(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES

1. INTRODUCTION :
A rectangular array of mn numbers (which may be real or complex) in the form of ' m '
horizontal lines (called rows) and ' n ' vertical lines (called columns), is called a matrix of order
m by n, written as m × n matrix.
Such an array is enclosed by [ ] or ( ). An m × n matrix is usually written as
a11 a12 a13 ⋯ aln
a21 a22 a23 ⋯ a2n
A=[ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ]
aml am2 am3 ⋯ amn
In compact form, the above matrix is represented by A = [aij ] . The number a11 , a12 , …. .etc
m×n

are known as the elements of the matrix A, aij belongs to the ith row and jth column and is
called the (𝐢, 𝐣)th element of the matrix A = [aij ].
1 2 3
e.g. A=⌊ ⌋ is a matrix having 2 rows and 3 columns. Its order is 2 × 3 and it has 6
0 −1 9
elements :
a11 = 1, a12 = 2, a13 = 3, a21 = 0, a22 = −1, a23 = 9.
2. SPECIAL TYPE OF MATRICES :
(a) Row Matrix (Row vector) :A = [a11 , a12 , … … … . a1n ] i.e. row matrix has exactly one row.
a11
a12
(b) Column Matrix (Column vector) : A = | : | i.e. column matrix has exactly one column.
am1
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = 𝐎𝐦×𝐧 ) An m × n matrix whose all entries are zero.
0 0 0 0 0
A = [0 0⌋ is a 3 × 2 null matrix & B = [0 0 0⌋ is 3 × 3 null matrix
0 0 0 0 0
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if 𝐧 > 𝐦
1 2 3 4
e.g. [ ⌋
2 5 1 1
2 5
1 1
(e) Vertical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if 𝐦 > 𝐧 e.g. [ ]
3 6
2 4
(f) Square Matrix : If number of rows = number of columns ⇒ matrix is a square matrix.
If number of rows = number of columns = n then, matrix is of the order ' n '.
Note : The pair of elements aij &aji are called Conjugate Elements.
3. TRACE OF MATRIX :
The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the
trace of A i.e. (tr⁡(A)). Thus, if A = [aij ] , then tr⁡(A) = ∑ni=1  aii = a11 + a22 + ⋯ . ann
n×n

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Properties of trace of a matrix :
Let A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] and λ be a scalar then
n×n n×n

(i) tr⁡(λA) = λtr⁡(A) (ii) tr⁡(A + B) = tr⁡(A) + tr⁡(B) (iii) tr⁡(AB) = tr⁡(BA)

4. Note :
(i) Minimum number of zeros in triangular matrix of order n = n(n − 1)/2.
(ii) Minimum number of zero in a diagonal matrix of order n = n(n − 1).
5. EQUALITY OF MATRICES :
Let A = [aij ]& B = [bij ] are equal if
(a) both have the same order. (b) aij = bij for each pair of i&j.
Illustration 1: Find the value of x, y, z and w which satisfy the matrix equation
x + 3 2y + x −x − 1 0
[ ]=[ ∣
z − 1 4w − 8 3 2w
Solution : As the given matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal.
x + 3 = −x − 1 ⇒ ⁡2x = −4
∴ x = −2 ⇒⁡ 2y + x = 0 ⇒ ⁡2y − 2 = 0[ from (i)]
⇒y=1 ⇒⁡ z−1=3 ⇒ ⁡z = 4
4w − 8 = 2w ⇒ ⁡2w = 8 ∴w=4 Ans.
Do yourself-1:
(i) Find 2 × 3 matrix [aij ] , where aij = i + 2j
2×3

(ii) Find the minimum number of zeroes in a triangular matrix of order 4 .

(iii) Find minimum number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order 6.
2x + y 2 x − 2y 3 2 4
(iv) If [ ⌋=[ ], then find the value of x, y, a and b.
a − b 2a + b −3 4 −1 −3

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6. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES :
Addition : A + B = [aij + bij ] where A& B are of the same order.
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative : i.e. A + B = B + A
(b) Matrix addition is associative : (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(c) Additive inverse : If A + B = 𝐎 = B + A, then B is called additive inverse of A.
(d) Existence of additive identity : Let A = [ai ] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n zero
matrix, then A + 𝐎 = 𝐎 + A = A. In other words, 𝐎 is the additive identity for matrix addition.
(e) Cancellation laws : hold good in case of addition of matrices. If A, B, C are matrices of the
same order, then A + B = A + C ⇒ B = C (left cancellation law)
and B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C( right-cancellation law)
Note: The zero matrix plays the same role in matrix addition as the number zero does in addition of
numbers.
1 3 −1 −2
Illustration 2 : If A = [3 2] & B = [ 0 5 ] and A + B − D = 𝐎 (zero matrix), then D matrix will be
2 5 3 1
a b
Solution : Let D = |c d|
e f
1 3 −1 −2 a b 1−1−a 3−2−b 0 0
∴ ⁡A + B − D = [3 2⌋ + ⌊ 0 5 ⌋ − ⌊c d⌋ ⇒ [ 3 + 0 − c 2 + 5 − d⌋ = ⌊0 0⌋
2 5 3 1 e f 2+3−e 5+1−f 0 0

⇒ −a = 0⁡ ⇒ ⁡a = 0, ⁡1 − b = 0⁡ ⇒ ⁡b = 1

3 − c = 0⁡ ⇒ c = 3, ⁡7 − d = 0⁡ ⇒ ⁡d = 7,

0 1
5 − e = 0 ⇒ e = 5, ⁡6 − f = 0⁡ ⇒ f = 6 ∴ ⁡D = [3 7] Ans. (C)
5 6

Do yourself -2 :
2 3 9 −5 −7 2
(i) If A = ⌊ ⌋ and B = [ ], then find a matrix C such that A − B + C = 𝐎 and
8 −2 5 6 4 8

also find the order of the matrix C.

8 9
(ii) If A = [7/2 8 ], then find the additive inverse of A and show that additive inverse of additive
1 −1

inverse will be the matrix itself.

7. MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR :

a b c ka kb kc
If A = [b c a ] ; ⁡⁡kA = [kb kc ka ]
c a b kc ka kb

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Properties of scalar multiplication:
(a) If A and B are two matrices of the same order and ' k ' be a scalar then k(A + B) = kA + kB.
(b) If k1 and k 2 are two scalars and ' A ' is a matrix, then (k1 + k 2 )A = k1 A + k 2 A.
(c) If k1 and k 2 are two scalars and ' A ' is a matrix, then (k1 k 2 )A = k1 (k 2 A) = k 2 (k1 A)
8. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES (Row by Column) :
Let A be a matrix of order m × n and B be a matrix of order p × q, then the matrix
multiplication AB is possible if and only if n = p and matrices are said to be conformable for
multiplication. In the product AB, A is called pre-factor and B is called post factor.
⇒ AB is possible if and only if number of columns in pre-factor = number of rows in post-factor.
Let Am×n = [aij ] and Bn×p = [bij ], then order of AB is m × p&(AB)ij = ∑nr=1  air brj
b11 b12 b13 b14
a11 a12 a13
e.g. A = [a a22 ]
a23 2×3 and B = [b 21 b22 b23 b24 ] Then order of AB is 2 × 4.
21
b31 b32 b33 b34 3×4

(AB)11 = a11 b11 + a12 b21 + a13 b31 = ∑   a1r brl

r=1

(AB)23 = a21 b13 + a22 b23 + a23 b33 = ∑   a2r br3

r=1

In general ail b1j + ai2 b2j + ai3 b3j = ∑   air brj

2 3 1 x
Illustration 3 : If [1 2 ] [0 4 2 ∣ ] = 0, then the value of x is :-
−1
0 3 2
(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
Solution : The LHS of the equation
x
= [2 4x + 9 2x + 5] [ 1 ] = [2x + 4x + 9 − 2x − 5] = 4x + 4
−1

Thus 4x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = −1

Ans. (A)
1 2 3 2
Illustration 4: If A, B are two matrices such that A + B = [ ⌋,A − B = [ ⌋, then find AB.
2 4 −2 0
1 2 3 2
Solution : Given A + B = ⌊ ⌋……..(i) & A−B = [ ⌋………(ii)
2 4 −2 0
Adding (i) & (ii)

4 4 2 2
2A= ⌊ ⌋⇒A=⌊ ⌋
0 4 0 2
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Subtracting (ii) from (i)

−2 0 −1 0
2B= ⌊ ⌋⇒B=⌊ ⌋
4 4 2 2
2 2 −1 0 2 4
Now AB = ⌊ ⌋⌊ ⌋=⌊ ⌋ Ans.
0 2 2 2 4 4

9. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION:

(a) Matrix multiplication is not commutative: i.e. 𝐀𝐁 ≠ 𝐁𝐀
Here both AB&BA exist and also they are of the same type but 𝐀𝐁 ≠ 𝐁𝐀.
Example:
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Let A = ⌊ ⌋& B = ⌊ ⌋; then AB = ⌊ ⌋ ; BA = ⌊ ⌋ ⇒ ⁡AB ≠ BA⁡ (in general)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(b) AB = 𝐎 ⇒ A = 𝐎 or B = 𝐎 (in general)
1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 0 0
Let A = [ ]& B = ⌊ ], then AB = [ ][ ⌋=[ ⌋
2 2 1 −1 2 2 1 −1 0 0
Note:
If A and B are two non-zero matrices such that AB = 𝐎 then A and B are called the
divisors of zero. If A and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA then A and B are said to commute
(ii) AB = −BA then A and B are said to anticommute
(c) Matrix Multiplication Is Associative:
If A, B&C are conformable for the product AB&BC, then (AB)C = A(BC)

(d) Distributive:
A(B + C) = AB + AC
] Provided A, B&C are conformable for respective products
(A + B)C = AC + BC

1 −3 2 1 4 1 0 2 1 −1 −2
Illustration 5 : Let A = [2 1 −3⌋ , B = [2 1 1 1⌋ &C = [3 −2 −1 −1 ∣ be the matrices
4 −3 −1 1 −2 1 2 2 −5 −1 0

then, prove that in matrix multiplication cancellation law does not hold.

