10 SST Eng SM 2023

Dr.
Nidhi Sharma
Group Leader
Vice Principal
SKV Noor Nagar-1925035
Hemendra Mohan Khan

Lecturer History
Member Core Academic Unit
SBV, Jafrabad-1105008
Tarun Mishra
TGT Social Science
Member Core Academic Unit
GBSSS Mukundpur-1207236
Huma Begum
TGT Social Science
SKV, Timarpur–1207034
Bhupendra Kr. Tiwari

TGT Social Science
RPVV Rohini-1412291
Rohini Sector-21
Nooruddin (Urdu Medium)

TGT Social Science
Anglo Arabic SSS
Ajmeri Gate Delhi-
X–Social Science (xii)

CONTENTS
S.No. Chapter Name
1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 01–20
2. Nationalism in India 21–48
3. The making of Global World 49–65
4. The age of Industrialisation 66–88
5. Print Culture and the Modern World 89–106
GEOGRAPHY
1. Resource and Development 107–125
2. Forest and Wild Life 126–136
3. Water Resources 137–152
4. Agriculture 153–173
5. Mineral and Energy Resources 174–192
6. Manufacturing Industries 193–205
7. Life Lines of National Economy 206–224
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. Power Sharing 225–236
2. Federalism 237–254
(xiii) X–Social Science

3. Democracy and Diversity 255–263
4. Gender, Religion and Caste 264–277
5. Political Parties 278–296
6. Outcomes of Democracy 297–309
ECONOMICS
1. Development 310–326
2. Sectors of Indian Economy 327–333
3. Money and Credit 334–348
4. Globalisation and The Indian Economy 349–365
PRACTICE PAPER
Practice Paper – 1 366–379
Answer – 1 380–394
Practice Paper – 2 395–405
X–Social Science (xiv)

SOCIAL SCIENCE
CLASS X (2022-23) (CODE NO. 087)
Rationale
Social Science is a compulsory subject up to secondary stage of school

education. It is an integral component of general education because it helps
the learners in understanding the environment in its totality and developing
a broader perspective and an empirical, reasonable and humane outlook.
This is of crucial importance because it helps them grow into well-informed
and responsible citizens with necessary attributes and skills for being able
to participate and contribute effectively in the process of development and
nation-building.
The Social Science curriculum draws its content mainly from History,
Geography, Political Science and Economics. Some elements of Sociology
and Commerce are also included. Together they provide a comprehensive
view of society over space and time, and in relation to each other. Each
subject’s distinct methods of enquiry help the learners to understand society
from different angles and form a holistic view.
Objectives
The main objectives of this syllabus are to:

• develop an understanding of the processes of change and
development-both in terms of time and space, through which human
societies have evolved
• make learners realize that the process of change is continuous and
any event or phenomenon or issue cannot be viewed in isolation
but in a wider context of time and space
• develop an understanding of contemporary India with its historical
perspective, of the basic framework of the goals and policies of
(xv) X–Social Science

national development in independent India, and of the process of
change with appropriate connections to world development
• deepen knowledge about and understanding of India’s freedom
struggle and of the values and ideals that it represented, and to
develop an appreciation of the contributions made by people of all
sections and regions of the country
• help learners understand and cherish the values enshrined in the
Indian Constitution and to prepare them for their roles and
responsibilities as effective citizens of a democratic society
• deepen the knowledge and understanding of India’s environment
in its totality, their interactive processes and effects on the future
quality of people’s lives
• facilitate the learners to understand and appreciate the diversity in
the land and people of the country with its underlying unity
• develop an appreciation of the richness and variety of India’s
heritage-both natural and cultural and the need for its preservation
• promote an understanding of the issues and challenges of
contemporary India-environmental, economic and social, as part
of the development process
• help pupils acquire knowledge, skills and understanding to face
the challenges of contemporary society as individuals and groups
and learn the art of living a confident and stress-free life as well as
participating effectively in the community
• develop scientific temperament by promoting the spirit of enquiry
and following a rational and objective approach in analysing and
evaluating data and information as well as views and interpretations
• develop academic and social skills such as critical thinking,
communicating effectively both in visual and verbal forms -
cooperating with others, taking initiatives and providing leadership
in solving others’ problems
• develop qualities clustered around the personal, social, moral,
national and spiritual values that make a person humane and socially
effective.
X–Social Science (xvi)

COURCE STRUCTURE
Class X (2022-2023)
Theory Paper
Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 80
No. Units Marks
India and the Contemporary World - II 20
Contemporary India - II 20
Democratic Politics - II 20
Understanding Economic Development 20
Total 80
COURSE CONTENT
(xvii) X–Social Science

