Computer Application

Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University Bhopal
UNIT-1
Define Computer:
A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations
and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware
program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and then
produce outputs.
Draw a Block Diagram of a Computer
Computer Components:
1. Scanner: An input device that can convert the contents of a paper document
into a digital image that can be stored in the computer.
2. CPU (Central Processing Unit) or the processor: The "brain" of the computer
where programs are run. It is one of the most expensive parts of the hardware.
Modern CPUs can perform multiple tasks simultaneously.
3. RAM (Random Access Memory): The computer's high-speed, short-term
memory. It temporarily stores data and instructions for programs that run on the
computer.
4. Expansion Cards: Circuit boards that can be inserted to add functionality to a
computer system (for example: network, sound, or video cards).
Computer Application Page 1

5. Power Supply: Converts electricity from the wall into the form that the other
computer components use.
6. Optical Drive: An input/output device that reads data from and writes data to
CDs and DVDs.
7. Hard Drive: An input/output device that serves as the long-term storage
memory of the computer. There are two primary kinds: mechanical drives that
use a mechanical arm to read and write data on a rotating disk, and "solid state"
drives that have no moving parts.
8. Motherboard: A circuit board that holds and connects various components of
the computer and allows their communication.
9. Speaker: An input/output device that outputs sound from the computer.
10. Monitor: An input/output device that displays information visually. Generally,
monitors are output devices where the computer visually displays information.
Touchscreens combine the functions of output and input.
11. Keyboard: An input device on which the user can type to communicate with
the computer.
12. Mouse: An input device that allows the user to interact with visual objects
displayed on the monitor.
13. External Hard Drive: An input/output device that serves as an extra hard drive
used for additional or backup storage.
14. Printer: An output device that can transfer digital data onto paper.
Write Functions of units:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A Central Processing Unit is also called a processor, central processor, or
microprocessor. It carries out all the important functions of a computer. It receives
instructions from both the hardware and active software and produces output
accordingly. It stores all important programs like operating systems and application
software. The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central
processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system.
Control Unit: It is the circuitry in the control unit, which makes use of electrical
signals to instruct the computer system for executing already stored instructions. It
takes instructions from memory and then decodes and executes these instructions. So, it
controls and coordinates the functioning of all parts of the computer. The Control Unit's
main task is to maintain and regulate the flow of information across the processor. It
does not take part in processing and storing data.
ALU: It is the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logical functions.
Arithmetic functions include addition, subtraction, multiplication division, and
comparisons. Logical functions mainly include selecting, comparing, and merging the
data. A CPU may contain more than one ALU. Furthermore, ALUs can be used for
maintaining timers that help run the computer.

Memory or Storage Unit/ Registers:
A storage device is any type of computing hardware that is used for storing,
porting or extracting data files and objects. Storage devices can hold and store
information both temporarily and permanently.
Measurement of Memory:
The memory required to store a word formed with 8 Bits of data/Information
is called a BYTE.
Normally One byte of memory is required to store one Character.
1 Kilo Byte (KB) = 1024 Bytes

1 Mega Byte (MB)= 1024 KB
1 Giga Byte (GB)= 1024 MB
There are two different types of storage devices:
1. Primary storage devices: Generally smaller in size, primary storage

devices are designed to hold data temporarily and are internal to the
computer. They have the fastest data access speed. These types of devices
include RAM and cache memory.
2. Secondary storage devices: Secondary storage devices usually have

larger storage capacity, and they store data permanently. They can be
either internal or external to the computer. These types of devices include
the hard disk, the optical disk drive and USB storage device.
INPUT DEVICES:
Some commonly used input devices are listed below:
1. Key Board
2. Mouse
3. Optical Scanner
4. Magnetic Card Reader
OUTPUT DEVICES: Some commonly used output devices are listed

below:
1. VDU (Video Display Unit)

2. Printer
3. Plotter
4. Speaker

Computer Generation:
1. First Generation Computer:

Vacuum tubes, an electronic device that regulates the flow of electrons in a
vacuum, were used. These were the first computer systems that the users
utilized for circuitry and magnetic drums and were usually massive,
capturing up an entire room. These computers were very costly to operate
in the spare of employing a great deal of electricity. At that time, the most
common computer language that the first generation computers depended
on was the machine language, the lowest-level programming language that
the computers understood for executing operations. The UNIVAC and
ENIAC computers are specimens of the first-generation computing
devices.
Characteristics:
 The main electronic component of first-generation computers is the
vacuum tubes.
 It operated in machine language.
 Its primary memories were the Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
 It employed its Input/output devices as Paper tape and punched cards.
2. First Generation Computer:

The technology of transistors replaced the bulkier generation of vacuum
tubes. After the invention of these transistors, the dimensions of the
computer also reduced. Second-generation computers evolved smaller in
size compared to first-generation computers. Second-generation computers
developed from enigmatic binary machine language to representational
symbolic systems, or assembly languages, that authorized the programmers
to appoint instructions in words or phrases. IBM1400 series, PDP-8, IBM
7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, CDC 3600, etc., are a few examples of the
second-generation.
Characteristics:
 The main electronic component of second-generation computers is
electronic transistors.
 Here Assembler used for convert the assembly language to machine

language.
 It operated in Machine language and assembly language.
 Its primary memories were the Magnetic core and magnetic tape or
magnetic disk.
 Its Input/output devices were the Magnetic tape and punched cards.
3. Third Generation Computer:

This generation started developing integrated circuits in 1964. Instead of
using punch cards and printouts, users were able to interact with third-
generation computers via keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system.
Characteristics:
 The main electronic component of third-generation computers is
integrated circuits.
 It operated in High-level language.
 Its primary memories were the large magnetic core and magnetic
tape/disk.
 Its Input/output devices were the Magnetic tape, monitor, keyboard,
printer, etc.
 Here Compiler or Interpreter used.

