The Economist Middle East and Africa Edition 08 July 2023
The Economist Middle East and Africa Edition 08 July 2023
The Economist Middle East and Africa Edition 08 July 2023
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Contents The Economist July 8th 2023 5
The world this week Europe
7 A summary of political 19 Putin’s useful idiots
and business news 20 Ukraine wants cluster
bombs
Leaders
21 Twitchy in Tallinn
9 Battlefield lessons
The future of war 22 Sweden’s rocky economy
10 East Asia 23 Charlemagne France’s
Families and freedom riots
11 Economic fallacies
Britain
Don’t blame greedflation
24 The water utilities mess
11 Privatised utilities
Britain’s water mess 25 Labour’s education policy
12 Affirmative action 26 Bagehot Borat’s Britain
On the cover It had to go
A new era of hightech war has 13 Deepsea mining
begun. Democracies must Give nodules the nod
prepare: leader, page 9.
Technology has changed the Letters Middle East & Africa
battlefield in Ukraine, but 27 MBS, Israel and America
14 On Denmark’s Social
mass still counts, argues
Democrats, vaping taxes, 28 Violence in the West Bank
Shashank Joshi: Special report,
the Indian diaspora, 29 Nigeria’s busy president
after page 38. nato’s new
Daniel Ellsberg, the
defence plans, page 48. 29 Senegal’s president backs
multiverse, Douglas
Ukraine calls for cluster down
Adams
bombs, page 20 30 Darfur and genocide
Briefing
Vladimir Putin’s useful idiots
16 China and its region Asia
Too many European politicians
are failing to confront Russia, Neighbourhood watch 31 The East Asian family
page 19 33 India’s internet blackouts
Special report:
34 Banyan Sri Lanka
East Asia needs a social Warfare after Ukraine
unreconciled
revolution Chinese, Japanese, Battlefield lessons
South Koreans and Taiwanese After page 38
increasingly reject the Confucian
family. Their leaders are being
China
left behind: leader, page 10. The
traditional family is fading, 35 Business and the
page 31. Chinese influencers Communist Party
challenge the stigma of being a 36 Bounties in Hong Kong
single mother, page 37 37 Defiant single mums
38 Chaguan China’s message
Don’t blame greedflation
to the global south
Corporate avarice is not the
cause of the world’s inflation
problems: leader, page 11, and Chaguan China tells
analysis, page 57 developing countries that
“universal values” are a
Achilles goes to the office How form of racism, page 38
whitecollar warriors prepare for
battle: Bartleby, page 55
→ The digital element of your
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Contents continues overleaf
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6 Contents The Economist July 8th 2023
United States Finance & economics
39 End of term at scotus 57 Inflation wars
40 Major League...Cricket 58 Hikelandia
41 Meet Moms for Liberty 59 Copper prices
42 The quantum of Chicago 60 Chinese communists
42 Remembering Dick 60 Wall Street job losses
Ravitch 62 Buttonwood The
43 After affirmative action everything bubble
44 The lab monkey shortage 63 Free exchange
Erdoganomics spreads
The Americas
45 Dumping the tropical Science & technology
Trump 64 Mining the seabed
46 El Niño slams Peru 65 Indonesia’s nickel hopes
47 Cuba taps the diaspora 66 The highest mountains
67 Woollymammoth burgers
International
48 nato’s new plans Culture
68 Culture and prosperity
69 The trial of Philippe Pétain
70 A pioneering fibre artist
71 Home Entertainment
Iranian poetry
Business
51 Musk v Zuck Economic & financial indicators
52 China’s chipwar salvo 72 Statistics on 42 economies
53 The hydrogen shakeout
Graphic detail
55 Bartleby The office
Achilles 73 Rules over obesity drugs seem unfair to minorities
56 Schumpeter AI, the Lego
Obituary
way
74 Donald Triplett, autism’s “Case 1”
Volume 448 Number 9354
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The world this week Politics The Economist July 8th 2023 7
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8
The world this week Business The Economist July 8th 2023
Tesla’s share price is also
soaring. The maker of electric
cars delivered 466,000 vehi
cles between April and June,
up by 83% from the same three
months last year and a compa
ny record, and produced
480,000. Underlining the
phenomenal demand for
electric vehicles BYD, a
Chinese rival to Tesla, sold
700,000 electric and plugin
hybrids in its most recent
quarter, its best ever for sales.
Alef Aeronautics, a startup
backed by a VC investor in Tesla
and Space X, received an air
worthiness certificate from the
012
Leaders 9
B ig wars are tragedies for the people and countries that fight
them. They also transform how the world prepares for con
flict, with momentous consequences for global security. Britain,
physical “mass” is met and maintained. On June 30th General
Mark Milley, America’s most senior soldier, predicted that a
third of advanced armed forces would be robotic in 1015 years’
France and Germany sent observers to the American civil war to time: think of pilotless air forces and crewless tanks. Yet armies
study battles like Gettysburg. The tank duels of the Yom Kippur need to be able to fight in this decade as well as the next one.
war in 1973 accelerated the shift of America’s army from the force That means replenishing stockpiles to prepare for high attrition
that lost in Vietnam to the one that thumped Iraq in 1991. That rates, creating the industrial capacity to manufacture hardware
campaign, in turn, led China’s leaders to rebuild the People’s Lib at far greater scale and ensuring that armies have reserves of
eration Army into the formidable force it is today. manpower. A nato summit on July 11th and 12th will be a test of
The war in Ukraine is the largest in Europe since 1945. It will whether Western countries can continue to reinvigorate their
shape the understanding of combat for decades to come. It has alliance to these ends (see International section).
shattered any illusions that modern conflict might be limited to The third lesson—one that also applied for much of the 20th
counterinsurgency campaigns or evolve towards lowcasualty century—is that the boundary of a big war is wide and indistinct.
struggles in cyberspace. Instead it points to a new kind of high The West’s conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq were fought by
intensity war that combines cuttingedge tech with industrial small professional armies and imposed a light burden on civil
scale killing and munitions consumption, even as it draws in ians at home (but often lots of misery on local people). In
civilians, allies and private firms. You can be sure that autocratic Ukraine civilians have been sucked into the war as victims—ov
regimes are studying how to get an edge in any coming conflict. er 9,000 have died—but also participants: a provincial grand
Rather than recoiling from the death and destruction, liberal mother can help guide artillery fire through a smartphone app.
societies must recognise that wars between industrialised econ And beyond the old defenceindustrial complex, a new cohort of
omies are an alltooreal prospect—and start to prepare. private firms has proved crucial. Ukraine’s battlefield software is
As our special report explains, Ukraine’s killing fields hold hosted on big tech’s cloud servers abroad; Finnish firms provide
three big lessons. The first is that the battlefield is becoming targeting data and American ones satellite comms. A network of
transparent. Forget binoculars or maps; think allies, with different levels of commitment, has
of allseeing sensors on satellites and fleets of helped supply Ukraine and enforce sanctions
drones. Cheap and ubiquitous, they yield data and an embargo on Russian trade.
for processing by everimproving algorithms New boundaries create fresh problems. The
that can pick out needles from haystacks: the growing participation of civilians raises legal
mobile signal of a Russian general, say, or the and ethical questions. Private companies locat
outline of a camouflaged tank. This informa ed outside the physical conflict zone may be
tion can then be relayed by satellites to the low subject to virtual or armed attack. As new firms
liest soldier at the front, or used to aim artillery become involved, governments need to ensure
and rockets with unprecedented precision and range. that no company is a single point of failure.
This quality of hypertransparency means that future wars No two wars are the same. A fight between India and China
will hinge on reconnaissance. The priorities will be to detect the may take place on the rooftop of the world. A SinoAmerican
enemy first, before they spot you; to blind their sensors, whether clash over Taiwan would feature more air and naval power, long
drones or satellites; and to disrupt their means of sending data range missiles and disruptions to trade. The mutual threat of
across the battlefield, whether through cyberattacks, electronic nuclear use has probably acted to limit escalation in Ukraine:
warfare or oldfashioned explosives. Troops will have to develop nato has not directly engaged a nucleararmed enemy and Rus
new ways of fighting, relying on mobility, dispersal, conceal sia’s threats have been bluster so far. But in a fight over Taiwan,
ment and deception. Big armies that fail to invest in new tech America and China would be tempted to attack each other in
nologies or to develop new doctrines will be overwhelmed by space, which could lead to nuclear escalation, especially if early
smaller ones that do. warning and commandandcontrol satellites were disabled.
Even in the age of artificial intelligence, the second lesson is
that war may still involve an immense physical mass of Silicon Valley and the Somme
hundreds of thousands of humans, and millions of machines For liberal societies the temptation is to step back from the
and munitions. Casualties in Ukraine have been severe: the abil horrors of Ukraine, and from the vast cost and effort of moder
ity to see targets and hit them precisely sends the bodycount nising their armed forces. Yet they cannot assume that such a
soaring. To adapt, troops have shifted mountains of mud to dig conflict, between large industrialised economies, will be a one
trenches worthy of Verdun or Passchendaele. The consumption off event. An autocratic and unstable Russia may pose a threat to
of munitions and equipment is staggering: Russia has fired 10m the West for decades to come. China’s rising military clout is a
shells in a year. Ukraine loses 10,000 drones per month. It is ask destabilising factor in Asia, and a global resurgence of autocracy
ing its allies for oldschool cluster munitions to help its coun could make conflicts more likely. Armies that do not learn the
teroffensive (see Europe section). lessons of the new kind of industrial war on display in Ukraine
Eventually, technology may change how this requirement for risk losing to those that do. n
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10 Leaders The Economist July 8th 2023
East Asia’s lopsided revolution
T he concept of “Asian values”, once championed by leaders
across the region, went out of vogue after the Asian financial
crisis of 1997. The idea that East and SouthEast Asia’s disci
higher. Japan’s and China’s are just above half the replacement
rate. China’s cruel onechild policy, now replaced by panicked
officials with calls to have three, exacerbated its demographic
plined governments had a unique economic edge over the deca squeeze. But as the regional picture shows, it would have hap
dent West suddenly seemed less compelling. Today in prosper pened anyway. The total population of the four East Asian coun
ous East Asia a different facet of those ballyhooed values is look tries is predicted to shrink by 28% between 2020 and 2075.
ing even more parlous. In China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, The second problem is that the region’s governments are
Asians’ supposed commitment to conservative family life is col making the situation worse. None seriously broaches the only
lapsing. As we report in our Asia and China sections this week, policy guaranteed to revive East Asia’s flagging demography:
millions of young people are opting for looser, often lonelier mass immigration. Their main response is to try to resuscitate
and—in the East Asian context—less maledominated arrange marriage with economic perks—including tax breaks and subsi
ments. In a region that is home to over a fifth of humanity, the dised weddings—with little success. South Korea’s president,
socioeconomic and demographic consequences will be vast, Yoon Sukyeol, admits that his country has, in essence, squan
potentially destabilising and will shape millions of lives. dered 280trn won ($215bn) on such policies. Worse, he and his
In Japan, where the shift first became evident, married cou counterparts in China and Japan are doubling down on the con
ples with at least one child accounted for 42% of households in servative approach that their citizens increasingly object to.
1980, and single people 20%. That has flipped. In 2020 couples South Korea’s previous administration sought to extend
with children accounted for 25% of households, and singletons benefits to single parents and unmarried couples. Mr Yoon, who
38%. And the decline is continuing. Last year 17% of Japanese blames the low fertility rate on feminism, has put a stop to that.
men and 15% of women aged 1834 said they would not marry, up Under Xi Jinping, China promises its citizens a Confucian reviv
from 2% and 4% in the early 1980s, and China recorded its low al and arrests gayrights activists. Japan’s everruling Liberal
estever number of marriages, half as many as a decade ago. Democratic Party is also against reforming marriage, including
In some ways young Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese and South by refusing to make it available to gay couples, although most
Koreans are following a path charted in rich voters want to see that change.
countries elsewhere. Between 1960 and 2010 There are pockets of progress, notably in Tai
Europe’s marriage rate fell by half, for many of wan, which recently took a more liberal course.
the reasons that are now driving down East It has legalised samesex marriage and in May
Asian rates. To many people, marriage seems permitted gay couples to adopt children—
increasingly anachronistic and unaffordable. though it is too soon to know whether these
Across East Asia it is still widely understood in changes will show up in the statistics. But the
Confucian terms, as the union of a dominant region as a whole is stuck between modernity
man and submissive woman. In South Korea a and tradition, suffering some of the worst ef
married woman is referred to as Jip-saram, or “home person”, fects of both. East Asians are free to disdain traditional family
and her husband as Bakat-yangban, or “man outside”. roles, but not to redefine them. That is why millions resort to
High property prices are an added disincentive to setting up a childlessness and solitude.
marital home. Alternative domestic arrangements are becoming Governments should try to complete this lopsided revolu
more accepted; besides singledom, they include intergenera tion. Even if social change is not entirely within their grasp, and
tional flatsharing and, less often, cohabiting and gay partner does not happen overnight, they can at least stop resisting it. To
ships. And growing numbers of middleclass women are putting make family life more attractive, they need to deal with its
off marriage to concentrate on their careers. gender imbalances as well as its costs by, for example, making
Traditional values are hard on women at work, too. East Asia paternity leave routine. They should look beyond heterosexual
has some of the world’s besteducated women, yet its overall marriage, as their citizens have, and extend legal recognition to
record on female empowerment is poor and in some ways wors cohabiting, gay and other nontraditional arrangements—and
ening. On the World Economic Forum’s genderequality ranking afford them the support married couples now enjoy, especially
of 153 countries, China—where women are said to “hold up half over childrearing. It is selfdefeating and outrageous that China
the sky”—slipped from 63rd in 2006 to 102nd in 2022. South prevents single women from freezing their eggs, or that Japan
Korea has the widest gender pay gap in the OECD. makes it nearly impossible for gay couples to foster children.
If most of this sounds familiar, two things make East Asia’s
great social change distinct and hugely troublesome. First, the Let them not wed
taboo against having children outside marriage remains as rigid Such policies would not fix the region’s demography. But they
as ever. Across the OECD, 40% of births are outside wedlock. In would have a more positive effect on it than the current ones.
Japan, South Korea and Taiwan less than 5% are. (The figure in More important, they would leave millions freer to lead the lives
China is unavailable, revealingly, but not thought to be higher.) they choose, especially women and gay people. East Asian gov
The result is a plummeting fertility rate. South Korea’s, at ernments have overseen the greatestever economic boom. Now
0.78, is the lowest recorded anywhere and Taiwan’s only slightly they must attend to their citizens’ happiness and liberty. n
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Leaders 11
Economic fallacies
“Greedflation” is a nonsense idea
Corporate avarice is not the cause of the world’s inflation problems
Privatised utilities
Britain’s water mess
Blame financial blunders and timid regulation, not privatisation
T he privatisation of water utilities in England and Wales,
more than 30 years ago, now looks like a ripoff. Privateequ
ity firms have loaded some water companies with debt. That
more—not because of unscrupulous watercompany bosses, but
because of Ofwat, the industry’s feeble, illadvised regulator.
Two separate problems with privatised water are often mixed
helped juice their returns but left them financially fragile. While up. One is the fragility of some firms; the other is a lack of spend
many water bosses made out like bandits, raw sewage was being ing on infrastructure. The first is being talked about because
dumped in rivers and on beaches. The companies, notably Thames Water, the largest water company, is in trouble. It has
Thames Water, are now seen as the unacceptable face of Britain’s £16bn ($20bn) of debt and, as much of that is linked to inflation,
utility privatisations. Critics, backed by voters on the left and faces a growing interest bill. Shareholders have coughed up only
right, are calling for renationalisation (see Britain section). £500m of the £1.5bn it needs to turn the business around. The
This may be effective demagoguery, but it is wrong. In the firm’s boss resigned on June 27th, and the government is prepar
aftermath of the water mess, consumers will end up paying ing a contingency plan to take it into temporary ownership.
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12 Leaders The Economist July 8th 2023
University admissions
Affirmative action had to go
But what comes after could be better
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Leaders 13
account for admissions than favour it. That is also true of Asian The best universities may seek stealthy ways to preserve
Americans, who typically lean left but bear the heaviest cost of racial preferences. Many are dropping requirements for standar
racebased admissions because they are deemed to be “overrep dised tests, which would make it harder to detect quiet discrim
resented” (despite suffering discrimination in their own right). ination against members of unfavoured groups who shine in
The court’s decision could yet become the catalyst for fairer them. Writing to students and alumni, Harvard quoted part of
admissions (see United States section). The extraordinary bene the majority opinion that opens the door to considering race if
fits that Harvard and Yale shower upon the children of alumni an applicant were to write about it in a submitted essay. “We will
and donors make a mockery of meritocracy and progressivism. certainly comply with the Court’s decision,” it wrote, impishly.
Those practices, the subject of a new legal challenge, should go. Rather than coaxing a generation of minority students into
Universities seeking social justice should stop using race as a drafting disingenuous adversity statements—and continuing to
proxy for disadvantage and start looking at the thing itself. In admit a vast hereditary mediocracy through the back door—uni
stead of giving a legup to members of groups that are on average versities like Harvard would do well to craft a fairer system of
badly off, they should favour individuals who are poor. One trial admissions. They should not seek to protect the monied (albeit
found that simply offering applicationfee waivers to promising multicoloured) monoculture that they have created. Instead
students from poor backgrounds dramatically increased the they should take the chance to become the genuinely represen
chance of them ending up in highly selective universities. tative institutions that they claim to be. n
Deepsea mining
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14
Letters The Economist July 8th 2023
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Executive focus 15
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16
Briefing China and its neighbours The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Briefing China and its neighbours 17
nemies that have close ties but fear Chi strike capability, moving away from the their disputed Himalayan frontier over the
nese domination (Mongolia, Russia and pacifist principles it has embraced since past four years, one of which killed at least
Central Asian states), and places with ei the second world war. Japan is also coor 20 Indian troops and four from China. That
ther defence treaties with America or mili dinating more closely on defence with was among the deadliest such skirmishes
tary ties to it (India, Japan, the Philippines, America, including over Taiwan, and step since China won a brief border war in 1962.
South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam). ping up security cooperation with Ameri Bilateral trade has continued to grow (by
Chinese officials deny seeking regional can allies and other Chinese neighbours. 8.6% last year), but India has limited in
hegemony. In their telling, China wants Mr Xi’s approach to the South China Sea vestment from China, banned dozens of
only to reclaim its rightful borders, not to has also triggered a change of course in the Chinese apps and launched tax raids on
expand them or dominate neighbours. Philippines, the only formal American ally several Chinese firms.
