INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Definition A computer is an electronic device that is used for information processing. It accepts data and instructions, stores it in its memory, process and gives the required results as output.

The word Computer is derived from the Latin word Compute that means manipulate or calculate.

Input

Processing

Memory

Output

CAPABILITIES
Input & Output Processing Huge Data Storage

CHARACTERISTICS
High Speed Accuracy Reliability Versatility Diligence Storage Capacity

TYPES
Micro Computer. Mini or Midrange Computer. Mainframe Computer. Super Computer. Micro Computer Mini Computer PCs are called as Home computers or Desktop computers.

Mainframe Computer Example: VAX-8000, UNIVAS 1100/60, IBM-3033/3090 etc.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

SYSTEM UNIT CPU

Arithmetic and Logical Unit

Control Unit Input Unit Output Unit

Memory
Primary Memory

Secondary Memory

BASIC UNITS
Input Unit. System Unit Output Unit.

Input Unit. Input unit is an external device that is connected to the CPU. It is used to feed data and instructions for solving the problem Examples: Key Board, Mouse ,Scanner etc.

System Unit. Once the data and instructions are received from the input they are stored and processed in the system unit. The system unit further consists of two sub-units. They are: Central Processing Unit. Memory Unit.  Central Processing Unit It is generally called CPU. Once the data and instructions are received from the input device, they are to be processed in this unit. So, it can be considered as the heart and brain of the computer system. Further, the CPU consists at two important functional units. Control unit Arithmetic and Logic unit

 Memory Unit It is a storage device. The memory unit is a device where the data and instructions fed by the used are stored.  Primary memory  Secondary memory  Cache Memory
Primary Memory

The place where the data and instructions are stored. Temporary memory. Semiconductor memory.
Read Only Memory - ROM Random Access Memory - RAM

Secondary Memory  Permanent memory.  Stores large amount of information for a long time.  Backup memory or an auxiliary memory. Examples : FDD, HDD & CDROM Cache Memory  High-speed memory and placed between the CPU and the main memory.  The data and instructions stored in it are accessed at a higher speed.  User cannot access this memory.  Its stores data and instructions that are currently to be executed.

MAIN MEMORY All instructions and data to be executed are stored temporarily Access time is 80 ns More capacity Less costlier

CACHE MEMORY Only goes instructions and data that are immediately executed are stored here. Access time is 15 - 25 ns Less capacity More costlier

Output Unit.  It is used to display the results obtained after execution of a program. Whenever the user wants output from the computer,  The most commonly used display unit in the monitor. Examples : Monitor, Printer, Plotters, Speakers etc.

LIMITATIONS
 Non Intelligent.  Inactive.

HARDWARE
The term hardware refers to the physical devices that you can see and touch in a computer system. Thus, the input, output, storage, control and processing devices are hardware.

Input Devices

Keyboard   It is the most common input device. To enter both Alphanumerical & character  Mechanical Typewriter  Compatible Keyboards contain 108 Keys

Mouse  It is a small hand held pointing device connected.  It has a rotating ball at the bottom and has two click buttons on the top. Light Pen  It is a pencil shaped device. It is used to select screen co-ordinates by detecting the light coming form illuminated points on the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) screen. Joy Stick  It is a small rod (lever or stick) mounted on a rolling ball. This rod is used to control the screen cursor.  It is mainly used for playing Computer or TV games.

Scanner  It is used to acquire (scan) both character and graphics required for image processing or character recognition.  It scans the image of a photograph or written information and communicates it to the CPU

Microphone  It is an input device, used to feed the audio input to the computer.  The microphone is connected to the CPU. directly

Output Devices
Monitor  It is an electronic device  Which is used to monitor the work process taking place in the computer.  The output which is monitored on the monitor screen is known as the soft copy.

Speaker  Listen to the audio output sent by the processor.

Printers  A printer is an electromechanical device which signals from the computer and acts accordingly.

Characteristics      Speed Quality of output Printer memory (Buffer) Type Fonts, etc.,

Plotters  A device used to produce graphical output.  They are employed for plotting graphs, charts and other designs on paper. Drum Plotter

Flat Bed Plotter

Secondary Storage Devices

Floppy Disk  Floppy diskette  Floppy is soft and flexible and disk means circular thing  A floppy disk plate is a special polymer called Mylar  Stores in Tracks & Sectors
Slno Size Specification Capacity

1.