 The main electronic component of fourth-generation computers is
Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) and the microprocessor (VLSI
contains thousands of transistors inside a single microchip).
 It operated in High-level language.
 Its primary memories were the semiconductor memory (mainly RAM,
ROM, etc.)
 Its Input/output devices were the pointing devices, optical scanning,
keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.

The technology on which the fifth generation of computers relies is
AI. It authorizes computers to conduct like humans. Today's
computers are so developed; that the users utilize them in every
distinct field, primarily accounting, constructing buildings, space
research, engineering technologies, and other types of analysis. The

principal purpose of fifth-generation computing is to create devices
that react to natural language input, competent in learning and self-
organizing.
 The main electronic component of fourth-generation computers is

Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) and the parallel processing
technique.
 It operated in natural human language.
 Its Input/output devices were the Track pad, touch screen, pen, speech
input, light scanner, etc.

Limitations of Computer:

Characteristics of Computer:
1. Speed
Speed is one of the important characteristics of the computer system. Computers are
much faster than humans. It solves the mathematical problem in a millisecond. As per
human can do the calculation by takes some time, but in case of a computer, it can do
within milliseconds or nanoseconds. The speed of the computer is very higher than
humans.
2. Accuracy
In case of accurate results, the computer can do both perfectly like speed and providing
accurate results. But it is related to the program which is given by humans, if the
program is accurate then the computer provides the result accurately without any error.
3. Reliability
If the program is given to the computer is accurate, it means that all the output or result
is accurate and also reliable as it’s for providing consistent results. The computer
performs an automation process, if the algorithm is properly set in the computer then it
gives us the result accurate and reliable.
4. Consistency
Computer are usually consistent, which means they provide us a result consistently. It
performs the last number of processes without any errors. which means it provides us
the same result in milliseconds.
5. Versatility
Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform more than one task at the
same time which is known as versatility. The computer has the ability to perform
different types of work like versatility can be used to make payroll bills, invoices, etc.
6. Deligence
Computers can perform the Trillian of calculation with the same accurate result and the
same consistency. The computer doesn’t get tired when it time to do a trillion of
calculations or tasks, It completes all the tasks without taking any time. The routine of a
computer only is to perform tasks.

Classification of Computer:
1. Analog Computer:
 Analog computer may be used in scientific and industrial applications such as
to measure the electric current, frequency and resistance of the capacitor, etc.
 Analog computers directly accept the data in the measuring device without first
converting it into codes and numbers.
 Cases of analog computer are temperature, pressure, telephone lines,
Speedometer, immunity of capacitor, frequency of signal and voltage.
2. Digital Computer:
 The digital computer is the most widely used and used to process data with
numbers using digits, usually utilizing the binary number system.
 A digital computer intended to do calculations and logical operations at a high
rate. It takes the raw data as digits or amounts and procedures using
applications stored in its memory to make output. All modern computers such
as laptops and desktops we use at office or home are digital computers.
 It works on data, such as magnitudes, letters, and symbols, which expressed in
binary code–i.e., with just the two digits 1 and 0. By counting, comparing, and
manipulating those digits or their mixtures by a pair of instructions stored in its
memory.
 It allows you to store a large amount of information and to retrieve it easily

whenever you need it.
 You can easily add new features to digital systems more easily.

 Different applications can be used in digital systems just by changing the

program without making any changes in hardware
 The cost of hardware is less due to the advancement in the IC technology.
 It offers high speed as the data is processed digitally.
 It is highly reliable as it uses error correction codes.
 Reproducibility of results is higher as the output is not affected by noise,

temperature, humidity, and other properties of its components.
Different kinds and sizes of computer:
a. Supercomputer:
Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are

designed to process huge amount of data. A supercomputer
can process trillions of instructions in a second. It has thousands of
interconnected processors.
 It has the ability to decrypt your password to enhance protection for security
reasons.
 It produces excellent results in animations.
 It is used for virtual testing of nuclear weapons and critical medical tests.
 It can study and understand climate patterns and forecast weather conditions. It
can run in NOAA's system (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
that can execute any type of simple and logical data.
 It helps in designing the flight simulators for pilots at the beginner level for their
training.
 It helps in extracting useful information from data storage centres or cloud

system. For example, in insurance companies..
 It helps in scientific research areas by accurately analysing data obtained from

exploring the solar system, satellites, and movement of Earth.

 It also used in a smog control system where it predicts the level of fog and other
pollutants in the atmosphere.
b. Mainframe Computer :
Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of
users simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the same
time. It means they can execute different processes simultaneously. These
features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations
like banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process high
volume of data.
 It can process huge amount of data, e.g. millions of transactions in a second in

the banking sector.
 It has a very long life. It can run smoothly for up to 50 years after proper
installation.
 It gives excellent performance with large scale memory management.
 It has the ability to share or distribute its workload among other processors and
input/output terminals.
 There are fewer chances of error or bugs during processing in mainframe

computers. If any error occurs it can fix it quickly without affecting the
performance.
 It has the ability to protect the stored data and other ongoing exchange of
information and data.
c. Mini Computer :
It is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more

processors and can support 4 to 200 users at one time. Miniframe
computers are used in institutes and departments for tasks such as
billing, accounting and inventory management. A minicomputer lies
between the mainframe and microcomputer as it is smaller than
mainframe but larger than a microcomputer.
 It is light weight that makes it easy to carry and fit anywhere.
 It is less expensive than mainframe computers.
 It is very fast compared to its size.
 It remains charged for a long time.
 It does not require a controlled operational environment.
d. Workstation:
Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or