They blame America for frustrating Chi among the five countries whose claims India is also now working more closely
nese ambitions. “Western countries—led there overlap with China’s. Its previous with America and its allies on defence, bi
by the US—have implemented allround president, Rodrigo Duterte, announced a laterally and as part of the Quad, which in
containment, encirclement and suppres “separation” from America in 2016, pledg cludes America, Australia and Japan. Dur
sion against us,” Mr Xi complained in a ing to align with China’s “ideological flow”. ing a state visit to Washington in June, Na
speech in March. But relations soured after China continued rendra Modi, its prime minister, signed a
America has indeed worked hard lately to harass Philippine ships and failed to series of deals on the defence industry
to improve ties with countries near China. build promised infrastructure. which could eventually turn India into a
Yet many of Mr Xi’s problems with his base for the joint manufacturing of West
neighbours date back to a time when they Leery on Luzon erndesigned weapons.
felt either neglected by America (during A new president, Ferdinand Marcos Jr, is China’s perturbed neighbours are also
the presidency of Barack Obama) or now reemphasising relations with Ameri collaborating more closely with one anoth
alarmed by it (during the presidency of Do ca. In February he gave it access to four new er. India has trained Vietnamese submari
nald Trump). Reservations about China military bases, including three in its north ners, supplied Vietnam with 12 highspeed
stem instead from its own missteps, ac that could be useful in a war over Taiwan. patrol boats and agreed to give it a missile
cording to officials and academics in In April the two sides held their biggest corvette. India also recently sold cruise
neighbouring countries. In particular, they ever joint military drills, involving 12,000 missiles to the Philippines. Japan has pro
cite excessive muscularity on territorial is American troops. They are planning to re vided patrol craft for Vietnam and radar for
sues, haphazard or coercive economic sume joint naval patrols in the South China the Philippines, which has also received
policies and a heavyhanded approach to Sea. China, meanwhile, has warned the three navy ships from South Korea since
diplomacy that is rooted in China’s imperi Philippines that it is falling “into the abyss 2020 and is getting several more.
al past and grand assumptions about its fu of geopolitical strife”. The economic picture is less clearcut.
ture. Most are unconvinced by China’s re Vietnam also has claims in the South China is an indispensable partner to all its
assurances, especially given its support for China Sea and had several maritime stand neighbours, including those with conflict
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the impli offs with China there in the 2010s. It, too, ing territorial claims. Bilateral trade in
cation that might is right. has drawn closer to America militarily. In goods with its 20 terrestrial and maritime
For 30 years after its inconclusive war 2018 it let an American aircraftcarrier visit neighbours was just over $2trn in 2022, an
with Vietnam in 1979, China took a concil one of its ports for the first time in more increase of 74% over the past decade. That
iatory approach to territorial disputes, opt than 40 years. Two more have visited is more than the combined trade of Ameri
ing for stability as it focused on economic since, including one in June this year. ca and the EU with the same countries. In
reform. Between 1991 and 2002 it resolved America has also supplied Vietnam with poorer ones, China is also a big source of
disagreements about its land borders with defence equipment, such as aircraft, investment. A trade deal called the Region
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Tajikistan drones and coastguard cutters. al Comprehensive Economic Partnership,
and Vietnam. Perhaps most remarkably, in India is another neighbour reassessing which came into force in 2022 and involves
2008, it signed the last of a series of agree ties, after a series of clashes with China on China and eight of its neighbours, will fur
ments affirming Russia’s control over a Uk
rainesized region annexed from China in 1,000 km
KAZAKHSTAN RUSSIA
the 19th century.
The tilt towards confrontation began KYRGYZSTAN
before Mr Xi took power, but he has accen TAJIKISTAN
MONGOLIA
Khorgos a
tuated it, making territorial issues central oli
ng
to his pledge of “national rejuvenation”. AFGHANISTAN Xinjiang r Mo N. KOREA JAPAN PACIFIC
I n ne OCEAN
China has, without doubt, succeeded in al Beijing S. KOREA
tering the territorial status quo to its ad PAKISTAN
vantage in the short term. Its ships and air CHI NA East
craft now regularly patrol around rocky NEPAL BHUTAN China
specks where its claims overlap with Ja Sea
pan’s in the East China Sea. The seven forti
fied artificial islands that it built on disput INDIA TAIWAN
ed reefs in the South China Sea have en MYANMAR
hanced its capacity to enforce its claims LAOS South
there. In some contested border areas, In China
Bay of Sea
dian troops no longer patrol. Bengal China’s neighbours
THAILAND
Those gains have come at a cost, how Fragile or failing states
CAMBODIA VIETNAM PHILIPPINES
ever, by alarming China’s neighbours. Ja Frenemies
pan adopted a new security strategy in De Foes
cember which pledged a doubling of de BRUNEI Friendly/neutral
MALAYSIA Source: The Economist
fence spending by 2027 and a new counter
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18 Briefing China and its neighbours The Economist July 8th 2023
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Europe The Economist July 8th 2023 19
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20 Europe The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Europe 21
NATO’s worried
star pupils
TALLINN AND VILNIUS
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania fear the
alliance is still complacent
tions…and concerns about allied unity”. er ones is around 1.2%, though livefire RUSSIA
ltic
transfer of old German cluster munitions. equivalent rate for the Soviettype cluster
DENMARK LITHUANIA
The convention itself reflects humani munitions already scattered over Ukraine
tarian concerns. Bomblets, by design, dis is probably an order of magnitude higher, Vilnius
Kaliningrad
perse over a wide area, with unexploded says the expert, worsened by poor mainte (Russia)
Berlin BELARUS
ones posing a risk to civilians long after a nance. “You’d be shocked at the level of
war is over. Israel’s use of the weapons in corrosion and disrepair,” says the expert. Warsaw
GERMANY
2006 may have contaminated 13 square Whatever America decides—it is thought POLAND
miles of Lebanese territory, including a to be leaning towards a delivery—Ukraine UKRAINE
CZECH REP.
huge amount of arable land. Bomblets can will be dealing with unexploded ordinance 200 km
also pose a problem for friendly forces: for decades to come. n NATO members
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22 Europe The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Europe 23
Charlemagne The burning of the banlieues
France is not America, but it is not Britain or Germany either
2005, scarred by covid19 lockdowns, and turbocharged by TikTok
and Snapchat. “The youngsters we are seeing are not praying to Al
lah, but to Nike,” wrote Hakim El Karoui, an analyst.
What then was the rioting about? The people who live on the
estates of Nanterre repeatedly bring up one complaint: not about
jobs nor poverty, nor the mayor, nor Mr Macron, but the excessive
use of force by the police, and the sense that residents are singled
out for police checks. “Officers need to be trained so that, when
there are police checks, they don’t put the life of an underaged
boy in danger,” said Souleymane. “I’m convinced that the police
stop us because of how we look,” added Khadija. Hamid was blunt
er: “The police are racist.”
France does not like to think it has a policing problem, even as
complaints about the disproportionate use of rubber bullets, tear
gas and stun grenades pile up. Mercifully, there are far fewer fatal
police shootings in France relative to its population than in Amer
ica. The public prosecutor swiftly charged the policeman who
shot Nahel with voluntary homicide. Yet police killings are still
more common than in Britain or Germany. In 2022 there were 13
fatal shootings by traffic police, a record. Repression and hostility
reinforce each other. The linked question of racial profiling is hard
to demonstrate, as France bans ethnic statistics. But an official
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24
Britain The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Britain 25
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26 Britain The Economist July 8th 2023
Bagehot Borat’s Britain
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Middle East & Africa The Economist July 8th 2023 27
Middle East diplomacy seemed like the big prize. It is the region’s
largest economy, its diplomatic heavy
The prince’s price for peace weight and the birthplace of Islam.
Such talk has cooled since December,
though, when Binyamin Netanyahu re
turned to power in Israel. Though the ac
cords remain intact, the public ardour of
Israel’s new Arab friends has cooled. In
DUBAI
public, Saudi officials are still coy about
A Saudi-Israeli deal would require a steep price from America
normalisation. But in recent months many
F ew questions in the Middle East evoke
such dread as “why aren’t you married?”
It signals a judgmental grilling. Anyone
Supporters say it is worth the price to
usher in a new era for the Middle East. Yet
the Saudis’ demands undercut those lofty
experts have become convinced there is a
real chance for a deal.
There are other subtle hints. The king
can play interrogator: parents, taxi driv arguments. They have an honest view of dom has long insisted that it could recog
ers—even an American president. normalisation: as a transactional security nise Israel only if Israel accepts the Arab
Saudi Arabia and Israel have been carry pact, not a transformational one. Peace Initiative, a plan endorsed by the
ing on their relationship in secret for a de During its first 72 years as a state, Israel Arab League in 2002 that offered normal
cade. Joe Biden wants them to make it offi established official ties with only two Arab ties in exchange for the creation of a Pales
cial. For the Saudis this is an inopportune countries: Egypt and Jordan. Over four tinian state.
moment. Israel has a hardright govern months in 2020, it added four more—Bah Yet Faisal bin Farhan, the Saudi foreign
ment. The Arab League this month accused rain, Morocco, Sudan and the United Arab minister, made no mention of it last
it of “war crimes” for an army raid into Je Emirates (uae)—via the Abraham accords. month at a press conference in Riyadh
nin (see next article). Donald Trump made it a priority to expand alongside his American counterpart. In
Yet the Biden administration wants to Israel’s relationships in the region, and so stead he spoke of needing a “pathway to
broker a deal by the end of the year where has his successor. peace” for Palestinians: without it, he said,
by the two countries establish formal rela For a time, a favourite diplomatic par “any normalisation will have limited bene
tions. In recent weeks the president’s aides lour game was to guess which Arab states fits”. The rhetorical shift was not lost on
have flown to the kingdom to ask Muham might come next. Saudi Arabia always listeners in Washington.
mad bin Salman, the powerful crown Instead of making demands of Israel,
prince, what it would take to tie the knot. the Saudis are now making them of Amer
→ Also in this section
The prince had a ready answer. He ica. They want a stronger defence pact,
wants a large dowry from the Americans: 28 Another battle for Jenin something that would bind America to
weapons, a security pact, and help with the protect the kingdom. They want easier ac
29 Nigeria’s punchy president
kingdom’s fledgling nuclear programme cess to American weapons. And they want
(uranium, not gold, is the metal of love). It 29 Senegal’s president backs down American help to set up a civilian nuclear
would be less a SaudiIsraeli pact, in other programme, which would include facili
30 Darfur fears another genocide
words, than a SaudiAmerican one. ties to enrich uranium inside the kingdom.
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28 Middle East & Africa The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Middle East & Africa 29
Nigeria’s new president
Senegal
Fast mover A step back from the brink
DAK AR
In the end, President Macky Sall sets a good example for the region
ABUJA
Bola Tinubu has taken some
impressive early decisions
“M y long and carefully considered
decision is not to be a candidate
in the next election,” declared Senegal’s
yet behind bars, could cause ructions.
But Mr Sall’s decision greatly reduces the
risk of violence.
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30 Middle East & Africa The Economist July 8th 2023
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Asia The Economist July 8th 2023 31
The new East Asian family couples with children had fallen to 25% of
households, and single people represented
A partial revolution 38%. In East Asia today, “the diversification
of household structures is the story,” says
Paul Chang of Harvard University.
Yet in much of East Asia, laws and social
mores around marriage and family are lag
ging behind the new reality. Governments
CHIBA , GUANGZHOU, SEOUL AND TAOYUAN
have responded mostly by offering finan
The traditional family is fading. Alternative arrangements are fitfully emerging
cial incentives to marry and have children,
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32 Asia The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Asia 33
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34 Asia The Economist July 8th 2023
Banyan If the dead could only speak
Sri Lanka is uncovering mass graves but not the grisly truth of its civil war
012
China The Economist July 8th 2023 35
Business and the Communist Party several who run big tech firms have been
reminded in the past few years). Everyone
Firm control knows that a person’s position in the party
is more important than their government
role. A mayor is always subordinate to the
local party secretary. No head of a ministry
sits in the party’s supreme decisionmak
ing body, the Politburo Standing Commit
The party is tightening its grip in private enterprises, to the dismay
tee, which has seven members, nor even in
of foreign investors
the Politburo, which has 24.
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36 China The Economist July 8th 2023
not be influenced by the “political charac two structures, but it also gives the party a
ter” of any of its members). Canada, which big say over appointments. For a start, it
is a member, announced it was freezing its only works if all of the most senior manag
ties with the bank pending an investiga ers are party members. Unlike in SOEs, this
tion of Mr Pickard’s allegations, which is often not the case in private firms. Local
have been denied by China. It may be diffi officials routinely extol the system, even if
cult to prove the party’s role. “It’s tough to they do not order its adoption. By 2021 in
connect the dots between them,” Mr Pick the city of Chengde, the bosses of nearly a
ard says of former AIIB workmates whom quarter of private firms were also party
he suspected of being party members. “But chiefs, according to state media. Officials
it’s clear that there’s a subterranean, or in like to talk about the creation among priv
formal, or opaque situation where this ate firms of a “modern enterprise system
group exercises power. As a collective? with Chinese characteristics”. This is an
That needs to be demonstrated.” other term borrowed from SOEs. It means
In other kinds of workplace, however, giving a central role to Communists.
the party wants a conspicuous role. Gone Ensuring that only those trusted by the
are the days when party branches were of party get the top jobs is clearly one of the
ten shy about operating openly in non party’s aims. In 2020 Ye Qing, a vicechair
state entities such as private firms and man of the (partycontrolled) AllChina
NGOs. Now branches are coming out from Federation of Industry and Commerce,
“behind the curtain”, as party literature said that, as part of building a modern en
puts it. And the party is becoming much terprise system, party branches in private
more assertive about making sure that firms should be given “guiding power” ov
these branches get more than just a say in er personnel decisions. Humanresources Hong Kong
organising entertainment for workers. departments should be under party con
In the rewriting of charters, SOEs have trol, he said. A book about partybuilding Scrutiny on
blazed the trail. All of those controlled by in private firms, published in 2010 by the
the central government have done so to party’s own personnel department, made the bounty
clarify the party’s dominant position. As the purpose clear: “The nonstate economy
required, they have also arranged for the is taking up an ever bigger share of the na
HO NG KO NG
company party secretary to hold the simul tional economy…If party organisations
The police in Hong Kong put a price on
taneous position of chairman of the board don’t go and control it, other political forc
the heads of democracy activists
(if this wasn’t the case already). es will exploit [our] weakness.”
Some foreigninvested firms in joint
ventures with SOEs have come under pres
sure to follow suit. In 2017 the European
It is sometimes unclear, however, how
much difference party structures, as dis
tinct from the party’s power generally,
W HEN CHINA foisted its suffocating
nationalsecurity law on Hong Kong
on July 1st 2020—the 23rd anniversary of
Union Chamber of Commerce in Beijing make to the way firms operate. Company its handover from Britain—one gleeful of
called this a matter of “great concern” that bosses have always had to cosy up to party ficial called it a “birthday present”. Days
could have “serious consequences for the officials to get business done. Employees after this year’s anniversary came another
independent decisionmaking ability” of who are party members may enjoy some surprise. On July 3rd Hong Kong police of
these companies. But a Western lawyer in clout, but they can still be fired. Their loy fered a reward of HK$1m ($128,000) for in
volved in such cases says requests by SOE alty is often more to the business than to formation leading to the arrest of any of
partners for partyrelated stipulations in the party branch (which, in disputes be eight prodemocracy activists and former
jointventure charters have since become tween workers and management, often lawmakers who had fled to the West.
“regular practice”. There is, she says, “no prefers to side with the latter). The party The eight are accused of various offenc
way to say no”. A foreign businessman says talks of “hidden” members in firms: people es under the security law, including incit
an SOE partner at his firm has recently be who prefer not to reveal their party identity ing secession and colluding with foreign
come more insistent that the party chief be or get involved in party affairs because powers. They are now thought to be living
consulted about big decisions. they want to avoid hassle and distraction in America, Australia and Britain. At least
As the meeting in Yingshang suggests, from work. In a paper published in 2021, one, Nathan Law in Britain (pictured), has
the private sector is now increasingly in Daniel Koss of Harvard University says the been granted asylum. Another, Kevin Yam,
the party’s sights. Participants were told party worries about some of its branches is an Australian citizen.
that the charterrewriting effort was aimed becoming “clanified”, meaning dominated Most have proved pesky critics of the
at “upholding and strengthening the par by bosses’ relatives who happen to be party government while they have been in exile.
ty’s allround leadership of private enter members in the same company. Steve Li, the police superintendent who
prises”. The revised articles should set out Such problems, however, will not deter unveiled the bounty scheme, noted that
staffing for the party branch, pledge fund the party from trying to boost its presence. some had called for sanctions on Hong
ing for it and embed the party in the “cor In the Tianjin EconomicTechnological De Kong. Such campaigning may be legal in
porate governance structure”, says an ac velopment Area, a business enclave south the countries the activists now call home,
count by Yingshang’s party authorities. east of Beijing, almost all private firms but one of the many controversial aspects
Language used by the party to describe with more than 100 employees have writ of the nationalsecurity law is its extrater
how it should operate in SOEs is now often ten the party into their charters in the past ritoriality. Hong Kong claims the right to
applied to private firms. “Twoway entry three years, the zone’s management says. It prosecute not only those who are charged
and cross appointment” is one such adds that more than 150 firms there, in within its own territory, but also anybody
phrase. It means, in essence, that the com cluding foreign ones, have staged events to in any country—of any nationality—it
pany’s management and the party branch’s celebrate the party’s presence within their deems to have broken its security law.
leadership team should be merged. workforces. There will be plenty more such Those with a bounty on their head may
That may avoid conflict between the revelry as the party marches forward. n not feel in particularly fresh peril. Mr Yam
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The Economist July 8th 2023 China 37
says, “I will live my life as I always do.” An
na Kwok, who runs a nonprofit in America Family life
called the Hong Kong Democracy Council,
told The Economist that she and her fellow
Glorious mamas
exiles already avoid places that have extra
dition treaties with Hong Kong or China.
Influencers are challenging the stigma associated with single mothers
After hearing that her name was on the list,
Ms Kwok reiterated her demand that John
Lee, Hong Kong’s chief executive, be barred
from attending the summit of AsiaPacific
A t THE age of 29 Gavin Ye decided that
she wanted to become a mother, but
not a wife. She travelled to America and
Others are also doing so. “They won’t
promote it loudly because it conflicts
with their social values,” says Jing, a
Economic Cooperation, or APEC, to be Russia for in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and 33yearold who is single and living in
held in San Francisco in November. gave birth to two daughters. Ms Ye—also Shanghai. She expects no trouble regis
The activists’ adopted countries show known by her Chinese name, Ye Hai tering her son, who is due next month.
no signs of forsaking them. America, Aus yang—now has more than 7.3m followers Jing has faced other challenges,
tralia and Britain condemned Hong Kong’s on Douyin (Chinese TikTok). She posts though. A year ago she decided that she
move and expressed their support for free videos of life with her girls, interspersing did not have enough time to find a part
speech. Even Mr Li seemed unconvinced occasional advertisements for her skin ner and still be a young and energetic
about the prospects of his scheme. “If they care company. She dresses in menswear mother. “So I should just have a child
don’t return, we won’t be able to arrest and sports a crew cut. “The powerful aura first,” she decided. But single women are
them, that’s a fact,” he said, though he in of a man, the gentleness of a woman, the not allowed to use sperm banks or freeze
sisted the offer of a reward might prove responsibility of a father, the greatness their eggs. So Jing asked a friend, whom
useful if they ever try to sneak back into of a mother—you have it all,” wrote one she does not intend to marry, to have sex.
Hong Kong. Mr Lee appealed, rather des admirer on Douyin. Her mother and peers have been suppor
perately, for the absconders to “hand Ms Ye’s fans admire not only her tive. Her conservative father took some
themselves in as soon as possible”. wealth and beautiful children, but also convincing. Jing says her mother kept
The furore comes at a time when Hong her promotion of single parenting. An telling him, “Times are different. She is
Kong is trying to rehabilitate its global rep increasing number of Chinese women not accidentally pregnant. She chose
utation. After a brutal 2022, when harsh are pushing for more control over fam this. She is a glorious mama!”
covid restrictions contributed to a reces ilyplanning decisions and redefining That puts Jing in the minority. Survey
sion and prompted an exodus of residents, norms (see Asia section). Ms Ye’s channel data suggest that most single mothers in
the government is trying to woo back tour is one of dozens on Douyin where single China are either divorced or widowed.
ists and businesses. In April it launched a mothers share tips about reproductive Many are workingclass or poor. Messag
campaign called “Happy Hong Kong”. Giv technology such as IVF and messages es about economic selfsufficiency res
en that effort, and the likely ineffective about female independence. onate with them, but they acknowledge
ness of the bounties, many observers are That may cause some discomfort in a differences with some of the influencers
wondering why the government is target society where traditional households are on Douyin. A divorced single mother in
ing the activists in such a way. still the norm and single mothers receive Hubei tells The Economist that few of the
It’s performative “moustache twirling”, unequal access to government benefits. women around her are interested in
says Alvin Cheung of Queen’s University But faced with a declining population, marriage—and neither is she at the mo
Faculty of Law in Canada. Hong Kong’s gov the state is loosening up. Since 2022, ment. Working, cleaning, cooking and
ernment is exasperated with Western criti four provinces have officially begun raising her son takes up most of her
cism of the security law, under which more allowing children born out of wedlock to energy. “Not everyone can be a superwo
than 260 people have been arrested, in be registered with the government. man like Ye Haiyang,” she says.
cluding four on July 5th for allegedly sup
porting people overseas who “endanger
national security”. Last month members of
the European Parliament called for sanc
tions on Hong Kong officials over the “de
terioration of fundamental freedoms” in
the city. Britain has accepted nearly
150,000 visa applications from Hong Kon
gers under a special scheme since the secu
rity law was introduced.
