THERMODYNAMICS

AE 4341

Introduction and Basic Concepts

MUSFEQUS SALEHIN
Lecturer
Mechanical Engineering
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace
University (BSMRAAU)
cell: +8801869393491
4/12/2021 1:58:15 PM mail: salehin@bsmraau.edu.bd salehin.musfeq@gmail.com
AE 4341 - Introduction and Basic concepts 1
Tentative Course Plan
Serial No. Topics Outline Sections

1. Introduction and Basic concepts

2. Properties of Pure Substance
3. Energy, Work and Heat Section A
4. First law of Thermodynamics
5. Second law of Thermodynamics
6. Using Entropy
7. Exergy Analysis
8. Gas power cycle
9. Combined power cycle
10. Refrigeration cycle Section B
11. Thermodynamic relations
12. Ideal gas mixture and psychrometry
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References

Books Authors
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Yunus Cengel and Michael Boles

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics Howard N. Shapiro and Michael J. Moran

Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics Borgnakke

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Applications of Thermodynamic Principles

Figure - Schematic diagram of a steam power plant Figure - Schematic diagram of a simple refrigeration cycle.

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Applications of Thermodynamic Principles

Figure - Schematic diagram of a liquid oxygen plant. Figure - Schematic diagram of a liquid-propellant rocket
engine

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Thermodynamics & Energy
Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. Although everybody has a feeling of what energy is, it is
difficult to give a precise definition for it. Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes.

The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (power), which is most descriptive
of the early efforts to convert heat into power.

One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the conservation of energy

principle. It simply states that during an interaction, energy can change from
one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant. That is,
energy cannot be created or destroyed. A rock falling off a cliff, for example,
picks up speed as a result of its potential energy being converted to kinetic
energy.
One very important concept in a study of thermodynamics is energy. Energy is a
fundamental concept, such as mass or force, and, as is often the case with such
concepts, it is very difficult to define. Energy has been defined as the capability
to produce an effect.

Energy can be stored within a system and can be transferred (as heat, for
example) from one system to another.
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System and Control Volume
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The mass or region outside the system is
called the surroundings. The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called the
boundary.

Systems may be considered to be closed or open, depending on whether a fixed mass or a

fixed volume in space is chosen for study. A closed system (also known as a control mass)
consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass can
enter or leave a closed system. But energy, in the form of heat or work, can cross the
boundary; and the volume of a closed system does not have to be fixed. If, as a special case,
even energy is not allowed to cross the boundary, that system is called an isolated system

An open system, or a control volume, as it is often called, is a properly selected region in

space. It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or
nozzle. Flow through these devices is best studied by selecting the region within the device
as the control volume. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume .

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Properties of a System

Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are

pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. The list can be extended to
include less familiar ones such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of
elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity and
elevation. Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive. Intensive
properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as
temperature, pressure, and density. Extensive properties are those whose values
depend on the size—or extent—of the system. Total mass, total volume, and total
momentum are some examples of extensive properties.

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Measurable Properties of a System
Density is defined as mass per unit volume

The specific volume ,v is defined as the reciprocal of the density, It is the volume per unit mass. Like density, specific
volume is an intensive property and may vary from point to point. SI units for density and specific volume are kg/m3 and
m3/kg,

Specific gravity, or relative density, and is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard
substance at a specified temperature (usually water at 4°C, for which ρH2O 1000 kg/m3). That is,

The weight of a unit volume of a substance is called specific weight.

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Measurable Properties of a System
Pressure as the normal component of force per unit area.

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State & Equilibrium
Consider a system not undergoing any change. At this point, all the properties can be measured or calculated throughout
the entire system, which gives us a set of properties that completely describes the condition, or the state, of the system.

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states. The word equilibrium implies a state of balance. In an equilibrium state
there are no unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system. A system in equilibrium experiences no changes
when it is isolated from its surroundings.

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Thermal Equilibrium
There are many types of equilibrium, and a system is not in thermodynamic equilibrium unless the conditions of all the
relevant types of equilibrium are satisfied. For example, a system is in thermal equilibrium if the temperature is the same
throughout the entire system. That is, the system involves no temperature differential, which is the driving force for heat
flow. Mechanical equilibrium is related to pressure, and a system is in mechanical equilibrium if there is no change in
pressure at any point of the system with time. However, the pressure may vary within the system with elevation as a
result of gravitational effects. For example, the higher pressure at a bottom layer is balanced by the extra weight it must
carry, and, therefore, there is no imbalance of forces. The variation of pressure as a result of gravity in most
thermodynamic systems is relatively small and usually disregarded. If a system involves two phases, it is in phase
equilibrium when the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there. Finally, a system is in chemical
equilibrium if its chemical composition does not change with time, that is, no chemical reactions occur. A system will not
be in equilibrium unless all the relevant equilibrium criteria are satisfied.

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Process
Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process, and the series of states
through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process. To describe a process completely, one
should specify the initial and final states of the process, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the
surroundings.

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Cycle

The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular
property remains constant. An isothermal process, for example, is a process
during which the temperature T remains constant; an isobaric process is a
process during which the pressure P remains constant; and an isochoric (or
isometric) process is a process during which the specific volume v remains
constant. A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial
state at the end of the process. That is, for a cycle the initial and final states are
identical.

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Temperature
Although we are familiar with temperature as a measure of “hotness” or “coldness,” it is not easy to give an exact
definition for it. Based on our physiological sensations, we express the level of temperature qualitatively with words
like freezing cold, cold, warm, hot, and red-hot. However, we cannot assign numerical values to temperatures based on
our sensations alone. Furthermore, our senses may be misleading. A metal chair, for example, will feel much colder
than a wooden one even when both are at the same temperature.

It is a common experience that a cup of hot coffee left on the table eventually cools off and a cold drink eventually
warms up. That is, when a body is brought into contact with another body that is at a different temperature, heat is
transferred from the body at higher temperature to the one at lower temperature until both bodies attain the same
temperature. At that point, the heat transfer stops, and the two bodies are said to have reached thermal equilibrium.
The equality of temperature is the only requirement for thermal equilibrium.

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in
thermal equilibrium with each other. It may seem silly that such an obvious fact is called one of the basic laws of
thermodynamics. However, it cannot be concluded from the other laws of thermodynamics, and it serves as a basis for
the validity of temperature measurement. By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be
restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading even if they are not in
contact.

The zeroth law was first formulated and labeled by R. H. Fowler in 1931.
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