CDN ED Human Physiology 2nd Edition Sherwood Test Bank 1

CDN ED Human Physiology 2nd Edition Sherwood
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Chapter 4: The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which afferent input does NOT reach the conscious level?

a. somatic sense
b. proprioceptive sense
c. visceral sense
d. a special sense
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 148 BLM: Remember
2. What is the conscious interpretation of external stimuli?

a. proprioceptive sensation
b. rising blood pressure
c. sensory perception
d. dilation of pupils
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 148 BLM: Higher Order
3. Destruction of which of the following can cause instant blindness in one eye?
a. optic nerve
b. optic tract
c. right half of optic chiasm
d. temporal lobe
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 159 BLM: Remember
4. Which statement concerning receptors is correct?

a. They respond to various physical or chemical changes in their environment.
b. They carry impulses from the CNS.
c. They are found at the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.
d. They are found only in the somatic nervous system.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 148 BLM: Higher Order

a. The larger the receptor potential, the greater the frequency of action potentials initiated in
the afferent neuron.
b. Tonic receptors often exhibit an “off-response.”
c. Phasic receptors are important in situations where maintained information about a stimulus
is valuable.
Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-1

Chapter 4: The Peripheral Nervous System
d. Receptor adaptation results from nerve fatigue.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 148-149 BLM: Higher Order


a. They may be either a specialized ending of an afferent neuron or a special cell closely
associated with the peripheral ending of an afferent neuron.
b. They are present for every modality in the environment.
c. When stimulated, they bring about opening of K+ channels in the efferent neuron
membrane
d. Mechanical receptors are sensitive to varying amounts of heat
7. Which statement concerning receptor potentials is correct?

a. They are usually repolarizations of receptors.
b. They are graded potentials.
c. They occur in neuronal cell bodies upon summation of presynaptic input.
d. They self-propagate along the efferent fibres.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 150 BLM: Remember
8. What is astigmatism?
a. the bending of light at angulated surfaces
b. the nonuniform (uneven) curvature of the cornea, lens, or retina
c. a disorder of accommodation in which the lens cannot bring near objects in focus
d. a disorder of accommodation in which the lens cannot bring far objects in focus
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 162 BLM: Higher Order
9. Which statement concerning polymodal nociceptors is correct?

a. They respond only to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching.
b. They transmit impulses along A-delta fibres.
c. They activate the slow pain pathway on stimulation.
d. They release prostaglandins.
10. Which statement concerning phasic receptors is correct?

a. They respond to pain stimulus
b. They signal a change in stimulus intensity.
c. They are slowly adapting receptors.
d. muscle stretch receptors is an example
11. Which statement concerning tonic receptors is correct?

a. They adapt rapidly.
b. They frequently exhibit an “off-response. “
c. They can measure the degree of joint flexion.
d. They signal a change in stimulus intensity.

12. Which receptors are rapidly adapting?

a. muscle stretch receptors
b. tonic receptors
c. phasic receptors
d. Ruffini nerve ending
13. Which statement concerning pacinian corpuscles is correct?

a. They adapt rapidly as the pressure energy is dissipated.
b. They can detect temperature changes.
c. They are tonic receptors.
d. They do not display an “off-response.”
14. Coding of sensory information may result from which action?

a. frequency of the stimuli
b. location of the stimuli
c. graded potential
d. spacial pattern coding
15. In somatosensory pathways, where do first-order neurons usually synapse with second-order neurons?
a. dorsal root ganglia
b. anterior root ganglion
c. cerebellum
d. thalamus
16. The smaller the receptive fields in a region, will result in what action?
a. smaller the density of receptors in the region
b. greater the acuity in the region
c. less cortical space allotted for sensory reception from the region
d. lesser the sensitivity to stimuli
17. Which of the following are NOT correctly paired?

a. chemoreceptor/oxygen concentration
b. mechanoreceptor/skeletal muscle stretch
c. nociceptor/light touch
d. photoreceptor/light

18. How is the slow pain pathway activated?

a. by stimulation of mechanical or thermal nociceptors
b. by stimulation of polymodal nociceptors
c. in the absence of tissue injury
d. by large and myelinated fibres
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 155-156 BLM: Higher Order
19. Endorphins and enkephalins ______________.

a. are endogenous morphine-like substances
b. activate ascending pathways
c. stimulate the release of substance P by binding with opiate receptors
d. stimulate the release of bradykinin
20. What is characteristic of fast pain?

a. poorly localized
b. occurs upon stimulation of polymodal nociceptors
c. impulses carried along myelinated A-delta fibres
d. produces dull aching sensation
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 155-156 BLM: Remember
21. What is the role of glutamate in the pain pathways?

a. binds to AMPA receptors on dorsal horn cells
b. results in numbness of damaged tissue
c. causes P-substance release
d. major inhibitory neurotransmitter
22. When does natural analgesia occur?

a. when endogenous opiates bind to P-substance
b. when endogenous opiates bind to receptors on afferent pain fibres
c. when the anterior gray horn is stimulated
d. when C fibres are stimulated
23. Which neuromodulator is NOT capable of binding to opiate receptors in the analgesic pathways?
a. bradykinin
b. dynorphin
c. endogenous opiates
d. endorphins