scientific applications. It has a faster microprocessor, a large amount of
RAM and high speed graphic adapters. It generally performs a specific
job with great expertise; accordingly, they are of different types such as
graphics workstation, music workstation and engineering design
workstation.
 It is a high-performance computer system designed for a single user for business

or professional use.
 It has larger storage capacity, better graphics, and more powerful CPU than a
personal computer.
 It can handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio and video creation and
editing.
e. Microcomputer:
Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. It is a general-

purpose computer that is designed for individual use. It has a
microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory, storage area, input
unit and output unit. Laptops and desktop computers are examples of
microcomputers. They are suitable for personal work that may be making
an assignment, watching a movie, or at office for office work.
 It is the smallest in size among all types of computers.
 A limited number of software can be used.

 It is designed for personal work and applications. Only one user can work at a
time.
 It is less expansive and easy to use.
 It does not require the user to have special skills or training to use it.
 Generally, comes with single semiconductor chip.
 It is capable of multitasking such as printing, scanning, browsing, watching

videos, etc.
3. Hybrid Computer:
 A hybrid computer which combines the aspects of a digital computer
and an analogue computer. It’s quick like an analogue computer and
contains memory and precision like digital computers. It’s intended
to incorporate a functioning analogue unit that’s effective for
calculations, nevertheless has a readily accessible digital memory.
 A hybrid computer is used in hospitals to gauge the heartbeat of this
individual.

UNIT-2
Computer Memory
It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer,
where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is
divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address.
1. Primary memory
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It
has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of
semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to
be processed resides in the main memory.
 These are semiconductor memories.

 It is known as the main memory.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off.
 It is the working memory of the computer.
 Faster than secondary memories.
 A computer cannot run without the primary memory.
a. RAM:
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and
program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as
the machine is switched off, data is erased.

RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power
failure.
RAM is of two types −
 Static RAM (SRAM)

 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
 Static RAM (SRAM):

Data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-
transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage.
 Long life
 No need to refresh
 Faster
 Used as cache memory
 Large size
 Expensive
 High power consumption
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

In which, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the
memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for
most system memory as it is cheap and small.
 Short data lifetime
 Needs to be refreshed continuously
 Slower as compared to SRAM
 Used as RAM
 Smaller in size
 Less expensive
 Less power consumption
b. ROM
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot
write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such
memories during manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a
computer.
 MROM (Masked ROM)
The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or
instructions. These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs, which are inexpensive.

 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM
and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip, there are small fuses
which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.
 EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually,
an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an
insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than 10 years because the charge has no leakage
path.
2. Secondary memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main
memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example,
disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
 These are magnetic and optical memories.

 It is known as the backup memory.
 It is a non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
 It is used for storage of data in a computer.
 Computer may run without the secondary memory.
 Slower than primary memories.
3. Cache memory
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts
as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and
program which are most frequently used by the CPU.
 Cache memory is faster than main memory.

 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
 It stores data for temporary use.

Computer bus
The electrically conducting path along which data is transmitted inside any digital
electronic device. A Computer bus consists of a set of parallel conductors, which may
be conventional wires, copper tracks on a PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, or
microscopic aluminum trails on the surface of a silicon chip. a bus with eight wires can
carry only 8-bit data words, and hence defines the device as an 8-bit device. A computer
bus normally has a single word memory circuit called a LATCH attached to either
end, which briefly stores the word being transmitted and ensures that each bit has
settled to its intended state before its value is transmitted.
Types of Computer Bus
a) Data Bus:
i. The data bus allows data to travel back and forth between the microprocessor (CPU)
and memory (RAM).
ii. Data bus carry the data.
iii. Data bus is a bidirectional bus.
iv. Data bus fetch the instructions from memory.
v. Data bus used to store the result of an instruction into memory.
vi. Data bus carry commands to an I/O device controller or port.
vii. Data bus carry data from a device controller or port.
viii. Data bus issue data to a device controller or port.
b) Address Bus:
i. The address bus carries information about the location of data in memory.
ii.Address bus carry the memory address while reading from writing into memory.
iii.Address bus carry I/O post address or device address from I/O port.
iv. In uni-directional address bus only the CPU could send address and other units could
not address the microprocessor.
v. Now a days computers are having bi-directional address bus.
c) Control Bus :
i. The control bus carries the control signals that make sure everything is flowing
smoothly from place to place.
ii. Memory Read: This signal, is issued by the CPU or DMA controller when performing
a read operation with the memory.
iii. Memory Write: This signal is issued by the CPU or DMA controller when performing
a write operation with the memory.

iv. I/O Read: This signal is issued by the CPU when it is reading from an input port.
v. I/O Write: This signal is issued by the CPU when writing into an output port.
vi. Ready: The ready is an input signal to the CPU generated in order to synchronize
the show memory or I/O ports with the fast CPU.

What is meant by accelerated graphics port?

An Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a point to point channel that is used for high-speed
video output. This port is used to connect graphic cards to a computer's motherboard. It
increases the speed at which machines can render graphics while using the system's resources
more efficiently.
Advantages:
1. Texture maps of countless sizes, levels of detail, and realism can be used.
2. 3D applications will function more quickly when there is no longer a need to pre-fetch
and cache textures in local video memory with more frames per second, up to 12.6
times more.
3. AGP assists OEMs in keeping costs under control for new PC designs by reducing the
requirement for video RAM.
4. Video traffic will flow smoothly to the user's screen across the AGP bus.
5. Systems will operate more steadily by removing graphics and video traffic from the
PCI bus.
Characteristics:
1. It performs with exceptional speed and good quality.
2. The primary memory of the computer is directly accessible.
3. It is interconnected with the CPU and runs at processor bus speed.
4. It processes video information sent to the card more quickly.
5. The 3D images are stored in the main memory.
6. It offers pipelining and sideband addressing as two ways for the graphics card to
access texture maps stored in system memory directly.
7. The brown color of the port makes it easy to spot.
USB
A USB is a common computer port, which shorts for Universal Serial Bus and allows
communication between a computer and peripheral or other devices. It is the most
common interface used in today's computers, which can be used to connect printers,

scanners, keyboards, mice, game controllers, digital cameras, external hard drives and
flash drives.
There are many types of USB connectors, but type A and type B are one of two major
types-
1. Type A is USB 2.0, which contains a flat rectangle interface. And, to

supply power and transmit data, it is inserted into a USB or hub host. The
input device, keyboard and mouse are a well-known example of type A
USB connectors.
2. Type B USB uses a removable cable like a printer and is connected to an
upstream port.
List of USB devices
In modern times, to connect with the computer, there are many different USB devices. Some
common are as follows:
1. Keyboard
2. Smartphone
3. Tablet
4. Webcams
5. Keypad
6. Microphone
7. Mouse
8. Joystick
9. Jumpdrive aka Thumb drive
10. Scanner
11. Printer
12. External drive

13. iPod or other MP3 players
14. Digital Camera
FSB
[front-side bus] FSB is also known as the processor bus, memory bus, or system bus and
connects the CPU (chipset) with the main memory and L2 cache. The FSB can range from
speeds of 66 MHz, 133 MHz, 100 MHz, 266 MHz, 400 MHz, and up. The FSB is now
another important consideration when looking at purchasing a computer motherboard or a
new computer.
The FSB speed can be set either using the system BIOS or with jumpers on the computer
motherboard. It connected the system memory, input/output (I/O) peripherals and other board
components to the CPU and acted as the main transport link for data around the computer
hardware.
Wireless Connectivity
This addresses a variety of topics associated with wireless conenctivity. Everything from Wi-
Fi, Wi-FI routers and repeaters, etc through to other forms of wireless connectivity including
Bluetooth, LoRa, NFC and many more. With the technology for Smart homes and cities
becoming more commonplace, these technologies are being used increasingly.
Wireless networking has seen an increase in popularity because it is easy to connect a node to
a network. Many different types of device, such as laptops, tablets, smart phones, interactive
TVs, media centers, games consoles and security cameras, can easily connect to a network
when needed, without having to run a cable to each device.
1. new nodes can easily be added without interruption to the network

2. users can move around freely and still stay connected
3. However, there are disadvantages to using a wireless network:
4. Radio signals have a limited range.

5. Radio signals can suffer from electromagnetic interference from other devices and
even other radio signals. They can also be blocked by walls, leading to dead spots
where no signal can be found.
6. Each wireless access point (WAP) only has so much bandwidth to share among
connected nodes. The greater the number of nodes that are connected, the less
bandwidth each receives and the slower communication becomes.
7. Radio signals pose a security risk as they can be intercepted by unauthorized users. To
overcome this problem, messages need to be encrypted.

Wired Connectivity
Although wireless technologies like Wi-Fi are widely used, wired connectivity is important.
Ethernet is once such example as it is used for many computer conenctions. Items like
Ethernet cables and many more can be found, although with other wired connectivity areas
like USB, serial communications and networking solutions like NFV and SDN.
Wired networking is still widely used in businesses or schools where devices such as desktop
computers are unlikely to need to be relocated very often. Tasks that require large amounts of
data to be accessed from servers - such as commercial video editing - are likely to be quicker
using a wired network as the bandwidth available to each connected device is much larger.
1. generally faster data transfer compared to wireless networks

2. much less likely to suffer from interference than wireless networks
3. more difficult for unauthorized users to intercept data
4. However, there are disadvantages to using a wired network:
5. they are expensive to install or reconfigure

6. Users can’t instantly move a device from one location to another as there may not be a
network connection available.
Touch screen
Touch screen technology is the direct manipulation type of gesture-based technology. Direct
manipulation is the ability to manipulate the digital world inside a screen. A Touch screen is
an electronic visual display capable of detecting and locating a touch over its display area.
This is generally referred to as touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. This
technology most widely used in computers, user interactive machines, smart phones, tablets,
etc to replace most functions of the mouse and keyboard. Touch screen technology is the
assembly of a touch panel as well as a display device. Generally, a touch panel is covered on
an electronic visual display within a processing system. Here the display is an LCD otherwise
OLED whereas the system is normally like a Smartphone, tablet, or laptop.
Video display terminal (VDT)

Video display terminal (VDT), consisting of a keyboard and a CRT viewing screen, that
enables the operator to see and correct the words as they are being typed. If a system has a
line printer, it can produce printouts of “hard copy.”

Flash memory
Flash memory, also known as flash storage, is a type of nonvolatile memory that erases data
in units called blocks and rewrites data at the byte level. Flash memory is widely used for
storage and data transfer in consumer devices, enterprise systems and industrial applications.
Flash memory retains data for an extended period of time, regardless of whether a flash-
equipped device is powered on or off.
Flash memory is used in enterprise data center server, storage and networking technology, as
well as in a wide range of consumer devices, including USB flash drives -- also known as
memory sticks -- SD cards, mobile phones, digital cameras, tablet computers and PC cards in
notebook computers and embedded controllers.
DVD
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. It is commonly known as Digital Video Disc. It is a
digital optical disc storage format used to store high-capacity data like high-quality videos
and movies. It is also used to store the operating system. It was invented and developed by
four companies named Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs provide higher
storage capacity than CDs(compact discs) and can be played in multiple types of players like
DVD players.
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting is an important component of technical support and refers to searching for

the source of the problem and addressing it. It is an approach that is used to deal with
problems in computer systems, machines, and electronic devices.Several stories point to the
origin of troubleshooting. One is that during the 1800s California gold rush, mines hired
tough, no-nonsense guards to shoot troublemakers. They were referred to as
“troubleshooters.”Another story tells of technicians dispatched by the 19th-century telephone
and telegraph companies to hunt for problems in their infrastructure. They were instructed to
“shoot” these troublesome problems down.

