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    Computer Application

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    RIMA CHATURVEDI
    In present era of technology, computers are a wonder of science. Information technology is a great revolution.

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    Computer Application

    Uploaded by

    RIMA CHATURVEDI
    530 views22 pages
    In present era of technology, computers are a wonder of science. Information technology is a great revolution.

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    In present era of technology, computers are a wonder of science. Information technology is a great revolution.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    530 views22 pages

    Computer Application

    Uploaded by

    RIMA CHATURVEDI
    In present era of technology, computers are a wonder of science. Information technology is a great revolution.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    THEORY & APPLICATIONS

    1.

    The word computer comes from Latin Word Computerae meaning to compute.
    DefinitionAn automatic electronic apparatus for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms.

    2.

    1. 2.

    3. 4. 5. 6.

    Input Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) a.) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) b.) Control Unit c.) Memory Output Unit Software Hardware Firmware

    To give instructions to a computer, the information has to be supplied to it. This information is given to the computer through an input device such as keyboard, mouse, scanner etc.

    Accepts data & instructions from the user. Converts the accepted instructions into machine language. Gives converted instructions to CPU for processing.

    Processing is the manipulation of information inside the computer in an area called the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

    All processing work of computer is performed by CPU. Termed as brain of computer. Controls all parts of computer system. 3 Components of CPU are ALU, Control Unit & Memory

    Arithmetic Logic Unit is a part of the execution unit, a core component of all CPUs. ALU performs all arithmetic & logic operations. Consists of number of small locations termed as registers. Has two parts

    Arithmetic Section- Complex arithmetic expressions are performed by repetitive combination of these operations. Logic Section- Performs all logic operations like comparing, selecting & merging of data.

    Control Unit is the part of a CPU that directs its operation. It gives command to transfer data from the input devices to memory and from memory to arithmetic logic unit. It transfers the results from memory to output unit.

    2 Kinds of Computer Memory: 1. Temporarily (primary) memory 2. Permanently (secondary) memory Holds the data being processed and intermediate results being generated. Also holds system software & application software in use. Includes RAM, ROM & Cache Memory

    RAM is where all active programs & data are stored so that they are readily available and easily accessed by CPU. Includes: 1. EDORAM (Extended Data Output Random Access Memory) 2. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) 3. SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)

    ROM is logical. Data stored on ROM cannot be changed. ROM is non volatile which means that it can keep its contents even without a power source. Includes: PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

    Cache Memories are accessed much faster than conventional RAM. Used to store programs or data currently being executed or temporary data frequently used by the CPU.

    Output is the result of processing. Output may be viewed on a computer monitor, heard through speakers, printed on printers etc. Accepts Processed Data (results) from CPU. Converts results from machine language into some simple language. Displays results to Users.

    Eg. Visual Display Unit (VDU), Printer, Plotter, Floppy Disk Drive, Magnetic Disk Drive, Speaker, Pen Drive etc.

    Software is a set of instructions that directs the computer to process information. Computer software can have various functions such as: Controlling Hardware Performing Computations Communication with other Software Human Interaction

    3 Types of Software. 1. System Software: Coordinates the operation of the various Hardware components of the computer. Eg. DOS, Windows 95/98/2000/ME & UNIX. 2. Application Software: Set of programs designed for specific uses or applications. Eg. MS-Word, MS-Excel. 3. Utilities Software: Often requested by many application programs. Used to debug S/w errors, correct data through editor, sort data etc. Eg. Pkzip, Anti Virus S/w etc.

    Any part of a computer, which can be seen by the eyes and felt by touching is its Hardware.
    Other External computer equipments are called Peripherals, like Printers, Modems, Scanners, etc. are also Hardware.

    Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both Hardware & Software. A typical example of the Firmware is the BIOS Chip inside a computer. This chip (Hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.

    FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTERS: 1. Year- 1949-54 2. Switching Device- Vacuum Tubes/Electronic Valves 3. Storage Device- Acoustic Delay Lines & Later Magnetic Drum. 1 KB memory 4. Speed-333 micro seconds 5. Operating System- Mainly Batch 6. Language- Machine & Assembly Languages. Simple Monitors. 7. Application- Mostly scientific; Later simple Business Systems.

    SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS 1. Year- 1954-64 2. Switching Device- Transistors 3. Storage Device- Magnetic core, Main memory, Tape & Disk Peripheral memory. 100 KB main memory. 4. Speed- 10 micro seconds 5. Operating system- Multi-Bag remaining, time sharing. 6. Language- HLL, FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, Batch Operating System 7. Applications- Extensive Business Applications, Engineering Design Optimization, Scientific Research.

    THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS 1. Year- 1964-80 2. Switching Device- Integrated Circuits 3. Storage Device- High speed magnetic cores. Large Disks 100 MB. 1 MB main memory 4. Speed- 100 nano seconds 5. Operating System- Real time, time sharing 6. Language- FORTRAN IV, COBOL 68, PL/I. Time sharing operating system 7. Application- Database Management Systems, Online Systems

    FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS 1. Year- 1980 till now 2. Switching Device- Large Scale Integrated Circuits. Micro Processors (LSI) 3. Storage Device- Semiconductor Memory, Winchester Disk. 10 MB Main Memory, 1000 MB Disks 4. Speed-300 Nano seconds 5. Operating System- Time sharing networks 6. Language- FORTRAN 77, Pascal, ADA, COBOL-74 7. Application- Personal Computers, Distributed Systems, Integrated CAD/CAM, Real time control, Graphics Oriented System.

    FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS 1. Year- Coming 2. Switching Device- KIPS (Knowledge Information Processing System) 3. Application- Information Management, Natural Language, Processing, Speech, Character & Image Recognition & Artificial Intelligence.

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