24. Which statement is NOT correct about slow pain?

a. It is carried by large, myelinated A-delta fibres.
b. It is poorly localized.
c. It occurs by the stimulation of polymodal nociceptors.
d. It occurs for a longer time than fast pain.
25. What normally controls the amount of light entering the eye?
a. ciliary muscle
b. suspensory ligaments
c. iris
d. cornea
26. The circular muscle of the iris __________________.

a. contracts in response to bright light to produce pupillary constriction
b. is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
c. contracts to slacken the suspensory ligaments and increase the strength of the lens during
accommodation
d. is under voluntary control
27. Which statement concerning the retina is correct?

a. It is the middle layer of the eye.
b. It contains the photoreceptors.
c. It becomes specialized anteriorly to form the cornea.
d. It secretes the aqueous humour.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 165-166 BLM: Remember
28. What is the first structure to intercept light as it enters the eye?
a. aqueous humour
b. cornea
c. lens
d. retina
29. What helps reduce internal reflection (scattering of light within the eye)?
a. sclera
b. choroid
c. blind spot
d. lens

30. Which structure contributes the most to the total refractive ability of the eye?
a. lens
b. cornea
c. ciliary muscle
d. retina
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 158|160 BLM: Higher Order
31. What must happen for accommodation to occur?

a. The shape of the cornea must be changed.
b. The shape of the lens must be changed.
c. The ciliary muscle is relaxed for near vision.
d. The ciliary muscle is contracted for distant vision.
32. Which statement concerning the lens of the eye is correct?

a. It has convex surfaces.
b. It is stronger when it is flatter.
c. It contributes most extensively to the eye’s total refractive ability.
d. Its stronger lens must be used for distant sources.
33. What happens during accommodation for near vision?

a. The ciliary muscle relaxes.
b. The lens becomes more concave.
c. The suspensory ligaments become less taut.
d. Both ciliary muscle must relax and lens more concave
34. What happens when light passes from one medium to a medium of a different density?
a. It is refracted and bends at specific angles.
b. It travels faster.
c. It changes wavelengths.
d. It gradually disappears.
35. Which statement is correct of hyperopia?

a. The eyeball is too short or the lens is too weak.
b. A near object is focused in front of the retina, even with accommodation.
c. A far source of light is focused on the surface of the retina.
d. The eyeball is too rounded.

36. Which statement concerning myopia is correct?

a. The curvature of the lens is uneven.
b. A near source of light is focused on the retina without accommodation.
c. A convex lens is used to correct the condition.
d. The images from the two eyes are not fused within the cortex.
37. Which statement concerning fovea is correct?

a. It is located in the exact centre of the retina.
b. It contains a greater abundance of rods than cones.
c. It is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through.
d. It has fairly high acuity.
38. Which statement concerning the blind spot is correct?

a. It is the point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and blood vessels pass through.
b. It contains high concentrations of rods or cones.
c. It is in the exact centre of the retina.
d. It contains high concentration of cones but no rods.
39. Which statement concerning the choroids is correct?

a. It contains rods and cones.
b. It is a fluid within the eye.
c. It is also known as the blind spot.
d. It is the middle layer of the eyeball.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 158 BLM: Higher Order
40. Which statement is correct for rhodopsin?

a. It is the photopigment found in the red cones.
b. It consists of an opsin and retinene.
c. It is most highly concentrated in the fovea.
d. It is slowly broken down in the absence of light.
41. Which statement is correct for cones?

a. They are most abundant in the periphery of the retina.
b. They are more numerous than rods.
c. They have high sensitivity to light.
d. They are responsible for colour vision.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 158|167 BLM: Higher Order

42. Which activities occur in the presence of light within the phototransduction pathway?
a. Ganglion cells produce action potentials.
b. cGMP levels are high in receptors.
c. Bipolar cells produce graded potentials.
d. Sodium channels open in receptors.
43. Which statement concerning cones is NOT correct?

a. Cones are used for day vision.
b. Cones are very sensitive to light.
c. Cones exhibit high acuity.
d. Cones are concentrated in the fovea.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 158|165 BLM: Remember
44. Which statement is correct for Rods?

a. They are less sensitive to light than cones.
b. They have low acuity.
c. They provide vision in shades of gray.
d. They have both low acuity and provide vision in shades of gray.
45. What happens during dark adaptation?

a. Photopigments are gradually regenerated.
b. Rhodopsin is rapidly broken down.
c. The cones for gray vision are stimulated more than the cones for colour vision.
d. The sensitivity of the photoreceptors is reduced so that the image appears dim.
46. What happens in light adaptation?

a. Rhodopsin levels increase in rods.
b. Rhodopsin levels decrease in rods.
c. Cones become inactive.
d. Rhodopsin levels increase in rods and cones become inactive.
47. Why do cones have higher acuity than rods?

a. Cones respond more to dim light.
b. There are three types of cones.
c. There is little convergence in the cone pathways within the retina.
d. There are more cones than rods.