5.25 Inch

DSDD DSHD DSDD DSHD

360 KB 1.22 MB 720 KB 1.44 MB

2.

3.5 Inch

Hard Disk  A hard disk is a group of round flat metal plates which are coated with magnetic material  Data is recorded on both the surfaces of a disk  The speed is generally in the range of 2400 4700 rpm Stores in Tracks & Sectors  Stores in Tracks & Sectors.  The disk in the hade disk is called as Platter and made up of semiconductor material Advantages Random access Data is located and accessed directly for reading and writing Reusability Data stored on these disks can be used repeatedly. Durability - They are less prone to damage Disadvantages Costlier as compared to magnetic tape Hard disks are of heavy weight as compared to magnetic tapes

CD-ROM  CD-ROM stands for Compact DiskRead Only Memory.  Circular plastic plate which is coated with a highly reflective material.  The data is recorded on this disk by focusing a laser beam on the surface of the disk  The storage capacity of CD-ROM is 700 to 900 MB.

SOFTWARE
Set of Programs is an software. Set of instructions is an program

Classification of Software

Software

Application Software

System Software

Utility Software

Application Software It is a general purpose program or a collection of programs written by the users to solve a particular problem, in his/her area of interest. For example: Payroll, Inventory system, Student Information System, Library Management System etc.

System Software
It is a collection of programs written for computer system management. These programs are developed by the manufacturer. They are supervisory programs and help in executing the users programs effectively. We can classify system software into the following three types. A) SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS: Programs that manage the hardware, software, network and data resources of the computer systems during the execution of the various information-processing job of users. Eg. All Operating systems like Windows 98, 2000, XP,Unix, Linux, Novel Netware etc. B) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS: Programs that help users develop information system programs and procedures and prepare user programs for computer processing. Eg. C, C++, VB, Oracle, JAVA etc.

Managing Data Resources Data Concepts Character: The most basic logical data element is the character, which consists of a single alphabetic, numeric or other symbol. Field: It consists of grouping of related characters. Ex. Name, number, object, place, event etc. Record: It represents grouping of related data fields. Thus, a record represents a collection of attributes that describe an entity.

File: A group of related records is a data file.

Database: It is an integrated collection of logically related data elements.It consolidates the records previously stored in separate files into a common pool of data elements that provides data for many applications.

Types of Databases 1. Operational databases: Stores detailed data needed to support the business processes and operations of a company. Ex: Inventory database, customer database, human resource database etc. 2. Distributed databases: It involves replicating and distributing copies or parts of databases to network servers at a variety of sites. These databases can reside on network servers on the world wide web, corporate intranets, extranets or on other company networks. Done to improve database performance at end user worksites.

3. External databases: Access to a wealth of information from external databases is available for a fee from commercial online services, with or without charge from many sources on the world wide web. Provides an endless variety of hyper linked pages of multimedia documents for you to access.

4. Hypermedia databases: Stores information in a hypermedia database consisting of hyperlinked pages of multimedia (text, graphic, photographic images, video clips, audio segments etc)

ZEROETH GENERATION
Man used his fingers, ropes, beads, bones, pebbles and other objects for counting. Abacus, Pascaline, Difference & Anylitical engines Electricity was not yet invented

FIRST GENERATION, 1947 1956: The Vacuum Tube

y The first generation of computers, characterized by

vacuum tubes, started in 1951 with the creation of UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) a tabulating machine which won the contest for the fastest machine which could count the US 1890 census.

VACUUM TUBES electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.

First Generation (1950s):

y The vacuum tubes were used in the circuits of these computers. y The input and output operations were done using punched card technology. y For external storage, magnetic tapes were used. y The machine was capable to do one job at a time, therefore batch processing was adopted. y The language used by these computers was machine language and assembly language. y Example of Computers: UNIVAC, IBM 650 etc.

DISADVANTAGES:
yThey generate more heat causing

many problems in temperature regulation and climate control. yTubes were subject to frequent burn-out.

SECOND GENERATION, 1957 1963: The Transistor

The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, which characterized the second generation of computers. This invention of the transistor which was faster, smaller and required considerably less power to operate TRANSISTOR was a three-legged component which shrunk the size of the first generation computers. Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by a vacuum tube More reliable, had greater computational speed, required no warmup time and consumed far less electricity.