Solution : We have to show that AB = AC; though B is not equal to C.

1 −3 2 1 4 1 0 −3 −3 0 1
We have AB = [2 1 −3⌋ [2 1 1 1⌋ = ⌊ 1 15 0 −5]
4 −3 −1 1 −2 1 2 −3 15 0 −5 3×4
1 −3 2 2 1 −1 −2 −3 −3 0 1
Now, AC = ⌊2 1 −3⌋ [3 −2 −1 −1⌋ = [ 1 15 0 −5]
4 −3 −1 2 −5 −1 0 −3 15 0 −5 3×4
Here, AB = AC though B is not equal to C. Thus cancellation law does not hold in general.

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Do yourself -3 :
2 9 1 5 9 −7
(i) If A = [ ⌋,B = ⌊ ⌋ and C = [ ⌋, then show that A(B + C) = AB + AC.
−4 5 6 8 −2 4
2 −1 1 4
(ii) If A = [ ] and B = [ ], then prove that (A − B)2 ≠ A2 − 2AB + B2 .
−1 2 −1 1
3 1 −2 1 0 −1 4 2 −2
(iii) Find the value of x: 2 ⌊ ⌋ + x[ ⌋=[ ⌋
−1 −3 4 3 4 5 −8 −14 −2

10. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX:

For a square matrix A, An = A, where n ∈ N

Note:
(i) ⁡𝐀𝐦 ⋅ 𝐀𝐧 = 𝐀𝐦+𝐧
(ii) (𝐀m )n = 𝐀mn , where m, n ∈ N
(iii) If A and B are square matrices of same order and AB = BA then
(A + B)n = ⁡n C0 An + ⁡n C1 An−1 B + ⁡n C2 An−2 B2 + ⋯ … … + ⁡n Cn Bn

Note that for a unit matrix I of any order, Im = I for all m ∈ N.

Do yourself -4 :
cos⁡ α sin⁡ α cos⁡ nα sin⁡ nα
(i) If A = ⌊ ⌋, then prove that An = ⌊ ⌋ where n is positive integer
−sin⁡ α cos⁡ α −sin⁡ nα cos⁡ nα
i 0
(ii) If A = [ ], where i = √−1 and x ∈ N, then A4x equals-
0 i
0 i 0 0 1 0 i 0
(A) ⌊ ] (B) ⌊ ] (C) [ ] (D) [ ]
i 0 0 0 0 1 0 i

1. SPECIAL SQUARE MATRICES:

(a) Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A. For idempotent

matrix note the following:

(i) An = A∀n ≥ 2, n ∈ N. (ii) Determinant value of idempotent matrix is either 0 or 1
(b) Periodic Matrix: A square matrix which satisfies the relation Ak+1 = A, for some positive

integer K, is periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which
this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1 .

(c) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix of the order ' n ' is said to be nilpotent matrix of order
m, m ∈ N, if Am = 𝐎& Am−1 ≠ 𝐎.

(d) Involutory Matrix: If A2 = I, the matrix is said to be an involutory matrix. i.e. square
roots of identity matrix is involutory matrix.
Note: The determinant value of involutory matrix is 1 or -1 .

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2 −2 −4
Illustration 6: Show that the matrix A = [−1 3 4 ] is idempotent.
1 −2 −3
2 −2 −4 2 −2 −4
Solution : A2 = A ⋅ A = [−1 3 4 ] × [−1 3 4]
1 −2 −3 1 −2 −3
2 ⋅ 2 + (−2) ⋅ (−1) + (−4) ⋅ 1 2(−2) + (−2) ⋅ 3 + (−4 ⋅) ⋅ (−2) 2 ⋅ (−4) + (−2) ⋅ 4 + (−4) ⋅ (−3)
= [ (−1) ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ (−1) + 4 ⋅ 1 (−1) ⋅ (−2) + 3 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ (−2) (−1) ⋅ (−4) + 3 ⋅ 4 + 4 ⋅ (−3) ] =
1 ⋅ 2 + (−2) ⋅ (−1) + (−3) ⋅ 1 1 ⋅ (−2) + (−2) ⋅ 3 + (−3) ⋅ (−2) 1 ⋅ (−4) + (−2) ⋅ 4 + (−3) ⋅ (−3)

2 −2 −4
[−1 3 4 ]=A
1 −2 −3

Hence the matrix A is idempotent.

1 1 3
Illustration 7: Show that [ 5 2 6 ] is nilpotent matrix of order 3 .
−2 −1 −3
1 1 3
Solution : Let A = [ 5 2 6]
−2 −1 −3
1 1 3 1 1 3 1+5−6 1+2−3 3+6−9
A2 = A ⋅ A = [ 5 2 6 ⌋×[ 5 2 6 ] = [5 + 10 − 12 5 + 4 − 6 15 + 12 − 18]
−2 −1 −3 −2 −1 −3 −2 − 5 + 6 −2 − 2 + 3 −6 − 6 + 9

0 0 0
=[ 3 3 9]
−1 −1 −3
00 0 1 1 3 0+0+0 0+0+0 0+0+0
A3 = A2 ⋅ A ⁡= [ 3 3 9 ⌋×[ 5 2 6 ] = [3 + 15 − 18 3 + 6 − 9 9 + 18 − 37]
−1 −1 −3 −2 −1 −3 −1 − 5 + 6 −1 − 2 + 3 −3 − 6 + 9

0 0 0
= [0 0 0⌋ = 𝐎
0 0 0

∴ ⁡A3 = 𝐎⁡ i.e., ⁡Ak = 𝐎

Here ⁡k = 3
Hence A is nilpotent of order 3 .

−5 −8 0
Illustration 8: Show that the matrix A = [ 3 5 0 ] is involutory.
1 2 −1
−5 −8 0 −5 −8 0 25 − 24 + 0 40 − 40 + 0 0 + 0 + 0
Solution : A2 = A ⋅ A = [ 3 5 0 ]×[ 3 5 0 ] = [−15 + 15 + 0 −24 + 25 + 0 0 + 0 + 0]
1 2 −1 1 2 −1 −5 + 6 − 1 −8 + 10 − 2 0 + 0 + 1

1 0 0
= [0 1 0⌋ = I Hence the given matrix A is involutory.
0 0 1
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Illustration 9: Show that a square matrix A is involutory, iff (I − A)(I + A) = 𝐎
Solution : Let A be involutory
Then ⁡A2 = I
(I − A)(I + A) = I2 + IA − AI − A2 = I + A − A − A2 = I − A2 = 𝐎
Conversely, let (I − A)(I + A) = 𝐎
⇒ I2 + IA − AI − A2 = 𝐎⁡ ⇒ I + A − A − A2 = 𝐎
⇒ I − A2 = 𝐎⁡ ⇒ A is involutory

Do yourself -5 :
1 2 3
(i) The matrix A = [ 1 2 3 ] is
−1 −2 −3
(A) Idempotent matrix (B) Involutory matrix
(C) Nilpotent matrix (D) Periodic matrix
x 1
(ii) If A = ⌊ ⌋ and A is the identity matrix, then find the value of x
2
1 0

12. THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX: (Changing rows & columns)

Let A be any matrix of order m × n. Then AT or A′ = [aj ] for 1 ≤ i ≤ m&1 ≤ j ≤ n of order
n × m Properties of transpose:
If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B,
(a) (A + B)T = AT + BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
(b) (AB)T = BT AT (Reversal law) A& B are conformable for matrix product AB
Note: In general: (A1 ⋅ A2 , … … … An )T = ATn … … … … … AT2 ⋅ AT1 (reversal law for transpose)
(c) ⁡(AT )T = A
(d) (kA)T = kAT , k is a scalar.
Illustration 10: If A and B are matrices of order m × n and n × m respectively, then order of matrix

BT (AT )T is-
(A) m × n (B) m × m (C) n × n (D) Not defined

Solution : Order of B is n × m so order of BT will be m × n

Now (AT )T = A & its order is m × n. For the multiplication BT (AT )T

Number of columns in prefactor ≠ Number of rows in post factor.
Hence this multiplication is not defined. Ans.(D)
13. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if AAT = I Note:
(i) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix is either 1 or -1 .
a1 a 2 a 3 a1 b1 c1
(ii) Let A = [ b1 b2 b3 ] ⇒ A = [ b2 b2 c2 ]
T

c1 c2 c3 a3 b3 c3
a21 + a22 + a23 a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 a1 c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3
AAT = [ b1 a1 + b2 a2 + b3 a3 b12 + b22 + b23 b1 c1 + b2 c2 + b3 c3 ]
c1 a1 + c2 a2 + c3 a3 c1 b1 + c2 b2 + c3 b3 c12 + c22 + c32

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If AAT = I, then
3 3 3 3

∑   a2i = ∑ ⁡ b2i = ∑ ⁡ ci2 = 1 and ∑   ai bi = ∑   bi ci = ∑   ci ai = 0

i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1

0 2β γ
Illustration 11: Determine the values of α, β, γ, when is [α β −γ] orthogonal.
α −β γ
0 2β γ 0 α α
Solution : Let A = [α β −γ ∣ ∴ A′ = [2β β −β]
α −β γ γ −γ γ