48. What does NOT occur in a photoreceptor during exposure to light?

a. membrane hyperpolarization
b. closure of Na+ channels in the outer segment
c. increased transmitter release from the synaptic terminal
d. decrease in cyclic GMP in the outer segment
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 149|167 BLM: Higher Order
49. Which one of the following is an anterior specialization of the choroid layer?
a. aqueous humour
b. ciliary body
c. cornea
d. lens
50. Which statement concerning colour vision is correct?

a. It is accomplished by rods at night and cones during the day.
b. It depends on the three cone types’ various ratios of stimulation in response to different
wavelengths of light.
c. It is usually lost in vitamin A deficiency.
d. It depends on activation of a specific cone for each visible colour.
51. What does vitamin A deficiency cause?

a. poor night vision
b. astigmatism
c. presbyopia
d. colour blindness
52. What is characteristic of presbyopia?

a. the lack of a cone type
b. pronounced visual difficulty in the early teenage years
c. a reduction in accommodative ability as a result of a loss of lens elasticity
d. retinal damage
53. What condition is caused by uneven curvatures in the lens?

a. astigmatism
b. myopia
c. presbyopia
d. hyperopia

54. Which statement is correct for the optic tracts?

a. They carry information from the lateral half of the retina on the same side and the medial
half of the retina on the opposite side.
b. They carry information from the lateral halves of both retinas.
c. They carry information from the medial halves of both retinas.
d. They carry information from the lateral half of the retina on the opposite side and the
medial half of the retina on the same side.
55. What does the middle layer of the retina contain?

a. bipolar neurons
b. convex cells
c. ganglion cells
d. rods and cones
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 158|165 BLM: Remember
56. In the visual pathway, which statement is true? ___________________________.

a. The fibres from the lateral halves of both retinas cross at the optic chiasm.
b. The optic nerve carries information from the lateral half of one retina and the medial half
of the other retina.
c. The optic nerve carries information from both the lateral half and the medial half of the
retina of the same eye.
d. The optic nerve carries information from the medial half of one retina and the lateral half
of the other retina.
57. What relays incoming visual information to the appropriate cortical tissue?
a. colliculi
b. lateral geniculate nuclei
c. hypothalamus.
d. thalamus and hypothalamus
58. What is the proper sequence of retinal processing?

a. rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
b. rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
c. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones
d. ganglion cells, rods and cones, bipolar cells
59. What are the three types of cones?

a. black, red, and white
b. blue, green, and red
c. blue, green, and white
d. green, orange, and yellow

60. Which structure is associated with hearing?

a. ampulla
b. cochlea
c. cupula
d. cristae
61. The pitch of a sound is based on what?____________________.

a. it is determined by the frequency of vibrations of air molecules
b. it depends on the amplitude of the waves
c. it is measured in units of decibels
d. it depends on the shapes of the ossicles
62. The human ear is most sensitive to sound frequencies within which range?
a. 0–20,000 cycles per second
b. 10–100,000 cycles per second
c. 20–20,000 cycles per second
d. 1,000–4,000 cycles per second
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 175 BLM: Remember
63. Which statement about sound waves is NOT correct?

a. They are produced by a disturbance pattern in air molecules.
b. They gradually dissipate as they travel from the original sound source.
c. The human ear can detect sound waves between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second.
d. The average human ear is most sensitive to sound waves with frequencies between 5,000
and 10,000 cycles per second.
64. Which statement concerning the tympanic membrane is correct?

a. It vibrates when struck by sound waves.
b. It contains the organ of Corti.
c. It produces ear wax.
d. It is connected to the stapes.
65. In which order does the vibrational stimulus normally pass through the middle ear ossicles?
a. incus to the malleus to the stapes
b. incus to the stapes to the incus
c. malleus to the incus to the stapes
d. malleus to the stapes to the incus

66. Which statement is correct for the ossicular system of the ear?
a. It serves to keep the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal.
b. It increases the pressure of vibration as it transfers the sound wave from air in the outer ear
to fluid in the inner ear.
c. It assists in determining whether a sound comes from the front or rear.
d. It is part of the vestibular apparatus.
67. What does transmission of sound through the middle ear result in?
a. amplification of the pressure vibrations
b. stimulation of middle ear receptor cells
c. opening of the eustachian tube
d. increased firing rate in sensory axons associated with the tympanic membrane
68. Where does the actual conversion of sound vibrations to nerve impulses occur?
a. eardrum
b. eustachian tube
c. cochlea
d. oval window
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 181-182 BLM: Remember
69. Which of the following is NOT involved in sending a vibrational signal to the inner ear?
a. external auditory meatus
b. eustachian tube
c. malleus
d. stapes
70. Where are the hair cells for hearing located?

a. cochlea
b. eustachian tube
c. saccule
d. utricle
71. How are high- and low-frequency sounds discriminated?

a. low frequencies producing stronger vibrations
b. high frequencies producing larger action potentials
c. the middle ear bones vibrating more vigorously for low frequencies
d. low frequencies deflecting the basilar membrane at a greater distance from the oval
window

72. Which structure is NOT found inside the cochlear duct?

a. basilar membrane
b. endolymph
c. oval window
d. organ of Corti
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 181-182 BLM: Higher Order
73. Which statement concerning the oval window is correct?

a. It attaches to the malleus.
b. It transfers the sound wave from the external ear to the middle ear.
c. It is reflexively tightened in response to loud sounds to diminish transmission of these
sounds to the inner ear.
d. It attaches to the stapes and transfers the sound wave from the middle ear to the inner ear.
74. What happens in response to movement of the oval window?

a. Pressure waves occur in the scala vestibuli.
b. A portion of oval window vibrates.
c. Certain hair cell receptors in the ossicles become excited.
d. The eardrum vibrates.
75. In which structure do sound waves first pass?

a. cochlear duct
b. scala media
c. scala tympani
d. scala vestibuli
76. What does fluid movement in the cochlea cause?