Second Generation (1960s

y Transistors were used in the circuits. y The input operations were performed using punched cards and magnetic tapes and for output operations, punched cards and papers were used. y For external storage magnetic tapes were used. y The orientation was towards multiple users i.e. the machine was capable to process multiple tasks concurrently. y The high level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC etc. were used as the languages by the computer. y Example of Computers: IBM 1400 and 7000 series, General Electric 635 etc.

THIRD GENERATION, 1964 1979: The Integrated Circuit

Third generation computers arose in 1965 with the invention of smaller electronic circuits called integrated circuits (ICS) INTEGRATED CIRCUITS are square silicon chips containing circuitry that can perform the functions of hundreds of transistors.

Third Generation (1970s):

y Integrated circuits replaced transistors. Inspite of their y smaller size they were capable to perform better than transistors. y For data input and output operations monitors and y y y y

keyboards replaced the punched cards. For external storage magnetic disks were used. Sophisticated operating systems, which were capable of handling several jobs concurrently were used. More advanced high level languages like PASCAL were used. Example of computers: IBM System

ADVANTAGES:
y RELIABILITY Unlike vacuum tubes,

silicon will not break down easily. It is very seldom that you will have to replace it. y LOW COST Silicon chips are relatively cheap because of their small size and availability in the market. It also consumes less electricity.

FOURTH GENERATION, 1980 present: The Microprocessor

y Marked by the use of microprocessor y MICROPROCESSOR is a silicon chip that contains the

CPU part of the computer where all processing takes place. 4004 chip was the first microprocessor introduced by Intel Corporation.

Fourth Generation (1980s):

y The circuits used VLSI and microprocessors of virtually microscopic

size, which led to drastic cut on the size of computer. y The input output devices were the same monitors, keyboard, printer etc. Micro computers have evolved. Magnetic disks were the primary devices used for external storage. The use of special software for maintaining large data bases became popular. y The application software for micro computer essentially became popular in this generation. y Example of computers: IBM Systems

Fifth Generation (late 1990s):

y The computers of this generation use optic fibre

technology to handle Artificial Intelligence. y These computers have capacity to think and reason which can be used to solve problems where human intelligence is required. y Expert Systems are examples of systems implementing y Artificial Intelligence (AI).

y Is classified as fourth generation

computers. y Faster, more powerful, tremendous data storage and processing capacity y New brands and models would come out the market almost every other month. y Many clones or imitations of the IBM have become even more powerful and a lot cheaper.

y Computers became more affordable y Computers an now be found in homes, schools, offices etc. y There has been a tremendous improvement in software

technology y Different software applications to choose from: word processing, spreadsheets, database management, games and entertainment. y Computer subjects are now being offered not just to college students but even to high school and elementary. y Computers are now used as an aid in teaching math, science etc.

Operating System
y A program that controls the execution of application

programs y An interface between applications and hardware

Operating System Objectives

y Convenience y Makes the computer more convenient to use y Efficiency y Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner y Ability to evolve y Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service

Layers of Computer System

Services Provided by the Operating System

y Program development y Editors and debuggers y Program execution y Access to I/O devices y Controlled access to files y System access

Services Provided by the Operating System

y Error detection and response y Internal and external hardware errors
y y

Memory error Device failure Arithmetic overflow Access forbidden memory locations

y Software errors
y y

y Operating system cannot grant request of application

Services Provided by the Operating System

y Accounting y Collect usage statistics y Monitor performance y Used to anticipate future enhancements y Used for billing purposes

Operating System
y Responsible for managing resources y Functions same way as ordinary computer software y It is program that is executed y Operating system relinquishes control of the processor

y Portion of operating system that is in main memory y Contains most frequently used functions y Also called the nucleus

Evolution of an Operating System

y Hardware upgrades plus new types of hardware y New services y Fixes

Evolution of Operating Systems

y Serial Processing y No operating system y Machines run from a console with display lights, toggle switches, input device, and printer y Schedule time y Setup included loading the compiler, source program, saving compiled program, and loading and linking

Evolution of Operating Systems

y Simple Batch Systems y Monitors
y y y

Software that controls the sequence of events Batch jobs together Program branches back to monitor when finished

Job Control Language (JCL)

y Special type of programming language y Provides instruction to the monitor y What compiler to use y What data to use

Hardware Features
y Memory protection y Do not allow the memory area containing the monitor to be altered y Timer y Prevents a job from monopolizing the system