The bounties, then, may be seen as a
peacockish riposte to the West—and a pub
lic demonstration of Hong Kong’s fealty to
the government in Beijing. They also serve
to highlight the nature of Hong Kong’s
“dual state”, says Mr Cheung. On one level
the bureaucracy and judiciary abide by a le
gal system that is well codified and equita
bly administered. But, he says, there is now
a second, overarching “prerogative state”
that operates with few legal restraints.
That is handy for keeping troublemakers in
check. For international types who once fa
voured Hong Kong for its stability and rule Embracing the future
of law, it is a worry. n
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38 China The Economist July 8th 2023
Chaguan The message to the global south
China tells developing countries that “universal values” are a form of racism
ly unveiled a Global Civilisation Initiative. That builds on his argu
ment that China’s growing strength and prosperity demonstrate
that “modernisation does not equal Westernisation”. Under Mr Xi,
Chinese officials and state media have taken to arguing that a de
clining West’s insistence on defending an “international rules
based order” amounts to a form of chauvinism. Chinese officials
and scholars compare Western governments fussing about multi
party elections, independent courts or free speech to missionar
ies, as if the West is telling faraway peoples which god to worship.
China is now applying that argument—in effect, that “univer
sal values” are a form of racism—to the war in Ukraine. At the fo
rum Chinese officials praised countries of the “global south”,
meaning Africa, Asia and Latin America, for assertively question
ing an international order crafted in 1945 by the winners of the
second world war—before, they claim, most modern states even
existed. They were echoed by speakers from the developing world,
among them Dilma Rousseff, a former president of Brazil. She now
runs the Shanghaibased New Development Bank, a multinational
lender founded by the BRICS grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, Chi
na and South Africa. Accusing America and “the global north” of
hoarding wealth and of seeking to contain such rivals as China, Ms
Rousseff condemned Western powers for dismissing diversity
T o turn on its head a cliché of China analysis, Communist Par
ty leaders may soon learn that behind tempting opportunities,
a potential crisis lurks. With each month that the war in Ukraine
and trying to impose one model of democracy. “If you don’t accept
this imposed value system, you will be punished accordingly, or
face measures such as war, coups or sanctions,” she charged.
grinds on, officials in Beijing see new chances to rally and lead an Repeatedly, discussions drifted from diplomatic theory to ex
antiWestern bloc formed of low and middleincome countries. pressions of cultural solidarity. The former ambassador, Mr Cui,
These states blame America and its allies for prolonging the con welcomed a recent peace mission to Ukraine and Russia by the
flict, which is causing energy and food prices to soar worldwide. president of South Africa and other African leaders. On that trip,
China’s actions carry risks, for it has no interest in burning all African politicians emphasised the pain caused by high food pric
bridges with the West. Still, officials seem unable to resist. es and called for early talks. Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Ze
The temptations were on display at the World Peace Forum, a lensky, told the envoys that negotiating while Russia occupies his
foreignpolicy gathering held in Beijing from July 1st to 3rd. Since country would lead to freezing the war in place. The Russian lead
the war began, Chinese analysts have been surprised by the re er, Vladimir Putin, told the Africans that their plan ignored reali
sentment that many poor countries express towards the govern ties on the ground. In Beijing, Mr Cui lamented that the African
ments in America, Europe and elsewhere in the West for treating delegation was not “treated in a fair or appreciative way”.
Ukraine’s invasion as one of the worst emergencies of the century.
African leaders, among others, have accused Americans and Euro Crushing dissent is despotism, not a cultural trait
peans of double standards for seeming to care so much about Uk In a speech, the minister in charge of the Communist Party’s inter
rainian suffering and admitting refugees from Ukraine into their national department, Liu Jianchao, asserted that Chinese civilisa
homes, while ignoring miseries caused by wars, famines and tion had upheld a “way of peace” for 5,000 years. Nodding to poor
other disasters in the developing world. “We never knew that the world concerns, Mr Liu observed that he, the Chinese character for
rest of the world would be so indifferent to this war in Ukraine,” peace, is formed of ideograms depicting rice stalks and a mouth.
says a scholar from China’s nationalsecurity establishment, pre China sees peace as inseparable from food security, development
dicting that the conflict will accelerate the coming of an Asian and communication, he averred. China’s vicepresident, Han
century. “This is a blow to Western centrality to the world order.” Zheng, told the forum that peace is in China’s DNA. For all the par
China still seeks good relations with at least some parts of the ty’s warm words about seeking “harmony not uniformity”, its vi
West, or at least those countries (including in Europe) with tech sion of peace puts order and state power first, at the expense of in
nologies, knowhow and investments needed to complete China’s dividual rights. Instead of values that liberal democracies call
rise. Yet time and again at the forum, Western backers of Ukraine’s “universal”, Mr Han spoke of the need for “universal security”.
selfdefence were called heartless for prolonging the war, rather Richworld democracies should not underestimate the appeal
than seeking a swift ceasefire. The recently retired Chinese am of China’s arguments. In part, the West is paying the price for ig
bassador in Washington, Cui Tiankai, accused some people of noring international rules when it suited, during decades of dom
wanting a certain country (meaning Ukraine) to fight to its last inance. As in 1945, universal values need defending from first
man or woman, “which sounds to me like genocide”. Speakers ac principles. Transparent rule, free speech and independent courts
cused America and richworld allies of hegemonic arrogance, self are not, in truth, tenets of some alien, Western religion. Account
ishness, hypocrisy and “civilisational superiority” for daring to able governance is like clean water: a public good that all deserve
pass judgment and impose sanctions on Russia, or indeed any re to enjoy. Liberal democracies are entitled to notice China leading
gime not run on liberal, democratic lines. the fight against such rights. Even as it denounces the West for di
Talk of civilisations is no accident. President Xi Jinping recent viding the world into blocs, China is making that very move. n
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Battlefield
SPECIAL
REPORT:
lessons
Warfare after Ukraine
→ July 8th 2023
3 Ypres with AI
5 Electronic warfare
7 Military logistics
8 The home front
10 The naval war
10 Russian lessons
12 Best practice
Caution:
elephant in the room
Learn why business writing
shouldn’t go on safari
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Special report Warfare after Ukraine The Economist July 8th 2023 3
Ypres with AI
The war in Ukraine shows how technology has changed the battlefield. But mass still counts, argues Shashank Joshi
I N THE 1970s Soviet generals realised that America, with its lead
in microelectronics, was racing ahead in the development of
longrange precision weapons, sensors (such as satellites) to spot
April 2023 alone, say American sources, most of them in or around
Bakhmut, a previously inconsequential town in eastern Ukraine.
Not since Iran’s ruinous siege of Basra in 1987 has an army expend
targets, and networks to connect the two. They gave this a grand ed so much, in such a short time, for so little.
name: the “reconnaissancestrike complex”. Operation Desert Ukraine, too, has bled badly. Leaked American intelligence re
Storm, America’s swift and easy triumph over Iraq in 1991, seemed ports in late February suggest that it has suffered over 100,000 ca
to offer further proof of the concept. Why duke it out over trenches sualties itself, including more than 15,000 killed. The prewar ar
when you could paralyse the enemy with pinpoint strikes on com mies of both Russia and Ukraine have been annihilated and creat
mand posts and logistics deep behind the front lines? American ed anew, filled out with conscripts and volunteers with little or no
thinkers hailed a “revolution in military affairs”, or RMA. military experience. Many of those in the vanguard of Ukraine’s
Even hardnosed armies like the Israeli Defence Forces agreed. current counteroffensive will have had just a few weeks of train
“Future wars, its senior commanders believed, would no longer ing. Some European countries, like Finland, would be able to mo
include major manoeuvres of massed formations,” wrote Eado bilise many troops in short order, if put in a similar situation.
Hecht, a lecturer at Israel’s staff college. “The conquering of terri Most, having abandoned conscription, would not.
tory was deemed irrelevant and even…counterproductive.” Azer Comparisons with the first world war are overheated: Britain
baijan’s victory over Armenia in 2020 seemed to confirm the dom alone fired over 200,000 shells a day in the week before the
inance of precision weapons over ground forces. “We have to re Somme offensive in 1916, compared with Ukrainian estimates of
cognise that the old concepts of fighting big tank battles on the 60,000 at Russia’s peak rate of fire last summer. But ammunition
European landmass are over,” said Boris Johnson, Britain’s prime consumption has far outstripped both prewar expectations
minister, in November 2021. “There are other, better things we (causing artillery barrels to melt) and production capacity, expos
should be investing in [such as] cyber—this is how warfare in the ing gaping holes in the West’s industry. “Munitions are like ce
future is going to be.” Three months later Russia invaded Ukraine. ment,” writes Jonathan Caverley of the US Naval War College.
The ensuing war has been a lesson in oldstyle attrition: an in “Consumers do not always need them but require massive
dustrialscale contest of manpower, steel and explosives. Russia is amounts when they do.” Ukraine’s counteroffensive would be
thought to have had over 200,000 casualties, killed and wounded. impossible without an influx of shells from South Korea.
That is four times the number of Soviet casualties in Afghanistan, This orgy of indecisive human and material destruction over a
a war that lasted for a decade. It is two and a half British armies. trenchscarred landscape is not what military technologists had
More than 20,000 Russians died between December 2022 and in mind when they talked up the RMA. The war’s quintessential
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4 Special report Warfare after Ukraine The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Special report Warfare after Ukraine 5
on, the Russian army struggles to find and strike moving targets.
Electronic warfare
Ukrainian planners, in contrast, waged “datadriven combat”
at a level of “speed and precision that NATO has not yet achieved”,
concludes a report by Nico Lange, a former chief of staff at Ger
many’s defence ministry. Sometimes that has been down to tools
The new battle of the beams
like Kropyva and Delta. Firms such as Palantir, an American tech
company, have used cuttingedge AI to help Ukraine find highval
ue targets. But datadriven warfare can be quietly prosaic, too. A
Ukrainian police officer explains that last year his units were lo
Jamming is knocking drones and missiles out of the sky
cating Russian troops simply by intercepting 1,000 conversations
a day (the figure is now higher). If they found a general, the details
were shared in an ad hoc WhatsApp group. “We were connected to
the people who were literally bombing.”
W HEN UKRAINIAN gunners began firing Excalibur precision
guided shells early in the war they were cockahoop. Ordin
ary shells required many rounds to hit their targets, even if you
This speed and precision has consequences for tactics. “We’re knew precisely what you were aiming at. Excalibur, guided by GPS,
going to fight under constant observation and in constant con appeared to be a silver bullet: one shot, one strike. But in March
tact,” says General James Rainey, head of the US Army’s Futures 2023 something changed. Excalibur shells began falling out of the
Command. “There is no break. There is no sanctuary.” One re sky or failing to destroy their targets. And not just one: weeks went
sponse is to resort to centuryold methods. Trenches and fortifica by without registering a successful hit. It was an unsettling re
tions run for hundreds of kilometres across eastern Ukraine. Cam minder of how the electronic war in Ukraine has profoundly af
ouflage is another tactic, though it is getting harder as sensors are fected the visible one.
combined: a thermal blanket might confound an infrared camera, If modern warfare rests on three pillars—evermore powerful
but radar satellites will pick up subtle tyre tracks leading to a con sensors to detect targets, increasingly precise munitions to hit
cealed position. The best way of surviving, says RUSI, is simply to them, and networks that connect the two—electronic warfare can
disperse and move more quickly than the enemy can spot you. chip away at each. Excaliburs were probably dropping like flies be
Even Ukrainian special forces operating in small teams can be cause Russia was turning on powerful jammers that disrupted the
found by Russian drones if they stay in one place for too long. GPS signals guiding them to their targets or, more likely, the radar
This jeopardy is reflected in a curiously sparse battlefield. In fuze that tells them when to explode. They were not the only weap
Ukraine some 350,000 Russian troops are arrayed on a front line ons to be discombobulated in this way.
stretching 1,200km (750 miles)—around 300 men per km and, at Leaked Pentagon documents from the spring show that four
times last year, less than half that. That is around a tenth of the av
erage for the same area in the second world war, notes Christopher
Lawrence, head of the Dupuy Institute, which collects such data.
Battalions of several hundred men fill areas that would once have
been covered by brigades of a few thousand.
In theory, says Mr Lawrence, this seems a ripe environment for
attackers. Thin front lines are easier to break through. And new
sensors, more accurate munitions and better digital networks
make it easier to find and strike targets. The catch is that attackers
must concentrate their forces to pierce welldefended front lines,
as Ukraine is now trying to do with its counteroffensive. And
such concentrations can be detected and struck—not always, but
more often than in the past. “At this time,” concludes Frank Hoff
man of the National Defence University in Washington, “a shift in
favour of the defender is evident in ground warfare just as it was in
the days of Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, when the firepower rev
olution of the late 19th century made massed formations and
manoeuvre prohibitively difficult.”
The result is a paradox. Precision warfare can counter some ad
vantages of mass: Ukraine was outnumbered 12 to one north of Ky
iv. It can also complement mass. Softwarebased targeting saves
around 1530% in shells, according to sources familiar with the da
ta. But what precision cannot do, says Michael Kofman of the Cen
tre for Naval Analyses (CNA), a thinktank, is substitute for
mass. The idea behind the Soviet reconnaissancestrike complex
or America’s RMA was to win by paralysing the enemy, not wearing
him down. But there seems to be no escape from attrition. War on
the cheap is an illusion. Many people expected Russia’s invasion
to be “a second Desert Storm”, says Andrew Krepinevich, an Amer
ican defence official who pioneered the idea of the RMA in the
1990s. “What we got was a second IranIraq war.”
This special report focuses on the military lessons, especially
for the West, from the war. These include logistics, civil defence
and naval warfare. Russia, too, is learning lessons. The place to be
gin, however, is with a technology that threatens to blunt some of
the advantages of drones and precision: electronic warfare. n Wielding Excalibur
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6 Special report Warfare after Ukraine The Economist July 8th 2023
out of nine Ukrainian air strikes with Americansupplied JDAM-ER Even then, Mcode would offer only “marginal” benefit, cautions
bombs may have missed their targets because of Russian GPS jam Mr Goward, because the technology is now nearly two decades old
ming. “[Russian] jammers are a high priority,” read one slide, “and and GPS signals are inherently weak.
we will continue to…recommend that those jammers are disrupt Being weak is not the same as being unusable. Western armies
ed/destroyed…to the maximum extent possible.” GMLRS, the pre have long worried that Russia’s electronic blitz might counter
cisionguided rockets fired by American HIMARS launchers, have their technological advantage. “Electronic warfare is the great lev
also increasingly missed targets or failed to achieve their desired eller,” wrote MajorGeneral Charles Collins, assistant chief of the
effects. The airwaves in Kyiv and Moscow are thick with jamming general staff in the British army, in a recent paper. “By depriving
as both sides seek to deflect drones and missiles. forces of connectivity, it drives armies back to the 20th century.”
This sort of electronic warfare (EW, in the lingo) is not new. It Yet that has not proved true in Ukraine.
probably began in 1904 during the RussoJapanese war. Although In truth, jamming is imperfect and intermittent. One reason is
the shells of that era were dumb—the radar proximity fuze was 40 that EW systems are scarce. Russia has been forced to keep some at
years away and GPS satellites more than 70—the age of radio had home to protect cities and bases. Another is that using them
arrived. An enterprising Russian radio operator in Port Arthur comes at a price. Big jammers emit a powerful signal, making
drowned out transmissions from a Japanese warship that was them conspicuous targets. Russia has had to pull many of its best
helping correct naval gunfire. During the second world war, the ones farther to the rear, says one official. This leaves gaps to ex
socalled battle of the beams saw Britain jam and deceive radio sig ploit. America is providing Ukraine with cuts, or maps, of electro
nals used by German bombers to navigate to their targets. And as magnetic activity—essentially, the location of jamming and the
air power grew in importance through the cold war, finding and frequencies used—32 times a day, says T.J. Holland of America’s
jamming the emissions of airdefence radars became vital. XVIII Corps. That is a boon to Ukrainian drone operators.
Russia was long believed to excel at this. It invested heavily in
new EW vehicles a decade ago and battletested many in Ukraine Jamming the jammers
in 2014 and then Syria in 2015, often causing disruption to civilian It is not the case that EW has cut off all communications, either.
airliners. But its latest invasion of Ukraine offers a more mixed Russia has failed to knock out the Starlink terminals that give
picture. Russian EW was “highly effective” in some areas, con Ukraine’s army nearuniversal internet access via communication
cludes the RUSI thinktank. Ukrainian jets initially found that satellites. One reason is that a Starlink beam is extremely narrow
their communications, navigation and radar were all disrupted —you have to get within 100200 metres to spot it, says Andriy.
and in some cases knocked out. The disruption to Excalibur has Russian EW vehicles also seem incapable of jamming Starlink ra
disturbed some Western officials. But Russia’s land and maritime dio frequencies or the SINCGARS tactical radios that America has
capabilities have been “lacklustre”, argues Thomas Withingon, an supplied to Ukraine, says Mr Withington.
expert analyst of EW. “Our [prewar] assessment of Russian EW ca If Russian EW has frequently fallen short, at times it has also
pability was at the pessimistic end of the range,” agrees Edward been too powerful for its own good. A paper by Justin Bronk and
Stringer, a retired air marshal in Britain’s Royal Air Force. “Russian his colleagues at RUSI describes “serious electronic fratricide”.
EW is eminently beatable.” Two days into the invasion, Russia had to scale down ground
It may not always feel like that to a drone operator. Ukraine based jamming because it was hindering the Russian army’s own
sometimes loses as many as 10,000 drones in a single month. communications. That is one reason why Ukrainian airdefence
Around half of those losses are directly caused by electronic at radars could be turned back on, causing Russian warplanes to be
tack, according to Andriy (not his real name), a senior officer in downed in significant numbers by March 2022. Moreover, Russian
Ukraine’s general staff. Jamming often blocks the control signals jets flying in pairs found that EW pods on one interfered with the
used to fly a drone remotely or the communication link needed to other’s radar. In effect, they could choose between jamming in
send data. Operators can get round this by telling a drone to fly a coming missiles or having a functioning radar.
preset route and downloading data when it returns, but that de There are other ways to defeat EW. Drones that have GPS
lays targeting by hours. And it does not resolve the core problem: jammed can resort to terrain matching: comparing images of the
that most drones are lost when their GPS signal is disrupted, caus ground below to a stored map. The technique dates to the 1950s
ing them to wander off. and is used by many cruise missiles, like America’s Tomahawk.