But given A is orthogonal. ∴ AAT = I

0 2β γ 0 α α 1 0 0
⇒ ⌊α β −γ] [2β β −β⌋ = [0 1 0]
α −β γ γ −γ γ 0 0 1

4β2 + γ2 2β2 − γ2 −2β2 + γ2 1 0 0

⇒ ⌊ 2β2 − γ2 α + β 2 + γ2
2
α2 − β2 − γ2 ⌋ = [0 1 0]
−2β2 + γ2 α2 − β2 − γ2 α2 + β2 + γ2 0 0 1

Equating the corresponding elements, we have

4β2 + γ2 = 1 …………(i)

2β2 − γ2 = 0 …………(ii)

α2 + β2 + γ2 = 1 …………(iii)
1 1
From (i) and (ii), 6β2 = 1 ∴ ⁡β2 = 6 and γ2 = 3
1 1 1
From (iii) α2 = 1 − β2 − γ2 = 1 − 6 − 3 = 2
1 1 1
Hence, α = ± ,β = ± and γ = ± Ans.
√2 √6 √3

Do yourself - 6 :
6 −7 0
4 2
−5
(i) If A = [ ⌋ and B = [−1 2 5⌋, then show that (AB)T = B T ⋅ AT .
1 0
3
1 0 3
−1 2
2 3 −4
(ii) If A = [ ] and B = [ 3 4 ], then find A + BT .
−1 2 3
−5 −6

9 −3 6
(iii) If A = [ 8 1/2 7], then, show that (AT )T = A.
−1 0 0
cos⁡ α sin⁡ α
(iv) Show that the matrix A = [ ] is an orthogonal matrix.
−sin⁡ α cos⁡ α

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14. SYMMETRIC & SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX:
(a) Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij ] is said to be, symmetric if, aij = aji ∀i&j (conjugate elements

are equal).
Hence for symmetric matrix 𝐀 = 𝐀𝐓 .
n(n+1)
Note: Max. number of distinct entries in any symmetric matrix of order n is .
2

(b) Skew symmetric matrix:

Square matrix A = [aij ] is said to be skew symmetric if aij = −aji ∀i&j (the pair of
conjugate elements are additive inverse of each other). For a skew symmetric matrix
𝐀 = −𝐀𝐓 .
Note:
(i) If A is skew symmetric, then aii = −aii ⇒ aii = 0∀i. Thus the diagonal elements

of a skew square matrix are all zero, but not the converse.
(ii) The determinant value of odd order skew symmetric matrix is zero.

(c) Properties of symmetric & skew symmetric matrix :

(i) A is symmetric if AT = A& A is skew symmetric if AT = −A
(ii) Let A be any square matrix then, A + AT is a symmetric matrix &A − AT is a skew

symmetric matrix.
(iii) The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and the sum of two

skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix.

(iv) If A& B are symmetric matrices then,
(1) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix (2) AB − BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

(v) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum or difference of a

symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

1 1 1 1
A = ( A + AT ) + ( A − AT ) and A = ( AT + A) − ( AT − A)
⏟
2 ⏟
2 2 2
symmetric skew symmetric

Illustration 12 : If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then A is -

(A) diagonal matrix (B) null matrix
(C) triangular matrix (D) None of these
Solution : Let A = [aij ]⁡ Since A is skew symmetric aij = −aji
for i = j, aii = −aii ⇒ aii = 0
for i ≠ j, aij = −aji [∵ A is skew symmetric ]&aij = aji ⁡[∵ A is symmetric ]
∴ aij = 0 for all i ≠ j
so, aij = 0 for all 'i' and 'j' i.e. A is null matrix. Ans. (B)

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Do yourself -7 :
−2 −1 1
(i) If A = [−1 7 4 ] be symmetric matrix then find the value of x.
1 −x −3
2 5 7
(ii) Express matrix A = |9 −7 2| as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 −1 0

15. ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX:

Let A = [aij ] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be cofactor of aij in A then the adjoint of A,
denoted by adj⁡ 𝐀, is defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix.
C11 C12 C13 T
T
Then, adj⁡ A = [Cij ] ⇒ adj⁡ A = [C23 C22 C23 ]
C31 C32 C33
Theorem: ⁡𝐀(adj. 𝐀) = (adj. 𝐀) ⋅ 𝐀 = |𝐀|𝐈n .
Proof :
a11 a12 a13 C11 C21 C31
A. (adj⁡ A) = (a21 a22 a23 ) (C12 C22 C32 )
a31 a32 a33 C13 C23 C33
|A| 0 0 1 0 0
(0 | A| 0 ) = |A| (0 1 0) ⇒ A. (Adj. A) = |A|I
0 0 | A| 0 0 1
(whatever may be the value only |A| will come out as a common element) If |A| ≠ 0, then
𝐀⋅(𝐚𝐝𝐣.𝐀)
= 𝐈 = unit matrix of the same order as that of A
|𝐀|

Properties of adjoint matrix:

If 𝐀 be a square matrix of order 𝐧, then
(i) ⁡adj⁡ A| = |A|n−1 (ii) adj⁡(adj⁡ A) = |A|n−2 A, where |A| ≠ 0
2
(iii) |adj⁡(adj⁡ A)| = |A|(n−1) , where |A| ≠ 0 (iv) adj⁡(AB) = (adj⁡ B)(adj⁡ A)
(v) adj⁡(KA) = K n−1 (adjA), K is a scalar (vi) adj⁡ AT = (adj⁡ A)T

Method of find adjoint of a 𝟐 × 𝟐 square matrix, directly:

Let A be a 2 × 2 square matrix. In order to find the adjoint simply interchange the diagonal
elements and reverse the sign of off diagonal elements (rest of the elements).
p q s −q
e.g. If A = ⌊ ⌋ ⇒ adj⁡ A = [−r p ⌋
r s
1 3 5
Illustration 13 : If A = [3 5 1], then adj⁡ A is equal to-
5 1 3
14 −4 −22 −14 4 22
(A) [ −4 −22 14 ] (B) [ 4 22 −14]
−22 14 −4 22 14 4
14 4 −22
(C) [ 4 −22 −14⌋ (D) None of these
−22 −14 −4
14 −4 −22 T 14 −4 −22
Solution : adj. A = [ −4 −22 14 ] = [ −4 −22 14 ] Ans. (A)
−22 14 −4 −22 14 −4
APNI KAKSHA 11
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
2 0 0
Illustration 14 : If A = [2 2 0], then adj⁡(adj⁡ A) is equal to-
2 2 2
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(A) 8 [1 1 0⌋ (B) 16 [1 1 0] (C) 64 ⌊1 1 0⌋ (D) None of these
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 0
Solution : |A| = |2 2 0| = 8
2 2 2
2 0 0 1 0 0
Now adj⁡(adj⁡ A) = |A|3−2 A = 8 |2 2 0| = 16 |1 1 0| Ans. (B)
2 2 2 1 1 1

Do yourself -8 :
15 0
(i) For any 2 × 2 matrix, if A(Adj⁡ A) = [ ], then |A| is equal-
0 15
(A) 20 (B) 625 (C) 15 (D) 0
(ii) Which of the following is/are incorrect?
(A) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is skew symmetric matrix.
(B) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix.
(C) A(Adj⁡ A) = (Adj⁡ A)A = |A|I
(D) Adjoint of a unit matrix is a diagonal matrix
(iii) If A be a square matrix of the order 5 and B = Adj⁡(A) then find Adj⁡(5 A).
(iv) If A be a square matrix of order 4 and |A| = 3 then find adj⁡(adj⁡ A).

16. INVERSE OF A MATRIX (Reciprocal Matrix):

A square matrix A said to be invertible if and only if it is non-singular (i.e. |A| ≠ 0 ) and there
exists a matrix B such that, AB = I = BA.
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A−1. Thus
A−1 = B ⇔ AB = I = BA

We have, A. (adj⁡ A) = |A|In

|A−1 ⋅ A(adj⁡ A) = A−1 In |A

In (adj⁡ A) = A−1 |A|In

(adjA)
A−1 =
|A|

Note: The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that

|𝐀| ≠ 𝟎

Properties of inverse:
(i) If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (𝐀𝐁)−1 = 𝐁−1 𝐀−1.
Note: If A1 , A2 , … … … … An are all invertible square matrices of order n then
(A1 A2 … … … An )−1 = A−1 −1 −1 −1
n An−1 … ⋯ ⋯ A2 A1

APNI KAKSHA 12
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
(ii) If A be an invertible matrix, then AT is also invertible &(AT )−1 = (A−1 )T.
−1
(iii) If A is invertible, (a) (A−1 )−1 = A(b) (Ak ) = (A−1 )k = A−k ; k ∈ N
(iv) If A is non-singular matrix, then |A−1 | = |A|−1
(v) If idempotent matrix is invertible then its inverse will be identity matrix.
(vi) A nilpotent matrix will not be invertible because its determinant value is zero.
(vii) Orthogonal matrix A is always invertible and A−1 = AT .
(viii) A = A−1 for an involutory matrix.
Cancellation law : Let A, B, C be square matrices of the same order ' n '.
If A is a non-singular matrix, then
(a) AB = AC ⇒ B = C⁡ (Left cancelation law)
(b) BA = CA ⇒ B = C⁡ (Right cancellation law)
Note that these cancellation laws hold only if the matrix 'A' is non-singular (i.e. |A| ≠ 0 ).

