect,” which had been verified in
previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors
were studied in this manner’ (p. 276).
• Place periods and commas inside quotation marks; place other punctuation marks
outside quotation marks unless they are part of the quoted material.
• In American usage, periods and commas appear before closing quotation marks,
for example: “The character change in a tumor is usually called ‘tumor
progression’.” In British usage, periods and commas appear after closing
quotation marks if it is part of the original quotation (i.e., if a complete sentence
is being quoted) and after if it is not.
• Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations. Do use double quotation
marks to enclose any quoted material within a block quotation.
4.4.8 Parentheses, Brackets, and Braces

For text: Use ( ) first, then ([ ]).
Exception:
Do not use brackets if the material can be set off easily with commas
without confounding meaning.
For equations: Use ( ) first, then [( )], and finally {[( )]}.
4.5 Italics
Use italics for Do not use italics for
Genera, species, and varieties Foreign phrases and abbreviations
common in English
Introduction of a new, technical, or key Chemical terms (NaCl, LSD)
term or label
A letter, word, or phrase cited as a Trigonometric terms; Latin terms not
linguistic example part of species names (e.g., in vitro and
in vivo)
Words that could be misread Nonstatistical subscripts to statistical
symbols or mathematical expressions
Letters used as statistical symbols or Greek letters not used as variables
algebraic variables
Some test scores and scales Mere emphasis. (Italics are acceptable if
emphasis might otherwise be lost; in
general, however, use syntax to provide
emphasis)
Anchors of a scale
Use italics for Do not use italics for
With regard to the italicization of Latin words (in vivo, in vitro, in situ, etc.), the
following dictionaries need to be consulted:
- UK spelling: Concise Oxford Dictionary (for words not found in Oxford
Dictionary, refer to Collins Dictionary)
- US spelling: Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary
4.6 Hyphenation
Compound words take many forms; that is, two words may be written as (a) two
separate words; (b) a hyphenated word; or (c) one unbroken, “solid” word.
Choosing the proper form is sometimes frustrating. For example, is follow up,
follow-up, or followup the form to be used? The dictionary is an excellent guide for
such decisions, especially for nonscientific words (the term is follow-up when
functioning as a noun or adjective but follow up when functioning as a verb). When
a compound can be found in the dictionary, its usage is established and it is known
as a permanent compound (e.g., high school, caregiver, and self-esteem).
However, dictionaries do not always agree on the way a compound should be
written (open, solid, or hyphenated). Compound terms are often introduced into the
language as separate or hyphenated words, and as they become more
commonplace, they tend to fuse into a solid word. For example, the hyphen was
dropped from life-style in the 11th edition of Webster's Collegiate, and data base is
now database.
There is another kind of compound—the temporary compound—that is made up of

two or more words that occur together, perhaps only in a particular paper, to
express a thought. Because language is constantly expanding, especially in science,
temporary compounds develop that are not yet listed in the dictionary. If a
temporary compound modifies another word, it may or may not be hyphenated,
depending on (a) its position in the sentence and (b) whether the pairing of a
compound with another word can cause the reader to misinterpret meaning. The
main rule to remember is that if a temporary compound precedes what it modifies,
it may need to be hyphenated, and if it follows what it modifies, it usually does not.
If a compound is not in the dictionary, follow the general principles of hyphenation
given below.
Note: Exercise caution for scientific terms and terminology and author’s preference
for hyphenation. Double-check against the journal style sheet and with the author.
Follow Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.
Rule Example
Hyphenate
Rule Example
A compound with a participle when it role-playing technique
precedes the term it modifies anxiety-arousing condition
water-deprived animals
A phrase used as an adjective when it trial-by-trial analysis
precedes the term it modifies to-be-recalled items
all-or-none questionnaire
An adjective-and-noun compound when high-anxiety group
it precedes the term it modifies middle-class families
low-frequency words
A compound with a number as the first two-way analysis of variance
element when the compound precedes six-trial problem
the term it modifies 12th-grade students
16-s interval
A fraction used as an adjective two-thirds majority
With two or more compounds that share low- and high-dose prescriptions
a single base.
For noun-noun constructs fire-fly
Do not hyphenate
A compound including an adverb ending widely used text
in ly relatively homogeneous sample
randomly assigned participants
A compound including a comparative or better written paper
superlative adjective less informed interviewers
higher scoring students
higher order learning
Chemical terms sodium chloride solution
amino acid compound
Foreign phrases used as adjectives or a posteriori test
adverbs post hoc comparisons
fed ad lib [but hyphenate the adjectival
form: ad-lib feeding; see Webster’s
Collegiate]
A modifier including a letter or numeral Group B participants
as the second element Type II error
Trial 1 performance
Common fractions used as nouns one third of the participants
Use en dash for equal weightage (e.g.,
water–oil combination)
Use hyphen for adjectival units: 4.6-cm-
long bar, a 7-kg drone
4.6.1 Prefixes and Suffixes That Do Not Require Hyphens in
Most Cases
Please consult the recommended dictionary or author’s choice of hyphenation
before making any changes. Also, check for UK/US usage.
Prefix or suffix Example Prefix or suffix Example