This creates a stark tradeoff for defenders. Military drones But modern algorithms and computing power allow it to be done
(and missiles) can be fitted with special receivers that read “M with remarkable precision, at lower cost and on a tiny chip.
code” signals from American GPS satellites. Those signals are GPS can also be supplemented with signals from communica
higher powered than civilian GPS and encrypted, making them tions satellites in low orbit (like Starlink), groundbased transmis
both easier to pick up and harder to jam—about eight times hard sion sites (like Russia’s Loran system) and even magneticfield
er, says Dana Goward, president of the Resilient Navigation and navigation, suggests Mr Goward. And as weapons increasingly
Timing Foundation, a nonprofit in Virginia. But Mcode receivers morph into explosive computers, the line between EW and cyber
are subject to export controls and pricier. Electronic shielding attacks is blurring. Andriy, the Ukrainian officer, says Ukraine of
costs money and adds weight. Ukraine’s ten inserts malicious code into Russian drones midflight.
drone fleet is mostly cheap to the point of EW is ultimately a game of cat and mouse. Russia and Ukraine
being easily disposable. both seek “electromagnetic supremacy”, says Mr Withington, but
That is changing, albeit slowly. Ukrai Ukraine neither can achieve it for good. “Control will ebb and flow
nian officials hope to phase out the Chi sometimes loses throughout the battle.” Jammers will find a way through; defend
nese DJI consumer drones that are ubiqui ers will eventually plug the gap. America helped fix the problems
tous on both sides of the front line in fa
as many as with JDAM-ER by ensuring that the bombs acquired a good GPS sig
vour of more professional platforms. “One 2,000 drones in nal before leaving the plane, according to leaked documents. Ex
of the takeaways from Ukraine is that hav a single week calibur is now hitting its targets again, says a Western official. “In
ing any unencrypted radio link is no longer EW, things change very fast,” says Andriy. But the battle must be
a choice,” says Mr Withington. “If you’re waged. “In this war, we see that if you do not dominate this do
NATO, you need to encrypt everything.” main, you will not be effective in other domains.” n
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 Special report Warfare after Ukraine 7
T HE ISRAELI historian Martin van Creveld called armies “ambu
lant cities”. Keeping hundreds of thousands of armed men fu
elled, fed and equipped is a Herculean effort. Sending them to war
was grinding down Ukraine’s army in the eastern Donbas. Russian
guns outpounded Ukrainian batteries by three to one. That
changed when Ukraine acquired American HIMARS launchers and
without regard for such things can go badly wrong. Russia’s inva European systems capable of firing rockets precisely over 70km.
sion of Ukraine in February 2022 offers a cautionary tale. In the Suddenly it could hit Russian fuel depots and ammo dumps well
first days of the war Russian troops flooded south from Belarus behind the front lines. Many had not budged since 2014.
with inadequate food, fuel or ammunition. Military convoys The ensuing bonfire of supplies starved Russian guns of am
clogged up the roads to Kyiv—including a remarkable 60km (37 mo. It forced Russia to switch from big, centralised depots to
miles) traffic jam north of the capital. Ukrainian drones, special smaller, dispersed ones farther from the front. The longer distanc
forces and artillery tormented the slowmoving invaders. Unar es to haul heavy shells, plus a paucity of trucks, pallets and logisti
moured fuel trucks and other logistics vehicles were especially cians, threw grit into the wheels of Russia’s military machine. Uk
juicy targets. In a battle south of Chernihiv, says a general, “They rainian officials say this paved the way for successful offensives in
thought they had us surrounded…we just cut off all the logistics Kherson and Kharkiv. Nico Lange, a former German defence offi
for them and that’s it.” The unit was destroyed with artillery. cial, says that a Ukrainian soldier chalked up this success to un
Such foulups revealed deeper problems. All modern armies derstanding Russia’s logistical weaknesses: “It’s basically like
use two approaches to logistics, explains Ronald Ti, a military lo fighting ourselves from ten to 15 years ago.”
gistician at King’s College London: “pull” logistics, which involve Ukraine is not immune to such problems. Many of its arms de
responding flexibly to consumption and demand signals by units pots were blown up in the years before the war in suspected Rus
in the field, and “push” logistics, in which ammo and material are sian sabotage. Others have been struck since. Its army also relies
dispatched based on predetermined rates of use. Russia relies on on railways. But its supply lines have proved more reliable, agile
the second, says Dr Ti, largely because of a Soviet legacy of top and resilient—helped by the fact that it is fighting on its own soil.
down command and a lack of modern supplychain management. Mr Lange points out that Ukraine’s railbased logistics depend on
Once a tank
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8 Special report Warfare after Ukraine The Economist July 8th 2023
domestic steel and metal industries, which provide a ready stock
Total war
of parts and tools, and a rapid repair capacity. Old locomotives and
transport cars have been pulled out of storage. “It is probably no
exaggeration to state that no European NATO state today would be
capable of military logistical achievements like those of Ukraine
The home front
during this war,” he concludes.
One lesson is that logistics are too important to be left to the
generals. Some 30 flights a day land in Rzeszow, in eastern Poland,
carrying military aid for Ukraine. It is sent on overland to depots
Technology is pulling civilians deeper into the war
around the country, where military units get it to the front line.
This has been a joint effort by the state, private sector and civil
society, says a Ukrainian minister closely involved. About 90% of
it is financed by the private sector, he says, with money and vehi
E ARLY IN THE war 20 Russian fuel tankers rolled into Sedniv, a
small town in Chernihiv province, north of Kyiv. “The locals
called us,” says MajorGeneral Viktor Nikolyuk, commander of Uk
cles coming from agricultural firms, energy companies with pet rainian forces in the north, “and said: what should we do?” His an
rol stations, and banks. Close cooperation with Poland means swer was simple: “Drain them.” Locals on horses and tractors, car
that paperwork at the border for arms shipments takes min rying bottles, barrels and teapots, siphoned off fuel with the cry of
utes—a degree of frictionless crossborder military movement Slava Ukraini—glory to Ukraine. The general could hardly believe
that would be the envy of many NATO members. it when another round of tankers appeared shortly afterwards.
The problem is keeping the weapons going once they arrive. Those, too, were relieved of their cargo.
Steven Anderson, a retired American general who oversaw logis Small wars are fought by a country’s armed forces. Total wars
tics in Iraq, says that the “operational readiness rate” for equip are waged by entire nations. Civilians have played a huge role in
ment there was 95%. Anything below 90% would get a command the defence of Ukraine. When Ukrposhta, Ukraine’s national post
er pulled up in front of bosses. In Ukraine anecdotal data suggests al agency, held a competition to design a stamp, the winning entry
it is only around 50%, he says. “Half of what we give them is bro depicted a tractor towing away a captured Russian tank—one of
ken at any given time and they’re struggling mightily.” For much of the war’s most iconic images. When Kyiv was under threat, civil
the war, Ukraine’s exhausted artillery pieces have been sent to ians mixed Molotov cocktails to hurl at invading armoured vehi
eastern Europe to fix. Since the autumn, more can be repaired in cles. Volunteers have raised money for vehicles and drones. The
Kryvyi Rih, an industrial city near the southern front. But its ca Serhiy Prytula Foundation, a civilian charity, even bought a satel
pacity is limited. Mr Anderson complains that less than 4% of lite for the army. “Kyiv has placed crosssociety resistance at the
American aid has been allocated to support and maintenance. heart of its national defence,” writes Hanna Shelest of Ukrainian
Prism, a thinktank.
The rush to improvise Not uncommonly for total wars, the civilianmilitary distinc
One result is improvisation. A scramble for spares is part of every tion has broken down. “A huge role was played by the local popula
war. During the Falklands war Britain raided aviation museums tion,” says General Nikolyuk. Locals hid mobile phones from Rus
around the world for refuelling probes for Vulcan bombers. sian troops and revealed the location of their equipment by drop
Ukraine’s challenge is acute: it operates what is probably the most ping virtual pins on Google Maps (a dedicated government app,
diverse arsenal of artillery and armour anywhere. Each system re eVorog, now offers a way for civilians to pass on intelligence). Col
quires different ammo, spare parts and skills. And each is working onel Oleh Shevchuk, commander of Ukraine’s 43rd artillery bri
more intensively than its manufacturers expected. Repair kits de gade, and Serhiy Ogerenko, his chief of staff, speaking to Ukrainska
signed for moderate use have proved completely unsuitable for Pravda, a newspaper, say civilians helped correct artillery fire,
barrelmelting, gunshaking barrages. even using their own commercial drones.
That is forcing Ukraine to pioneer new forms of wartime sus Colonel Shevchuk says that, if his men knew that Russians
tainment. Ukrainian volunteers are 3Dprinting spare parts in were near a particular village but were unsure precisely where,
buildings a few hours’ drive from the front. Key to this is decen they would open Google Maps, find a local shop and coldcall it.
tralisation. Individual brigades often find their own parts rather “Good evening, we are from Ukraine! Do you have any kaptsaps
than asking the general staff’s logistics command. “They just go to [Russians] about? Yes. Where? Where? Behind Grandma Hanna’s
the garage,” says one source familiar with the underground supply
chain, “and say: I need this piece. Can you do it?” Separately, Amer
ica’s Airborne XVIII Corps is using algorithms to estimate the bar
rel life of Ukrainian howitzers, when they need spare parts and The online front
when fresh munitions must be pushed to the front. Internet users, % of population
America has grown used to sustaining wars thousands of miles 80
away with scant threats to ships, planes and trucks carrying sup US invades Syrian civil Russia invades Russia
plies to ports, airfields and depots. Those days are over. “Decades Afghanistan war begins Ukraine invades
of wargaming, analysis, and empirical evidence suggest that Ukraine 60
again
attacking [American] logistical dependencies…is the most effec US invades
Ukraine Iraq
tive way of fighting the United States,” concludes Chris Dougherty, Iraq
40
a former Pentagon planner, in a paper. Chinese attacks on logistics Syria
have “paralysed” American forces in war games, he says. He urges
the Pentagon to shift money from combat forces to logistics. Ar 20
mies need to position more stocks forward and “live off the land”
to acquire fuel, lubricants, food and spare parts locally. Troops Afghanistan
must fight on their own for weeks with minimal support, he adds. 0
Logistics have long had “secondclass status”, he says, despite a 2000 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
“starring role” in military history. Ukraine shows that anew. n Source: World Bank
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 Special report Warfare after Ukraine 9
house. Which house is that? Well, everyone knows her! So you talk lose protection “for such time as they take
to people a little bit and work out where everything is.” On one oc a direct part in hostilities”. But what this
casion, he says, a petrolstation owner offered the password to its Digitally means is hotly disputed.
surveillance camera, giving the army a live view of a Chechen col enabled popular The ICRC says direct participation must
umn heading for Kyiv. involve actions that deliberately affect mil
resistance
Digitally enabled popular resistance on this scale would have itary operations in favour of one side. That
been largely impossible 15 years ago. Jack McDonald of King’s Col on this scale is a high bar. Experts agree that civilians
lege London points out that, when America invaded Afghanistan would have who just answer questions do not meet the
in 2001, less than 1% of the local population had access to the inter been impossible threshold. Colonel Shevchuk’s phone calls
net. In Syria in 2011, when a civil war was already under way and would not automatically implicate those
15 years ago
mobilephone footage of combat became widespread, the rate was who pick up. Moreover, most intelligence
still only 22%. When Russia invaded Ukraine in 2014 it had passed on by apps is “too general or insig
reached 46%. When it did it again last year the figure had shot up nificant to meet the threshold of harm criterion,” argues Mr Ma
to almost 80%. “What you’re seeing in Ukraine,” he says, “is what’s cak. A civilian would have to gather and transmit information “as
going to be standard.” part of a coordinated operation for the purposes of a specific at
This connectivity and the proliferation of smartphones that re tack”. But flying a drone to correct shellfire would surely qualify.
ly on it has accelerated and transformed an older form of civilian One lesson is that connectivity is increasingly a vital military
military collaboration, familiar from the resistance networks of resource. The Taliban long ago tore down mobilephone towers to
occupied France in the second world war. For some time, says stop Afghan villagers sending tipoffs to security forces. Mexican
General Sir Jim Hockenhull, Britain’s chief of defence intelligence drug cartels now use signaljamming equipment. General Nikoly
at the outset of the invasion, armies tried to make every soldier uk says that civilian assistance was less forthcoming in Kharkiv
and platform a sensor. “What’s happened is that so many people and Donetsk in the east because Russia had disrupted mobile
have become sensors.” The result, he says, is a crowdsourced “ci phone networks in those areas.
vilian sensor network” that has proved “really, really important”. All this presupposes that armies are making goodfaith efforts
The civilian network is not just for sensing. On February 26th, to discriminate between civilians and soldiers—that they care
two days into the war, Mykhailo Fedorov, Ukraine’s deputy minis about the laws of war. If Ukrainian civilians have so often been
ter, publicly appealed to volunteers to conduct cyberattacks willing to jeopardise their status as noncombatants, it may be be
against Russian businesses and government departments. The re cause Russia’s army has shown scant regard for such niceties.
sult was the IT Army of Ukraine, a group of nearly 200,000 volun General Nikolyuk recalls Russian troops establishing a headquar
teer hackers. Mr Fedorov asked hackers to target Russian state ters in a school in Yahidne, a village south of Chernihiv. Hundreds
agencies, stateowned firms and banks. of locals were imprisoned in the basement. On another occasion
Civilian involvement extends beyond Ukraine’s borders. By in nearby Lukashivka, he says Russian soldiers, spotting a Ukrai
providing connectivity through its Starlink satellites, SpaceX has nian drone, forced women and children to walk down the street as
become an integral part of the Ukrainian army’s kill chain. Satel human shields. “What do you do in such cases? You bite your fists
lites operated by ICEYE, a Finnish firm, provide detailed radar im with impotence and that’s it.” n
ages of Russian military positions.
Ukraine’s Delta app, essentially a live map
which fuses military intelligence from dif
ferent sources, is hosted on cloud servers
abroad, points out Keir Giles of Chatham
House, a thinktank.
Who is fighting whom?
This growing “civilianisation of the digital
battlefield”, as Kubo Macak, a legal adviser
at the International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC), calls it, has legal consequenc
es. ICEYE satellites may be legitimate mili
tary objectives, legal experts say. Since Del
ta is facilitating combat operations, Russia
would consider its cloud servers abroad to
be “valuable targets”, suggests Mr Giles.
The IT Army’s activities have prompted se
rious misgivings among scholars of inter
national law and cyberspace.
A core principle of international hu
manitarian law is that armed forces must
discriminate between combatants and
noncombatants. But if civilians are build
ing drones, hauling military gear over the
border from Poland, reporting on troop
movements through apps and correcting
artillery fire over video chat, do they be
come legitimate military targets? The Ge
neva Conventions lay down that civilians Time for a fresh upload
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10 Special report Warfare after Ukraine The Economist July 8th 2023
The inflection point came on April 14th 2022, when Ukraine
Naval warfare
sank the Moskva, a Russian cruiser, the largest loss of a warship
since the Falklands war in 1982. The Black Sea Fleet promptly
Oceans are now battlefields moved back and is still 100150 nautical miles off the Ukrainian
coast, says Admiral Neizhpapa. That has lifted the threat of an am
phibious assault on Odessa: antitank obstacles that once guarded
roads have been pushed aside and soldiers sent to other parts of
the front. And it paved the way for a deal in July whereby Russia
Ukraine has repelled the Black Sea Fleet. But naval drones may
agreed to let Ukraine keep exporting grain. This helps not only Uk
not be enough to defeat it
raine, 70% of whose prewar trade went through the Black Sea, but
Slow learners
Russia is also absorbing lessons from the war
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 Special report Warfare after Ukraine 11
012
12 Special report Warfare after Ukraine The Economist July 8th 2023
Need to keep moving
Second, armies that want to survive must disperse, hide and keep
on the move. Camouflage and deception are back in vogue. Head
quarters must shrink in size, frequently change location and mask
their radio emissions. “I haven’t met a soldier who hasn’t learned
something from our Ukrainian partners,” says MajorGeneral
Chris Barry, director of the British Army’s landwarfare centre.
“The way they dig their positions…it drives [our] standards up.”
One official notes that Ukrainian troops, having learned the hard
way to minimise electronic signatures, do not switch their mobile
Best practice phones on even in the English countryside.
Fitness still matters. The need for “constant movement” will be
brutal on troops, observes General James Rainey of the us Army’s
Baptism by fire Futures Command: “What are the effects on the humans operating
at that kind of tempo?” An attack that would once have required a
threetoone numerical advantage over the defender might now
require ninetoone, he says, for soldiers will not have time to rest.
Third, technology is pushing firepower and intelligence fur
Ukraine is teaching armies to think, train and plan differently ther down the chain of command. A platoon with access to
Ukraine’s Delta app, loitering munitions and Starlink terminals
012
United States The Economist July 8th 2023 39
The Supreme Court’s latest term liberal justices found two or more conser
vative justices to join them in stemming an
Right at the end erosion of voting rights, averting a chal
lenge to the Indian Child Welfare Act,
shooting down a redstate attack on Mr Bi
den’s immigration policies and rejecting a
fringe democracybending idea called the
independent state legislature theory.
NEW YO RK
But none of these wins—as those verbs
Landmark 63 decisions overshadow a smattering of liberal wins
suggest—advanced a progressive goal.
I N MAY, AT the cusp of the Supreme Court’s
busy season, Justice Elena Kagan heaped
praise on John Roberts, the chief justice, as
June 30th looked more moderate than the
one that ended a year before. There were
only five ideological splits with all six Re
Each amounted to a successful defence
against lawsuits aiming to roll back civil
rights protections or hobble a Democratic
he received an award. Her “great, good publicanappointed justices on one side president. So, though significant (and in
friend” is “incapable of writing a bad sen and all three Democratic appointees on the Allen v Milligan, a surprise, holding that Al
tence”, she said. “His writing has deep in other. Last year, there were 14. abama legislators had drawn a racially dis
telligence, crystal clarity, grace, humour, The most liberal justices—Ketanji criminatory electoral map), these rulings
an understated style.” Five weeks later, dis Brown Jackson and Sonia Sotomayor— were not celebrated by liberals, who have
senting from the court’s decision to nullify were in the majority more often than Sam come to see the Court as a conservative in
President Joe Biden’s plan to relieve bor uel Alito and Clarence Thomas, their most strument, as victories.
rowers of a chunk of student debt, she sang conservative brethren (both of whom have By contrast, a flurry of 63 rulings that
a different song. The chief justice’s majori faced accusations of ethical lapses for ac were cheered by conservatives came in the
ty opinion “from the first page to the last cepting gifts from billionaires). In June the final days of June. In Students for Fair Ad
…departs from the demands of judicial re missions v Harvard, the sixjustice super
straint”. It fails, she wrote on the final day majority ended racebased affirmative ac
of the term, to represent “a court acting like → Also in this section tion in university admissions that had
a court”. Far from understated, Chief Jus stood for 45 years. In Biden v Nebraska, it
40 Major League...Cricket
tice Roberts’s opinion “overreached”. scrapped Mr Biden’s plan to bring debt re
The critique was not “personal”, Justice 41 Meet Moms for Liberty lief to 43m student borrowers. And in 303
Kagan emphasised. Yet the heavy charge Creative v Elenis, it gave a Christian web de
42 The quantum of Chicago
that her colleague had used judicial power signer the green light to make wedding
illegitimately captured the atmosphere of 42 Dick Ravitch, NYC’s fiscal superman websites for straight couples only—and to
a year that was only marginally less dra flag on her own site that she shuns same
43 After affirmative action
matic than the previous one—when the sex weddings.
Supreme Court expanded gun rights and 44 The lab monkey shortage Written by Justice Neil Gorsuch, 303
overruled Roe v Wade. Creative demonstrates the court’s right
— Lexington is away
By the numbers, the term that ended on ward shift since 2018, when it last encoun
012
40 United States The Economist July 8th 2023
tered a dispute over the First Amendment
and LGBT rights. In Masterpiece Cakeshop v Ball games
Colorado Civil Rights Commission, the court
sided with a Christian baker who had de
Wickett sick
clined to create a wedding cake for two
CHICAGO
men. But Justice Anthony Kennedy’s ma
Can Americans be won over by Major League Cricket?
jority opinion struggled with the compet
ing principles at play even as it found that
the baker had been treated disrespectfully.