a. displacement of the oval window, which dissipates pressure
b. deflection of the tympanic membrane
c. the hairs of the receptor cells of the organ of Corti to be bent as they are moved in relation
to the tectorial membrane
d. displacement of the ear tube
77. What happens when there is deflection of the basilar membrane?

a. it activates the receptors of the organ of Corti
b. it occurs in response to movements of ossicles
c. it results from displacement of the round window
d. it results from displacement of tympanic membrane

78. Which type of sensory input is NOT integrated into the sense of equilibrium?
a. cutaneous
b. proprioceptive
c. vestibular
d. visual
79. Which abnormality could give rise to sensorineural deafness?

a. rupture of the tympanic membrane
b. disease or injury in the organ of Corti
c. restriction of ossicular movement because of adhesions between the bones
d. damage to the occipital lobes of the cortex
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 183-184 BLM: Higher Order
80. Which statement is correct for the semicircular canals?

a. They detect the position of the head relative to gravity.
b. They detect rotational or angular acceleration or deceleration of the head.
c. They contain otoliths.
d. They are responsible for static equilibrium.
81. Which association is NOT correct?

a. cochlear duct/endolymph
b. malleus/inner ear
c. organ of Corti/hair cells
d. scala tympani/perilymph
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 179-180 BLM: Remember
82. Which statement concerning the utricle is correct?

a. It is part of the middle ear cavity.
b. It is activated when a person bends his or her head to look down at the ground.
c. It is activated when a person starts to listen to music.
d. It is activated when sound waves strike the hair cells.
83. Which of the following is NOT important for vestibular information?

a. hearing
b. maintenance of balance and desired posture
c. control of eye movement
d. perception of motion and orientation

84. The auditory cortex is on which lobe of the cerebral cortex?

a. frontal
b. occipital
c. parietal
d. temporal
85. Which statement is correct for taste?

a. Discrimination depends on the ratio of stimulation of the taste buds, which have a
variation in relative sensitivity.
b. Taste buds are stimulated only by touching foods.
c. Discrimination does not go beyond distinguishing between the four primary tastes—sweet,
sour, salty, and bitter.
d. Taste buds are present only in the oral cavity, but not in the throat.
86. Sour taste represents stimuli caused by ________________.

a. acids
b. salts
c. bases
d. sugars
87. Which statement concerning olfactory receptors is correct?

a. They are specialized endings of efferent neuronsin separate cells.
b. when stimulated, they send impulses both to the limbic system for coordination between
smell and behaviour, and to the thalamus and cortex for perception of smell.
c. synapse in the thalamus .
d. a substance must be fat soluble in order to be smelled.
88. Which structure associated is with pheromonal reception?

a. nasal organ
b. olfactory mucosa
c. papillae
d. vomeronasal organ
89. Which statement with regards to hearing is NOT correct?

a. Mechanical deformation of the hairs of hair cells in the inner ear always results in
depolarization of the hair cell synaptic terminal.
b. Pitch discrimination depends on the region of the basilar membrane that vibrates.
c. The stapes is the ossicle attached to the oval window.
d. The hair cells for hearing are located in the cochlea

90. Which statement regarding vision is NOT correct?

a. Axons from the temporal half of each retina decussate in the optic chiasm.
b. Axons from the nasal half of each retina decussate in the optic chiasm.
c. Optic tracts consist of both crossed and uncrossed axons.
d. Some retinal ganglionic axon collaterals terminate in the midbrain and hypothalamus.
91. What is a cause of conductive hearing loss?

a. a lesion of the auditory nerve
b. disease of the inner ear
c. impacted ear wax or inflammation of the middle ear
d. effect of ototoxic drugs
92. Which statement regarding hearing is correct?

a. The pitch of sounds is conveyed by the intensity of the vibration of the oval window.
b. Conduction deafness is a result of damage to the hair cells of the inner ear.
c. Low-pitched tones selectively cause vibration of the basilar membrane at a point closer to
the oval window than high-pitched ones do.
d. The loudness of a sound is conveyed by the frequency of action potentials generated in the
cochlear nerve.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Sensory information from the skeletal muscles enters the central nervous system by visceral efferent
neurons.
ANS: F PTS: 1
2. Receptors transduce one form of energy into electrical energy.
ANS: T PTS: 1
3. Any stimulus can excite any excitable tissue.
ANS: F PTS: 1
4. The term adequate stimulus refers to the intensity of a stimulus developing above a threshold value.
ANS: F PTS: 1
5. Receptor potentials can be graded, with a stronger stimulus resulting in a larger receptor potential.
ANS: T PTS: 1
6. Osmoreceptors are sensitive to changing solute concentrations.
ANS: T PTS: 1

7. Receptors can respond only to electrical stimulation.
ANS: F PTS: 1
8. Proprioception is the awareness of the body’s position in space.
ANS: T PTS: 1
9. A receptor cell initially develops a generator potential by the influx of potassium.
ANS: F PTS: 1
10. The stronger the stimulus, the greater the frequency of action potentials generated and propagated in
the afferent neuron.
ANS: T PTS: 1
11. The identical nerve pathway conveys information regarding pressure and temperature sensation of the
thumb.
ANS: F PTS: 1
12. Pain may be elicited by thermal or chemical stimuli.
ANS: T PTS: 1
13. Phasic receptors are rapidly adapting receptors.
ANS: T PTS: 1
14. Activation of a sensory pathway at any point gives rise to the same sensation that would be produced
by stimulation of the receptors in the body part itself.
ANS: T PTS: 1
15. Through lateral inhibition, a more intensely activated receptor pathway halts transmission of impulses
in surrounding, less intensely stimulated pathways.
ANS: T PTS: 1
16. Nociceptors are naked (free) nerve endings.
ANS: T PTS: 1
17. The brain contains naturally occurring morphine-like substances.
ANS: T PTS: 1
18. Prostaglandins suppress the sensitivity of nociceptors.
ANS: F PTS: 1