Illustration 15 : Prove that if A is non-singular matrix such that A is symmetric then A−1 is also
symmetric.
Solution : AT = A
[ ∵ A is a symmetric matrix ]
(AT )−1 = A−1
[Since A is non-singular matrix] ⇒ (A−1 )T = A−1 Hence proved

1 −tan⁡ θ/2 1 tan⁡ θ/2 −1

Illustration 16 : [ ][ ] is equal to-
tan⁡ θ/2 1 −tan⁡ θ/2 1
sin⁡ θ −cos⁡ θ cos⁡ θ sin⁡ θ
(A) [ ] (B) [ ]
cos⁡ θ sin⁡ θ −sin⁡ θ cos⁡ θ
cos⁡ θ −sin⁡ θ
(C) [ ] (D) None of these
sin⁡ θ cos⁡ θ
1 tan⁡ θ/2 −1 1 1 −tan⁡ θ/2
Solution. [ ] = sec2⁡ θ/2 ⌊ ]
tan⁡ θ/2 1 tan⁡ θ/2 1

1 1 −tan⁡ θ/2 1 −tan⁡ θ/2

∴ Product = ∣ ]∣ ]
sec 2 ⁡ θ/2 tan⁡ θ/2 1 tan⁡ θ/2 1

1 1 − tan2 ⁡ θ/2 −2tan⁡ θ/2

= sec2⁡ θ/2 [ ]
2tan⁡ θ/2 1 − tan2 ⁡ θ/2
cos2 ⁡ θ/2sin2 ⁡ θ/2 −2sin⁡ θ/2cos⁡ θ/2 cos⁡ θ −sin⁡ θ
=[ 2 2 ]=[ ] ⁡ Ans.(C)
2sin⁡ θ/2cos⁡ θ/2 cos ⁡ θ/2 − sin ⁡ θ/2 sin⁡ θ cos⁡ θ

APNI KAKSHA 13
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
0 1
0 −1 2
Illustration 17: If A = [ ] , B = [1 0] and M = AB, then M −1 is equal to-
2 −2 0
1 1
2 −2 1/3 1/3 1/3 −1/3 1/3 −1/3
(A) [ ] (B) [ ⌋ (C) ⌊ ⌋ (D) ⌊ ⌋
2 1 −1/3 1/6 1/3 1/6 −1/3 1/6
0 1
0 −1 2 1 2
Solution : M=[ ] [1 0] = [ ]
2 −2 0 −2 2
1 1

2 −2 1 2 −2 1/3 −1/3
|M| = 6, adj⁡ M = ⌊ ] ∴ ⁡M −1 = ∣ ]=[ ] Ans. (C)
2 1 6 2 1 1/3 1/6

Do yourself -9 :
(i) If ' A ' is a square matrix such that A2 = I then A−1 is equal to-
(A) A + I (B) A (C) 0 (D) 2 A
(ii) If ' A ' is an orthogonal matrix, then A−1 equals-
(A) A (B) AT (C) A2 (D) None of these
3 2
(iii) If A = [ ], then (A−1 )3 is equal to-
0 1
1 1 −26 1 1 26 1 1 −26 1 −1 −26
(A) 27 [ ⌋ (B) 27 ⌊ ⌋ (C) 27 [ ] (D) 27 [ ⌋
0 27 0 27 0 −27 0 −27

17. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL:

If f(x) = a0 x n + a1 x n−1 + a2 x n−2 + ⋯ . . +an x 0 , then we define a matrix polynomial
f(A) = a0 An + a1 An−1 + a2 An−2 + ⋯ . +an In .
Where A is the given square matrix. If f(A) is the null matrix, then A is called the zero or root of
the polynomial f(x.)
18. CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION:
Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial |A − xI| is called as characteristic polynomial of
A & the equation |A − xI| = 0 is called as characteristic equation of A. After solving the
characteristic polynomial the values of ' x ' are said to be characteristic roots of the polynomial.
Note: (i) Sum of the roots of the characteristic equation is equal to trace of the matrix.
(ii) Product of the roots of the characteristic equation is equal to the determinant value.
(iii) The degree of characteristic equation is same as the order of the matrix.
2 1
Illustration 18: If f(x) = x 2 − 3x + 3 and A = [ ⌋ be a square matrix then prove that f(A) = 𝐎.
−1 1

Hence find A4 .
2 1 2 1 3 3
Solution : A2 = A ⋅ A = [ ][ ]=⌊ ]
−1 1 −1 1 −3 0
3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0
Hence A2 − 3A + 3I = ⌊ ⌋ − 3⌊ ⌋+ 3[ ⌋=[ ⌋=𝐎
−3 0 −1 1 0 1 0 0
2−x 1
Alter: ∵ |A − xI| = 0 ⇒ | |=0
−1 1 − x
⇒ (2 − x)(1 − x) + 1 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 3x + 3 = 0
APNI KAKSHA 14
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
(characteristic polynomial)
By Cayley-Hamilton Theorem A2 − 3 A + 3I = 𝐎.
Hence proved.
Now A2 = 3A − 3I
Squaring on both the sides
A4 = 9(A2 − 2A + I)
3 3 4 2 1 0 3−4+1 3−2
⁡= 9 (⌊ ⌋−⌊ ⌋+⌊ ⌋) = 9 ⌊ ⌋
−3 0 −2 2 0 1 −3 + 2 −2 + 1
0 1 0 9
⁡= 9 ⌊ ⌋=⌊ ⌋
−1 −1 −9 −9
19. CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM:
Every square matrix A satisfy its characteristic equation i.e. a0 x n + a1 x n−1 + ⋯ . . +an−1 x + an = 0
is the characteristic equation of A, then a0 An + a1 An−1 + ⋯ . +an−1 A + an I = 𝐎
Note : This theorem is helpful to find the inverse of any non-singular square matrix. i.e.
a0 An + a1 An−1 + ⋯ … . . +an−1 A + an I = O
On multiplying by A−1 on both the sides of above equation, we get
1
A−1 = − (a An−1 + a1 An−2 + ⋯ ⋅ an−1 I)
an 0
1 2 0
Illustration 19: If A = [2 −1 0 ], show that 5 A−1 = A2 + A − 5I
0 0 −1
Solution : We have the characteristic equation of A.
|A − xI| = 0
1−x 2 0
i.e. | 2 −1 − x 0 |=0
0 0 −1 − x
i.e. x 3 + x 2 − 5x − 5 = 0
Using Cayley - Hamilton theorem
A3 + A2 − 5A − 5I = 𝐎 ⇒ 5I = A3 + A2 − 5A
Multiplying by A−1, we get 5 A−1 = A2 + A − 5I
Do yourself -10 :
(i) Determine the characteristic roots of the matrix A. Hence find the trace the determinant value

8 −6 2
of A. Where A = [−6 7 −4] and also prove that A3 − 18A2 + 45A = 𝐎.
2 −4 3

20. SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIA FOR CONSISTENCY

Gauss-Jordan method:

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1 ⇒ a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 ⇒ a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

APNI KAKSHA 15
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z d1 a1 b1 c1 x d1
⇒ ⁡ [a2 x + b2 y + c2 z⌋ = ⌊d2 ⌋ ⇒ ⌊a2 b2 c2 ⌋ [y⌋ = ⌊d2 ⌋ ⇒ ⁡AX = B
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z d3 a3 b3 c3 z d3

Multiplying adj⁡ A on both the sides of (i) ⇒ ⁡(adj⁡ A)AX = (adj⁡ A)B ⇒ |A|X = (adj⁡ A)B

x+y+z =6

Illustration 20 : Solve the system x − y + z = 2 using matrix method.

2x + y − z = 1
1 1 1 x 6
Solution : Let A = ⌊1 −1 1 ⌋ , X = ⌊y⌋ & B = ⌊2⌋  Then the system is AX = B.
2 1 −1 z 1
0 3 3 0 2 2
|A| = 6, hence A is non singular,  Cofactor A = [2 −3 1 ]  adj⁡ A = [3 −3 0]
2 0 −2 3 1 −2
0 2 2 0 1/3 1/3
−1 1 1
A = | A| adj⁡ A = 6 ∣ 3 −3 0 ] = [1/2 −1/2 0 ]
3 1 −2 1/2 1/6 −1/3
0 1/3 1/3 6 x 1
X = A−1 B = ⌊1/2 −1/2 0 ⌋ ∣ 2⌋ ⁡ i.e. ⌊y⌋ = ⌊2⌋ ⇒ x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
1/2 1/6 −1/3 1 z 3
x 1
i.e. ⌊y⌋ = ⌊2⌋ Ans.
z 3
Do yourself -11 :
(i) The system of equations x + 2y − 3z = 1, x − y + 4z = 0,2x + y + z = 1 has-
(A) only two solutions (B) only one solution
(C) no solution (D) infinitely many solutions
(ii) The system of equations x + y + z = 8, x − y + 2z = 6,3x + 5y − 7z = 14 has-
(A) Unique solution (B) infinite number of solutions
(C) no solution (D) none of these

APNI KAKSHA 16
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

3 5 7
1: (i) [ ] (ii) 6 (iii) 30 (iv) x = 2, y = −1, a = 1, b = −3
4 6 8
−8 −9
−7 −10 −7
2: (i) [ ] &2 × 3 (ii) [−7/2 −8]
−2 6 3
−1 1
3: (iii) x = −2
4: (ii) C
5: (i) C (ii) x = 0
1 6 −9
𝟔: (ii) ⁡ ⌊ ⌋
1 6 −3
2 7 4 0 −2 3
1 3
7: (i) -4 (ii) ⌊7 −7 2⌋ + ⌊
2 0 2⌋
1 3
4 0 −3 − 2 0
2