He rued the idea (now a constitutional
O VER TWO decades ago, Bill Bryson, a
writer from Iowa, wrote of cricket
that the English did not invent it “as a
more, the league’s spokesman, is that
this will eventually evolve into a full
blown regular competition.
right) that businesses could “put up signs way of making all other human endeav The impetus behind this push, inev
saying ‘no goods or services will be sold if ours look interesting and lively; that was itably, is the rising number of immi
they will be used for gay marriages’.” Such a merely an unintended side effect.” The grants in America from cricketplaying
declaration of intolerance, he warned—in world’s secondmostwatched sport, he countries—in particular from the Indian
contrast to Justice Gorsuch’s apparent em said, “is the only sport in which specta subcontinent. The investors in MLC
pathy for the designer—“would impose a tors burn as many calories as players” include highprofile IndianAmericans,
serious stigma on gay persons”. (clearly Mr Bryson never watched a darts such as Satya Nadella, the CEO of Micro
Weighing outcomes of argued cases match, or saw Ben Stokes bat). His de soft. They must reckon that their fellow
goes only part of the way toward grasping scription of play compared it to a form of countrymen provide a ready market for
the extent of the court’s ideological divide. baseball, only with more absurd dress cricket. The evidence of America’s exten
Every year, thousands of votes are placed and far slower. sive amateur leagues suggest they might
behind the scenes responding to emergen In so far as Americans think about be right. Chicago’s “Premier League”
cy requests and deciding which cases the cricket at all, most still imagine it how already features ten full teams who play a
justices will hear. Since the death of Ruth Mr Bryson did. Yet the first international dozen matches a week. There are over
Bader Ginsburg in 2020, the liberal justic cricket match took place between the 2,000 players on the books, of whom
es’ agendasetting power has waned along United States and Canada in 1844, and nearly 300 have the surname “Patel.”
with their sway in the big cases. before the civil war the sport was more The investors in MLC hope that cricket
In the latest term the three Democratic popular in America than baseball. In could draw in new fans too. It helps that
appointees publicly dissented five times more recent years the sport has quietly cricket has evolved to become more
from their colleagues’ vote not to take up a been gaining adherents. American. A T20 match lasts around
case. In October they wanted to reverse a On July 13th the first professional three hours; less than a baseball game,
decision against a black man sentenced to American cricket league will start play, and the ball is in fact in play more. Mr
death by jurors for killing his estranged for a 19match tournament, hosted pri Dunmore says the matches in Dallas will
wife (who was white), his son and her marily at a former baseball stadium in be an “allAmerican extravaganza, with
daughter from another relationship. Three Dallas. Six teams, representing five large fireworks and big hitting”, intended to
members of the allwhite jury “expressed American cities and Texas, will compete keep audiences entertained. The league
firm opposition to interracial marriage and in “Major League Cricket” (MLC). They has brought on baseball socialmedia
procreation” (by failing to strike them, Jus will play the Twenty20, or T20, format of influencers to sell the sport to their fans.
tice Sonia Sotomayor wrote, his lawyer the game, invented in 2003 as a faster It might seem improbable. But it was not
may have violated his Sixth Amendment version (by comparison, the current long ago that soccer too was seen as a
right to effective counsel). In April the troi matches between England and Australia niche sport in America. Nowadays, your
ka dissented from the decision not to con can each last for a gripping five days). British correspondent gets asked almost
sider the case of a deathrow inmate whose Professionals from all over the world are daily which English Premier League team
guilt was in question because another per being flown in. The plan, says Tom Dun he supports.
son confessed to the crime. It takes four
votes to bring a case onto the court’s dock
et; the three liberals fell one vote short in
these and three other instances.
More fraught quarrels await when the
next term begins in October. At least four
cases exploring the power and the con
tours of administrative agencies are on the
docket, including questions about the fu
ture of the Consumer Financial Protection
Bureau, and whether Chevron v NRDC, a rul
ing from 1984 instructing judges to defer to
most governmentagency decisions,
should be overruled. Controversies also
loom over whether the First Amendment
prevents public officials from blocking
people on social media and whether em
ployers transferring workers for discrimi
natory reasons violate Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act. A big gunrights case is up for
review, too, asking whether a federal ban
on firearms for domestic abusers squares
with the court’s recently bolstered view of Strike one
the Second Amendment. n
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 United States 41
for Liberty’s director of engagement, who
is black and gay, points to her involvement
as evidence that the group has “zero racism
or homophobia”.
Moms for Liberty’s rapid ascent into the
heart of Republican politics proves it hit a
nerve. Since Glenn Youngkin campaigned
against CRT and covid19 school closures in
his bid for Virginia’s governorship in 2021,
debates over schooling have ignited con
servatives. Savvy networking and organis
ing made Moms for Liberty the new face of
the cause: that one of the group’s founders
is married to the chairman of Florida’s Re
publican Party no doubt helped woo Mr De
Santis, who is among the Moms’ heftiest
backers. Funding from conservative out
fits like the Leadership Institute and the
Heritage Foundation solidified it as a key
part of the newright machine.
As your correspondent waded through
the Philadelphia hotel lobby where the
Moms for Liberty Moms’ annual summit took place—the or
ganisers refused to give her press creden
MAGA mummies tials and cancelled scheduled interviews at
the last minute—a woman in a suit who
claimed to be a detective approached and
demanded to see her driver’s licence and to
know her street address. When asked why,
the woman said she needed to check that
PHILAD E LPHIA
your correspondent “wasn’t Antifa” (a left
Presidential candidates canoodle with ultra-conservative mothers
wing antifascist group and a bogeyman of
012
42 United States The Economist July 8th 2023
Computing
Dick Ravitch
Quant, um? Fiscal superman
NEW YO RK
The developer who helped save New York City and later kept the subway on track
CHICAGO
The Windy City hopes to become a
world centre for quantum research
S UBWAY CARS were blanketed with
graffiti inside and out when Richard
Ravitch, who died on June 25th, became
vestment using longterm financing to
rebuild the system.
Luckily for New York, Mr Ravitch took
T o a casual visitor, the basement of the
William Eckhardt Research Centre, at
the University of Chicago, might appear
the head of the Metropolitan Trans
portation Authority (MTA) in 1979. Years
of low investment meant the subway’s
a lot of tough jobs. In 1975, shortly after
banks said they would no longer lend to
the Urban Development Corp, a state
nothing special. Whereas the upper floors infrastructure was falling apart. Mainte authority, Carey appointed Mr Ravitch as
of the building are a postmodern tower of nance was deferred for months, if not its head. He kept it out of bankruptcy.
angled glass, underground the walls are years. The MTA’s workers had not had a Then he helped keep New York City from
barewhite MDF. Yet to David Awschalom, pay rise in five years. The agency was insolvency after it had been shut out of
one of America’s leading molecular physi deep in the red. the bond market. Mr Ravitch helped
cists, and the director of the Chicago Quan When the governor at the time, Hugh create a financialcontrol board, which
tum Exchange, it is down here, three sto Carey, asked Mr Ravitch to become head stabilised the city’s finances for decades,
reys below ground, that is the most excit of the MTA, which operates the subway, including after the September 11th at
ing part of the architecture. The parts up along with commuter lines, buses and tacks and the 200708 recession.
stairs “were made to be beautiful”, he says. some tunnels and bridges, he told the Not only did he have the expertise to
“This was made to be functional.” There is governor he was crazy to even ask. In his navigate municipal and state finance, he
almost perfect silence, except for the quiet 2014 memoir Mr Ravitch wrote that “no could get people in a room to talk. Often
hum of the airconditioning. Three feet of one in his right mind would want to that room was in his apartment late at
concrete absorb even the tiniest of vibra manage a system in the MTA’s condition.” night and the talk, while eating a Chinese
tions caused by, say, a truck passing near But subway lines are the arteries of New takeaway, was with a union leader or a
by, without affecting the instruments. York City. So Mr Ravitch, a regular rider, mayor. Or it was the head of a bank get
Such precision is necessary, because it took the job, and arranged $8bn in in ting a 5am tour of an MTA facility.
is in the labs on these floors where stu In 2009 he was asked by Governor
dents try to measure the movement of in David Paterson to be his lieutenant, to
dividual molecules. A fibreoptic line con help the state deal with the aftermath of
nects the building directly to Argonne Na the recession, particularly a looming
tional Laboratory, a government facility 20 $9bn budget deficit. He later said of the
miles away in the southwestern suburbs time that “it was, without a doubt, the
of Chicago. Through it, scientists experi most useless experience of my life.”
ment with sending signals by the means of Undeterred, he also advised Detroit and
entangled quarks—particles that make up Puerto Rico during their financial crises.
the protons and neutrons in the nuclei of He spoke bluntly in a gravelly voice
atoms. That is just one part of a worldlead and did not suffer fools or threats. Sam
ing research cluster taking root in Chicago Roberts of the New York Times recently
into quantum technology, attempting to told WNYC, a publicradio station, that
apply the confusing nature of atoms to Donald Trump once threatened to get Mr
practical use in communications and com Ravitch fired if he did not get Mr Trump a
puting. Roughly twofifths of federal fund tax break. Mr Ravitch replied: “I’m going
ing into quantum research is spent in Illi to get you arrested unless you leave my
nois, and four of the country’s ten quan office now.” Mr Ravitch was confident
tum labs are in the state. that New York City would bounce back
It is still unclear whether quantum after covid19. This time, making it hap
technology will ever amount to much. And Ravitch in his happy place pen will fall to someone else.
a lot of the cuttingedge action in the field
is happening in the private sector (in firms
such as Google, IBM and Intel, and startups cago, that was responsible the city’s more pure fundamental research—for example,
like IonQ) rather than in government recent quantum leap. examining how molecules of different ma
funded labs. But if the technology does A little over a decade ago, Mr Awscha terials, from diamond to silicon, can be
take off, the Windy City hopes to be at the lom says, he was drawn back to Chicago manipulated at a quantum level. But ap
forefront of it. from California when Mr Zimmer agreed to plied, such research could unlock poten
Chicago’s strength in quantum research dip into the university’s endowment to tially transformative technology. For ex
in part goes back to its days at the centre of fund a quantumengineering programme. ample, a computer that can use qubits, the
research into the nuclear industry. Ar “I said I have to hire a dozen of faculty, quantum equivalent of a binary “bit” in a
gonne National Lab opened in 1946 as a build buildings, build laboratories, and he normal computer, could be hundreds of
hub for research into nuclear power. To said, we will do it,” recalls Mr Awschalom. orders of magnitude more effective at
day, Illinois generates more electricity Hence the building of the lab, which cost some calculations than a binary computer.
from nuclear power than any other state. $300m, as well as the hiring of staff. Unsurprisingly, resources are pouring
According to Mr Awschalom, however, it What does it add up to? Quantum tech into the sector to try to apply this research.
was visionary thinking by Robert Zimmer, nology is still at an early stage. In the labs, The university has partnerships with doz
a former president of the University of Chi postgraduate students work mostly on ens of firms, such as Toshiba, which helps
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 United States 43
run the communications experiment, and governor), says she is “bullish on the fu Hispanic Americans in the years immedi
Google and IBM, which it announced pro ture of Chicago’s tech leadership” in part ately after the bans than would otherwise
jects with at the G7 in Hiroshima in May. because of quantum technology. Her have been the case. The number of black
But the military applications, as well as the brother has pointed to quantum startups and Hispanic students admitted to Califor
competition with China to lead in strategic moving to Chicago as evidence that Illinois nia’s two most coveted public campuses—
technologies, may help to explain why the can become “the Silicon Valley of the Mid University of California, Los Angeles and
government in particular is so keen to bol west”. In Mr Awschalom’s telling, quantum University of California, Berkeley—
ster quantum research. A quantum com computing could be used for projects that dropped by around 40% (the Hispanic
puter could potentially crack much of the still befuddle conventional computers, share has since recovered strongly).
encryption used on the internet. In De such as discovering new drugs or solving Students of colour who were turned
cember, Joe Biden signed a law requiring complex optimisation problems, such as away by the best universities often wound
the government to research acquiring in running electricity grids. The advent of up attending secondtier institutions. This
formation technology resistant to quan modern computing has transformed the displaced some applicants who ended up
tum codecracking. China has invested entire world—but nowhere more than it attending thirdtier campuses—and so on
heavily in quantum computing too. has California, where most of the innova down the college spectrum. In California,
Many in Chicagoland hope that a quan tions originally happened. Perhaps Illinois Hispanics who went to lessprestigious
tum boom could be a boon for the wider re can achieve the same. But it will be a long public campuses as a result of this “cas
gion. Penny Pritzker, a tech investor (and time before the technology becomes as qu cade” became a bit less likely to graduate,
sister of J.B. Pritzker, Illinois’s billionaire bitquitous as silicon chips. n according to a study by Zachary Bleemer of
Yale University. Lowertier colleges were
perhaps less able to afford the kinds of sup
Selecting students port the students needed to succeed. Mr
Bleemer calculates that Hispanic students
A new era for universities who applied to the University of California
system in the years immediately after the
shift went on to earn about 5% less in their
early careers than would have been the
case had affirmative action remained legal.
WASHINGTO N, DC
What will now happen in other states—
How the Supreme Court’s ban on affirmative action could lead to more
and in America’s highly selective private
enlightened collegeentrance policies
nonprofit universities, which until now
F OR MORE than 50 years admissions offi
cers at some of America’s swankiest
universities have given a leg up to black,
cial diversity is a matter of national securi
ty. Nor does the ruling eliminate every last
consideration of race. It allows admissions
have not been affected by state bans—de
pends in part on whether universities con
coct alternative ways to enroll underrepre
Hispanic and Native American students committees to take notice of students who, sented minorities. Many bright students
whose achievements in secondary school in essays or interviews, explain how their say they value diversity on campus. The
might not, on their own, have won them a racial identity affects their lives. Supreme Court’s ruling will make this aim
place. On June 29th the Supreme Court de Experience in the nine states that cur more difficult, but is unlikely to end it.
clared this practice unconstitutional, rul rently forbid affirmative action in public “The ruling is impacting a policy, not the
ing in a decision authored by John Roberts, colleges provides some clues as to what underlying principle of what drives our
the chief justice, that neither public nor might now happen nationally. These bans, work,” says Matthew Hyde, dean of admis
private universities may use race as a fac starting in the late 1990s, have not much al sions at Trinity College, a selective liberal
tor when deciding which students to ad tered the total number of students who en arts college in Connecticut. “We’re still go
mit. The judgment by the conservative ter higher education. But they have ing to drive to craft dynamic, diverse com
court could cause a swift, sharp drop in the changed where they study. A survey of se munities of young people.”
number of students from these minority lective universities in six states found that Elite universities will probably start by
groups who go to America’s best campuses. they enrolled roughly 20% fewer black and redoubling efforts to get black, Hispanic
But it could also spur changes that make
university admissions more progressive.
Since their birth in the 1960s, racecon
scious admissions policies had survived a
number of challenges at the Supreme
Court. The ruling that has finally eliminat
ed them arose from a pair of cases first
brought in 2014 by Students for Fair Admis
sions, an organisation founded by Edward
Blum, a longtime opponent of racial pref
erences, against Harvard University and
the University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill. By a vote of 63, the court agreed that
systematic considerations of race in ad
missions decisions violate the Equal Pro
tection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The
decision does not apply to military acade
mies. Chief Justice Roberts floated this
carveout in the oral hearings in response
to an argument from the solicitorgeneral
that, in the context of military training, ra Signs, sealed, delivered
012
44 United States The Economist July 8th 2023
012
The Americas The Economist July 8th 2023 45
Brazil need him to survive. Some of the attitudes
he represents will remain prominent in
Dumping the tropical Trump political competition, becoming a crucial
element in a rightofcentre force that had
little importance until Mr Bolsonaro came
along. But it’s possible that under other
leaders it will moderate, becoming less of a
What will happen to bolsonarismo now that its founder has been banned from threat to democratic norms and institu
running for office? tions than its founder was.
If that is what happens, Brazil will have
O N JUNE 30TH Brazil’s highest electoral
court barred Jair Bolsonaro, who was
the country’s president until the end of
congressman but a socialmedia virtuoso,
Mr Bolsonaro became a standardbearer
for Brazilians enraged by corruption, hos
ended an episode of rightwing populism
more easily than the United States has
done. There are at least three reasons why
2022, from holding public office for eight tile to the left, supportive of traditional it might. First, Brazil’s courts are nimbler.
years. A populist of the far right who had family values or nostalgic for the military The power of its electoral tribunal is un
little respect for democracy, he has now dictatorship of 196485. He was the sur paralleled in the democratic world, says
been cast out of electoral politics for un prise winner of the presidential election in James Gardner of the University at Buffalo
dermining public trust in the integrity of 2018. In office he attacked the press and the in New York state. Whereas in most coun
Brazil’s voting system. judiciary, spread falsehoods about the co tries administrative agencies organise
In July last year he invited dozens of for vid19 pandemic, in which 700,000 Brazil elections and separate courts try violations
eign diplomats to the presidential palace ians died, and encouraged deforestation in of electoral law, Brazil’s tribunal does both.
to watch a slide show in which he asserted the Amazon. He revels in the epithet That speeds up decisions and makes ap
that Brazil’s voting machines were unreli “Trump of the tropics”. On January 8th this peals difficult. (Mr Bolsonaro is expected
able. Mr Bolsonaro repeatedly made the year supporters of Mr Bolsonaro who be to appeal against his political ban at the Su
same baseless claim during the presiden lieved his claim that he had won the elec preme Court but is unlikely to succeed, in
tial campaign, which he lost narrowly to tion stormed Congress, the Supreme Court part because the membership of the two
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a leftwinger. The and the presidential palace. courts overlaps.)
powwow with diplomats was broadcast What happens now to bolsonarismo, Second, unlike the United States Brazil
live on public television and social media. when its leader cannot be on a presidential has a recent history of removing presi
Mr Bolsonaro denies wrongdoing, saying ballot until 2030 at the earliest, is a crucial dents from office and imprisoning former
that the meeting served no electoral pur question for Brazil. His movement may not presidents. Lula himself spent 19 months
pose. But a majority of electoralcourt jus in jail on corruption charges before his
tices ruled that he had abused his powers conviction was overturned in 2021. Brazil’s
→ Also in this section
and misused state media. constitution says that candidates who
Their decision removes from active pol 46 El Niño slams Peru misuse their power and resources can be
itics a figure who in the past five years has made temporarily ineligible for office. A
47 Cuba taps the diaspora for cash
disrupted and redefined it. An obscure law from 2010 bars from running for office
012
46 The Americas The Economist July 8th 2023
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 The Americas 47
breeding grounds for the mosquitoes that
spread dengue, which can cause internal Cuba
bleeding and organ failure. More than
160,000 people have been infected and at
The worms return
least 213 have died so far. The outbreak has
overwhelmed poorly equipped hospitals.
The government finds new ways to tap the diaspora for cash
At least 25 children reportedly died be
cause the hospitals could not provide pae
diatric intensive care. A wetter, warmer Pe
ru is likely to bring more mosquitoes, and
S oon after the Cuban revolution in
1959 Fidel Castro, its leader, began
damning people who fled as gusanos
posed by the United States on travel and
remittances, has shrunk receipts of
foreign currency. The number of tourists
so more dengue. (worms). The name came from the cy is a quarter of what it was in 2019. A
El Niño (the little boy) got its name in lindrical bags into which the emigrants decline in foreign countries’ demand for
the 17th century from Peruvian fishermen stuffed their belongings. In the four Cuban doctors and nurses has reduced
who noticed warmer water and smaller decades that followed the revolution the island’s income. Energy shortages
catches, normally around Christmas time. more than 1m Cubans left the country. have hurt domestic production. The
It has been disrupting life along the coast Castro was not entirely sorry to see them government has not liberalised foreign
for millennia. Some preColumbian peo go. Better for malcontents to leave the trade and entrepreneurship enough to
ple in what is now northern Peru coped by island than to make trouble at home, he speed up growth, expected to be just 1.5%
settling on higher ground. Their irrigation reckoned. These days gusanos send back this year. Prices of goods on the black
systems made use of floodwaters during to Cuba some $2bn3bn in cash a year, market have soared. Last week the peso’s
the wet years while storing water for use 23% of GDP. But the government has blackmarket exchange rate hit 200 to the
during droughts. punished exiles. It has allowed only dollar, matching an alltime low.