19. Descending analgesic pathways are believed to suppress transmission in the pain pathways as they
enter the spinal cord by blocking the release of substance P.
ANS: T PTS: 1
20. The Pacinian corpuscle is mainly sensitive to temperature changes.
ANS: F PTS: 1
21. Second- and third-order sensory neurons synapse in the thalamus.
ANS: T PTS: 1
22. Short-wave lengths of light within the visible spectrum are sensed as violet or blue.
ANS: T PTS: 1
23. Light rays travel faster through water or glass than through air.
ANS: F PTS: 1
24. Unmyelinated C fibres send impulses for slow pain pathways.
ANS: T PTS: 1
25. Light is the only stimulus capable of stimulating the photoreceptors of the eye.
ANS: F PTS: 1
26. The circular muscle of the iris contracts in response to dim light.
ANS: F PTS: 1
27. Contraction of the radial muscle of the iris produces a dilation of the iris.
ANS: T PTS: 1
28. The sclera is the most internal layer of the eye.
ANS: F PTS: 1
29. A convex lens converges light rays or brings them closer together.
ANS: T PTS: 1
30. The greater the curvature of a lens, the greater its ability to refract light rays.
ANS: T PTS: 1

31. The fovea is the point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves.
ANS: F PTS: 1
32. The curvature of the lens must be adjusted to enable the eye to focus both near and far sources on the
retina.
ANS: T PTS: 1
33. Light rays passing through a concave lens undergo convergence.
ANS: F PTS: 1
34. The term cataract refers to the condition in which the lens becomes stiff and loses its elasticity.
ANS: F PTS: 1
35. Relaxation of the ciliary muscle changes the cornea into a flattened shape.
ANS: F PTS: 1
36. The image on the retina is reversed upside down and backward because of bending of light rays.
ANS: T PTS: 1
37. A concave lens is used to correct for a myopic eye.
ANS: T PTS: 1
38. Retinene is found in the rods but not the cones.
ANS: F PTS: 1
39. Rods produce vision in shades of gray.
ANS: T PTS: 1
40. Vision in bright light is chiefly due to cone activation.
ANS: T PTS: 1
41. Cone photoreceptors provide high visual acuity.
ANS: T PTS: 1
42. When an individual sees pure red, only the red cones are stimulated.
ANS: F PTS: 1
43. In the retina, photoreceptor cells do not synapse with bipolar cells.
ANS: F PTS: 1

44. Light must pass through several layers of retinal cells before reaching rods and cones.
ANS: T PTS: 1
45. Colour blindness may be caused by vitamin A deficiency.
ANS: F PTS: 1
46. Night blindness is due to a deficiency of vitamin C.
ANS: F PTS: 1
47. Each cone contains three different photopigments for selectively responding to red, blue, or green
wavelengths of light.
ANS: F PTS: 1
48. Cones are more abundant than rods through the entire retina.
ANS: F PTS: 1
49. A photoreceptor generates action potentials when its photopigment is activated.
ANS: F PTS: 1
50. Depth perception comes about in large part because of binocular vision.
ANS: T PTS: 1
51. At the optic chiasm, the fibres in the lateral half of each optic nerve cross over.
ANS: F PTS: 1
52. Axons from retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve.
ANS: T PTS: 1
53. Diplopia is another name for double vision.
ANS: T PTS: 1
54. Each region of the auditory cortex becomes excited only in response to a specific tone detected by a
selected portion of the basilar membrane.
ANS: T PTS: 1
55. Photoreceptors are depolarized in the absence of stimulation (i.e., in the dark) and hyperpolarized
when stimulated (i.e., when exposed to light).
ANS: T PTS: 1

56. The greatest density of rods is found in the fovea of the macula lutea.
ANS: F PTS: 1
57. Accommodation permits near vision.
ANS: T PTS: 1
58. In hyperopia the far source is focused on the retina with accommodation and the near source is focused
behind the retina.
ANS: T PTS: 1
59. Short wavelengths of light are perceived in the red-orange colour range.
ANS: F PTS: 1
60. The external eye muscles contract to change the shape of the lens.
ANS: F PTS: 1
61. Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells all display action potentials.
ANS: F PTS: 1
62. Each half of the visual cortex receives information from the opposite half of the visual field as detected
by both eyes.
ANS: T PTS: 1
63. Binocular vision enhances depth perception.
ANS: T PTS: 1
64. The visual message detected by the retina is transmitted intact to the visual cortex.
ANS: F PTS: 1
65. Unlike the visual pathways, auditory signals from each ear are transmitted to both hemispheres.
ANS: T PTS: 1
66. The amplitude of sound waves is interpreted as the pitch of the sound.
ANS: F PTS: 1
67. The inner ear is involved only with hearing.
ANS: F PTS: 1

