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Chapter 7—The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
MULTIPLE CHOICE
3.
Which one of the following involves a response of a skeletal muscle through an efferent output?
a. augmented breathing from the diaphragm
b. delayed emptying of the stomach
c. increased pumping of blood
d. increased secretion of insulin
e. initiation of sweating
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
5.
What system would suppress the digestive organs during times of greater physical activity?
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
c. enteric nervous system
d. somatic nervous system
e. none of these
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
189
6. Postganglionic autonomic fibers
a. end in a single synaptic knob that releases the neurotransmitter
b. have numerous varicosities that simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area
of the innervated organ rather than on single cells
c. innervate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
d. have characteristics a and c
e. have characteristics b and c
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
10. Which of the following does not characterize the sympathetic nervous system?
a. It promotes responses that prepare the body for strenuous physical activity.
b. It has some afferent fibers.
c. Most of its postganglionic fibers are adrenergic.
d. Its effects may be excitatory or inhibitory.
e. Its postganglionic neurons display nicotinic receptors.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
190
11. Select the incorrect statement about the parasympathetic nervous system.
a. It inhibits all cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
b. Neurotransmitter from all its postganglionic fibers bind to muscarinic receptors.
c. Neurotransmitter from all its preganglionic fibers bind to nicotinic receptors.
d. Part of it originates in the brain
e. Part of it originates in the most inferior region of the spinal cord.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
14. Sympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.
a. does not affect; decreases
b. decreases; decreases
c. decreases; increases
d. increases; decreases
e. increases; increases
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
15. Parasympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.
a. does not affect; increases
b. decreases; decreases
c. decreases; increases
d. increases; decreases
e. increases; increases
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
191
17. Nicotinic receptors
a. bind with acetylcholine released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
b. respond to acetylcholine released from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic
fibers
c. are found primarily in the heart
d. bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers
e. are found on certain effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
18. Atropine ____ the effect of acetylcholine at ____ receptors and ____ ____ receptors.
a. blocks; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic
b. enhances; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic
c. blocks; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic
d. enhances; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic
e. blocks; muscarinic; enhances; nicotinic
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
21. Acetylcholinesterase
a. has enhanced activity from organophosphates
b. inactivates a neurotransmitter.
c. is a neurotransmitter
d. stimulates an EPSP
e. triggers the release of sodium from postsynaptic cells
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
192
23. The neuromuscular junction
a. is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
b. transmits an action potential between the nerve cell and muscle cell on a one-to-one basis
c. may produce either an EPSP or an IPSP on the motor end plate
d. has all of the above characteristics
e. has characteristics a and b
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
24. Acetylcholine
a. opens voltage-gated Na+ channels in skeletal muscle fibers, which causes depolarization of
the muscle fibers
b. may decrease the permeability of the motor end plate to Na+ and K+ when combined with
the receptor sites on the motor end plate
c. always depolarizes skeletal muscle fibers and postganglionic neurons
d. does both a and b
e. does both b and c
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
25. Which type of receptor binds norepinephrine on cardiac muscle, thus increasing cardiac activity?
a. cholinergic
b. nicotinic
c. alpha
d. beta-1
e. beta-2
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
26. Acetylcholine
a. binds to cholinergic receptors on preganglionic neurons and skeletal muscle cells
b. destroys acetylcholinesterase
c. binds to muscarinic receptors
d. is released from all postganglionic neurons
e. does all of the above except b
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
27. Which of the following events occurs after all the other steps listed when describing the stimulation of
a skeletal muscle fiber?
a. ACh binds with receptors on the muscle cell membrane, opening sodium channels.
b. ACh diffuses across the cleft of the junction.
c. ACh is released by exocytosis.
d. Calcium diffuses into the terminal button.
e. Voltage-gated channels for calcium in the axon terminal are opened.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
193
28. What is the fate of ACh following binding to receptors?
a. It remains bound, causing continued excitement.
b. It is removed by acetylcholinesterase.
c. It is actively reabsorbed by the axon terminal.
d. It is passively reabsorbed by the muscle cell.
e. None of the above.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
29. What would occur if ACh was not removed from the nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle cells?
a. The cell would relax.
b. The cell would repolarize with the opening of chloride channels.
c. The cell would remain contracted until fatigued.
d. Sodium would continue to move into the cell, causing excitation.
e. Both c and d would occur.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
30. An EPP
a. occurs because of Na+ diffusing into a muscle fiber after ACh binds with a receptor on the
muscle fiber
b. is usually smaller in magnitude than an EPSP
c. is terminated when Ca2+ inactivates acetylcholine
d. has characteristics a and b
e. has characteristics a and c
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
32. Select the CNS structure(s) that can influence autonomic activity.
a. medulla
b. hypothalamus
c. spinal cord
d. All of the above
e. Only a and b
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
194
34. Which of the following chemicals paralyzes skeletal muscle by binding to the acetylcholine receptor
sites?