UNIT-3
Operating System
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. Every computer system
must have at least one operating system to run other programs. Some popular
Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System.
Types of Operating System:

Some of the widely used operating systems are as follows:
1. Batch Operating System
2. Multiprogramming Operating System
3. Multiprocessor Operating System
4. Multitasking Operation System
5. Network Operating System
6. Time Sharing Operating System
 Batch Operating System:

i. In this type of system, there is no direct interaction between user and the computer.
ii. The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator.
iii. Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.
iv. Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.
v. Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each program in the
batch.
vi. The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.
Examples : Payroll System, Bank Statements etc.
Advantages of Batch Operating System:
• It is very difficult to guess or know the time required by any job to complete.
Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in queue.
• Multiple users can share the batch systems.

• The idle time for batch system is less.
• It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
• The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
• Batch systems are hard to debug
• It is sometime costly.
• The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
 Multiprogramming Operating System:

Multiprogramming operating system has ability to execute multiple programs with using of
only one processor machine.
In multiprogramming operating system, if single program gets to wait for I/O transfer, then
other programs are always ready to CPU utilization. Due to this, multiple jobs can share time
of its CPU. But, in the multiprogramming operating system, it does not predefine to be
execution of their jobs at same time frame.

i. The operating system holds multiple jobs in memory at a time.
ii. This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs placed in the job pool.
iii. The operating system picks up and starts operating one of the tasks in memory.
iv. The multiprogramming operating system monitors the status of all active programs
and system resources using memory management programs to ensure that the CPU is
never idle unless there is a job for the process.
Advantages of multiprogramming Operating System:

• To increase CPU utilization and it never gets idle.
• Resources are utilized smartly.
• Less response time
• Short time jobs are done fastest compare to long time jobs.
• Multiple users can use multiprogramming system at once.
• It can help to execute multiple tasks in single application at same time duration.
• It can help to improve turnaround time for short jobs.
• It reduces total read time that is required to execute a job.
• Multiprogramming system helps to optimize total job throughput of computer.
• Multiprogramming system can monitor fastest as entire tasks run in parallel.
Disadvantages of multiprogramming Operating System:
• CPU scheduling is needed.
• Memory management is required because all types of jobs are stored in the main
memory.

• If, it contains massive load of jobs then its long time jobs have to need long waiting
time.
• Harder task is to manage of all processes and jobs.
• It is highly complex and sophisticated.
 Multitasking Operation System

Multitasking operating system provides the interface for executing the multiple
program tasks by single user at a same time on the one computer system.
For example, any editing task can be performed while other programs are executing
concurrently. Other example, user can open Gmail and Power Point same time.
Advantages of Multitasking Operating System:
• Time Shareable
• Manage Several Users
• Secured Memory
• Great Virtual Memory
• Background Processing
• Good Reliability
• Use Multiple Programs
• Optimize Computer Resources
Disadvantages of Multitasking Operating System:
• Memory Boundation

• Processor Boundation
• CPU Heat up
 Multiprocessor Operating System:

Multiprocessor operating system allows the multiple processors, and these processors are
connected with physical memory, computer buses, clocks, and peripheral devices. Main
objective of using multiprocessor operating system is to consume high computing power
and increase the execution speed of system.
Types of Multiprocessor Operating System:
1. Symmetric Multiprocessor: In this system, every processors have own identically

copy of operating system, and they can make communication in between each other.
In which all processors are connected each other with peer to peer relationship nature,
it means no master & slave relation.
2. Asymmetric Multiprocessor: In this system, every processor is allotted predefined
tasks, and master processor has power for controlling entire system. In which, It use
the master- slave relationship.
Advantages of Multiprocessor Operating System:
• Great Reliability
• Improve Throughput
• Cost Effective System
• Parallel Processing
Disadvantages of Multiprocessor Operating System:
• Multiprocessor has complicated nature in both form such as H/W and S/W.
• It is more expensive due to its large architecture.
• Multiprocessor operating system has a daunting task for scheduling processes due to
its shareable nature.
• Multiprocessor system needs large memory due to sharing its memory with other
resources.
• Its speed can get degrade due to fail any one processor.
• It has more time delay when processor receives message and take appropriate action.
• It has big challenge related to skew and determinism.
• It needs context switching which can be impacted its performance.
 Real Time Operating System:
These types of OSs serve the real-time systems. The time interval required to process and
respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time. Real-time
systems are used when there are time requirements are very strict like missile systems, air
traffic control systems, robots etc.