8. (i) C

9. (i) B (ii) A (iii) 625 B (iv) 9 A

10. (i) λ = 0,3 and 15tr⁡(A) = 18, | A| = 0
11: (i) D (ii) A

APNI KAKSHA 17
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
EXERCISE – 1
1 2 0 2 –1 5
1. Let A + 2 B = [ 6 −3 3] and 2 A − B = [ 2 −1 6]⁡, then Tr⁡(A) − Tr⁡(B) has the value
−5 3 1 0 1 2
equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none
x 3x − y 3 2
2. If [ ⌋=[ ]⁡, then
zx + z 3y − w 4 7
(A) x = 3, y = 7, z = 1, w = 14 (B) x = 3, y = −5, x = −1, w = −4
(C) x = 3, y = 6, z = 2, w = 7 (D) None of these
1 ⁡⁡⁡2
3. The matrix A2 + 4 A − 5I, where I is identity matrix and A = [ ] equals:
4 –3
1 1 2 1
(A) 32 [ ] (B) 4 [ ]
1 0 2 0
0 −1 2 1
(C) 4 [ ] (D) 32 [ ] [JEE-MAIN 2013]
2 2 2 0
0 2 0 5
4. If M = [ ] and N = [ ], then M 2011 is -
5 0 2 0
(A) 101005 M (B) 101005 N
(C) 102010 M (D) 102011 M
1 2
5. If A = [ ] and A2 − kA − I2 = 0, then value of k is-
2 3
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) -4
2 1 3 4 3 −4
6. Let three matrices are A = ⌊ ⌋;B = ⌊ ⌋ and C = [ ⌋, then
4 1 2 3 −2 3
ABC A(BC)2 A(BC)3
t r (A) + t r ( ) + tr ( ) + tr ( ) + ⋯ … . . +∞ is equal to -
2 4 8

(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) none

1 2r − 1 1 2r − 1
7. For a matrix A = ⌊ ⌋, the value of ∏50
r=1  [ ⌋ is equal to -
0 1 0 1
1 100 1 4950
(A) ⌊ ⌋ (B) ⌊ ⌋
0 1 0 1
1 5050 1 2500
(C) [ ] (D) [ ]
0 1 0 1
8. A and B are two given matrices such that the order of A is 3 × 4, if A′ B and BA′ are both defined
then
(A)order of B′ is 3 × 4 (B) order of B′ A is 4 × 4
(C)order of B′ A is 3 × 3 (D) B'A is undefined

APNI KAKSHA 18
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 n 1 378
9. If the product of n matrices ⌊ ]⌊ ∣⌊ ⌋…….[ ⌋ is equal to the matrix ⌊ ⌋
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
then the value of n is equal to -
(A) 26 (B) 27 (C) 377 (D) 378
sin⁡ θ cos⁡ θ
10. Consider a matrix A(θ) = ⌊ ⌋ then,
−cos⁡ θ sin⁡ θ
(A) A(θ) is symmetric (B) A(θ) is skew symmetric
π
(C) A−1 (θ) = A(π − θ) (D) A2 (θ) = A ( − 2θ)
2

3 4 1
11. If p, q, r are 3 real number satisfying the matrix equation, [pqr] [3 2 3] = [3 0 1], then
2 0 2
2p + q − r equals :- [JEE-MAIN 2013]
(A) -1 (B) 4 (C) -3 (D) 2
12. If A, B and C are n × n matrices and det⁡(A) = 2, det⁡(B) = 3 and det⁡(C) = 5, then the value of
the det⁡(A2 BC −1 ) is equal to
6 12 18 24
(A) 5 (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5

13. Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix -

6/7 2/7 −3/7 6/7 2/7 3/7
(A) |2/7 3/7 6/7 | (B) |2/7 −3/7 6/7 |
3/7 −6/7 2/7 3/7 6/7 −2/7
−6/7 −2/7 −3/7 6/7 −2/7 3/7
(C) [ 2/7 3/7 6/7 ] (D) ⌊ 2/7 2/7 −3/7⌋
−3/7 6/7 2/7 −6/7 2/7 3/7
x 3 2
14. Matrix A = |1 y 4|, if xyz = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z = 20, then A(adj⁡ A) is equal to:-
2 2 z
64 0 0 88 0 0
(A) [ 0 64 0 ] (B) [ 0 88 0 ⌋
0 0 64 0 0 88
68 0 0 34 0 0
(C) ⌊ 0 68 0 ⌋ (D) [ 0 34 0 ]
0 0 68 0 0 34
2 −2 −4
15. The matrix |−1 3 4 | is a
1 −2 −3
(A)non-singular (B) Idempotent
(C) Nilpotent (D) Orthogonal

APNI KAKSHA 19
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
16. If A = ⌊ ab2 b2 ⌋, then A is
−a −ab
(A) Involutory matrix (B) Idempotent matrix
(C) Nilpotent matrix (D) None of these
17. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then ABA is -
(A)symmetric matrix (B) skew symmetric matrix
(C)diagonal matrix (D) scalar matrix
0 sin⁡ α sin⁡ αsin⁡ β
18. Let A = ( −sin⁡ α 0 cos⁡ αcos⁡ β), then-
−sin⁡ αsin⁡ β −cos⁡ αcos⁡ β 0
(A) |A| is independent of α and β (B) A−1 depends only on α
(C) A−1 depends only on β (D) none of these
λ−1 λ λ+1
19. Number of real values of λ for which the matrix A = [ 2 −1 3 ] has no inverse
λ+3 λ−2 λ+7
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
i+j i≠j
20. If A = ⌊aij ⌋ where aij = { 2 , then A−1 ⁡ is equal to -
2×2 i − 2j i=j
1 0 3 1 0 −3 1 0 −3 1 0 3
(A) 9 [ ⌋ (B) 9 [ ∣ (C) 9 ⌊ ⌋ (D) 3 ⌊ ⌋
3 1 3 −1 −3 −1 3 1

APNI KAKSHA 20
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
EXERCISE – 2
a −360
1. Let M = [ ], where a, b and c are integers. Find the smallest positive value of b such
b c
that M 2 = 𝐎, where 𝐎 denotes 2 × 2 null matrix .
2. Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying following conditions:
(i) aij is 1 or -1 ; (ii) a11 a21 + a12 a22 = 0
3 −2 y y 3 3
3. Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations [3 0 ] [ ] = [3y 3y⌋
x x
2 4 10 10
a b p 0
4. Let A = ⌊ ⌋ and B = ⌊q⌋ ≠ ⌊ ⌋. Such that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value of
c d 0
(ad − bc).
0 1 0
5. Define A = ⌊ ⌋. Find a vertical vector V such that (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V = ⌊ ⌋ ( where I
3 0 11
is the 2 × 2 identity matrix).
1 0 2
6. If A = [0 2 1], then show that the matrix A is a root of the polynomial f(x) = x 3 − 6x 2 + 7x + 2.
2 0 3
1 2 a b
7. If the matrices A = ⌊ ⌋ and B = ⌊ ⌋ (a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find
3 4 c d
d−b α − B 2β/3
the value of a+c−b. Also show that the matrix which commutes with A is of the form ⌊ ⌋
β α
a b
8. If ⌊ ⌋ is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of f(a), where f(x) = x − x 2 , when
c 1−a
bc = 1/4. Hence otherwise evaluate a.
1 1
9. If the matrix A is involutory, show that 2 (I + A) and 2 (I − A) are idempotent and
1 1
2
(I + A) ⋅ 2 (I − A) = 𝐎.
1 0
10. Show that the matrix A = [ ⌋ can be decomposed as a sum of a unit and a nilpotent matrix.
2 1
1 0 2007
Hence evaluate the matrix [ ]
2 1
3 a −1 d 3 a
11. A = (2 5 c ) is Symmetric and B = (b − a e −2 b − c) is skew symmetric, then find
b 8 2 −2 6 −f
AB. Is AB a symmetric, skew symmetric or neither of them. Justify your answer.
1 2 5
12. Express the matrix [ 2 3 −6 ∣ as a sum of a lower triangular matrix & an upper triangular
−1 0 4
matrix with zero in its leading diagonal. Also express the matrix as a sum of a symmetric and a
skew symmetric matrix.

APNI KAKSHA 21
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
13. (a) A is a square matrix of order n.
ℓ = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If ℓ + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.
(b) Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 skew symmetric matrices whose entries are either −1,0 or 1 .
If there are exactly three 0 's, three 1 's and three (−1) 's, then find the number of such matrices.
14. If A is an idempotent non-zero matrix and I is an Identify matrix of the same order, find the
value of n, n ∈ N, such that (A + I)n = I + 127 A.
2 0 7 −x 14x 7x
15. Let A = [0 1 0 ∣ and B = [ 0 1 0 ∣ are two matrices such that AB = (AB)−1 and
1 −2 1 x −4x −2x
AB ≠ I (where I is an identity matrix of order 3 × 3 ). Find the value of
Tr. (AB + (AB)2 + (AB)3 + ⋯ . . +(AB)100 ), where Tr. (A) denotes the trace of matrix A.
a b
16. If A = [ ] then prove that value of f and g satisfying the matrix equation A2 + fA + gI = 𝐎
c d
are equal to −t r (A) and determinant of A respectively. Given a, b, c, d are non zero reals and
1 0 0 0
I=[ ⌋;O = ⌊ ⌋
0 1 0 0
2
3x 2 (x + 2) 5x 2 2x
17. Let A = [ 1 ] , B = [abc] and C = [ 5x 2 2x (x + 2)2 ] be three given matrices,
6x 2x (x + 2)2 5x 2
where a, b, c and x ∈ R. Given that tr⁡(AB) = tr⁡(C)∀x ∈ R, where tr⁡(A) denotes trace of A.
Find the value of (a + b + c)