able retrievable mini minisession
after aftereffect multi multiphase
anti antisocial non nonsignificant
bi bilingual over overaggressive
cede intercede phobia agoraphobia
co coworker post posttest
counter counterbalance pre preterm
equi equimax pro pro war
extra extracurricular pseudo pseudoscience
gram cardiogram quasi quasiperiodic
infra infrared re recall
inter interstimulus semi semidarkness
intra intraspecific socio socioeconomic
like wavelike sub subtest
macro macrocosm super superordinate
mega megawatt supra supraliminal
meta metacognitive ultra ultrahigh
meter micrometer un unbiased
micro microcosm under underdeveloped
mid midterm
Exception: quasi-experimental
Retain the hyphen in the following instances:
With abbreviations (e.g., anti-IFN)
With proper nouns (e.g., non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
With numerals (e.g., pre-1914)
Prefix or suffix Example Prefix or suffix Example
With double vowels or triple consonants (e.g., pre-existing, meta-analysis, re-entry, cross-section, and
shell-like; exceptions: antiapoptotic, autooxidation, cooperation, cyclooxygenase, preempt,
preeclampsia, and reeducate)
4.6.2 Prefixed Words That Require Hyphens in Most Cases

Please consult the recommended dictionary or author’s choice of hyphenation
before making any changes. Also check for UK/US usage.
Occurrence Example
Compounds in which the base pro-Freudian
word is capitalized, a number, an post-1970
abbreviation, or more than one pre-UCS trial
word non-achievement-oriented
students
All self- compounds, whether they self-report technique
are adjectives or nouns the test was self-paced
self-esteem
Words that could be re-pair [pair again]
misunderstood re-form [form again]
un-ionized
4.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

4.7.1 Misplaced Modifiers
You can eliminate misplaced modifiers by placing an adjective or an adverb as close
as possible to the word it modifies.
Correct: These data provide only a partial answer.
Incorrect: These data only provide a partial answer.

4.7.2 Dangling Modifiers
Dangling modifiers have no referent in the sentence. Many of these result from the
use of the passive voice. Dangling modifiers can be avoided by using the active
voice.
Correct: Mulholland and Williams (2000) found that this group performed better, a
result that is congruent with those of other studies. [The result, not Mulholland and
Williams, is congruent.]
Incorrect: Congruent with other studies, Mulholland and Williams (2000) found that
this group performed better.
4.8 Verbs
Verbs are vigorous, direct communicators. Use the active rather than the passive
voice and select tense or mood carefully.
Prefer the active voice.
Preferred: We conducted the survey in a controlled setting.
Undesirable: The survey was conducted in a controlled setting.
4.9 Tense
Check for proper tense.
Correct: Sanchez (2000) presented similar results.
Incorrect: Sanchez (2000) presents similar results.
Correct: Since that time, several investigators have used this method.
Incorrect: Since that time, several investigators used this method.
4.10 Subject and Verb Agreement

The subject and verb must agree; use a singular subject with a singular verb and a
plural subject with a plural verb.
4.10.1 Intervening Phrase

• Plural nouns take plural verbs and singular nouns take singular verbs, even if a
plural phrase follows the subject.
For example:
A review of all patients with grade 3 tumors was undertaken in the
university hospital. (Remember, the subject in this sentence is review.
Ignore all modifying prepositional phrases that follow a noun when
determining verb agreement.)
• Units of measure are treated as collective singular (not plural) nouns and require
a singular verb.
4.10.2 False Singulars

Singular: Each news medium shapes journalism to its own constraints.
Plural: The media give great attention to the managed care debate. (Here media
refers to television and newspaper coverage.)
4.10.3 False Plurals

Some nouns, by virtue of ending in a “plural” -s form, are mistakenly taken to be
plurals even though they should be treated as singular and take a singular verb
(e.g., measles, mumps, mathematics, genetics).
4.10.4 Collective Nouns

• The couple has a practice in rural Montana. (Couple is considered a unit here and
so takes the singular verb.)
• Twenty percent of her time is spent on administration. (Twenty percent is thought
of as a unit, not as 20 individual units, and so takes the singular verb.)
• The paramedic crew responds to these emergency calls. (Crew is thought of as a
unit here and so takes the singular verb.)
4.10.5 Compound Subject

