Stereochemisry
Stereochemisry
Stereochemisry
B PHARM II
Prepared by
Dr.M.D.GAME
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Stereochemistry
chemistry in three
dimensions
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IMPORTANT TERMS IN STEREOCHEMISTRY
n Types of isomers
n Types of Stereoisomers
n Optical Activity
n Chirality
n Internal Plane of Symmetry
n Important role of stereochemistry
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:
STEREOCHEMISTRY & STEREOISOMERS
Conformational Isomers - Compounds of the same structure
that differ in rotation around one or more single bonds
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Configurational Isomers or Stereoisomers -
Compounds of the same structure that differ in one or
more aspects of stereochemistry (how groups are
oriented in space - enantiomers or diastereomers
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Isomers – different compounds with the same molecular
formula.
Structural Isomers – isomers that differ in which atoms are
bonded to which atoms.
CH3
eg. C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3
n-butane isobutane
Stereoisomers – isomers that differ in the way the atoms are
oriented in space, but not in which atoms are bonded to which
atoms.
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TYPES OF STEREOISOMERS
Two types of stereoisomers:
enantiomers
Two compounds that are non superimposable mirror
images of each other
Diastereomers
Two stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each
other
Geometric isomers (cis-trans isomers) are one type of
diastereomer. 10
OPTICAL ACTIVITY
PLANE-POLARIZED LIGHT
Ordinary light is a moving wave whose vibrations take place in all
directions perpendicular to the direction in which the light is travelling.
One can envisage each vibration as the vector of two vibrations which
are mutually at right angles.
One of these components of ordinary light when passed through a
polarizer - Polaroid filter. The resulting light is said to be polarized -
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all its vibrations are parallel to a single plane.
plane polarized light – Ordinary light when passed
through a nicol prism or other polarizing medium ,all of the
vibrations are in the same plane called plane polarized
light or in simple words we can say Ordinary light can be
converted to plane polarized light by passing through nicol
prism.(it is the lens made up of polaroid or calcite )
non-polarized polarized
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OPTICAL ACTIVITY
An optically active compound is one which rotates the
plane of polarization.
If from the point of observer the rotation is in the
clockwise direction, the sample is said to be
dextrorotatory. The angle of rotation, is considered to
be positive (+).
If the rotation is in the counterclockwise direction, the
sample is said to be levorotatory and the angle, is then
negative (-).
There is no correlation between (+)/(-) and (R)/(S). Thus
(R)-2-chlorobutane is the levorotatory enantiomer.
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BY OPTICAL ROTATION
An enantiomer can be named by the direction in
which it rotates the plane of polarized light. If it rotates the
light clockwise (as seen by a viewer towards whom the
light is traveling), that enantiomer is labeled (+). Its mirror-
image is labeled (−). The (+) and (−) isomers have also
been termed d- and l-, respectively (for
dextrorotatory and levorotatory). Naming with d- and l- is
easy to confuse with D- and L- labeling and is therefore
discouraged by IUPAC.
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An optical isomer can be named by the spatial
configuration of its atoms. The D/L system not to be confused
with the d- and l-system, does this by relating the molecule
to glyceraldehyde. Glyceraldehyde is chiral itself, and its two
isomers are labeled D and L. Certain chemical manipulations can
be performed on glyceraldehyde without affecting its
configuration, and its historical use for this purpose has resulted
in its use for nomenclature.
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Optical activity is measured by a polarimeter, and is dependent
on several factors: concentration of the sample, temperature,
length of the sample tube or cell, and wavelength of the light
passing through the sample. Rotation is given in +/- degrees,
depending on whether the sample has d- (positive) or l-
(negative) enantiomers. The standard measurement for rotation
for a specific chemical compound is called the specific rotation,
defined as an angle measured at a path length of 1 decimeter and
a concentration of 1g/ml.
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polarimeter – an instrument used to measure optical activity.
polarizer analyzer
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Optical Rotation and Polarimetry
The amount (in degrees) that a chiral material will rotate light is called the optical rotation. Different chiral
molecules will have optical rotations that vary in direction and size of the optical rotation. Enantiomers will
always have equal optical rotations but in opposite directions.
The optical purity of a substance can be measured by comparing the optical rotation of the sample to the
known optical rotation of a single entantiomer of that compound. Optical purity is usually reported in percent
entantiomeric excess (%ee).
Enantiomeric excess is the % of the sample that is non-racemic. For example, 80% ee means that there is
90% of one enantiomer and 10% of the other.
Vocabulary
•l or (-): indicates that a (chiral) compound rotates light in a
counterclockwise direction (this has no correlation with S or R)
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SPECIFIC ROTATION
is proportional to the concentration of the sample and the
length of the sample tube:
[]t =
l x c
- angle of rotation measured in degrees
t - temperature
- wavelength of light
l - length of sample cell
c - concentration in grams of substance contained in21
1 mL of solution
CHIRAL
Enantiomers are chiral:
Chiral:
Not superimposable on its mirror image
Is a carbon that is bonded to four different groups
of atoms.
*
CH3CH2CHBrCH3
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CHIRAL
Some molecules are chiral:
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Asymmetric (chiral)
carbon
ASYMMETRIC CARBONS
The most common feature that leads to chirality in
organic compounds is the presence of an asymmetric (or
chiral) carbon atom.
A carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups
In general:
no asymmetric C usually achiral
1 asymmetric C always chiral
> 2 asymmetric C may or may not be
chiral
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ACHIRAL
Many molecules and objects are achiral:
identical to its mirror image
not chiral
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INTERNAL PLANE OF SYMMETRY
Cis-1,2-dichlorocyclopentane contains two asymmetric
carbons but is achiral.
contains an internal mirror plane of symmetry
s
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CHIRAL VS. ACHIRAL
To determine if a compound is chiral:
0 asymmetric carbons: Usually achiral
1 asymmetric carbon: Always chiral
2 asymmetric carbons: Chiral or achiral
Does the compound have an internal plane of symmetry?
Yes: achiral
No:
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TEST FOR OPTICAL ACTIVITY: CHIRAL MOLECULES
ARE OPTICALLY ACTIVE.
(S)-ketamine (R)-ketamine
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anesthetic hallucinogen
REFERENCES
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Thank you- - -
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