Presentday Peruvians seem less adapt those with Cuban passports to visit the And so the government is seeking
able. Although it is illegal to build homes island and has charged high fees to let ways to tap the diaspora, which includes
and businesses on flood plains and in the them keep those documents. 3m people in the United States, for extra
path of seasonal rivers, they do so anyway. The exodus has grown recently as cash. According to the Havana Consult
Elected officials look the other way. After living conditions have worsened and ing Group in Miami, the 113,000 Cubans
flooding caused by the coastal El Niño of political repression continues. Last year who visited the island between January
2017 the government launched a $7bn pro emigration hit a record. The US Customs and April this year spent more than the
gramme worth 3% of gdp, later doubled, to and Border Protection agency estimates 500,000 Canadians who came in the
rebuild and provide protection. Even so, that more than 306,000 Cubans—more same period. Cubans rent cars and spend
many of the same areas were flooded than 2% of Cuba’s population—crossed freely in restaurants and shops and on
again. The local press reported that only a the United States’ southern border in beach holidays with family members
fraction of the money was spent on flood 2022. Cuba’s government has now decid living on the island. They also bring
prevention, and that regional authorities ed to be nicer to gusanos. On July 1st its medicines, bathroom staples like tooth
failed to use all of the money available. “We foreign ministry adopted rules that make paste and appliances Cubans can’t buy at
had six years to prepare and we did noth it easier and cheaper for Cubans abroad home. Alongside the new migration
ing,” says Patricio ValderramaMurillo, a to return. It extended from six to ten rules, the government is relaxing re
geoscientist and El Niño expert, “not even years the validity of their passports and strictions on imports of these products.
basic things like installing drainage sys cut in half the renewal fee for Cubans It would “rather stimulate the existence
tems in cities flooded again and again.” living in the United States (to $180). It has of an informal market” than liberate the
El Niño is hurting the economy. This scrapped a passportmaintenance fee, private sector, says Emilio Morales, head
year’s flooding destroyed irrigation canals which was payable every two years. of the Havana Consulting Group.
and could bring locusts, rats and plant dis Cuba is changing these rules because Cubans will be glad of the extra tooth
eases to farm regions, authorities warn. its economy is in dire shape. The pan paste. But gusanos cannot cure the econ
Warm water will drive away anchovies, the demic, combined with restrictions im omy or provide freedom.
raw material of Peru’s massive fishmeal in
dustry. The central bank’s governor expects
that El Niño will reduce GDP growth by 0.5
percentage points this year and by 0.6
points in 2024.
El Niño events probably cost more and
have longerlasting effects than have pre
viously been estimated, especially for
coastal tropical countries like Peru, ac
cording to a recent study by academics at
Dartmouth College in New Hampshire,
published in Science, a journal. Because of
El Niño events in 198283 and 199798, Pe
ru’s gdp in 2003 was 10% lower than it
would have been, the authors found.
Peru’s rainy season, when the damage
from El Niño is likely to be greatest, re
sumes in five months. That gives the gov
ernment time to take measures to protect
lives and infrastructure. It will have to do
much more to avert future disasters. Li They’d like to be in America
ma’s carefree beaches are also an alarm. n
012
48
International The Economist July 8th 2023
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 International 49
012
50 International The Economist July 8th 2023
rently in V Corps reflects a lot of reinforce want to do 2%”—Canada is the largest ex
ment that took place last year,” says Mr Bar Leaders and laggards ample—and that others will peak at 2%
ry. “But the overall direction of travel of US NATO members’ defence spending without being able to sustain it. “There is
deployments is away from Europe towards Selected countries, % of GDP some backsliding going on,” he warns. “In
the IndoPacific.” If a crisis were to erupt in 2014 2022*
real terms we [Europe] invest less in de
Taiwan, Europe could find itself rather fence now than we did in 2021,” complains
0 1 2% target 3 4
worryingly exposed. Kusti Salm, the top civil servant in Esto
And yet the new plans also draw Amer Greece nia’s defence ministry. NATO’s new plans
ica and Europe closer in important ways. United States will give national army chiefs and defence
“Not many people really get this,” says the Lithuania ministers more leverage with finance min
NATO bigwig, “but America is coming back Poland isters: failure to meet the spending target
into the NATO planning system in a big Britain will no longer be just a source of embar
way.” For the past 20 years, he says, the Un Estonia rassment at each annual summit, liable to
ited States European Command (EUCOM) in Latvia provoke a gentle dressingdown from Mr
Stuttgart in Germany—America’s military Croatia Stoltenberg, but may also leave a tangible
command for the continent—largely kept France hole in the continent’s war plans. “It
to itself, scribbling defence plans at a time Slovakia changes the entire discussion around de
when European armed forces were doing Italy fence spending,” says Mr Sayle, “or at least
little detailed planning of their own. Germany it did in the cold war.”
NATO’s new plans are aligned with Ameri Canada One catch is that Russia’s invasion of
can thinking. In many ways they are pro Source: NATO *Estimate
Ukraine, while catalysing reforms, has also
ducts of it (General Cavoli is commander of cast doubt on whether the threat it poses to
both EUCOM and NATO). That suggests NATO members is as great as was previous
America is plugging back in—despite po forces,” says the general. “A new alert sys ly thought. Russia’s armed forces have
litical jitters over the possible reelection tem aims to sharpen NATO’s intelligence proved less capable than most experts and
of Donald Trump next year. machinery, so that elements of its new officials had expected. Its army has had
Broader reforms being carried out on plans can be activated swiftly in response perhaps 60,000 men killed, including
NATO’s command structure exemplify sim to early signs of trouble, such as Russian many of the most professional men and of
ilar dynamics. SHAPE’s very headquarters troop movements. ficers. Huge amounts of equipment have
is being transformed, says General Van Wa Finland’s accession brings new oppor been destroyed, including over 1,300 tanks.
genen: the second floor has been “gutted” tunities, too. Its highly professional and Some European generals reckon this takes
to put in a new operations centre. A new wellequipped army, which can mobilise the pressure off: they think it will take Rus
land command to handle NATO operations huge numbers of conscripts quickly, is sia a decade to reconstitute.
north of the Alps could have been hosted likely to drive up standards in the alliance,
by Poland or Germany, both of which were says one official. Its membership “tidies The bear and its wounds
interested in the job; instead the US Army up that Nordic and Baltic geography very General Cavoli frequently rebuts this idea.
is taking on that task itself. The new com nicely,” says another, with Russia’s route In April he told America’s Congress that the
mand will be in General Williams’ head out of the Gulf of Finland and into the Bal Russian army, though “degenerated some
quarters in Wiesbaden. Paradoxically, giv tic Sea increasingly constrained by NATO what”, was larger than at the outset of war.
en fears of American abandonment, some states (more so if Sweden joins, too). “It Russia’s air force was largely intact, he
Europeans fret that American generals are poses far more challenges to Russia than to said, with over 1,000 fighters and bombers,
taking over. “Yes,” retorts the bigwig, NATO,” adds the official. In March Ameri as was the navy. Russia’s submarine force
“they’re taking the lead because they in can reconnaissance aircraft began flying remains a particular concern. This is not
tend to fight here: that’s quite good news if over Finland, something that would have simply an American view. Russia is devel
you’re European.” been outlandish 18 months ago. oping “frightening underwater capabili
If NATO has an ambitious agenda, the ties”, warns a German naval officer, point
Of maps and machinery biggest question is how to afford it. “We are ing to threats to undersea infrastructure
The new reforms are profoundly shaped by champions in announcing things,” says a such as pipelines and cables. “They are way
the way the alliance’s membership has German NATO commander, “not in imple ahead of NATO in this.” An Estonian field
changed over the past 30 years. In 1989, be menting.” At a summit in Wales in 2014, commander notes that, at every level of
fore the fall of the Berlin Wall, NATO’s bor following Russia’s first invasion of Uk command, “Russian officers are gaining
der with the Warsaw Pact was essentially raine, allies promised to “move towards” experience we don’t have.”
the innerGerman border—1,380km in the NATO target of spending 2% of GDP by NATO’s own assessments suggest that
length, almost all of it heavily militar 2024. Only three allies met the target then. Russia could rebuild its forces in as little as
ised—plus a small area in northern Nor Now seven do (see chart). Germany will get three to seven years. That is less time than
way. By 2004, when the Baltic states joined there next year, France in 2025. But most it will take to recapitalise and reequip
NATO, its border with Russia was only lag far behind. In Vilnius the allies are ex Europe’s hollowedout armed forces; to re
800km long. But when Finland joined on pected to set a new defenceinvestment build defence industries capable of meet
April 4th this year, that more than doubled pledge. The 2% target may become a floor, ing wartime demand for shells and weap
at a stroke (see map). General Cavoli’s can rather than a target. Eastern allies—such as ons; and to revive coldwar military skills
vas stretches from the freezing cold of the Poland, which may spend a whopping 4% such as river crossings and divisionlevel
Arctic to the baking heat of Anatolia. of its GDP on defence this year, and Estonia, command. Eastern allies are not inclined
In 1989 “everybody had fixed positions”, which says it will get to 3%—are keen on to assume that Russia will dally. And
says General Van Wagenen. Armies were this. But raising the target would only Ukraine’s future is far from assured; its
larger, on both sides, and troops were highlight the chasm that already exists be counteroffensive has so far proceeded
packed densely along the front lines. Now tween hopes and reality. more slowly than planned. “This month in
smaller armies are stretched across a far Ben Wallace, Britain’s defence secre 2023”, says Mr Salm, “is the most decisive
larger front. “You have to have more agile tary, says that some countries “really don’t moment for our generation.” n
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Business The Economist July 8th 2023 51
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52 Business The Economist July 8th 2023
fiddly; by June it had 61% fewer users than government may be preparing to curb Chi
at its November peak, estimates Sensor Gloom scrolling nese use of American cloudcomputing
Tower, another data firm. Truth Social, Do Twitter services, which enable Chinese AI firms to
nald Trump’s conservative social network, circumvent America’s earlier sanctions by
has failed to gain traction, especially since Advertising revenues Monthly active users taking advantage of the cloud provider’s
Mr Musk steered Twitter rightwards. The $bn m highend processors without owning
latest pretender, Bluesky, faces the same 5 400 chips of their own.
struggle to achieve critical mass. * * China’s communist authorities had so
4
Meta’s effort, Threads, has a better shot. 300 far responded to this barrage of tats with a
Cloning rivals is what Meta does best. In 3 single, relatively meagre tit: in May it
2016, as Snapchat’s disappearing “stories” 200 barred some Chinese companies from
2
became popular, Mr Zuckerberg unveiled using memory chips made by Micron, a
100
Instagram Stories, a similar product which 1 company from Idaho. But on July 3rd it
helped to keep Instagram on top. Last year, 0 0 brought out a bigger gun, saying that it
as TikTok’s short videos became a threat, would impose export controls on gallium
2020 22 25 2019 21 24
Meta rolled out Reels, a nearidentical for and germanium, two metals used in high
Source: Insider Intelligence *Forecast
mat that lives within Instagram and Face end semiconductors.
book. In April Mr Zuckerberg said Reels The new export controls will come into
had helped to increase the time spent on sponse to “EXTREME levels of data scrap effect on August 1st. Unlike the Micron
Instagram by nearly a quarter. ing” by AI firms. In setting up a textbased ban, which has little impact beyond one
Threads also has a head start. Unlike network alongside the visual feeds of Face American chipmaker’s top line, restric
Reels, it is its own app. But it lets Insta book and Instagram, Meta gets a source of tions on the sale of chip metals could re
grammers use their existing login details rich language data. Threads is much more verberate across the global chip industry.
and follow all the same people with one than an ad platform, says Mr Kemp. “Zuck China supplies about 80% of the world’s
click. Some 87% of Twitter users already is playing the AI contentfeeding game.” gallium and germanium. America may
use Instagram, according to DataReportal, Whether Meta licensed the data to others source as much as 50% of its germanium
a research firm; they now have a nearfric or used it in its own AI projects, it would be supply from China, according to Jefferies,
tionless alternative to Twitter. Will they a new growth story to tell investors. an investment bank.
switch? For some, it may be enough to have Launching a social network is hard. An allout ban could disrupt the pro
a network that is “sanely run”, as Meta’s Even with its 3.8bn existing users Meta has duction of a wide range of existing pro
chief product officer put it recently. Mr had its share of failures: Facebook Dating ducts, including chips, screens, fibreoptic
Musk may have provided a shove to the remains unloved and the company’s gam gear and solar panels. It may also stymie
others by announcing a paywall days be ing and shopping initiatives have yet to the development of nextgeneration tech
fore Threads’ launch. take off. But as Twitter bleeds users and ad nologies. Chipmakers hope gradually to re
By Meta’s standards, Twitter’s business vertisers, and as Mr Musk’s management place the silicon used in most processors
is tiny, with oneeighth as many users as continues on its eccentric path, the oppor with gallium nitride or silicon carbide,
Facebook, the world’s largest social net tunity is becoming bigger. Regardless of both of which can handle higher voltages.
work. In 2021 Twitter’s revenue was $5.1bn, who prevails in the cage, Mr Zuckerberg Gallium and germanium may also be use
against Meta’s $116bn. And those meagre may come away with the spoils. n ful in electric vehicles, nuclear energy and
earnings bring big problems. Few plat other devices, including weapons.
forms attract as many angry oddballs as The Chinese move comes at a delicate
Twitter. Lately Meta has shied away from The chip war moment in SinoAmerican relations. De
promoting news, which brings political spite their respective tech manoeuvres, in
controversy and seems not to delight us Full metal recent months both sides have also been
ers. News is a big part of what Twitter does. talking of stabilising relations. Janet Yel
Why, then, does Mr Zuckerberg think straitjacket len, America’s treasury secretary, was ex
Threads is worth the headache? One reason pected to arrive in Beijing for talks as we
is advertising. Twitter has never made published this. The visit follows a meeting
much money out of its users because it in Washington in May between China’s
SHANGHAI
knows little about them. Between half and and America’s commerce secretaries, and a
China brings out the big guns
twothirds of those who read tweets are trip to China in late June by Antony Blin
not logged in, estimates Simon Kemp of
DataReportal. Many registered users are
“lurkers”, who view others’ feeds but sel
I N THE TECH battle between America and
China, the Western power has been more
aggressive of late. Last year President Joe
ken, America’s secretary of state, in which
he briefly met Xi Jinping, China’s leader,
and other senior officials.
dom engage. Meta, which knows a lot Biden’s administration laid out harsh re China hawks in Washington may argue
about its users from its other apps, can hit strictions limiting Chinese artificialintel that China’s bite is weaker than its bark.
them with welltargeted ads in Threads ligence (AI) companies’ access to American Like some of the American restrictions,
from day one. And the brandfocused ad technology. America has also been coaxing China’s new rules would require exporters
verts that work best on Twitter would com allies to follow its lead. On June 30th the to seek government approval and export li
plement the directresponse ads that Face Netherlands, under pressure from the cences. The Chinese government may well
book and Instagram specialise in. White House, announced that it would re grant these quite freely: after all, a total
Meta’s other possible motive relates to strict the sales of some chipmaking equip prohibition would hurt Chinese exporters,
artificial intelligence (AI). Models behind ment to China: ASML, a Dutch maker of the who sell a lot of germanium and gallium to
humansounding apps like ChatGPT place world’s most advanced lithography ma American customers. But Mr Biden should
a premium on big troves of text. Online fo chines, will from now on sell Chinese cus make no mistake. China is showing that it
rums like Reddit are scrambling to mone tomers only lowyield devices for etching will not roll over—and that it can strike
tise the billions of words that they hold. Mr cuttingedge chips. On July 4th the Wall back. Expect an increasingly evenly bal
Musk has said that Twitter’s paywall is a re Street Journal reported that the American anced titfortat. n
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Business 53
Clean energy for use in making ammonia, a compound
of hydrogen and nitrogen that is the main
The long hydrogen sunrise ingredient in artificial fertilisers.
To clean things up, any carbon released
in making hydrogen from hydrocarbons
would need to be mopped up and stored. If
done right, with tight emissions controls,
this “blue” hydrogen, as energy nerds call
PO RT ARTHUR AND PUE RTO LLANO
it, would dramatically reduce CO2 emis
Can a viable industry emerge from the hydrogen shakeout?
sions (though not eliminate them). The en
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54 Business The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Business 55
Bartleby Achilles goes to the office
“T he iliad” is a story of glory and
gods, revenge and mercy, death and
immortality. Squint hard enough and it
clad colleagues disappear from view and
emerge in something less offputting.
Battle may be close but it does not
olds to cross. They emerge onto the street
in the morning and make the journey
towards their desks. They enter a café for
is also a workplace saga. The epic kicks arrive instantly, whether you are the king their morning coffee; carrying a cup and
off with a big row between a pair of co of the Myrmidons or Barry from accounts. walking briskly is the simplest way to let
workers called Agamemnon and Achil Both have thresholds to cross before the fellow citizens know you are gainfully
les. The gods are the senior leadership real action begins. In Homer’s epic, Achil employed. At some point they will have
team, descending from on high to cause les has been sitting out the war in an their first encounter with a fellow em
complete chaos. For most of the book encampment; his appearance on the ployee. If they are very unfortunate, this
Achilles, a prototype of the talented jerk, seashore is when the Greeks learn that he meeting will occur at the start of the
is on strike. This is a big problem for the is going to rejoin the fray. There is a feast commute and involve excruciating small
Greek management team, who have lost before the fighting starts (Achilles refuses talk on public transport for 40 min
their best performer. A delegation from to eat; perhaps there wasn’t a vegan op utes. Normally, it will just mean that the
HR fails to win Achilles over. Eventually, tion). Once armed, he gets on his chariot office is close.
however, he returns to the office, and all and goes to the front “resplendent as the Workers must then make their entry
is well (Trojans may disagree). sungod Hyperion”. into the office itself. There are security
The parallels between the 21stcentu For remote workers the gap between guards to greet, passes to swipe and lift
ry workplace and “The Iliad” are admit their personal and professional lives may buttons to press. Visitors to the office
tedly inexact. There are fewer swords and be narrow: the walk from the fridge to the will participate in an extra arming scene
spears glinting in the rosyfingered dawn living room (and back again, and back at this point, in which they sign their
today; there is a bit less brain matter on again). That is a problem. Entering the names illegibly into a register and are
the floor. But to see the modern connec workplace means putting on a different given a lanyard. Hyperion, indeed.
tions to Homer’s epic, look at Achilles’s persona as well as different clothes—you, The moment for action is now immi
preparations to go back to work. but with added selfcontrol. The transition nent. Outside the walls of Troy, Achilles
“Now I shall arm myself for war,” he is easier to make when there are clear springs forward like “a fierce lion”; a
says in Book 19. The arming of Achilles is boundaries separating home and work. cycle of carnage begins that will end with
the forebear of gearingup scenes ever Officegoers have many more thresh the death of Hector. The whitecollar
since, from Chaucer to Rambo. But it also worker must make final preparations for
has echoes of current daily rituals. Achil the day ahead, too. The rucksack comes
les puts on bronze greaves and shining off, and the computer switches on. The
breastplates; employees choose clothes salaried hero springs forward, jaws
that they don’t wear at the weekend. foaming, to take a last bite of croissant;
Achilles puts on his goldenplumed crumbs fleck the keyboard and the car
helmet; commuters don their Bose head pet. The password is entered, the loading
phones. The Homeric hero takes up a wheel spins, the heart rate remains
shield forged by Hephaestus, the god of exactly the same. It’s time.
fire. The office worker stuffs a laptop and Homer would never have made a
charger into a rucksack. name for himself with an officebased
Most of this whitecollar arming takes epic: death and glory guarantee a more
place inside the home, but not all. It also dramatic narrative than email and meet
happens en route to the battlefield, as ings. But when you put on your work
compacts emerge and makeup is ap clothes, change into your professional
plied on the Tube. Sometimes the trans self and pitilessly strike your first key,
formation takes place in the office itself. you are more than just a footsoldier. You
Trainers are swapped for heels. Lycra are a tiny Achilles.
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56 Business The Economist July 8th 2023
Schumpeter A Legolover’s guide to AI
012
012
TELL THEM I MADE IT
Hem Moktan earned just $45
over the three years he was
concealed as a child laborer in
Nepal. He was only a young boy,
but the carpets he hand-knotted
were sold in fine showrooms
across the United States and
Europe – until one company
partnered with GoodWeave.
GoodWeave rescued Hem
and provided him counseling,
education and a place to live.
Now with a master’s degree,
Hem heads GoodWeave Nepal’s
child protection program,
transforming other children’s
futures as his was.
goodweave.org
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Finance & economics The Economist July 8th 2023 57
→ Also in this section
58 Good news from Hikelandia
59 Copper comes a cropper
60 Making money from communism
60 Job losses on Wall Street
62 Buttonwood: The everything bubble
63 Free exchange: Erdoganomics spreads
World economy companies were unusually strong and in
flation was taking off. It is now gaining a
Inflation wars second wind, propelled by the IMF, which
recently found that rising profits “account
for almost half the increase” in eurozone
inflation over the past two years. Ms La
garde appears to be entertaining the thesis,
too, telling the European Parliament that
“certain sectors” had “taken advantage” of
Economists furiously debate the causes of rising prices—and how to quell them
the economic turmoil, and that “it’s impor
F or as long as inflation has been high
economists have fought about where it
came from and what must be done to bring
This means that there will be no letup
in the economists’ wars. The first front is
partly ideological, and concerns who
tant that competition authorities could ac
tually look at those behaviours.”