68. The incus is a structure of the middle ear.
ANS: T PTS: 1
69. The cochlea is primarily concerned with equilibrium.
ANS: F PTS: 1
70. The stapes is attached to the round window.
ANS: F PTS: 1
71. The function of the eustachian tube is to provide a drainage path for the fluid in the middle ear.
ANS: F PTS: 1
72. The helicotrema is located beyond the tip of the cochlear duct.
ANS: T PTS: 1
73. The ossicular system transmits the vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window, the
movement of which sets up pressure waves in the cochlear fluid.
ANS: T PTS: 1
74. In response to high-frequency sounds, the segment of the basilar membrane closer to the oval window
vibrates maximally.
ANS: T PTS: 1
75. Exposure to very loud noises can result in partial conductive deafness.
ANS: F PTS: 1
76. Hearing aids are more beneficial in conductive deafness than in sensorineural deafness.
ANS: T PTS: 1
77. The semicircular canals are activated as the head starts to rotate, but cease responding if the head
movement continues at the same rate in the same direction.
ANS: T PTS: 1
78. The utricle detects changes in head position away from horizontally and vertically directed linear
acceleration and deceleration.
ANS: T PTS: 1
79. The vestibular nuclei provide output important in maintaining balance and posture.
ANS: T PTS: 1

80. Mechanical deformation of the hairs of hair cells in the inner ear always results in depolarization of the
hair cell synaptic terminal.
ANS: F PTS: 1
81. Taste buds are chemoreceptors.
ANS: T PTS: 1
82. The cortical gustatory area is located adjacent to the “tongue” region of the somatosensory cortex.
ANS: T PTS: 1
83. Sour taste is caused by the hydrogen ions from acids.
ANS: T PTS: 1
84. Normal breathing patterns directly bring odoriferous molecules in contact with the olfactory mucosa.
ANS: F PTS: 1
85. The receptors for smell are located in the upper nasal cavity out of the normal path of air currents.
ANS: T PTS: 1
86. Visual and hearing receptors are irreplaceable, but taste and olfactory receptors are continuously
renewed.
ANS: T PTS: 1
87. Rapid reduction in sensitivity to a new odour results from rapid adaptation of the olfactory receptors.
ANS: F PTS: 1
88. The olfactory mucosa contains enzymes that remove odoriferous molecules so that the sensation of
smell doesn’t linger after the source of the odour is removed.
ANS: T PTS: 1
89. The primary olfactory cortex is on the temporal lobe.
ANS: T PTS: 1

COMPLETION
1. __________ is our conscious interpretation of the external world as created by the brain from a pattern
of nerve impulses delivered to it from sensory receptors.
ANS: Perception
PTS: 1
2. An incoming pathway for subconscious information derived from the internal viscera is called a(n)
__________, whereas an incoming pathway for information propagated to the conscious levels of the
brain is called a(n) __________.
ANS: visceral afferent, sensory afferent
PTS: 1
3. A generator potential in a receptor begins with the influx of ________ ions into the cell.
ANS: sodium
PTS: 1
4. By ________, a stimulus of the same intensity does not elicit a receptor potential of the same
magnitude.
ANS: adaptation
PTS: 1
5. Each sensory neuron responds to stimulus information within its __________, which is a
circumscribed region of the skin surface surrounding it.
ANS: receptive field
PTS: 1
6. __________ are the receptors that display the least amount of adaptation.
ANS: Nociceptors
PTS: 1
7. __________, a neurotransmitter unique to pain fibres, is released from afferent pain terminals.
ANS: Substance P
PTS: 1

8. The intensity of a stimulus is coded by the _________ of the action potentials sent along the related
afferent neuron.
ANS: frequency
PTS: 1
9. _________ attach the lens to the ciliary body.
ANS: Suspensory ligaments
PTS: 1
10. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation composed of particle-like individual packets of energy
called _________ that travel in wavelike fashion.
ANS: photons
PTS: 1
11. The __________ is the layer of the eye that contains the photoreceptor cells.
ANS: retina
PTS: 1
12. The iris consists of layers of________ and ________ smooth muscle fibres.
ANS: circular, radial
PTS: 1
13. The two major components of the ciliary body are the __________, which regulates the strength of the
lens, and a capillary network that produces __________.
ANS: ciliary muscle, aqueous humour
PTS: 1
14. The point of the retina with the most distinct vision is the __________.
ANS: fovea
PTS: 1
15. __________ is the bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another.
ANS: Refraction
PTS: 1

16. The eye structure with the greatest refractive ability is the __________.
ANS: cornea
PTS: 1
17. The refractive structure of the eye that has the ability to change its strength is the __________.
ANS: lens
PTS: 1
18. Myopia is another name for ________.
ANS: nearsightedness
PTS: 1
19. The ________ is the region of the retina where rods and cones are absent.
ANS: blind spot or optic disk
PTS: 1
20. Rods and cones have a G protein called ________.
ANS: transducin
PTS: 1
21. __________ are travelling vibrations of air that consist of alternating with regions of low pressure
caused by rarefaction of the molecules.
ANS: Sound waves
PTS: 1
22. Night blindness develops from a deficiency of vitamin ________.
ANS: A
PTS: 1
23. The left cerebral cortex receives information from the ________ half of each visual field.
ANS: right
PTS: 1