APNI KAKSHA 22
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
EXERCISE – 3 (JM)
1. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n such that A2 − B2 = (A − B)(A + B), then which of
the following will be always true- [AIEEE-2006]
(A) AB = BA (B) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
(C) Either of A or B is an identity matrix (D) A = B
1 2 a 0
2. Let A = ( ) and B = ( ) , a, b ∈ N. Then [AIEEE-2006]
3 4 0 b
(A) there exist more than one but finite number of B 's such that AB = BA
(B) there exist exactly one B such that AB = BA
(C) there exist infinitely many B 's such that AB = BA
(D) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
5 5α α
3. Let A = [0 α 5α ∣. if |A2 | = 25, Then |α| equals-
0 0 5
(A) 52
(B) 1 (C) 1/5 (D) 5
4. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denoted by tr⁡(A),
the sum of diagonal entries of A. Assume that A2 = I.
Statement-1: If A ≠ I and A ≠ −I, then det⁡ A = −1 [AIEEE-2008]
Statement-2: If A ≠ I and A ≠ −I, then tr⁡(A) ≠ 0.
(A) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement- 2 is true; Statement- 2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
5. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers. Then which one of the following is
true?
(A) If det⁡ A = ±1, then A−1 exists but all its entries are not necessarily integers
(B) If det⁡ A ≠ ±1, then A−1 exists and all its entries are non-integers
(C) If det⁡ A = ±1, then A−1 exists and all its entries are integers
(D) If det⁡ A = ±1, then A−1 need not exist [AIEEE-2008]
6. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix [AIEEE-2009]
Statement-1 : adj⁡(adj⁡ A) = A
Statement-2 : |adj⁡ A| = |A|
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(B) Statement-1 is false, Statement- 2 is true.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for statement -1 .

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
7. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0 , is :
(A) Less than 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) At least 7
[AIEEE-2010]
8. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix.
Define Tr⁡(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A.
Statement-1 : Tr⁡(A) = 0.
Statement-2: |A| = 1.
(A) Statement-1is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true. [AIEEE-2010]
9. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3 . [AIEEE-2011]
Statement-1 : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2 : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(B) Statement-1 is false, Statement- 2 is true
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
10. Statement-1 : Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero.
Statement-2 : For any matrix A, det⁡(AT ) = det⁡(A) and det⁡(−A) = −det⁡(A).
Where det⁡(B) denotes the determinant of matrix B. Then : [AIEEE-2011]
(A) Statement-1 is true and statement-2 is false (B) Both statements are true
(C) Both statements are false (D) Statement-1 is false and statement-2 is
true.
1 0 0 1 0
11. Let A = (2 1 0). If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1 = (0) and Au2 = (1),
3 2 1 0 0
then u1 + u2 is equal to : [AIEEE-2012]
1 −1 −1 −1
(A) −1)
( (B) 1 )
( (C) 1 )
( (D) −1)
(
−1 0 −1 0
1 𝛼 3
12. If P = [1 3 3⌋ is the adjoint of a3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then α is equal to
2 4 4
(A) 4 (B) 11 (C) 5 (D) 0
[JEE(Mains)-2013]
APNI KAKSHA 24
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
13. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA′ = A′ A and B = A−1 A′ , the BB′ equals :
(A) I + B (B) I (C) B−1 (D) (B−1 )′
[JEE(Mains)-2014]
1 2 2
14. If A = |2 1 −2| is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix,
a 2 b
then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to : [JEE(Mains)-2015]
(A) (2,1) (B) (−2, −1) (C) (2, −1) (D) (−2,1)
5a −b
15. If A = [ ⌋ and Aadj⁡ A = AAT , then 5a + b is equal to : [JEE(Mains)-2016]
3 2
(A) 13 (B) -1 (C) 5 (D) 4
2 −3
16. If A = [ ⌋, then adj⁡(3A2 + 12 A) is equal to : [JEE(Mains)-2017]
−4 1
72 −63 72 −84 51 63 51 84
(A) ⌊ ] (B) [ ] (C) ⌊ ] (D) [ ]
−84 51 −63 51 84 72 63 72
0 2q r
17. Let A = (p q −r). If AAT = I3 , then |p| is: (JEE Mains 2019)
p −q r
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
√5 √3 √2 √6

2 2 1 0
18. Let A = [ ] and I = [ ] then value of 10A−1 is: (JEE Mains 2020)
9 4 0 1
(A) 4I − A (B) 6I − A (C) A − 4I (D) A − 6I
1 −α
19. If for the matrix, A = [ ] , AA⊤ = I2 , then the value of α4 + β4 is: (JEE Mains 2021)
α β
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2 −2 −1 2
20. Let A = ( ) and B = ( ). Then the number of elements in the set
1 −1 −1 2
{(n, m): n, m ∈ {1,2, … . .10} and nAn + mBm = I} is (JEE Mains 2022)
21. If A and B are two non-zero n × n matrics such that A2 + B = A2 B, then (JEE Mains 2023)
(A) AB = I (B) A2 B = I (C) A2 = I or B = I (4) A2 B = BA2

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
EXERCISE – 4 (JA)
Comprehension (3 questions)
1 0 0 1 2
1. A = ⌊2 1 0⌋, if U1 , U2 , and U3 are columns matrices satisfying. AU1 = ⌊0⌋ , AU2 = ⌊3⌋,
3 2 1 0 0
2
AU3 = [3⌋ and U is 3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1 , U2 , U3 then answer the following
1
questions-
(a) The value of |U| is -
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2
(b) The sum of the elements of U −1 is -
(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3 [JEE 2006]
3
(c) The value of [3 2 0 2| is -
]U | [JEE 2006]
0
(A) [5] (B) [5/2] (C) [4] (D) [3/2]
2. Match the Statement / Expressions in Column I with the Statements / Expressions in Column II
and indicate your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the
ORS.
Column I Column II
x2 +2x+4
(A) The minimum value of is (P) 0
x+2

(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers, (Q) 1

where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric, and
(A + B)(A − B) = (A − B)(A + B). If (AB)t = (−1)k AB, where (AB)t (R) 2
is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
−a )
(C) Let a = log 3 ⁡ log 3 ⁡ 2. An integer k satisfying 1 < 2(−k+3 < 2, (S) 3
must be less than
1 π
(D) If sin⁡ θ = cos⁡ ϕ, then the possible values of π (θ − ϕ − 2 ) are [JEE 2008, 6]

Comprehension (3 questions)
3. Let 𝒜 be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1 . Five of
these entries are 1 and four of them are 0 .
(a) The number of matrices in 𝒜 is -
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
x 1
(b) The number of matrices A in 𝒜 for which the system of linear equations A [ ⌋ = [0⌋ has a
y
z 0
unique solution, is -
(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7
(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10
x 1
(c) The number of matrices A in 𝒜 for which the system of linear equations A |y| = |0| is
z 0
inconsistent, is -
(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1
4. (a) The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system
x 1
A [y⌋ = ⌊0⌋ has exactly two distinct solutions, is
z 0
(A) 0 (B) 29 − 1 (C) 168 (D) 2
(b) Let k be a positive real number and let
2k − 1 2√k 2√k 0 2k − 1 √k
A = [ 2√k 1 −2 K] and B = [1 − 2k 0 2√k] .
−2√k 2k −1 −√k −2√k 0
If det⁡(adj⁡ A) + det⁡(adj⁡ B) = 10 , then [k] is equal to
6

[Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less
than or equal to k].
(c) Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices :
a b
Tp = {A = [ ] : a, b, c ∈ {0,1,2, … … , p − 1}}
c a
(i) The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det⁡(A)
divisible by p is -
(A) (p − 1)2 (B) 2(p − 1) (C) (p − 1)2 + 1 (D) 2p − 1
(ii) The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det⁡(A) is divisible by p is
[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]
(A) (p − 1)(p2 − p + 1) (B) p3 − (p − 1)2
(C) (p − 1)2 (D) (p − 1)(p2 − 2)
(iii) The number of A in Tp such that det⁡(A) is not divisible by p is - [JEE 2010]
(A) 2p2 (B) p3 − 5p (C) p3 − 3p (D) p3 − p2
5. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If P T
denotes the transpose of P, then M 2 N2 (M T N)−1 (MN−1 )T is equal to - [𝐉𝐄𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟏, 𝟒]
(A) M 2 (B) −N2 (C) −M 2 (D) MN