Examples: Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems,

weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc
Advantages Real Time Operating System:

• Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus more
output from all the resources
• Task Shifting: Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less. For
example in older systems it takes about 10 micro seconds in shifting one task to
another and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
• Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in queue.
• Real time operating system in embedded system: Since size of programs are small,
RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
• Error Free: These types of systems are error free.
• Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these type of systems.
 Network Operating System:

It is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common
services for computer programs.These systems run on a server and provide the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These type
of operating systems allow shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private network. One more important aspect of Network
Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all
other users within the network, their individual connections etc. and that’s why these
computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
Examples: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux,
Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD etc.
Advantages of Network Operating System:

• Highly stable centralized servers.
• Security concerns are handled through servers.
• New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated to the system.
• Server access are possible remotely from different locations and types of systems.
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
• Servers are costly.
• User has to depend on central location for most operations.
• Maintenance and updates are required regularly.
 Time Sharing Operating System:
Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user
gets time of CPU as they use single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking

Systems. The task can be from single user or from different users also. The time that each
task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to
next task.
Advantages Of Time Sharing Operating System:
• Each task gets an equal opportunity
• Less chances of duplication of software
• CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages Of Time Sharing Operating System
• Reliability problem.
• One must have to take care of security and integrity of user programs and data.
• Data communication problem.
Functions of Operating System
• Security.
• Control over System Performance.
• Job Accounting.
• Error Detecting Aids.
• Coordination between Users and Other Software.
• Memory Management.
• Process Management.
• Device Management.
Advantages of Operating System
 Computing Source − OS acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. It
allows users to perform different tasks like input data, process the operation, and
access the output. With the help of an operating system, users can communicate with
computers to perform various functions like arithmetic calculations.
 User-Friendly Interface − Whenever the Windows operating system came into
existence with Graphical User Interface (GUI), it became user friendly. It also helps
the users to quickly understand, interact, and communicate with computer machines.
 Resource Sharing − Operating systems allow resource sharing. It shares the data and
information with other users with the help of printers, modems, and Fax Machines.
With the help of networks we are able to share the information and data via mails and
also different apps, images, and media files can be transferred from PC to other
devices with the help of an operating system.
 No Coding Lines − After the invention of GUI the operating systems are allowed to
access hardware without writing programs.
 Safeguard of Data − We are able to store more information on the computers and are
able to access that information with the help of operating. OS is maintaining safely
and securely managing the data.
 Software Update − An operating system requires an update so that it can meet the
requirements of the users in a day to day life, without complexity the operating
system updates its software.
 Multitasking − An operating system can handle more than one task simultaneously.
Disadvantages of Operating System
 Expensive − When compared to other platforms like Linux, some operating systems
are costly. Users can use a free OS but generally they are a bit more difficult to run
than others. Microsoft Windows operating system with GUI and other in-built
features carry a costly price.
 System Failure − The whole system will be affected if the central operating system
fails, and the computer will not work. We know that operating the heart of a
computer system without OS the system cannot function. If the central system
crashes, the whole communication will be halted, and there will be no further
processing of data.
 Highly Complex − Operating systems are highly complex, and the language which
used to establish these OS are not clear and well defined.
 Virus Threats − Threats to the operating systems are higher as they are open to such
virus attacks. Many users download malicious software packages on their system
which halts the functioning of the OS and slows it down.
 Fragmentation − Fragmentation in the computer is a state when storage memory
breaks into pieces. Internal fragmentation occurs when the method of process is
larger than the memory size. External fragmentation occurs when the method or
process is eliminated.
Components of Operating System

1. File Management
A set of related information that represents programs, source forms, object forms, and data is
called a file. A data file can either be numeric, alphabetic, or alphanumeric. Following are the
features of file management:
 Creation and deletion of files and directories.

 Manipulation of files and directories.
 Maps files onto secondary storage.
 File backup on a stable storage media.
2. Process Management
The process management component is the way to manage the multiple processes running
simultaneously on the OS. Process management manages all the running processes and
makes sure that all of them run efficiently. It also uses the memory allocated to them and
shuts them down when required.The execution of a process must be in a sequence such that at
least one instruction executes on behalf of the process. Following are the features of process
management:
 Creation and deletion of processes.

 Suspending and resuming processes.
 Synchronizing processes

 Establishing communication with and between processes.
3. I/O Device Management

I/O device management hides the variations of some hardware devices from the user.
Following are the features of I/O device management:
 Buffers caching system

 Provides general device driver code
 Provides drivers for particular hardware devices.
 Helps know the individualities of a device.
4. Network Management
Network management administers and manages computer networks. Its services include
performance management, fault analysis, network provisioning, and service quality
management. Following are the features of network management:
 It offers user access to the various resources that the network shares.
 We can access shared resources. These help speed-up computation and offer data
availability and reliability.
 We can access different computing resources that vary in size and function like
microprocessors, minicomputers, and many general-purpose computer systems with the
help of distributed systems.
5. Main memory management
Main Memory comprises large amounts of storage or byte where each storage and byte has
an address. In order to conduct the process of memory management a sequence of reads or
writes of specific memory addresses is used. We map it to absolute addresses and load it
inside the memory in order to execute a program.Following are the features of memory
management:
 Keeps track of primary memory.

 Determines what part of the memory is in use and by whom.
 Decides which process should get the memory and what amount.
 Allocates memory on the request of a process.
 De-allocates memory when a process terminates.
6. Secondary-Storage Management
Programs help access data in the main memory during execution. The main memory is too
small and cannot store all the data and programs permanently. Thus, secondary storage acts
as a backup to the main memory. Assemblers and compilers are stored on the disk until they
are loaded into the memory and use the disk for processing.
Following are the features of secondary-storage management:
 Allocates storage
 Manages free space
 Disk scheduling

7. Security Management
It is necessary to protect the processes from each other’s activities. Security management
ensures that the operating files, memory, CPU, and other hardware resources have proper
authorization from the OS. No process can do its own I/O, this maintains the integrity of
peripheral devices.
Software:
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute
specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a
computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs
that run on a device.
The two main categories of software are:
 application software
 system software.
1. Application software. The most common type of software, application software is a
computer software package that performs a specific function for a user, or in some
cases, for another application. An application can be self-contained, or it can be a
group of programs that run the application for the user. Examples of modern
applications include office suites, graphics software, databases and database
management programs, web browsers, word processors, software development tools,
image editors and communication platforms.
2. System software. These software programs are designed to run a computer's
application programs and hardware. System software coordinates the activities and
functions of the hardware and software. In addition, it controls the operations of the
computer hardware and provides an environment or platform for all the other types of
software to work in. The OS is the best example of system software; it manages all
the other computer programs. Other examples of system software include
the firmware, computer language translators and system utilities.