24. The lateral geniculate nucleus is located in the ________ of the brain.
ANS: thalamus
PTS: 1
25. The ______ is the ossicle attached to the oval window.
ANS: stapes
PTS: 1
26. ______ discrimination depends on the region of the basilar membrane that vibrates.
ANS: Pitch
PTS: 1
27. Moving air through the eustachian tube equalizes air pressure on the ________.
ANS: tympanum
PTS: 1
28. Glucose interacts with ________ receptor binding sites on the surface of the tongue.
ANS: sweet
PTS: 1
29. Rods and cones synapse with __________ cells that, in turn, synapse with ganglion cells before
entering the optic nerve.
ANS: bipolar
PTS: 1
ESSAY
1. Describe how sensory adaptation occurs.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
2. Describe the phototransduction process.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1

3. What are the various roles of secondary messenger systems in sensory pathways?
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
4. Describe the conduction of sound energy and its subsequent transduction into neural stimuli.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
5. Compare and contrast the senses of taste and olfaction.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
PROBLEM
1. For near vision, the ciliary muscle (contracts or relaxes) so that the suspensory ligaments become (taut
or slack). This allows the lens to (flatten or round up), which (increases or decreases) the strength of
the lens.
ANS:
contracts, slack, round up, increases
PTS: 1
2. When light of suitable wavelength strikes a photoreceptor, the photopigment (absorbs or reflects) the
light, causing the photopigment to (dissociate or regenerate). This photopigment transformation acts
through a second messenger system to cause Na+ channels in the outer segment to (open or close).
Subsequently, the photoreceptor (depolarizes or hyperpolarizes), which results in a(n) (increase or
decrease) in release of an (excitatory or inhibitory) transmitter from its synaptic terminal.
ANS:
absorbs, dissociate, close, hyperpolarizes, decrease, inhibitory
PTS: 1

MATCHING
Match the receptor below to its function by using the answer code.
a. tonic receptor
b. phasic receptor
c. specialized receptor ending of afferent neuron
d. separate cell serving as a receptor
1. generates action potentials in afferent neuron by opening voltage-gated Na+ channels
2. generates action potentials in afferent neuron by opening messenger-gated channels
3. provides continuous information about the stimuli being monitored
4. provides information about changes in the energy form being monitored
1. ANS: D PTS: 1
2. ANS: C PTS: 1
3. ANS: A PTS: 1
4. ANS: B PTS: 1
Indicate the properties associated with each type of nociceptor by using the answer code (options may
be used more than once or not at all).
a. mechanical nociceptor
b. thermal nociceptor
c. polymodal nociceptor
5. responds to cutting, crushing, pinching
6. responds to irritating chemicals
7. responds to temperature extremes
8. transmits its signals via A-delta fibres
9. transmits its signals via C fibres
10. activates slow pain pathway
11. activates fast pain pathway
5. ANS: A PTS: 1
6. ANS: C PTS: 1
7. ANS: B PTS: 1
8. ANS: A PTS: 1
9. ANS: C PTS: 1
10. ANS: C PTS: 1
11. ANS: A PTS: 1

Indicate which of the following regions are part of ascending pain pathways, descending analgesic
pathways, or both by using the answer code.
a. part of ascending pain pathway
b. part of descending analgesic pathway
c. participates in both pain and analgesic pathways
12. periaqueaductal gray area
13. thalamus
14. reticular formation
12. ANS: B PTS: 1

13. ANS: A PTS: 1
14. ANS: C PTS: 1
Indicate the properties of rods and cones by using the answer code (options may be used more than
once or not at all).
a. rods
b. cones
c. both rods and cones
15. used for day vision
16. used for night vision
17. confer colour vision
18. confer vision in shades of gray
19. high acuity
20. low acuity
21. contain opsin and retinene
22. much convergence in pathway
23. little convergence in pathways
24. three different types as a result of difference in photopigment content
15. ANS: B PTS: 1

16. ANS: A PTS: 1
17. ANS: B PTS: 1
18. ANS: A PTS: 1
19. ANS: B PTS: 1
20. ANS: A PTS: 1
21. ANS: C PTS: 1
22. ANS: A PTS: 1
23. ANS: B PTS: 1
24. ANS: B PTS: 1

Match the following eye disorder with its description by using the following answer code (options may
be used more than once or not at all).
a. colour blindness
b. night blindness
c. glaucoma
d. hyperopia
e. diplopia
f. presbyopia
g. myopia lens
h. cataract
i. astigmatism
25. eyeball too long
26. eyeball too short
27. corrected by cylindrical lens
28. corrected by concave lens
29. corrected by convex
30. corneal surface uneven
31. images from two eyes not fused within cortex
32. increased intraocular pressure
33. opaque lens
34. stiffened lens
35. vitamin A deficiency
36. lack of a cone type
25. ANS: G PTS: 1

26. ANS: D PTS: 1
27. ANS: I PTS: 1
28. ANS: G PTS: 1
29. ANS: D PTS: 1
30. ANS: I PTS: 1
31. ANS: E PTS: 1
32. ANS: C PTS: 1
33. ANS: H PTS: 1
34. ANS: F PTS: 1
35. ANS: B PTS: 1
36. ANS: A PTS: 1