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
6. Let ω ≠ 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form
1 a b
[ ω 1 c ] where each of a, b and c is either ω or ω2 . Then the number of distinct matrices in the set
ω2 ω 1
S is -
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8
0 −1 1 1 1 0
7. Let M be 3 × 3 matrix satisfying M ⌊1⌋ = ⌊2 ⌋ , M ⌊−1⌋ = ⌊1 ⌋ and M ⌊1⌋ = ⌊0 ⌋ Then the sum
0 3 0 −1 1 12
of the diagonal entries of M is [JEE 2011, 4]
8. Let P = [aij ] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij ], where bij = 2i+j aij for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 3. If the
determinant of P is 2 , then the determinant of the matrix Q is - [JEE 2012, 3M,-1M]
9. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that P = 2P + I, where P is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3
T T

x 0
identity matrix, then there exists a column matrix X = [y⌋ ≠ [0] such that[JEE 2012, 3M, -1M]
z 0
0
(A) PX = [0] (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = −X
0
1 4 4
10. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is [2 1 7⌋, then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is
1 1 3
(are) - (A) -2 (B) -1 (C) 1 (D) 2
[JEE 2012, 4M]
11. For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
(A) ⁡T MN is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(B) MN − NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(C) MN is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(D) (adj⁡ M)(adj⁡ N) = adj⁡(MN) for all invertible matrices M and N
[JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (-1)]
12. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if
(A) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(B) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of M
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
[JEE(Advanced)-2014,3]
(D) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer
13. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, if M ≠ N2 and M 2 = N4 , then
(A) determinant of (M 2 + MN2 ) is O [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3]
(B) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M 2 + MN2 )U is zero matrix
(C) determinant of (M 2 + MN2 ) ≥ 1
(D) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M 2 + MN2 )U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
14. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary
3 × 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is (are)
skewsymmetric ? [JEE(Advanced)-2015, 4M, -2M]
(A) Y 3 Z 4 − Z 4 Y 3 (B) X 44 + Y 44 (C) X 4 Z 3 − Z 3 Y 4 (D) X 23 + Y 23
3 −1 −2
15. Let P = [2 0 α ], where α ∈ R, Suppose Q = [q ij ] is a matrix such that PQ = kI, where
3 −5 0
k k2
k ∈ R, k ≠ 0 and I is the identity matrix of order 3 . If q 23 = − 8 and det⁡(Q) = 2
, then-
[JEE(Advanced)-2016, 4(-2)]
(A) α = 0, k = 8 (B) 4α − k + 8 = 0
(C) det⁡(Padj⁡(Q)) = 2 9
(D) det⁡(Qadj(P)) = 213
1 0 0
16. Let 𝑃 = [ 4 1 0⌋ and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [q ij ] is a matrix such that
16 4 1
q31 +q32
p50 − Q = I, then equals [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3(-1)]
q21

(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205

17. Which of the following is (are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries ?
[JEE(Advanced)-2017]
1 0 0 −1 0 0
(A) ⌊0 1 0 ⌋ (B) [ 0 −1 0 ]
0 0 −1 0 0 −1
1 0 0 1 0 0
(C) ⌊0 1 0⌋ (D) [0 −1 0 ]
0 0 1 0 0 −1
18. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0,1,2} are there, for which the sum of the
diagonal entries of M T M is 5 ? [JEE(Advanced)-2017]
(A) 198 (B) 135 (C) 126 (D) 162
2 x 1
1 𝛼 𝛼
19. For a real number α, if the system ⌊ 𝛼 1 𝛼 ⌋ ⌊y ⌋ = ⌊ −1⌋ of linear equations, has infinitely
𝛼2 𝛼 1 z 1
many solutions, then 1 + α + α2 = [JEE(Advanced)-2017]
𝑏1
20. Let S be the set of all column matrices [𝑏2 ⌋ such that b1 , b2 , b3 ∈ R and the system of equations
𝑏3
(in real variables)
−x + 2y + 5z = b1  2x − 4y + 3z = b2  x − 2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has(have) at
b1
least one solution for each [b2 ⌋ ∈ S ? [JEE(Advanced)-2018]
b3

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
(A) x + 2y + 3z = b1 , 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(B) x + y + 3z = b1 , 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and −2x − y − 3z = b3
(C) −x + 2y − 5z = b1 , 2x − 4y + 10z = b2 and x − 2y + 5z = b3
(D) x + 2y + 5z = b1 , 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y − 5z = b3
21. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set {−1,0,1}. Then, the
maximum possible value of the determinant of P is [JEE(Advanced)-2018]
0 1 a −1 1 −1
22. Let M = [1 2 3] and adj M = [ 8 −6 2 ] where a and b are real numbers. Which of the
3 b 1 −5 3 −1
following options is/are correct ? [JEE(Advanced)-2019]
(A) det⁡(adj⁡ M 2 ) = 81 (B) a + b = 3
α 1
(C) (adj⁡ M) + adj⁡ M = −M
−1 −1
(D) if M [β] = [2], then α − β + γ = 3
γ 3
23. Let M be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let I denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix. If
M −1 = adj⁡(adj⁡ M), then which of the following statements is/are ALWAYS TRUE?
[JEE(Advanced)-2020]
(A) M = I (B) det⁡ M = 1 (C) M = I
2
(D) (adj⁡ M)2 = I
24. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant of M. Let I be the 3 × 3 identity matrix.
Let E and F be two 3 × 3 matrices such that (I − EF) is invertible. If G = (I − EF)−1, then which
of the following statements is (are) TRUE? [JEE(Advanced)-2021]
(A) |FE| = |I − FE||FGE| (B) (I − FE)(I + FGE) = I
(C) EFG = GEF (D) (I − FE)(I − FGE) = I
5 3

25. If M = ( 3 2 1), then which of the following matrices is equal M 2022 ?

2
−2 −2
3034 3033 3034 −3033
(A) ( ) (B) ( ) [JEE(Advanced)-2022]
−3033 −3032 3033 −3032
3033 3032 3032 3031
(C) ( ) (D) ( )
−3032 −3031 −3031 −3030
26. Let M = (aij ), i, j ∈ {1,2,3}, be the 3 × 3 matrix such that aij = 1 if j + 1 is divisible by i,
otherwise aij = 0. Then which of the following statements is(are) true?
(A) M is invertible [JEE(Advanced)-2023]
a1 a1 −a1
(B) There exists a nonzero column matrix (a2 ) such that M (a2 ) = (−a2 )
a3 a3 −a3
0
(C) The set ∈ ℝ : MX = 0} ≠ {0}, where 0 = 0)
{X 3
(
0
(D) The matrix (M − 2l) is invertible, where / is the 3 × 3 identity matrix

APNI KAKSHA 30
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
EXERCISE – 5
1. Let A, other than I or −I, be a 2 × 2 real matrix such that A2 = I, I being the unit matrix. Let
Tr⁡(A) be the sum of diagonal elements of A. [JEE-MAIN 2013]
Statement-1: Tr⁡(A) = 0
Statement-2 : det⁡(A) = −1
(A) Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and statement-2 is not the correct explanation for
statement-1
(B) Statement -1 and Statement-2 are true and statement-2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1
(C) statement-1 is true and statement-2 is false
(D) statement-1 is false and statement-2 is true.
2. Let P and Q are orthogonal matrices of order 3 × 3 such that A = PQT & B = QP T , then the value
of tr⁡(AB) is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7
a11 a12
3. Let S = {(a a22 ) : aij ∈ {0,1,2}, a11 = a22 }. Then the number if non-singular matrices in the set S is
21
(A) 24 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 27
2
4.
2
If A = [ cos ⁡ α sin⁡ αcos⁡ α] ; B = [ cos ⁡ β sin⁡ βcos⁡ β
] are such that, AB is a null
sin⁡ αcos⁡ α 2
sin ⁡ α sin⁡ βcos⁡ β sin2 ⁡ β
π
matrix, then which of the following should necessarily be an odd integral multiple of 2 .
(A) α (B) β (C) α − β (D) α + β
0 1 −1
A
5. A is an involutory matrix given by A = [4 −3 4 ] then the inverse of 2 will be
3 −3 4
A−1 A
(A) 2 A (B) (C) 2 (D) A2
2

6. If A and B are invertible matrices, which one of the following statement is/are incorrect
(A) Adj⁡(A) = |A|A−1 (B) det⁡(A−1 ) = |det⁡(A)|−1
(C) (A + B)−1 = B−1 + A−1 (D) (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1
7. Identify the incorrect statement in respect of two square matrices A and B conformable for sum
and product-
(A) t r (A + B) = t r (A) + t r (B) (B) t r (αA) = αt r (A), α ∈ R
(C) t r (AT ) = t r (A) (D) t r (AB) ≠ t r (BA)
0 1 2 1/2 −1/2 1/2
8. If A = [1 2 3] , A−1 = [ −4 3 c ⌋, then -
3 a 1 5/2 −3/2 1/2
1
(A) a = 1, c = −1 (B) a = 2, c = − 2
1 1
(C) a = −1, c = 1 (D) a = 2 , c = 2

APNI KAKSHA 31
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
2 2 1 −x −y z 8 0 0
9. Let A = [2 5 2⌋ and B = [ 0 y 2z ⌋ where x, y, z ∈ R. If B AB = [0 27
T
0 ⌋ then the
1 2 2 x −y z 0 0 42
number of ordered triplet (x, y, z) is
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9
1 −1 1 4 2 2
10. Let A = |2 1 −3| and 10 B = [−5 0 α]. If B is the inverse of matrix A, then α is-
1 1 1 1 −2 3
(A) -2 (B) -1 (C) 2 (D) 5

1 tan⁡ x
11. A=[ ] then let us define a function f(x) = det. (AT A−1 ) then which of the
−tan⁡ x 1
following
can not be the value of ⏟
f(f(f(f … … . . f(x)))) is (n ≥ 2)
n times

(A) f (x)
n
(B) 1 (C) f n−1 (x) (D) nf⁡(x)
3 2 3 1
12. Let the matrix A and B be define as A = [ ⌋ and B = [ ∣ then the value of Det.
2 1 7 3
(2 A B ), is
9 −1