a. black widow spider venom
b. curare
c. organophosphates
d. insecticide
e. local anesthetics
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
35. Curare
a. strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites
b. inhibits acetylcholinesterase
c. is found in pesticides and military nerve gases
d. has characteristics a and b
e. has characteristics b and c
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
39. Which of the following is least related to the innervation of skeletal muscle cells?
a. acetylcholine
b. varicosities
c. neuromuscular junction
d. somatic nervous system
e. motor neuron
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
195
40. Which effector is not dually innervated?
a. salivary glands
b. urinary bladder
c. pancreas
d. radial muscle of iris
e. bronchioles in lungs
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
43. Binding of neurotransmitter to which of the following receptors on an effector would likely cause
inhibition of the effector?
a. alpha-1
b. alpha-2
c. beta-1
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
196
45. Which of the following selectively activates beta-2 receptors at low doses, making it possible to dilate
bronchioles in the treatment of asthma?
a. salbuterol
b. atropine
c. metoprolol
d. neostigmine
e. curare
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
TRUE/FALSE
4. Only terminals of autonomic nerve fibers and motor neurons end in a single, enlarged knoblike
structure that releases neurotransmitter.
5. By blocking the effect of acetylcholine at muscarinic but not nicotinic receptors, atropine is able to
block parasympathetic effects.
6. The preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system are cholinergic fibers.
7. The autonomic nervous system mainly controls smooth and cardiac muscles, but it can inhibit a few
skeletal muscles.
8. The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
9. The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are part of the efferent nervous system.
197
10. Dual innervation of organs by both branches of the autonomic nervous system allows a fine degree of
control over these organs.
12. Parasympathetic activation of sweat glands occurs to help reduce body temperatures.
13. The parasympathetic nervous system dominates in situations when a person is afraid.
14. The salivary glands and the eye are sympathetically innervated by cranial nerves.
15. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
16. Action potentials are transmitted on a one-to-one basis at both a neuromuscular junction and a
synapse.
17. Sympathetic stimulation of the urinary bladder relaxes the activity of this organ.
18. Muscarinic receptors are found on the effector cells innervated by the parasympathetic division.
19. The sympathetic nervous system has its cells of origin in the brain stem as well as the spinal cord.
21. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are longer than parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
22. Most innervated blood vessels receive sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
24. The sympathetic postganglionic fibers that innervate the sweat glands secrete acetylcholine rather than
norepinephrine.
26. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are the two kinds of adrenergic receptors.
27. It is possible through the use of drugs to activate the receptors found in bronchiolar smooth muscle
without influencing the receptors in the heart.
28. An EPP is similar to an EPSP, except that the magnitude of an EPSP is much larger.
29. Action potentials are initiated at the motor end-plate region of skeletal muscle fibers.
30. Acetylcholinesterase is stored in secretory vesicles in the motor end plate of the muscle fiber.
31. Binding of ACh with receptor sites on the motor end plate opens chemical messenger-gated cation
channels in the motor end plate, bringing about depolarization of the motor end plate.
32. The axons controlling skeletal muscles are large and myelinated.
199
35. Binding of a neurotransmitter to a beta receptor on the urinary bladder causes the bladder to contract.
38. All cholinergic and some adrenergic receptors are coupled to G proteins.
40. The final common pathway relates to the ability of the nervous system to affect skeletal muscles via
motor neurons.
41. Binding of ACh to all muscarinic receptors is excitatory, but binding of Ach to nicotinic receptors may
be excitatory or inhibitory.
42. Binding of NE to adrenergic receptors in the adrenal medulla causes the release of epinephrine into the
blood.
43. All voluntarily controlled muscle cells contain nicotinic, cholinergic receptors.
44. Any autonomic neuron that conducts impulses out of the CNS will transmit those impulses to a
postganglionic neuron.
45. Inhibition of skeletal muscles occurs when a certain neurotransmitter causes IPSPs to develop at the
neuromuscular junctions.
200
COMPLETION
1. The two divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system are the
____________________ nervous system, which supplies cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands,
and the ____________________ nervous system, which supplies skeletal muscle.
2. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ____________________ nervous system,
which dominates in fight-or-flight situations, and the ____________________ nervous system, which
dominates in quiet, relaxed situations.
3. ____________________ fibers of the autonomic nerve pathway are located partially in the central
nervous system.
ANS: Preganglionic
201
7. The ____________________ is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes hormones similar or
identical to sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitters into the blood.
9. In the autonomic nervous system, a(n) ____________________ neuron sends impulses away from a
ganglion.
ANS: postganglionic
11. Sympathetic activity inhibits the secretion of ____________________ from the pancreas.
ANS: insulin
12. Sympathetic activity stimulates the secretion of ____________________ from the pancreas.
ANS: glucagon
ANS: adrenergic
ANS: acetylcholine
202
15. Binding of ____________________ to muscarinic receptors may initiate EPSPs or IPSPs.
ANS: acetylcholine
16. The origin of the somatic nervous system is in the ____________________ horn of the spinal cord.
ANS: ventral
17. Depolarization of the motor end plate results from more ____________________ ions entering the cell
than ____________________ ions leaving the cell.
18. An _______ binds with the receptor, preventing the neurotransmitter from binding and causing a
response, whereas, an ______ binds to the neurotransmitter’s receptor and causes the same response as
the neurotransmitter.
19. The ________ within the brain stem is the region most directly responsible for autonomic output.
ANS: medulla
20. Sympathetic __________ to a particular organ exists when the sympathetic stimulation of that organ
increases above tone level.
ANS: dominance
203
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