SDLC
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process used by the software industry to
design, develop and test high quality softwares. The SDLC aims to produce a high-quality
software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within times
and cost estimates.
1. SDLC is the acronym of Software Development Life Cycle.

2. It is also called as Software Development Process.
3. SDLC is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software
development process.
4. ISO/IEC 12207 is an international standard for software life-cycle processes. It aims
to be the standard that defines all the tasks required for developing and maintaining
software.
SDLC is a process followed for a software project, within a software organization. It
consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain, replace and alter or
enhance specific software. The life cycle defines a methodology for improving the quality
of software and the overall development process.

Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis

Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. It is performed
by the senior members of the team with inputs from the customer, the sales department,
market surveys and domain experts in the industry. This information is then used to plan the
basic project approach and to conduct product feasibility study in the economical, operational
and technical areas.
Stage 2: Defining Requirements
Once the requirement analysis is done the next step is to clearly define and document the
product requirements and get them approved from the customer or the market analysts. This
is done through an SRS (Software Requirement Specification) document which consists of all
the product requirements to be designed and developed during the project life cycle.
Stage 3: Designing the Product Architecture
SRS is the reference for product architects to come out with the best architecture for the
product to be developed. Based on the requirements specified in SRS, usually more than one
design approach for the product architecture is proposed and documented in a DDS - Design
Document Specification.This phase is the product of the last two, like inputs from the
customer and requirement gathering.
Stage4: Developing
In this phase of SDLC, the actual development begins, and the programming is built. The
implementation of design begins concerning writing code. Developers have to follow the
coding guidelines described by their management and programming tools like compilers,
interpreters, debuggers, etc. are used to develop and implement the code.
Stage5: Testing
After the code is generated, it is tested against the requirements to make sure that the
products are solving the needs addressed and gathered during the requirements stage. During
this stage, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing are done.

Stage6: Deployment
Once the software is certified, and no bugs or errors are stated, then it is deployed. Then
based on the assessment, the software may be released as it is or with suggested enhancement
in the object segment.
Stage7: Maintenance
Once when the client starts using the developed systems, then the real issues come up and
requirements to be solved from time to time. This procedure where the care is taken for the
developed product is known as maintenance.
SDLC Model
Waterfall Model
The waterfall is a universally accepted SDLC model. In this method, the whole process of
software development is divided into various phases.
The waterfall model is a continuous software development model in which development is

seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the steps of requirements
analysis, design, implementation, testing (validation), integration, and maintenance.
The sequential phases in Waterfall model are −

 Requirement Gathering and analysis − All possible requirements of the system to
be developed are captured in this phase and documented in a requirement
specification document.

 System Design − The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this
phase and the system design is prepared. This system design helps in specifying
hardware and system requirements and helps in defining the overall system
architecture.
 Implementation − With inputs from the system design, the system is first developed
in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is
developed and tested for its functionality, which is referred to as Unit Testing.
 Integration and Testing − All the units developed in the implementation phase are
integrated into a system after testing of each unit. Post integration the entire system is
tested for any faults and failures.
 Deployment of system − Once the functional and non-functional testing is done; the
product is deployed in the customer environment or released into the market.
 Maintenance − There are some issues which come up in the client environment. To
fix those issues, patches are released. Also to enhance the product some better
versions are released. Maintenance is done to deliver these changes in the customer
environment.
RAD Model
RAD or Rapid Application Development process is an adoption of the waterfall model; it
targets developing software in a short period. The RAD model is based on the concept that a
better system can be developed in lesser time by using focus groups to gather system
requirements.
a. Business Modeling
b. Data Modeling
c. Process Modeling
d. Application Generation
e. Testing and Turnover

Iterative model :
In the Iterative model, iterative process starts with a simple implementation of a small
set of the software requirements and iteratively enhances the evolving versions until
the complete system is implemented and ready to be deployed.
a. Requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood.
b. Major requirements must be defined; however, some functionalities or requested

enhancements may evolve with time.
c. There is a time to the market constraint.
d. A new technology is being used and is being learnt by the development team while
working on the project.
e. Resources with needed skill sets are not available and are planned to be used on
contract basis for specific iterations.
f. There are some high-risk features and goals which may change in the future.
Spiral Model
The spiral model is a risk-driven process model. This SDLC model helps the group to adopt
elements of one or more process models like a waterfall, incremental, waterfall, etc. The
spiral technique is a combination of rapid prototyping and concurrency in design and
development activities.

Each cycle in the spiral begins with the identification of objectives for that cycle, the different
alternatives that are possible for achieving the goals, and the constraints that exist. This is the
first quadrant of the cycle (upper-left quadrant).The next step is to develop strategies that
solve uncertainties and risks. This step may involve activities such as benchmarking,
simulation, and prototyping.
The spiral model has four phases.
Identification
This phase starts with gathering the business requirements in the baseline spiral. In the
subsequent spirals as the product matures, identification of system requirements, subsystem
requirements and unit requirements are all done in this phase.
Design
The Design phase starts with the conceptual design in the baseline spiral and involves
architectural design, logical design of modules, physical product design and the final design
in the subsequent spirals.
Construct or Build
The Construct phase refers to production of the actual software product at every spiral. In the
baseline spiral, when the product is just thought of and the design is being developed a POC
(Proof of Concept) is developed in this phase to get customer feedback.
Evaluation and Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis includes identifying, estimating and monitoring the technical feasibility and
management risks, such as schedule slippage and cost overrun. After testing the build, at the
end of first iteration, the customer evaluates the software and provides feedback.