Both plural: Neither staphylococci nor streptococci were responsible for the
infection.
Both singular: Neither a false-positive test nor a false-negative test is a definitive

result.
Mixed: Neither the hospital nor the physicians were responsible for the loss.
4.10.6 Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb

Disagreement
Incorrect: Her tests were run and her chart updated.
Correct: Her tests were run and her chart was updated.
Incorrect: The diagnosis was made and physical therapy sessions begun.
Correct: The diagnosis was made and physical therapy sessions were begun.
4.10.7 Subject and Predicate Nominative Differ in Number
Incorrect: The most significant factor that affected the study results were
interhospital variations in severity of illness.
Correct: The most significant factor that affected the study results was
interhospital variations in severity of illness.
4.10.8 Indefinite Pronouns

Singular referent: Some of my time is spent wisely.
Plural referent: Some of his calculations are difficult to follow.
4.11 Pronouns
Pronouns replace nouns. Each pronoun should refer clearly to its antecedent and
should agree with the antecedent in number and gender. A pronoun must agree in
number (i.e., singular or plural) with the noun it replaces.
Correct: Neither the highest scorer nor the lowest scorer in the group had any
doubt about his or her competence.
Incorrect: Neither the highest scorer nor the lowest scorer in the group had any
doubt about their competence.
Use who for human beings; use that or which for nonhuman animals and for things.
Correct: The students who completed the task successfully were rewarded.
Incorrect: The students that completed the task successfully were rewarded.
4.12 Relative Pronouns and Subordinate Conjunctions

Relative pronouns (who, whom, that, which) and subordinate conjunctions (e.g.,
since, while, although) introduce an element that is subordinate to the main clause
of the sentence and reflect the relationship of the subordinate element to the main
clause.
4.12.1 Relative Pronouns

That versus which
That clauses (called restrictive) are essential to the meaning of the sentence:
The materials that worked well in the first experiment were used in the second
experiment.
Which clauses can merely add further information (nonrestrictive) or can be
essential to the meaning (restrictive) of the sentence.
Restrictive: The cards that worked well in the first experiment were not useful in
the second experiment. (Only those cards that worked well in the first experiment
were not useful in the second; prefer that.)
Nonrestrictive: The cards, which worked well in the first experiment, were not
useful in the second experiment. (The second experiment was not appropriate for
the cards.)
As a common practice in British English, which can be substituted for that in a

restrictive clause; however, most authors maintain the difference between that
(restrictive; with no commas) and which (nonrestrictive; with commas).
4.12.2 Subordinate Conjunctions

While versus since
Some authorities accept the use of while and since when they do not refer strictly
to time; however, words like these, with more than one meaning, can cause
confusion.
While versus although, and, or but
Use while to link events occurring simultaneously; otherwise, use although, and, or
but in place of while.
Precise: Although these findings are unusual, they are not unique.
Imprecise: While these findings are unusual, they are not unique.
Since versus because
Since is more precise when it is used to refer only to time (to mean “after that”);
otherwise, replace it with because.
Precise: Data for two participants were incomplete because these participants did
not report for follow-up testing.
Imprecise: Data for two participants were incomplete since these participants did
not report for follow-up testing.
4.13 Parallel Construction
To enhance the reader’s understanding, present parallel ideas in parallel or
coordinate form. Make certain that all elements of the parallelism are present
before and after the coordinating conjunction (i.e., and, but, or, nor).
Correct: The results show that such changes could be made without affecting error
rate and that latencies continued to decrease over time.
Incorrect: The results show that such changes could be made without affecting
error rate and latencies continued to decrease over time.
Between and and
Correct: We recorded the difference between the performance of subjects who

completed the first task and the performance of those who completed the second
task.
[The difference is between the subjects’ performances, not between the

performance and the task.]
Incorrect: We recorded the difference between the performance of subjects who

completed the first task and the second task.
Both and and
Correct: The names were difficult both to pronounce and to spell.
Incorrect: The names were both difficult to pronounce and spell.
Neither and nor, either and or
Correct: Neither the responses to the auditory stimuli nor the responses to the
tactile stimuli were repeated.
Incorrect: Neither the responses to the auditory stimuli nor to the tactile stimuli
were repeated.
Not only and but also
Correct: It is surprising not only that pencil-and-paper scores predicted this result
but also that all other predictors were less accurate.
Incorrect: It is not only surprising that pencil-and-paper scores predicted this result
but also that all other predictors were less accurate.
4.14 Tense
Incorrect: I found it difficult to accept Dr Smith’s contention in chapter 3 that the
new agonist has superior pharmacokinetics and was therefore more widely used.
Correct: I found it difficult to accept Dr Smith’s contention in chapter 3 that the