Greedflation is a comforting idea for
it down. Since central bankers have raised should shoulder the blame for rising pric leftleaning types who feel that blame for
interest rates and headline inflation is fall es. An unconventional but popular theory inflation is too often pinned on workers.
ing, this debate may seem increasingly ac suggests greedy firms are at fault. This idea Yet it would be strange to think firms sud
ademic. In fact, it is increasingly impor first emerged in America in mid2021, denly became greedier, making prices ac
tant. Inflation is falling mostly because en when profit margins for nonfinancial celerate. Inflation is caused by demand ex
ergy prices are down, a trend that will not ceeding supply—something that offers
last for ever. Underlying or “core” inflation plentiful profit opportunities. The greed
is more stubborn (see chart 1). History sug The core of the problem 1 flation thesis thus “muddles inflation’s
gests that even a small amount of sticky Consumer prices, % increase on a year earlier symptoms with its cause”, according to
underlying inflation is hard to dislodge. Neil Shearing of Capital Economics, a con
So the chiefs of the world’s most impor Euro area United States sultancy. Wages have tended to play catch
tant central banks are now warning that 12 12 up with prices, not vice versa, because, as
their job is far from done. “Getting infla the IMF’s economists note, “wages are
Headline Headline
tion back down to 2% has a long way to go,” 9 9 slower than prices to react to shocks”. That
said Jerome Powell, chairman of the Feder is a crucial lesson from today’s inflationary
al Reserve, on June 29th. “We cannot waver, 6 6 episode for those who always view eco
and we cannot declare victory,” Christine Core* nomic stimulus as being proworker.
Lagarde, president of the European Central 3 3 The second front in the inflation wars
Bank, told a meeting of policymakers in Core*† concerns geography. America’s inflation
0 0
Portugal just two days earlier. Andrew Bai was at first more homegrown than the eu
ley, governor of the Bank of England, re 2021 22 23 2021 22 23 ro zone’s. Uncle Sam spent 26% of GDP on
cently said that interest rates will probably *Excluding energy and food fiscal stimulus during covid19, compared
Source: Haver Analytics †Excluding alcohol and tobacco
stay higher than markets expect. with 815% in Europe’s big economies. And
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58 Finance & economics The Economist July 8th 2023
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Finance & economics 59
possibly because the metal—used to form
cladding, pipes and roofs—tends to track
building completions, which have held up,
rather than housing starts. A 7% jump in
the making of cooling units in anticipation
of a hot summer also supports demand.
If copper markets are decidedly cool,
then, it is also because supply has risen.
Over the winter a series of disruptions—
from protests in Peru to floods in Indone
sia—dented global production. Now these
problems are easing. As a result, smelters
are feeling confident enough to charge
miners higher fees, indicating no shortage
of raw materials (see chart 1).
At the same time, financial investors
are snubbing copper. As interest rates rise,
they prefer to hold cashgenerating assets
rather than commodities, which yield
nothing. For much of this year “noncom
mercial” net positioning on copperfu
tures markets has been in the red, imply
Commodity prices ing that more investors are betting prices
will fall than recover (see chart 2). Yet to
Copper comes a cropper day’s prices remain $2,500 a tonne above
production costs at the marginal mine,
notes Robert Edwards of CRU, a consultan
cy. This implies that the recent correction
has taken froth out of the market, rather
than pushed prices too low, suggesting
they could stay subdued for a while.
The king of green-transition metals is unexpectedly getting cheaper
As the energy transition speeds up, it
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60 Finance & economics The Economist July 8th 2023
012
There’s scope
for change
in agriculture
For all industries, climate change and
associated challenges are now very real.
And with 2030 emissions reductions
targets on the horizon, companies need
to consider scope 3 emissions (those
outside their control).
If the challenges around scope 3 emissions seem daunting, a unique partnership is helping
companies navigate the complexity. Created by Economist Impact, The Value Chain Navigator—
a product of The Sustainability Project—is tapping into the knowledge and insights of a wide range
of global stakeholders. With Infosys as its digital innovation partner, the programme identifies
and celebrates sustainability innovation and world-changing solutions. It will enable companies to
share best practices and to identify, develop and implement low-carbon value chain solutions.
In agriculture, data and intelligence are paving the way for a more sustainable future. By adopting
new technologies farmers are now able to drive emissions reduction through their practices. A key
partnership between Infosys and AGCO is specifically helping the agricultural industry reduce
its environmental impact—including its scope 3 emissions—by equipping farm machines with
onboard sensors that automatically adjust to changes in the soil and atmosphere to optimise
performance and limit wastage. “You can think of it like being an autopilot,” says Eric Hansotia,
chairman, president and chief executive of AGCO Corporation.
Farmers are not alone in facing pressure to tackle environmental impact across their operations.
And the challenges are not to be underestimated. Around 75% of a company’s carbon footprint
comes from its value chain—in everything it takes to get a product or service from its design and
manufacture to the customer.
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62 Finance & economics The Economist July 8th 2023
Buttonwood Once you pop
The everything bubble is back. Can anything burst it?
F or a certain type of investor, last
year came as a relief. True, the losses
were grim. But at least markets were
bought it before 2021 and held on is once
again sitting on a profit, albeit just a frac
tion of that which they could have booked
government bonds are the one asset class
to have barely recovered from last year’s
shellacking.) By raising “safe” Treasury
starting to make sense. Over the previous two years ago. Even sales of nonfungible yields, this makes riskier assets rela
decade, central banks had pumped out tokens, records that represent pieces of tively less attractive. It also means that
floods of new money to buy bonds. In digital media, were 70 times higher in more investors end up holding Treasur
terest rates were kept unnaturally low, or 2022 than in 2020, at $1.5bn. ies than otherwise would have been the
even negative. The result was an “every In other words, the everything bubble case, reducing their appetite to buy
thing bubble”, a speculative mania in in risky assets seems to have survived the riskier assets, even if prices fall. The
which valuations surged everywhere return of inflation, rising interest rates, likelihood of a crash, and of it being
from stocks to housing to baffling crypto war in Europe and the threat of recession. severe, is therefore creeping up.
assets. It was never going to end well, Can anything pop it? Such a crash is certainly not what
and in 2022 it didn’t: inflation killed off One oftmentioned candidate is liquid markets are betting on. In fact, the vix, a
cheap money; the everything bubble ity, which is being drained from the fi measure of expected stockprice volatil
popped; asset prices plunged. Some were nancial system. The main exit pipes run to ity, often dubbed Wall Street’s “fear
even approaching rationality. A return to the Federal Reserve and America’s Treasu gauge”, has this year fallen to its lowest
reassuringly dull investing—based on ry department. The Fed is sucking out since before the covid19 pandemic. Yet
fundamentals, not hype—beckoned. $95bn a month by allowing some of its analysts at ubs, a Swiss bank, point out
If this sounds familiar, and you were portfolio of Treasuries and mortgage that this is less reassuring than it might
one of these relieved investors, you may backed securities to mature without rein appear at first glance. They find that the
have found yourself wrongfooted by vesting the proceeds. The Treasury, by one vix has fallen mainly because correla
developments over the past few months. estimate, must sell $1trn of new debt in the tions between stocks are unusually low,
It is not just stockmarkets, though both summer to rebuild its cash buffers after meaning their movements cancel each
in America and globally they have risen Washington’s debtceiling standoff. other out. Should they start moving in
to within striking distance of alltime Most obviously, this depresses Treasu lockstep, volatility could suddenly jump,
highs. It is that risky assets across the ry prices by increasing supply and remov which is what has tended to happen after
board have proved astonishingly resil ing the Fed as a monthly buyer. (Tellingly, past spells of low correlation.
ient to seemingly disastrous news. An Meanwhile, as in any bubble, asset
index of American highyield (or “junk”) valuations have become maddeningly
bonds compiled by Bank of America hard to justify. America’s stockmarket,
suffered a peaktotrough loss of 15% in where the earnings yield of the s&p 500
2022. It has since recovered half that index of major firms is now roughly level
loss. So has a similar index for junk with the Fed’s riskfree rate, is the most
bonds in Europe. The housing slump audacious example. But it is not alone.
already shows signs of petering out, even The ubs team analysed prices across
though global prices have fallen by just credit, commodities, stocks and cur
3% from their peak, or 810% adjusting rencies, backing out an implicit assump
for inflation, after a boom in which they tion that the world economy would grow
rose at their fastest rate ever. at 3.6% per year. That is a little more than
The biggest surprise is how well even its longterm growth rate, and around
more speculative assets have held up. double its present one. Time to bet on a
Bitcoin—once an emblem of the cheap correction? Tempting, but perhaps more
money era, seen by many as a digital foolish than brave. Based on recent expe
token with no intrinsic value—has rience, everything bubbles can survive
proved indestructible. Anyone who for an awfully long time.
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Finance & economics 63
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64
Science & technology The Economist July 8th 2023
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66 Science & technology The Economist July 8th 2023
producer of nickel, a metal that is—among nite, HPAL plants are greener too—at least cially given the intensity of the tropical
other uses—vital for building highperfor in some ways. Without the need for high rains. Runoff from mines can contami
mance batteries. Demand for those is ex temperatures, they use much less energy nate rivers and lakes. As of 2022, the Indo
pected to increase hugely as demand for than RKEF plants, and so produce less car nesian government has granted over 1m
electric cars ramps up. Helped by new tech bon. But the process also produces a great hectares of mining concessions, according
nologies for extracting nickel from the deal of toxic slurry. Known as “tailings” in to the Indonesian Forum for the Environ
soil, Indonesia is planning big production mining jargon, these are difficult and ex ment, a charity. Almost threequarters are
increases (see chart). Macquarie Group, an pensive to dispose of safely. in the country’s dwindling forested areas.
Australian financial firm, thinks that by There are three ways to dispose of HPAL Exactly how big the environmental im
2025 the country could supply 60% of the waste: pump it into the sea (which the In pact will prove to be is hard to know. Very
world’s nickel, up from around half today. donesian government bans), store it in few Indonesian nickel miners make public
Most of the world’s nickel, including dams or dry the waste and stack it. For now, disclosures. And while carbon emissions
that mined in Indonesia, comes from later Indonesia’s HPAL plants drystack their can, in principle at least, be counted, lost
ite ores. These, in turn, come in two sorts, tailings. But this requires lots of land. Giv biodiversity is harder to measure. Pressure
limonite and saprolite. Saprolite, which en the amount of nickel the country is fore to stay as green as possible may come from
contains higher concentrations of nickel, cast to produce, the plants will eventually further up the supply chain. From 2024,
is wellsuited for processing in a device run out of room. Firms may opt to build battery manufacturers in the European
known as a rotary kiln electric furnace tailings dams instead—although Indone Union, one of the world’s biggest markets,
(RKEF). This melts the ore at more than sia’s vulnerability to earthquakes and hea will have to disclose the carbon footprints
1,500°C, producing a compound of nickel vy rain will make that tricky. of their batteries. But battling climate
and iron called nickel pig iron (NPI), much Even if the waste is stored properly, de change, it seems, will be bad news for In
of which is in turn used to produce stain forested mining land erodes rapidly, espe donesia’s remaining rainforests. n
less steel. But by injecting sulphur into the
NPI to displace the iron, a higherpurity
product, nickel matte, can be produced Geology
that is suitable for batteries.
That approach has two drawbacks. The When mountains reach peak peak
first is that it is energyintensive. In Indo
nesia, that energy usually comes from
coalfired power stations built near the
mines. Coal is cheap and reliable, but pro
duces plenty of greenhouse gases. With
Western electriccar makers such as Tesla
A gigantic landslide illustrates the limits to how high mountains can get
keen to tout the green credentials of their
products, that is a big concern.
The more fundamental problem is that
much of Indonesia’s saprolite has already
I n geology, unlike business, nothing is
too big to fail. Mountains offer the most
spectacular example. Pushed up by the
water—erode them down to size.
In a paper published in Nature Jérome
Lavé, a geologist at the University of Lor
been dug up and exported, mostly to Chi crumpling of Earth’s crust following the raine, describes another, much more spec
na. In 2020 Indonesia imposed an export collision of tectonic plates, they could in tacular mechanism. Dr Lavé has collected
ban on what is left. But most of the coun theory keep rising almost indefinitely. In evidence suggesting that, in around 1190,
try’s remaining nickel is locked up in de practice, they do not. A suite of geological an enormous landslide slashed perhaps
posits of limonite, which are not suitable processes—including the grinding of gla 500 metres from the height of Annapurna
for the RKEF process. ciers, the gentle impact of rain, and forc IV, a mountain in the Himalayas that
For decades, mining firms have experi ible cracking by freezing and thawing of stands about 7,500 metres high today. If he
mented with an alternative called high is right, it would be one of the biggest land
pressure acid leaching (HPAL). Instead of slips ever recorded. The falling mountain
melting the ore, it is put in a pressure cook top would have displaced up to 27 cubic ki
erlike machine and mixed with sulphuric lometres of rock—roughly enough to bury
acid, which strips the nickel out. The the entirety of Manhattan to about the
method works with limonite, and can di height of the Empire State Building.
rectly produce the highpurity nickel As the rubble crashed down, the energy
needed in batteries. But it has been hard to released would have been equivalent to
master, with pilot plants costing far more around six times that of the Tsar Bomba,
than planned and operating well under the biggest nuclear weapon ever detonat
their supposed capacity. ed. “I don’t think I could imagine what it
Recently, though, that seems to have would sound like,” says Ann Rowan, a geol
changed. Three HPAL plants have started ogist at the University of Bergen who was
up in Indonesia since 2021. Another seven not involved in Dr Lavé’s work.
(including five in Sulawesi) are under de Dr Lavé’s suspicions were aroused
velopment, according to the Indonesian while doing fieldwork in the Ganga plain
Nickel Miners Association. Most are built in Nepal in 2012. He noticed that the
with Chinese technology. Two of the three ground beneath his feet had an unusual
operating plants are based on designs from composition. A 50metre core drilled out
China Enfi Engineering Corporation, a of the rock showed an average concentra
subsidiary of the China Metallurgical tion of limestone of around 10%. But for
Group Corporation that operates an HPAL one 4metre stretch the concentration rose
plant in Papua New Guinea. to nearly 50%, “which is enormous, and
Besides their ability to process limo Not what it used to be completely abnormal”, he says.
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The Economist July 8th 2023 Science & technology 67
This suggested that the rocks in ques
tion had made their way to the Ganga plain Applied biology
from the Annapurna massif, hundreds of
kilometres away. That, in turn, hinted at a
The Fred Flintstone diet
massive landslide in the (geologically) re
cent past. After examining satellite images
A Belgian company wants to create woolly-mammoth burgers
of the massif, and taking a helicopter ride
to have a look for himself, Dr Lavé spotted a a strand of Elvis’s hair would do. mixed with binders such as potato
large rubble field which looked like it could Just
Pluck out his DNA and it could be cop starch, oil, salt and other flavours so that
have been caused by the same event. So he ied millions of times using a technique it resembled the taste and texture of a
visited the site the following year, becom called the polymerase chain reaction burger. Paleo’s patent claims the myoglo
ing only the second geologist known to (PCR). That was the business plan pitched bin causes a range of chemical reactions
have done so, and took some samples. Ex in the 1990s by Kary Mullis, an American between other ingredients in the burger,
amining the surrounding cliffs for signs of biologist. Mullis had helped develop PCR producing flavours that are obtainable in
a collapse, he noticed that a peak known as in the 1980s; in 1993 he shared a Nobel no other way. Mr Sanctorum, for his part,
Annapurna IV offered a relatively smooth, prize. “StarGene”, as his company was says mammoth burgers taste “more
steep face which seemed to fit. known, hoped to make money by selling intense” than beef. The firm raised €12m
Back home, he sent samples from the jewellery stuffed with celebrity DNA. ($13.1m) in its first funding round in
rubble field, the rock core and others from The idea never quite worked out. But February, and hints its mammoth meat
the path the landslide might have taken for that has not stopped a slew of newer will be publicly available soon. Several
dating. Should their ages roughly corre firms also hoping to mine gold from dead veganburger makers and an iceage
spond, that would suggest they were individuals—or even entire species. theme park are reportedly interested.
linked to the same event. By measuring the Paleo, for instance, is a Belgian startup Paleo is not the only company explor
abundance of chlorine36 (a radioactive that creates synthetic proteins for the ing mammoth meat. Vow, an Australian
isotope which accumulates in surface artificialmeat business. Driven in part company, says it has made a volleyball
rocks and decays once they are buried), by a “childhood fascination with prehis sized lump of the stuff by injecting engi
and carbon14 (another which accumu tory”, Hermes Sanctorum, the company’s neered mammoth myoglobin into lab
lates in living matter and decays after CEO, is keen to expand the business into grown stem cells derived from sheep.
death), his colleagues dated the samples to making woollymammoth burgers. Geltor, a startup that has raised more
the late 12th century, and to within a couple Working with the Centre for Palaeoge than $100m, opted for a different extinct,
of decades of each other. That is within the netics in Sweden, the firm has obtained elephantine species. It took sequenced
accuracy limits of the dating techniques fragments of DNA from mammoth teeth mastodon DNA and used it to produce
themselves. found in the Siberian permafrost that are collagen, a protein found in skin and
Besides shedding light on a previously up to 1.2m years old. These fragments tendons. The stuff was eventually turned
unknown cataclysm, Dr Lavé’s work could were combined with DNA from Asian and into gelatine for gummy sweets.
plug a gap in the dominant explanation for African elephants, the mammoth’s near And it is not just extinct animals that
why mountains stop growing, which is est living relatives, to reconstruct what companies think might prove valuable.
known as the “glacial buzzsaw” hypothe the firm hopes is the mammoth version Haeckels, a British cosmetics firm, is
sis. Under this model, it is glaciers, which of the gene that encodes myoglobin, a attempting to engineer scents from
are extremely effective at carving scoops protein that helps give meat its rich taste extinct flowers for use in perfumes.
out of mountains, that are mostly respon and vibrant red colour. Geltor has also produced human colla
sible for curbing their growth. That gene was inserted into the DNA gen for use in the cosmetics business.
The problem with that theory, says Dr of yeast, which duly began turning out Perhaps engineering some from a celeb
Rowan, is that there are some peaks that mammoth myoglobin. The protein was rity’s DNA would be a hit?
manage to escape the erosive effect of gla
ciers, and then grow so steeply that gla
ciers can no longer stick to their sides.
“The question is,” she asks, “what stops
these mountains getting bigger?”
Landslides could well be one answer.
While the exact trigger for the Annapurna
landslide is unknown, Dr Lavé’s idea is
that, with nothing to shave rock off their
tips, very high mountains simply keep
growing until their weight is too much for
their lower slopes—which do still experi
ence erosion—to support.