Hardware Features
y Privileged instructions y Certain machine level instructions can only be executed by the monitor y Interrupts y Early computer models did not have this capability

Memory Protection
y User program executes in user mode y Certain instructions may not be executed y Monitor executes in system mode y Kernel mode y Privileged instructions are executed y Protected areas of memory may be accessed

I/O Devices Slow

Uniprogramming
y Processor must wait for I/O instruction to

complete before preceding

Multiprogramming
y When one job needs to wait for I/O, the

processor can switch to the other job

Multiprogramming

Utilization Histograms

Example

Time Sharing
y Using multiprogramming to handle multiple interactive

jobs y Processors time is shared among multiple users y Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals

Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)

y First time-sharing system developed at MIT

Major Achievements
y Processes y Memory Management y Information protection and security y Scheduling and resource management y System structure

Processes
y A program in execution y An instance of a program running on a computer y The entity that can be assigned to and executed on a

processor y A unit of activity characterized by a single sequential thread of execution, a current state, and an associated set of system resources

Process
y Consists of three components y An executable program y Associated data needed by the program y Execution context of the program
y

All information the operating system needs to manage the process

Process

Memory Management
y Process isolation y Automatic allocation and management y Support of modular programming y Protection and access control y Long-term storage

Virtual Memory Addressing

Information Protection and Security

y Availability y Concerned with protecting the system against interruption y Confidentiality y Assuring that users cannot read data for which access is unauthorized

Information Protection and Security

y Data integrity y Protection of data from unauthorized modification y Authenticity y Concerned with the proper verification of the identity of users and the validity of messages or data

Scheduling and Resource Management

y Fairness y Give equal and fair access to resources y Differential responsiveness y Discriminate among different classes of jobs y Efficiency y Maximize throughput, minimize response time, and accommodate as many uses as possible

Key Elements of Operating System

System Structure
y View the system as a series of levels y Each level performs a related subset of functions y Each level relies on the next lower level to perform more

primitive functions y This decomposes a problem into a number of more manageable subproblems

Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing

Modern Operating Systems

y Distributed operating systems y Provides the illusion of a single main memory space and single secondary memory space

Modern Operating Systems

y Object-oriented design y Used for adding modular extensions to a small kernel y Enables programmers to customize an operating system without disrupting system integrity

Operating System Organization

y Modified microkernel architecture y Not a pure microkernel y Many system functions outside of the microkernel run in kernel mode y Any module can be removed, upgraded, or replaced

without rewriting the entire system

Windows Executive
y I/O manager y Cache manager y Object manager y Plug and play manager y Power manager y Security reference monitor y Virtual memory manager y Process/thread manager y Configuration manager y Local procedure call (LPC) facility

UNIX

UNIX Kernel

Modern UNIX Kernel

Modern UNIX Systems

y System V Release 4 (SVR4) y Solaris 9 y 4.4BSD y Linux

Generation of Languages
y First Generation Languages y Machine Language: consists of group of binary code, or

bytes that represents every thing from characters, arithmetic & logic operations to store locations in RAM & CPU y Second Generation Languages y Assembler Languages: to save programming time, the long strings of 0s & 1s that represents each command, were represent by , or assembled into, a single three or four letters instructions.

y Third Generation Languages y High Level Languages: user instructions which are called

statements translating HLL into Machine languages program called Compiler or interpreters
y Easy to learn & program than the assembler y E.g., FORTRAN FORmula TRANslator y COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language y BASIC Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

y Fourth Generation Languages : Application program

develop more easier connected to DBMS. Many routine procedures are programmed & can be incorporated into a program with single procedure.
y Command more in English.

Telecommunications
y Tele (Far) + Communications y Early telecommunications y smoke signals and drums y visual telegraphy (or semaphore in 1792) y Telegraph and telephone y Telegraph (1839) y Telephone (1876) y Radio and television y Telephony y Voice and Data

Communications and Networks

y Data Communications y Transmission of signals
y

Encoding, interfacing, signal integrity, multiplexing etc.

y Networking y Topology & architecture used to interconnect devices y Networks of communication systems

Network Trends (1980-Present)

Voice, Image, Data, Video

Microcontroller Networking

Wireless Integrated Systems!