Indicate the characteristics associated with each part of the ear by using the answer code (options
may be used more than once or not at all).
a. external ear
b. middle ear
c. cochlea in the inner ear
d. semicircular canal in the inner ear
e. utricle and saccule in the inner ear
37. is air-filled
38. is fluid-filled
39. contains receptive hair cells
40. is concerned with hearing
41. is concerned with sense of equilibrium
42. contains the tympanic membrane, which vibrates in synchrony with sound waves
43. contains the ossicular system, which contributes to the amplification of the sound wave
44. contains a cupula, which sways in the direction of endolymph movement, bending the embedded hair
cells
45. provides information about the position of the head relative to gravity
46. detects rotational acceleration or deceleration of the head
47. contains otoliths in gelatinous mass, movement of which bends hair cells
48. contains the organ of Corti whose hair cells are bent during vibration of the basilar membrane
49. is connected with the throat via the eustachian tube
50. provides information useful for keeping the eyes focused on a fixed object even when the head is
moving
51. is part of the vestibular apparatus
52. consists of three elongated spiral compartments
53. components aligned in three different planes all perpendicular to each other
37. ANS: A PTS: 1

38. ANS: C PTS: 1
39. ANS: B PTS: 1
40. ANS: C PTS: 1
41. ANS: D PTS: 1
42. ANS: B PTS: 1
43. ANS: B PTS: 1
44. ANS: D PTS: 1
45. ANS: E PTS: 1
46. ANS: D PTS: 1
47. ANS: E PTS: 1
48. ANS: C PTS: 1
49. ANS: B PTS: 1
50. ANS: D PTS: 1
51. ANS: D PTS: 1
52. ANS: D PTS: 1
53. ANS: D PTS: 1

Match the following term with its description by using the answer code (options may be used more
than once or not at all).
a. timbre (quality)
b. pitch (tone)
c. intensity of a sound wave (loudness)
54. frequency of sound waves
55. dependent on the overtones
56. dependent on the amplitude of the sound wave
57. measured in cycles per second
58. measured in decibels
54. ANS: B PTS: 1

55. ANS: A PTS: 1
56. ANS: C PTS: 1
57. ANS: B PTS: 1
58. ANS: C PTS: 1
Match the following receptors to their locations by using the answer code (options may be used more
than once or not at all).
a. chemoreceptors
b. mechanoreceptors
c. photoreceptors
59. receptors in retina
60. receptors in cochlea
61. receptors in otolith organs
62. receptors in semicircular canals
63. receptors in taste buds
64. receptors in olfactory mucosa
59. ANS: C PTS: 1

60. ANS: B PTS: 1
61. ANS: B PTS: 1
62. ANS: B PTS: 1
63. ANS: A PTS: 1
64. ANS: A PTS: 1

Indicate the proper sequence of involvement in the visual pathway by writing the appropriate letter in
the blank using the answer code.
a. bipolar neurons
b. optic nerve
c. lateral geniculate nucleus
d. rods and cones
e. visual cortex
f. optic tracts
g. ganglion cells
h. optic radiations
65. first
66. second
67. third
68. fourth
69. fifth
70. sixth
71. seventh
72. eighth
65. ANS: D PTS: 1

66. ANS: A PTS: 1
67. ANS: G PTS: 1
68. ANS: B PTS: 1
69. ANS: F PTS: 1
70. ANS: C PTS: 1
71. ANS: H PTS: 1
72. ANS: E PTS: 1

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Chapter 4: The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic

1. Which afferent input does NOT reach the conscious level?

2. What is the conscious interpretation of external stimuli?

4. Which statement concerning receptors is correct?

5. Which statement concerning receptors is correct?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-1

d. Receptor adaptation results from nerve fatigue.

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-2

6. Which statement concerning receptors is correct?

7. Which statement concerning receptor potentials is correct?

9. Which statement concerning polymodal nociceptors is correct?

10. Which statement concerning phasic receptors is correct?

11. Which statement concerning tonic receptors is correct?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-3

12. Which receptors are rapidly adapting?

13. Which statement concerning pacinian corpuscles is correct?

14. Coding of sensory information may result from which action?

17. Which of the following are NOT correctly paired?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-4

18. How is the slow pain pathway activated?

19. Endorphins and enkephalins ______________.

20. What is characteristic of fast pain?

21. What is the role of glutamate in the pain pathways?

22. When does natural analgesia occur?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-5

24. Which statement is NOT correct about slow pain?

26. The circular muscle of the iris __________________.

27. Which statement concerning the retina is correct?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-6

31. What must happen for accommodation to occur?

32. Which statement concerning the lens of the eye is correct?

33. What happens during accommodation for near vision?

35. Which statement is correct of hyperopia?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-7

36. Which statement concerning myopia is correct?

37. Which statement concerning fovea is correct?

38. Which statement concerning the blind spot is correct?

39. Which statement concerning the choroids is correct?

40. Which statement is correct for rhodopsin?

41. Which statement is correct for cones?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-8

43. Which statement concerning cones is NOT correct?

44. Which statement is correct for Rods?

45. What happens during dark adaptation?

46. What happens in light adaptation?

47. Why do cones have higher acuity than rods?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-9

48. What does NOT occur in a photoreceptor during exposure to light?

50. Which statement concerning colour vision is correct?

51. What does vitamin A deficiency cause?

52. What is characteristic of presbyopia?

53. What condition is caused by uneven curvatures in the lens?

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Ltd. 4-10

54. Which statement is correct for the optic tracts?

55. What does the middle layer of the retina contain?

56. In the visual pathway, which statement is true? ___________________________.

58. What is the proper sequence of retinal processing?

59. What are the three types of cones?