new agonist has superior pharmacokinetics and is therefore more widely used.
• Double Negatives: Two negatives used together constitute a double negative.
- Incorrect: I can’t hardly keep penicillin in stock.
• Split Infinitives
- Ambiguous: Don vowed to promote exercising vigorously. (Is it the
exercising or the promotion of exercising that is vigorous?)
- Clearer: Don vowed to vigorously promote exercising.
4.15 Commonly Misused Words and Phrases
Take note of the following misused words and phrases.
abort, terminate as, because, since dilate, dilation,

dilatation
accident, injury assure, ensure, insure disinterested,
uninterested
acute, chronic because of, owing to, caused effective, effectiveness
by, due to
adapt, adopt calorie, energy efficacious, efficacy
adverse effect, adverse catatonic, manic, schizophrenic endemic, epidemic,
event, adverse reaction, hyperendemic,
side effect pandemic
affect, effect classic, classical historic, historical
aggravate, irritate clinician, practitioner immunity, immunize
although, though compare to, compare with inoculate, vaccinate
among, between compose, comprise
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate, Stedman’s, Dorland’s, and American Heritage

dictionaries are resources for determining the appropriate suffix form for adjectives.
• When numbers of persons, things, or groups are referred to, over and under
should be replaced by more than and less than. Symbols such as < and > are
appropriate to use in tables and figures but not in running text.
• Avoid redundant words.
4.16 Em Dash and En Dash
• Use an em dash (—) to set off a break in a sentence. It can also be used to
replace parenthetical commas for better emphasis.
For example:
• There has recently been an increase—though opposed fiercely by many people—in
alternative education practices.
• Materialism—always wanting something more, something different—is good for
the economy but bad for the soul.
• The white sand, the warm water, the sparkling sun⁠—this is what brought them to
Fiji.
• Use an en dash (–) in the following instances:
o All Numerical Ranges in Text and Tables
For example:
The 2005⁠–⁠2007 season was the best of all.
The objectives have been detailed in Sections 2–⁠7.
Please note that in a span or range with words such as from or between, do not
use the en dash. (e.g., He served as president of the board from 1991 to 2002.)
o Numerical Ranges in Reference Citations
For example:
Xxxxxx [19–21] or Xxxxxx19–21.

o In Conflict, Relation, or Connection
For example:
Oil–water platform, He–Ne guided laser, dose–response curve, Bose–Einstein

Theory

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Journals Style Manual

It contains the following sections:

Section 1: Levels of editing

Section 2: Parts of a manuscript/article

Section 4: Language editing

Section 1 defines the levels of copyediting in Wiley and copyediting tasks to be

The file structuring requirements are excluded in these definitions of copyediting as

1.1 Copyediting Level 0 (CE0) – Document Structuring,

1.1.2 Structuring and XML Tagging

1.1.3 CE0 Tasks

1.1.4 CE0 Tasks to be Performed for Society-Copyedited CE0

Society Copyeditor Service Provider

1.2.2 Structuring and XML Tagging

1.2.3 Technical Editing

1.3.1 Structuring and XML Tagging

1.3.2 Technical Editing

1.3.3.6 Scientific and Mathematical Content

1.3.3.7 Manuscript Components

1.4 Copyediting Level 3 (CE3) – Complex Language &

1.4.1 Structuring and XML Tagging

1.4.2 Technical Editing

1.4.3.5 Scientific and Mathematical Content

1.4.3.6 Manuscript Components

1.5 Scientific Editing (SE) – Discipline-Specific

2.1 Front Matter

2.1.2 Article History

Article type Article category as visible on PDF/Wiley Online Library (WOL)

Article Category with Subtitle:

Lengthy Article Category:

2.1.5 Article Title and Subtitle

FOREIGN LANGUAGE TITLE

2.1.6 Author Names/Byline

2.1.7 Author Affiliation

• Two corresponding authors with different addresses should be set as follows:

Author This creator is designated as an ‘author’

Checker This creator is designated as a ‘checker’

Illustrator This creator is an illustrator

This creator is a member of a collaborative group but not listed individually as an

Translator This creator is designated as a “translator”

Types of editors are listed below:

Editor This editor is designated as an 'editor'

Place on the first page, left column under “Correspondence”:

2.1.10 Present Address

2.1.11 Funding Information

• If funding information is supplied as a part of Acknowledgements, retain it in the

2.1.12 Abstract/Graphical Abstract

2.1.14 Keyword Style in Articles Without Abstract

2.1.15 Key Points/Highlights

2.1.17 Title Page Footnotes

2.1.19 Title Page Footnote for End-Author Style

2.1.20 Copyright Line

2.2 Body Matter

• Author names: use only surnames, set in full caps.

2.2.2 Heading Levels

Heading Description Example

Heading Description Example

Heading Description Example

Heading level Description Example

Numbered Headings for fourth- and fifth-level headings