Communication Systems between Process describing transfer of information, data, instructions

y

one or more systems through some media

y Examples y people, computers, cell phones, etc. y Computer communication systems

y Signals passing through the communication channel can be Digital, or

analog
y Analog signals: continuous electrical waves y Digital signals: individual electrical pulses (bits)

y Receivers and transmitters: desktop computers, mainframe computers,

etc.
T X

Communication channel R R R X X X

Amp/Adaptor Communication media

Communication Systems

Communications Components
y Basic components of a communication system y Communication technologies y Communication devices y Communication channels y Communication software

A Communications Model

Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Interfacing Signal generation Synchronization Exchange management Error detection and correction Flow control Addressing Routing Recovery Message formatting Security Network management

Data Communications Model

Communication Technology Applications

voice mail Twitt er chat rooms

email newsgroup s collaboration

instant messaging telephony

videoconferencing

groupware

global positioning system (GPS)

Communication Technologies Applications allowing us to communicate y Different technologies

y y y

y y

news groups, telephony, GPS, and more Voice mail: Similar to answering machine but digitized Fax: Sending hardcopy of text or photographs between computers using fax modem Email: electronic mail sending text, files, images between different computer networks - must have email software y More than 1.3 billion people send 244 billion messages monthly! Chat rooms: Allows communications in real time when connected to the Internet Telephony: Talking to other people over the Internet (also called VoIP) y Sends digitized audio signals over the Internet y Requires Internet telephone software Groupware: Software application allowing a group of people to communicate with each other (exchange data) y Address book, appointment book, schedules, etc.

y Examples: Voice mail, fax, email, instant message, chat rooms,

Any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions, Communication Devices and information between devices
y
y Functioning as receiver, transmitter, adaptor, converter y Basic characteristics: How fast, how far, how much data!

y Examples: Dial-up modems, ISDN[Integrated service Digital Network], DSL

modems, network interface cards y Dial-up modem: uses standard phone lines y Converts digital information into analog y Consists of a modulator and a demodulator y Can be external, internal, wireless y Cable modem: a modem that transmits and receives data over the cable television (CATV) network y Also called broadband modem (carrying multiple signals) y The incoming signal is split y Requires a cable modem y Network interface cards: Adaptor cards residing in the computer to transmit and receiver data over the network (NIC) y Operate with different network technologies (e.g., Ethernet)

Communication Channels y A channel is a path between two communication devices

y Channel capacity: How much data can be passed through the channel (bit/sec) y Also called channel bandwidth y The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer! y Consists of one or more transmission media y Materials carrying the signal y Two types:
y y

Physical: wire cable Wireless: Air

destination network server

T1 lines T3 lines T1 lines

T1 lines

Physical Transmission Media

y A tangible media
y Examples: Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, Fiber-optics, etc.

y Twisted-pair cable:
y One or more twisted wires bundled together (why?) y Made of copper

y Coax-Cable:

and metal materials y Typically used for cable TV y Fiber-optics: y Strands of glass or plastic used to transmit light y Very high capacity, low noise, small size, less suitable to natural disturbances

y Consists of single copper wire surrounded by three layers of insulating

Physical Transmission Media

twisted-pair cable
woven or braided metal copper wire

twisted-pair wire

plastic outer coating

insulating material

optical fiber core

glass cladding

protective coating

Wireless Transmission Media

y Broadcast Radio y Distribute signals through the air over long distance y Uses an antenna y Typically for stationary locations y Can be short range y Cellular Radio y A form of broadcast radio used for mobile communication y High frequency radio waves to transmit voice or data y Utilizes frequency-reuse

Wireless Transmission Media

y Microwaves
y Radio waves providing high speed

transmission y They are point-to-point (cant be obstructed) y Used for satellite communication

y Infrared (IR)
y Wireless transmission media that sends signals

using infrared light- waves - Such as?

Physical Transmission Media

Wireless channel capacity: 100 Mbps is how many bits per sec? Which is bigger: 10,000 Mbps, 0.01Tbps or 10Gbps?