V-Model
The V-model is an SDLC model where execution of processes happens in a sequential
manner in a V-shape. It is also known as Verification and Validation model.
The V-Model is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on the association of a
testing phase for each corresponding development stage. This means that for every single
phase in the development cycle, there is a directly associated testing phase.
 Requirements are well defined, clearly documented and fixed.

 Product definition is stable.
 Technology is not dynamic and is well understood by the project team.
 There are no ambiguous or undefined requirements.
 The project is short.
Big Bang model

The Big Bang model is an SDLC model where we do not follow any specific process. The
development just starts with the required money and efforts as the input, and the output is the
software developed which may or may not be as per customer requirement. This Big Bang
Model does not follow a process/procedure and there is a very little planning required.
The Big Bang Model comprises of focusing all the possible resources in the software
development and coding, with very little or no planning. The requirements are understood
and implemented as they come. Any changes required may or may not need to revamp the
complete software.

Operating System Security

Operating System security encompasses many different techniques and methods which
ensure safety from threats and attacks. OS security allows different applications and
programs to perform required tasks and stop unauthorized interference.Operating System
security may be approached in many ways, including adherence to the following:
 Performing regular OS patch updates

 Installing updated antivirus engines and software
 Scrutinizing all incoming and outgoing network traffic through a firewall
 Creating secure accounts with required privileges only (i.e., user management)
Open source software

Open source software (OSS) is software that is distributed with its source code, making it
available for use, modification, and distribution with its original rights. Source code is the
part of software that most computer users don’t ever see; it’s the code computer programmers
manipulate to control how a program or application behaves. Programmers who have access
to source code can change a program by adding to it, changing it, or fixing parts of it that
aren’t working properly. OSS typically includes a license that allows programmers to modify
the software to best fit their needs and control how the software can be distributed.
Features:
 The results are of quite high quality.
 Users can easily change the software according to requirements.
 It is more secure.
 Long term use.
 Transparency.
 Affordable.
 Help in developing skills.
Example:
 Operating System: Linux, Android
 Web Servers: Apache HTTP Server, Apache Tomcat, Lighttpd, Node.js
 Database Systems: MySQL, SQLite, Maria DB
 Mobile Development Frameworks : Flutter
 Office Software Suites: Apache Open Office
 Content Management Systems: WordPress, Django

Advantages of Open Source Software
 Flexibility: Users can make changes in the software as per their needs. Furthermore, a
user can add additional features. On the other hand, one can also delete the useless
features.
 Stability: A good advantage is that even if the developers of the software stops looking
after the software it will not disappear. Since there are many people in the open source
community to look after the software. Hence, users can use the software for the long
term.
 Security and Reliability: Since several people are developing and enhancing the
software. Therefore, software is more secure and reliable.
 Easier Evaluation: As the source code is available. therefore, users can easily view the
code. hence, they can understand the bugs and capabilities of the software.
 Better Support: Since, many number of people like developers, companies, and other
users are dealing with the software. Hence, it is quite easy to get any kind of technical
support.
 Possible Savings: such software usually have a low cost in comparison to other
software. Hence they are easily affordable.

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Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University Bhopal

Draw a Block Diagram of a Computer

Computer Application Page 1

Write Functions of units:

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Computer Application Page 2

Memory or Storage Unit/ Registers:

1 Kilo Byte (KB) = 1024 Bytes

There are two different types of storage devices:

1. Primary storage devices: Generally smaller in size, primary storage

2. Secondary storage devices: Secondary storage devices usually have

OUTPUT DEVICES: Some commonly used output devices are listed

1. VDU (Video Display Unit)

Computer Application Page 3

1. First Generation Computer:

2. First Generation Computer:

 Here Assembler used for convert the assembly language to machine

3. Third Generation Computer:

4. Third Generation Computer:

5. Third Generation Computer:

research, engineering technologies, and other types of analysis. The

 The main electronic component of fourth-generation computers is

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Computer Application Page 7

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 It allows you to store a large amount of information and to retrieve it easily

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 Different applications can be used in digital systems just by changing the

 The cost of hardware is less due to the advancement in the IC technology.

 It offers high speed as the data is processed digitally.

 It is highly reliable as it uses error correction codes.

 Reproducibility of results is higher as the output is not affected by noise,

Different kinds and sizes of computer:

Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are

 It produces excellent results in animations.

 It helps in extracting useful information from data storage centres or cloud

 It helps in scientific research areas by accurately analysing data obtained from

Computer Application Page 10

 It can process huge amount of data, e.g. millions of transactions in a second in

 It gives excellent performance with large scale memory management.

 There are fewer chances of error or bugs during processing in mainframe

It is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more

 It is light weight that makes it easy to carry and fit anywhere.

 It is less expensive than mainframe computers.

 It is very fast compared to its size.

 It remains charged for a long time.

 It does not require a controlled operational environment.

Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or

 It is a high-performance computer system designed for a single user for business

Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. It is a general-

 It is the smallest in size among all types of computers.

 A limited number of software can be used.

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 It is less expansive and easy to use.

 Generally, comes with single semiconductor chip.

 It is capable of multitasking such as printing, scanning, browsing, watching

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 These are semiconductor memories.

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