(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) -1 (D) -2

MORE THAN ONE ARE CORRECT
x 2 −1
11
13. Let det⁡(adj⁡(adj⁡ A)) = 144 where A = [−1 1 2 ] , x ≠ − 3 , then
2 −1 1
(A) x = 1 (B) det⁡(2 A) = 112
(C) x = 2 (D) det⁡(2 A) = 256
1 −1 2
14. Let A−1 = [−1 2 1 ], then-
2 1 −1
1 1
(A) 7| A| = (B) |adj⁡ A| =
2 196
1
(C) trace⁡(adj⁡ A) = − (D) Matrix A is symmetric matrix
7
3 0 0
15. If A = [2 2 0], then which of the following is(are) true? (trace of A denotes sum of principal
4 5 3
diagonal elements of A)
(A) A is invertible (B) trace⁡(adj⁡(A))) = 144
(C) trace⁡(adj⁡(adj⁡(A))) = 8 (D) |adj⁡ A| is less than 400
1 2 3
16. Let A = |2 2 −1| and f(x) = x 3 − 2x 2 − αx + β = 0. If A satisfies f(x) = 0 then-
3 0 k
(A) k = 1, α = 14 (B) α = 14, β = 22
(C) k = −1, β = 22 (D) α = −14, β = −22

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
17. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices and |A| ≠ 0, then which of the following are true?
(A) |AB| = 0 ⇒ |B| = 0 (B) |AB| = 0 ⇒ B = 0
(C) |A−1 | = |A|−1 (D) |A + A| = 2| A|
18. If D1 and D2 are two 3 × 3 diagonal matrices where none of the diagonal element is zero, then -
(A) D1 D2 is a diagonal matrix (B) D1 D2 = D2 D1
(C) D12 + D22 is a diagonal matrix (D) none of these
19. If A and B are two 3 × 3 matrices such that their product AB is a null matrix then
(A) det. A ≠ 0 ⇒ B must be a null matrix.
(B) det. B ≠ 0 ⇒ A must be a null matrix
(C) If none of A and B are null matrices then atleast one of the two matrices must be singular.
(D) If neither det. A nor det. B is zero then given statement is not possible.
x if ⁡i = j, ⁡x ∈ R
20. Let A = aij be a matrix of order 3 where aij =∣ 1 if ⁡|i − j| = 1 , then which of the following
0 otherwise
hold(s) good ?
(A) for x = 2, A is a diagonal matrix
(B) A is a symmetric matrix
(C) for x = 2, det⁡ A has the value equal to 6
(D) Let f(x) = det⁡ A, then the function f(x) has both the maxima and minima.
Paragraph for question nos. 21 to 22
1 1 −1 x −1
Consider the system AX = B, where A = [2 1 1 ] , x = [y] , B = [ 2 ].
3 2 2 z 3
21. Sum of elements of (adj⁡ A) B is -
(A) -1 (B) 2 (C) -2 (D) -4
22. Value of tr⁡(XBT ) is (where tr⁡(A) denotes trace of matrix A )-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Paragraph for question nos. 23 to 25
If A is a symmetric and B skew symmetric matrix and A + B is nonsingular and
C = (A + B)−1 ( A − B) then
23. CT (A + B)C =
(A) A + B (B) A-B (C) A (D) B
24. CT (A − B)C =
(A) A + B (B) A − B (C) A (D) B
25. CT AC
(A) A + B (B) A − B (C) A (D) B
APNI KAKSHA 33
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
EXERCISE – 6
1. Let A be the 2 × 2 matrices given by A = ⌊aij ⌋, where aij ∈ {0,1,2,3,4} such that
a11 + a12 + a21 + a22 = 4
(i) Find the number of matrices A such that the trace of A is equal to 4 .
(ii) Find the number of matrices A such that A is invertible.
(iii) Find the absolute value of the difference between maximum value and minimum value of
det (A).
(iv) Find the number of matrices A such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both
and det⁡(A) is divisible by 2
4 −4 5
2. For the matrix A = [−2 3 −3] find A−2.
3 −3 4
1 1 1
2 3 1 0 1
3. (a) Given A = [2 4 1] , B = [ ]. Find P such that BPA = [ ]
3 4 0 1 0
2 3 1
2 1 3 2 2 4
(b) Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation, [ ]⋅A⋅[ ⌋=[ ]
3 2 5 −3 3 −1
cos⁡ x −sin⁡ x 0
4. If F(x) = [ sin⁡ x cos⁡ x 0 ∣ then show that F(x) ⋅ F(y) = F(x + y). Hence prove that
0 0 1
[F(x)]−1 = F(−x).
5. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1. Let A−1 = xA2 + y A + zI,
then find the value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3 .
1 2 2 2 1 1 10
6. Given that A = ⌊2 2 3⌋ , C = ⌊2 2 1⌋ , D = [13⌋ and that Cb = D. Solve the matrix
1 −1 3 1 1 1 9
equation Ax = b.
3
1 4 −3 r ⋅ 3r 2r
7. Let A = ⌊ 2⌋ , B =[ ] and Cr = ⌊ ⌋ be 3 given matrices Compute the
1 2 −2 2 0 (r − 1)3r
value of ∑50
r=1  tr ⋅ ((AB)r Cr ). (where tr.(A) denotes trace of matrix A )
0 1 −1
8. Let X be the solution set of the equation Ax = I, where A = [4 −3 4 ] and I is the
3 −3 4
corresponding unit matrix and x ⊆ N then find the minimum value of ∑(cosx ⁡ θ + sinx ⁡ θ), θ ∈ R.
1 2 5
9. Consider the two matrices A and B where A = [ ⌋ ; B = [ ⌋. Let n(A) denotes the number
4 3 −3
of elements in A and n(XY) = 𝐎, when the two matrices X and Y are not conformable for
n(C)((|D|2 +n(D))
multiplication. If C = (AB)(B′ A); D = (B′ A)(AB) then, find the value of ( ).
n(A)−n(B)

APNI KAKSHA 34
(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
2 1 9 3
10. Given A = ⌊ ⌋;B = ⌊ ⌋. I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the
2 1 3 1
following cases.
(a) AX = A (b) XA = I (c) XB = 𝐎 but BX ≠ 𝐎.
−5 1 3 1 1 2
11. Find the product of two matrices A& B, where A = [ 7 1 −5] &𝐵 = [3 2 1]
1 −1 1 2 1 3

and use it to solve the following system of linear equations, x + y + 2z = 1; 3x + 2y + z =

7; 2x + y + 3z = 2.
3 −2 1 x b
12. Determine the values of a and b for which the system ⌊5 −8 9⌋ [y⌋ = ⌊ 3 ⌋
2 1 a z −1
(a) has a unique solution ;
(b) has no solution and
(c) has infinitely many solutions
1 2 3 1 1 2 x1 x2
13. If A = ⌊ ⌋;B = ⌊ ⌋;C = ⌊ ⌋ and X = ⌊x x4 ⌋,then solve the following matrix
3 4 1 0 2 4 3

equation.
(a) AX = B − I (b) (B − I)X = IC (c) CX = A
14. A3×3 is a matrix such that |A| = a, B = (adj⁡ A) such that |B| = b. Find the value of
1 a a2 a3
(ab2 + a2 b + 1)S where 2 S = b + + + ⋯. .up to ∞ and a = 3.
b3 b5

15. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 , where |A| = −2 and |B| = 1, then find
|(A−1 )adj⁡(B−1 )adj⁡(2 A−1 )|.

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE – 1
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. D
8. B 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. C
15. B 16. C 17. A 18. A 19. D 20. A
EXERCISE – 2
3 0
1. 10 2. 8 3. x = ,y = 2 4. 5049 5. V = ⌊1⌋
2
11
1 0
7. 1 8. f(a) = 1/4, a = 1/2 10. [ ]
4014 1
11. AB is neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
1 0 0 0 2 5 1 2 2 0 0 3
12. [ 2 3 0⌋ + [0 0 −6⌋ ; [2 3 −3] + [ 0 0 −3]
−1 0 4 0 0 0 2 −3 4 −3 3 0
13. (a) 4 , (b) 8 14. n = 7 15. 100 16. f = −(a + d); g = ad − bc
17. 7
EXERCISE – 3 (JM)
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. D
8. D 9. D 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B
15. C 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. 1 21. D
EXERCISE – 4 (JA)
1. (a) A,(b) B, (c) A 2. (A) R(B) Q,S (C) R,S(D) P,R 3. (a) A, (b) B, (c) B
4. (a) A, (b) 4; (c) (i) D, (ii) C, (iii) D 5. Bonus 6. A
7. 9 8. D 9. D 10. A,D 11. C,D 12. C,D 13. A,B
14. C,D 15. B,C 16. B 17. A& 18. (A) 19. 1 20. (A,D)
21. (4.00) 22. B,C,D 23. B,C,D 24. A,B,C 25. (A) 26. B,C
EXERCISE – 5
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. D
8. A 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. A,B 14. B,C,D
15. A,B,D 16. B,C 17. A,C 18. A,B,C 19. A,B,C,D 20. B,D
21. C 22. A 23. A 24. B 25. C

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(MATHEMATICS) MATRICES
EXERCISE – 6
17 4 −19
1. (i) 5 , (ii) 18 , (iii) 8 , (iv) 5 2. [−10 0 13 ]
−21 −3 25
−4 7 −7 1 48 −25
3. (a) [ ]; (b) 19 [ ]
3 −5 5 −70 42
5. 1 6. x1 = 1, x2 = −1, x3 = 1
7. 3(49.350 + 1) 8. 2
9. 650
a b
10. (i) X = ⌊ ⌋ for a, b ∈ R;
2 − 2a 1−2b
(ii) X does not exist;
a −3a
(iii) X = [ ] where a, c ∈ R and 3a + c ≠ 0; 3 b + d ≠ 0
c −3c
11. x = 2, y = 1, z = −1
12. (i) a ≠ −3, b ∈ R;
(ii) a = −3 and b ≠ 1/3;
(iii) a = −3, b = 1/3
−3 −3
13. (a) X = [ 5 2]
2
1 2
(b) ⁡X = [ ⌋,
−1 −2
(c) no solution
14. 225
15. -8

APNI KAKSHA 37