Networks
y y y y y

Collection of computers and devices connected together Used to transfer information or files, share resources, etc. What is the largest network? Characterized based on their geographical coverage, speed, capacities Networks are categorized based on the following characteristics: y Network coverage: LAN, MAN, WAN y Network topologies: how the computers are connected together y Network technologies y Network architecture

Network coverage
y Local Area Networks:
y Used for small networks (school, home, office) y Examples and configurations:

Wireless LAN or Switched LAN y Peer-2-PEER: connecting several computers together (<10) y Client/Server: The serves shares its resources between different clients y Metropolitan Area Network y Backbone network connecting all LANs y Can cover a city or the entire country y Wide Area Network y Typically between cities and countries y Technology: y Circuit Switch, Packet Switch, Frame Relay, ATM
y

LAN v.s WAN

LAN - Local Area Network a group of computers connected within a building or a campus (Example of LAN may consist of computers located on a single floor or a building or it might link all the computers in a small company.

WAN - A network consisting of computers of LAN's connected across a distance WAN can cover small to large distances, using different topologies such as telephone lines, fiber optic cabling, satellite transmissions and microwave transmissions.

Network Topologies
y Configuration or physical arrangement in which devices are connected

together y BUS networks: Single central cable connected a number of devices y Easy and cheap y Popular for LANs y RING networks: a number of computers are connected on a closed loop y Covers large distances y Primarily used for LANs and WANs y STAR networks: connecting all devices to a central unit y All computers are connected to a central device called hub y All data must pass through the hub y What is the problem with this? y Susceptible to failure

Network Topologies
personal computer personal computer personal computer

personal computer

personal computer
personal computer

personal computer

personal computer personal computer host computer

printer file server

Network Architecture
y Refers to how the computer or devices are designed in a network y Basic types:
y Centralized using mainframes
y Peer-2-Peer:

Each computer (peer) has equal responsibilities, capacities, sharing hardware, data, with the other computers on the peer-to-peer network y Good for small businesses and home networks y Simple and inexpensive y Client/Server: y All clients must request service from the server y The server is also called a host y Different servers perform different tasks: File server, network server, etc.
y
clien t clien t clien t

laser printer

serv er

(Data) Network Technologies

y Vary depending on the type of devices we use for interconnecting computers and devices together y Ethernet: y LAN technology allowing computers to access the network y Susceptible to collision y Can be based on BUS or STAR topologies y Physical layer y Gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber, twisted pair cable, or balanced copper cable

Project Topic

Network Examples
y Interplanetary (Internet) Network

http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/deepspace/

Project Topic

Network Example:
Optical Networks y Fiber-to-the-x
y Broadband network architecture that

uses optical fiber to replace copper y Used for last mile telecommunications y Fiber Distribution Network (reaching different customers)

Project Topic

Network Example:
Telephone Networks

Network Examples
Public Telephone Network

T-Carrier

ATM

Dedicated Lines

Dail-up

DSL

ISDN

What about Cable Internet Services?

Cellular Network Examples

y 0G y Single, powerful base station covering a wide area, and each telephone would effectively monopolize a channel over that whole area while in use (developed in 40s) y No frequency use or handoff (basis of modern cell phone technology) y 1G y Fully automatic cellular networks y introduced in the early to mid 1980s y 2G y Introduced in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard y Offered the first data service with person-to-person SMS text messaging

Cellular Network Examples

y 3G:

graphics y Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.4 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s. y 4G: y Fourth generation of cellular wireless; y providing a comprehensive and secure IP based service to users "Anytime, Anywhere" at high data rates

y Faster than PCS; Used for multimedia and

Wireless Technologies [WAP]

y The Wireless Application protocol [WAP] is a set of

specifications, developed by WAP forum that lets developers using wireless mark up language[WMP] built network applications designed for handled wireless devices.
y Wire-free World: (Blue Tooth)

Is a computing, networking and telecommunications industry specification that enables mobile phones, Computers and other WIDs to talk each other using radio waves.

Wireless internet as the way of the Future connectivity. y 1. Blue tooth is a global defacto standard for wireless
Based on low cost short range radio link. Blue tooth cuts that cards that used to tie up digital devices. y 2. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) is also called third generation broadband, pocket based transmission of text, digitised voice, video and multimedia. y 3. GPRS (General Pocket Radio Services) is packet based wireless communication service that promises data transmission and continuous connection to the internet for mobile phone and computer user. y 4. i mode is wireless technology developed by Japanese Company NTT DoCoMo that enables users to access internet services via their cellular phones.

Internet, Intranet and Extranet

Intranet Extranet

Internet

Electronic Market
1. Broker Model :
y Attractive packaging y Efficient delivery y Accurate payment handling

2. Customization model : selling of customized products to mass market 3. Contact Model : Matching prospective supplier of goods and services with buyers.