Working out exactly how and when the
tipping point is reached will require exam
ining other such rockslides. Unfortunate
ly, due to the actions of both glaciers and
swollen rivers during the monsoon sea
son, the rubble from the Annapurna land
slip is vanishing fast. Dr Lavé reckons that
only about 10% of the dislodged material
now remains in place. Older rockslides, as
suming there were any, may already be im Guess who’s coming to dinner?
possible to reconstruct. n
012
68
Culture The Economist July 8th 2023
S T JOHN’S, A district in central Manches
ter, has long reflected the city’s ambi
tions. Thanks to its proximity to the River
Mr Osborne saw Factory International
as part of his “northern powerhouse” poli
cy, which aimed to boost the economies of
tions. The inaugural exhibition, “You, Me
and the Balloons”, is the largestever show
by Yayoi Kusama, a blockbuster Japanese
Irwell, the site became a hub for the boom places such as Manchester and Newcastle, artist (see picture). For the full launch in
ing cotton and timber trades during the and to shift jobs, investment and influence October, Danny Boyle, a Mancunian film
Industrial Revolution. After the second away from the southeast of England. Ac maker, has created an immersive produc
world war, as the city’s economy turned to cording to recent data from the Office for tion inspired by “The Matrix”.
wards services, Britain’s first purposebuilt National Statistics, London’s gross value Aviva Studios’s aims are grandiose, too:
television studios were set up there. (Most added (gva, a measure of output) is around executives say it will contribute £1.1bn in
of the studios were closed or relocated in 10% higher than the total of 11 other “core” gva in the next decade and directly and in
2013.) Now the area is undergoing yet an cities, including Manchester. Mr Osborne directly create more than 1,500 jobs. The
other transformation. On June 30th a mul has since left politics—he is now chairman Factory Academy, established in 2018, pro
tiuse arts venue on the banks of the of the British Museum—but talk of “level vides people with the technical skills need
river—costing £211m ($268m) and span ling up” continues. ed by the venue and by the arts sector at
ning more than 140,000 square feet— The venue was designed by Ellen van large. “Yes, we’ve built a really exciting in
welcomed its first visitors. ternational arts venue that people across
The building, initially called Factory the world will travel to see,” says Bev Craig,
→ Also in this section
International but recently rebranded as the leader of Manchester City Council, but
Aviva Studios, was announced in 2014 by 69 The trial of Philippe Pétain “that’s only half the story...It’s purposeful
George Osborne, then the chancellor of the growth, not just any old growth.”
70 A pioneering fibre artist
exchequer. It is mostly funded by the gov Manchester is not alone in betting on
ernment and Manchester City Council and 71 Home Entertainment: Iranian poetry culture as a catalyst of regeneration. In
is the biggest investment in a cultural pro America, Jersey City hopes to become a
— Johnson is away
ject in Britain since Tate Modern in 2000. “destination for the arts” and is footing the
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 Culture 69
012
70 Culture The Economist July 8th 2023
laya of official papers”, wrote one investi state’s responsibility. When speaking in to study the work slowly, the way you
gator, “which soon made our corridors and 2017 of the Vel’ d’Hiv’ roundup, Emmanuel might scrutinise a particular patch of a
offices look like wartime trenches”. Macron, the current president, stated so Jackson Pollock painting.
In the courtroom Pétain spoke little and berly: “Not a single German took part.” The piece was made by Mary Jackson,
remained inscrutable, “his tired eyes con Indeed, the complexity of the figure of an AfricanAmerican fibre artist, in 2007.
tinuously blinking”, as one journalist not Pétain is now difficult to evoke for any Dale Rosengarten, a historian and curator,
ed. Indeed the original assumption was moderate democratic politician. During describes Mrs Jackson as a “genius”. Such
that the marshal would be tried in absen the first world war, as Mr Jackson notes, the acclaim is not uncommon. In 2008 Mrs
tia. In 1944 the Nazis had transferred him marshal was a distinguished military tacti Jackson received one of the MacArthur
to the turreted castle of Hohenzollern cian, who earned national admiration for Foundation’s prestigious grants, worth
Sigmaringen, in Germany, where Louis commanding the French troops in Verdun. $500,000, to support the creation of work
Ferdinand Céline, a proVichy French nov Pétain and de Gaulle were close for several that both preserved “the centuriesold
elist, also found refuge. To general aston years, and in 1926 visited the Verdun battle craft of sweetgrass basketry” and moved
ishment, the 89yearold Pétain handed fields together. In 2018, ahead of centenary “the tradition in stunning new directions”.
himself in, in order to return to Paris and commemorations for the end of the first Two years later, in 2010, she was awarded a
answer to the French people. world war, Mr Macron suggested that it National Heritage Fellowship by the
When the old man in a khaki field uni might be “legitimate” to pay homage to National Endowment for the Arts.
form entered the courtroom, it fell silent. Pétain in this specific historical context. A number of America’s most respected
Pétain’s opening statement, writes Mr The idea prompted an outcry and was qui art institutions, including the Smithsoni
Jackson, was “a compilation of dubious as etly dropped. The wound that Pétain left in an American Art Museum and the Museum
sertions and halftruths, approximations France remains raw. n of Fine Arts in Boston, have acquired her
and provocations”. He had signed the armi pieces. Her work has also been bought by
stice as an “act of salvation”, he insisted. It the White House, King Charles III and the
had spared France “the fate of Poland”, ar Fibre art Japanese royal family. Some of Mrs Jack
gued his defence lawyers. The marshal, son’s designs are works of elegant simplic
they claimed, was not Pierre Laval, the Out of the ity, even as she draws on a wide variety of
Vichy prime minister, who actually sym influences for her craft.
pathised with Nazi Germany; Pétain had long grass Born in 1945, Mrs Jackson grew up in
“protected” many Jews. Moreover, “If he Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. She is
was guilty so was all of France.” Parliament, Gullah, a member of an ethnic group
CHARLESTO N
after all, had voted in 1940 to hand over which predominantly lives in the Sea Is
Mary Jackson has turned coiled
powers to the marshal. lands region along the coast of Florida,
basketry into a fineart form
The spectacle was miserable. Léon Georgia and South Carolina. This remote
Blum, France’s prewar Socialist prime
minister, who had been deported to Nazi
Germany in 1943, told the court that French
“N EVER AGAIN” sits at the intriguing
intersection of art and craft. The
object is both a basket, woven from sweet
ness has allowed Gullah people to preserve
the African roots of their distinct language
and culture more than other African
leaders “had been dipped into some kind grass and palmetto, and an abstract sculp American communities farther inland.
of toxic bath…the nobility and courage of ture. Much wider than it is tall, from a dis Coiled baskets were originally designed
men that one had known corroded and tance “Never Again” seems to be of one for rice cultivation. In South Carolina the
dissolved in front of one’s eyes”. The trial’s hue, but on closer inspection you can see history of agriculture is inextricably linked
conclusion, at a time of intense postwar that its brown, cream and green fibres con with slavery: many Gullah people’s en
purges, was never in any doubt. André verge into purposeful, swirling patterns of slaved ancestors brought their own farm
Mornet, the chief public prosecutor, took colour. Such details encourage the viewer ing traditions with them from west and
five hours to deliver the réquisitoire.
Pétain was sentenced to death, a decision
that de Gaulle later commuted to life
imprisonment. He was stripped of his mil
itary honours.
After meeting Hitler, Pétain had de
clared: “It is I alone who will be judged by
history.” In 1945 the Paris court certainly
judged him severely. But it was not until
1995 that a French president, Jacques Chir
ac, acknowledged his country’s responsi
bility for terrible acts carried out under oc
cupation, referring specifically to the
roundup of thousands of Jews at the Vel’
d’Hiv’ stadium in Paris in 1942 before they
were sent to their deaths. This “under
mined the Gaullist narrative that between
1940 and 1944 ‘France’ had been in London
[where de Gaulle had fled] and that Vichy
was a parenthesis in French history”.
The legal basis for this argument
remains contested, as Mr Jackson points
out. But only the nationalist right today
tries to defend Pétain. Successive presi
dents have, rather, reaffirmed the French Weaving gorgeous fancies
012
The Economist July 8th 2023 Culture 71
012
72
Economic & financial indicators The Economist July 8th 2023
Economic data
Gross domestic product Consumer prices Unemployment Current-account Budget Interest rates Currency units
% change on year ago % change on year ago rate balance balance 10-yr gov't bonds change on per $ % change
latest quarter* 2023† latest 2023† % % of GDP, 2023† % of GDP, 2023† latest,% year ago, bp July 5th on year ago
United States 1.8 Q1 2.0 1.1 4.0 May 3.9 3.7 May -3.0 -5.4 4.0 113 -
China 4.5 Q1 9.1 5.5 0.2 May 1.2 5.2 May‡§ 2.4 -3.0 2.4 §§ -28.0 7.24 -7.5
Japan 1.9 Q1 2.7 1.3 3.2 May 2.6 2.6 May 3.2 -5.8 0.4 13.0 144 -5.9
Britain 0.2 Q1 0.6 0.4 8.7 May 6.5 3.8 Mar†† -3.0 -4.8 4.5 236 0.79 6.3
Canada 2.2 Q1 3.1 1.2 3.4 May 3.6 5.2 May -0.7 -1.4 3.4 33.0 1.33 -2.3
Euro area 1.0 Q1 -0.4 0.8 5.5 Jun 5.7 6.5 May 1.5 -3.4 2.5 131 0.92 6.5
Austria 1.9 Q1 0.4‡ 1.0 8.1 Jun 7.6 4.6 May 1.1 -2.4 3.1 131 0.92 6.5
Belgium 1.3 Q1 1.5 0.8 4.2 Jun 3.6 5.7 May -1.9 -4.4 3.1 112 0.92 6.5
France 0.9 Q1 0.7 0.7 4.5 Jun 5.6 7.0 May -1.7 -5.0 3.0 119 0.92 6.5
Germany -0.5 Q1 -1.3 -0.2 6.4 Jun 6.0 2.9 May 4.4 -2.5 2.5 131 0.92 6.5
Greece 2.3 Q1 -0.3 2.0 2.8 May 3.9 10.8 May -7.2 -2.4 3.8 41.0 0.92 6.5
Italy 1.9 Q1 2.2 1.2 6.4 Jun 6.4 7.6 May 0.1 -4.7 4.2 91.0 0.92 6.5
Netherlands 1.9 Q1 -1.3 0.8 5.7 Jun 5.8 3.5 May 6.2 -2.4 2.8 124 0.92 6.5
Spain 3.8 Q1 2.4 1.8 1.9 Jun 3.6 12.7 May 1.4 -4.2 3.4 103 0.92 6.5
Czech Republic -0.2 Q1 -0.2 0.6 11.1 May 10.3 2.5 May‡ -1.9 -4.5 4.2 -45.0 21.9 10.6
Denmark 1.9 Q1 2.3 0.5 2.9 May 5.0 2.8 May 9.8 0.7 2.8 122 6.85 6.0
Norway 3.0 Q1 1.0 1.6 6.7 May 4.8 3.4 Apr‡‡ 17.6 12.5 1.4 76.0 10.7 -5.2
Poland -0.3 Q1 16.1 1.3 11.5 Jun 12.3 5.1 May§ -1.1 -4.9 5.7 -101 4.10 13.4
Russia -1.8 Q1 na -1.6 2.5 May 6.0 3.2 May§ 5.0 -4.3 11.1 216 90.5 -27.7
Sweden 0.8 Q1 2.4 1.0 9.7 May 6.5 7.9 May§ 3.8 -0.3 2.5 89.0 10.9 -3.2
Switzerland 0.6 Q1 1.1 1.2 1.7 Jun 2.6 2.0 May 7.1 -0.7 0.8 2.0 0.90 7.8
Turkey 4.0 Q1 1.3 3.0 38.2 Jun 41.7 10.0 Apr§ -4.7 -4.6 16.0 -218 26.1 -34.9
Australia 2.3 Q1 0.9 1.5 7.0 Q1 5.5 3.6 May 1.1 -0.1 4.0 44.0 1.50 -1.3
Hong Kong 2.7 Q1 23.0 3.5 2.0 May 2.4 3.0 May‡‡ 6.6 -1.5 3.8 83.0 7.82 0.4
India 6.1 Q1 5.3 6.2 4.3 May 5.3 8.1 Apr -1.3 -5.7 7.1 -28.0 82.2 -3.5
Indonesia 5.0 Q1 na 4.9 3.5 Jun 3.8 5.5 Q1§ 0.9 -2.6 6.2 -114 15,015 -0.2
Malaysia 5.6 Q1 na 3.9 2.8 May 2.7 3.5 Apr§ 3.1 -5.0 4.0 -25.0 4.65 -5.0
Pakistan 1.7 2023** na 1.7 29.4 Jun 31.7 6.3 2021 -1.5 -5.3 15.3 ††† 214 277 -26.3
Philippines 6.4 Q1 4.5 5.3 5.4 Jun 5.7 4.5 Q2§ -5.3 -6.3 6.6 -34.0 55.4 -0.3
Singapore 0.4 Q1 -1.6 1.0 5.1 May 5.1 1.8 Q1 16.2 -0.1 3.1 19.0 1.35 4.4
South Korea 1.0 Q1 1.3 1.3 2.7 Jun 3.0 2.7 May§ 1.9 -2.4 3.6 26.0 1,299 0.1
Taiwan -2.9 Q1 -2.4 0.6 2.0 May 2.0 3.5 May 11.3 -2.2 1.2 -12.0 31.1 -4.4
Thailand 2.7 Q1 7.8 3.2 0.2 Jun 2.2 1.3 May§ 2.1 -2.7 2.8 -2.0 34.9 2.7
Argentina 1.3 Q1 2.7 -3.0 114 May 116.3 6.9 Q1§ -2.6 -4.5 na na 260 -51.4
Brazil 4.0 Q1 8.0 2.4 3.9 May 4.8 8.3 May§‡‡ -1.9 -7.5 10.7 -246 4.86 11.1
Chile -0.6 Q1 3.4 0.1 8.7 May 7.7 8.5 May§‡‡ -3.6 -1.9 5.3 -113 798 19.0
Colombia 3.0 Q1 5.9 1.6 12.4 May 11.7 10.5 May§ -4.2 -3.8 10.2 -103 4,125 3.3
Mexico 3.7 Q1 4.1 2.1 5.8 May 5.5 3.0 May -1.8 -3.7 8.8 -16.0 17.0 21.0
Peru -0.4 Q1 -2.2 1.7 6.5 Jun 6.8 6.1 May§ -2.0 -1.6 6.9 -98.0 3.63 5.5
Egypt 3.9 Q1 na 3.8 32.7 May 30.8 7.1 Q1§ -1.9 -6.4 na na 30.9 -38.9
Israel 3.8 Q1 3.1 2.9 4.6 May 4.3 3.6 May 4.7 -2.4 3.8 119 3.70 -4.6
Saudi Arabia 8.7 2022 na 2.0 2.8 May 2.2 5.1 Q1 3.7 -1.0 na na 3.75 nil
South Africa 0.2 Q1 1.4 0.5 6.6 May 5.7 32.9 Q1§ -1.7 -5.6 10.5 -9.0 18.8 -11.8
Source: Haver Analytics. *% change on previous quarter, annual rate. †The Economist Intelligence Unit estimate/forecast. §Not seasonally adjusted. ‡New series. **Year ending June. ††Latest 3 months. ‡‡3-month moving
average. §§5-year yield. †††Dollar-denominated bonds.
Markets Commodities
% change on: % change on:
Index one Dec 30th index one Dec 30th
The Economist commodity-price index % change on
In local currency Jul 5th week 2022 Jul 5th week 2022 2015=100 Jun 27th Jul 4th* month year
United States S&P 500 4,446.8 1.6 15.8 Pakistan KSE 43,553.8 5.4 7.8 Dollar Index
United States NAScomp 13,791.7 1.5 31.8 Singapore STI 3,185.4 -0.7 -2.0 All Items 147.3 145.7 3.4 -9.1
China Shanghai Comp 3,223.0 1.1 4.3 South Korea KOSPI 2,579.0 0.6 15.3 Food 139.4 136.6 3.0 -9.7
China Shenzhen Comp 2,051.5 1.5 3.8 Taiwan TWI 17,056.4 0.7 20.6 Industrials
Japan Nikkei 225 33,338.7 0.4 27.8 Thailand SET 1,508.9 2.9 -9.6 All 154.7 154.2 3.7 -8.6
Japan Topix 2,306.0 0.3 21.9 Argentina MERV 436,732.6 6.6 116.1 Non-food agriculturals 110.2 110.6 2.7 -32.5
Britain FTSE 100 7,442.1 -0.8 -0.1 Brazil BVSP* 119,549.2 2.5 8.9 Metals 167.9 167.2 3.9 -1.8
Canada S&P TSX 20,103.9 1.4 3.7 Mexico IPC 54,039.7 1.1 11.5
Sterling Index
Euro area EURO STOXX 50 4,350.7 0.1 14.7 Egypt EGX 30 17,380.3 -1.6 19.1
All items 176.4 174.8 0.8 -14.9
France CAC 40 7,310.8 0.3 12.9 Israel TA-125 1,797.1 1.3 -0.2
Germany DAX* 15,937.6 -0.1 14.5 Saudi Arabia Tadawul 11,591.6 1.2 9.9 Euro Index
Italy FTSE/MIB 28,220.2 2.1 19.0 South Africa JSE AS 75,909.5 1.4 3.9 All items 149.2 148.2 1.3 -14.6
Netherlands AEX 769.9 0.3 11.7 World, dev'd MSCI 2,960.8 1.2 13.8 Gold
Spain IBEX 35 9,486.3 0.1 15.3 Emerging markets MSCI 1,001.1 0.9 4.7 $ per oz 1,915.1 1,927.3 -1.6 9.0
Poland WIG 66,461.1 -0.3 15.7
Brent
Russia RTS, $ terms 969.3 -4.5 -0.1
$ per barrel 72.3 76.2 -0.2 -26.0
Switzerland SMI 11,193.9 0.1 4.3 US corporate bonds, spread over Treasuries
Turkey BIST 6,106.8 6.0 10.8 Dec 30th Sources: Bloomberg; CME Group; Cotlook; Refinitiv Datastream;
Australia All Ord. 7,453.1 0.9 3.2 Basis points latest 2022 Fastmarkets; FT; ICCO; ICO; ISO; Live Rice Index; LME; NZ Wool
Services; Thompson Lloyd & Ewart; Urner Barry; WSJ. *Provisional.
Hong Kong Hang Seng 19,110.4 -0.3 -3.4 Investment grade 144 154
India BSE 65,446.0 2.4 7.6 High-yield 448 502
Indonesia IDX 6,719.0 0.9 -1.9 Sources: Refinitiv Datastream; Standard & Poor's Global Fixed Income For more countries and additional data, visit
Malaysia KLSE 1,389.9 0.1 -7.1 Research. *Total return index. economist.com/economicandfinancialindicators
012
Graphic detail Obesity The Economist July 8th 2023 73
Asian
012
74
Obituary Donald Triplett The Economist July 8th 2023
An earlier doctor, near her home in Forest, Mississippi, had
been far less cautious. He had known exactly what was wrong with
Mary’s boy: it was Mary. She had overstimulated him, with all her
songs and all that talking. He knew how to cure him, too: Mary
must put Donald in an institution, away from her. So she and her
husband put their boy in the family Buick and drove him to a chil
dren’s institution in a town called Sanatorium. Then they left him
there. And, in a way, it worked: Donald’s tantrums and screaming
stopped. However so too did everything else. There was no more
humming, or singing, or spinning. Now Donald did almost noth
ing at all. He just sat, motionless, in his regulation white bloomers
and top. He was three years old.
Which was why Mary ended up taking him to Kanner. He was
an AustrianJewish psychiatrist who had come to America years
before (he would later help hundreds of people escape from Nazi
Germany). He was never much of a one for putting labels on peo
ple: they were more complicated than that. Then Mary turned up
in his office with her boy Donald, and her husband, and her hus
band’s 33 pages of typed notes on his son (“obsessive”, Kanner ob
served). He read the notes and he studied the boy. He stuck a pin in
Donald’s arm and was riveted to see that though the boy pushed
the pin away, “He was never angry at the interfering person.” And
he could see that this needed a name.
Kanner started work on a paper. He would include ten other
children in it too but Donald would be his first: “Case 1”. Many of
these children had wildly different characteristics, he wrote. How
ever they all shared one thing: an “inability to relate themselves in
Through the dark the ordinary way to people”. Common English had no word for
this, so Kanner borrowed a word for it from elsewhere in psychia
clouds shining try. The word he chose came from a Greek word, “autos”, which
meant “self”. Donald, he wrote, was “autistic”. Kanner went fur
ther: this “unique syndrome not heretofore reported” was rare—
but probably more frequent than “the paucity of observed cases”
Donald Triplett, the first man to be diagnosed with autism,
made it seem. Kanner’s paper has since been cited 17,000 times.
died on June 15th, aged 89
Later, Kanner would always say that he hadn’t discovered au
012
Say do the
right thing
Responsibility is the law of tomorrow
012
HIGH JEWELRY
012