X–Social Science (xviii)
(xix) X–Social Science
X–Social Science (xx)
(xxi) X–Social Science
X–Social Science (xxii)
(xxiii) X–Social Science
X–Social Science (xxiv)
(xxv) X–Social Science
X–Social Science (xxvi)
(xxvii) X–Social Science
X–Social Science (xxviii)
Chapter – 1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Points to Remember:
The Idea of Nationalism by The French Revolution (1789)

Fredric Sorrieu and Nationalism
In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a The first clear expression of na-

French artist, prepared a series of tionalism came with the French
Revolution in 1789. The political and
prints visualizing his dream of a world
constitutional changes that came in
made up of 'Democratic and Social the wake of the French Revolution led
Republics; as he called them. The to the transfer of sovereignty from the
first print shows the people of Europe monarch to a body of French citi-
and America- men and women of all zens. The revolution proclaimed that
ages and social classes -marching it was the people who would hence-
forth constitute the nation and shape
in a long train, and offering homage
its destiny.
to the statue of Liberty as they pass
by it. The statue bears the torch of During the nineteenth century,
Enlightenment in one hand and the nationalism emerged as a force
which brought about sweeping
charter of the Right of Man in the
changes in the political and mental
other. On the earth in the foreground
world of Europe. The end result of
of the image lie the shattered re- these changes was the emergence
mains of the symbols of the Abso- of the nation-state in place of the
lutist institutions. multi-national dynastic empires of
Europe. A nation- State was one in
which the majority of its citizens came
to develop a sense of identity and
shared history or descent.
(1) X–Social Science

From the very begining of the French Revolution, the French revolu-
tionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a
sense of collective identity (nationalism) amongst the French people.
Later, Napoleon introduced revolutionary reforms in the administrative
field which is known as Civil Code of 1804 (The Napoleonic Code). Fur-
ther, the ideas of national unity (Nationalism) in the early nineteenth-cen-
tury Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.
X–Social Science (2)

Conservatism in Europe after 1815
Napoleon was defeated in 1815 and after this European governments

were driven by a spirit of conservatism. As a political philosophy,
conservatism stressed on the importance of tradition established
institutions and custom, and preferred gradual development to quick
change. In the background, a summit (called the Congress) was organized
at Vienna. The congress was hosted by the Austrian chancellor, Duke
Matternich. The Treaty of Vienna was signed in this congress.
Duke Matternich
He was the Austrian Chancellor. He was born

on 15th May 1773. He had once remarked that
"When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches

cold". He took a prominent part in Congress of Vienna and dominated the
European politics from 1814 to 1848. He acted as the restorer of the 'old
Regime' and the reconstruction of Europe after the Napoleonic wars.
Giuseppe Mazzini
He was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a

member of secret society of the Carbonari. As a
young man of 24, he was sent to exile in 1831 for
attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently
founded two more underground societies, first,
Young Italy in Marseilles and then, Young Europe in Berne. Mazzini's re-
lentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics
frightened the conservatives. Matternich described him as 'the most dan-
gerous enemy of our social order'.

Count Camillo of Cavour
He was the Chief Minister of Sardia-Pied-

mont. He led the movement to unify the regions of
Italy though he was neither a revolutionary nor a
democrat.
The tactful diplomatic alliance with France was also engineered by
Cavour and thus Austria could be defeated and the Unification of Italy
was made possible.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
He was not part of the regular Troops. He led

armed volunteers for the unification of Italy. In 1860,
he along with armed volunteers marched into South
Italy and the kingdom of two Sicilies and succeded
in winning the Support of the local peasants in or-
der to drive out the Spanish rulers. He handed over control of Southern
Italy and Sicily to king Emmanuel II and thus Unification of Italy could be
made possible.
Greek War of Independence

1. Greek was the part of the Ottoman Empire since 15th century. The
growth of revolutionary nationalism (after French Revolution, 1789)
sparked off a struggle for Independence among Greeks.
2. The struggle for independence stated in 1821. Nationalists in Greece
got support from the other Greeks living in exile and also from many
west Europeans.
3. Many poets and artists mobilized public opinion to support Greece
struggle. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went
to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

4. The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an
independent nation.
Nationalism and Imperialism (Balkan Problem)
1. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations com-

prising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia etc.
2. The inhabitants of there areas were broadly known as the Slavs. A
large part of the Balkans was under the control of Ottoman Empire.
3. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans to-
gether with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this re-
gion very explosive. One by one, European Subject nationalities
broke away and declared their Independence. As the different Slavic
nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the
Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states
hope to gain more territory at the expenses of the others.

4. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European
powers for control over this area. This further complicated the mat-
ter. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally culminated in
the form of First World War.
Visualizing the Nation
Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries portrayed a country as if it were

a person (Nations were portrayed as a Female Figure). The female form
that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular
woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation
a concrete form. Thus, female figure became an allegory of the nation.
In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which
under lined the idea of the people's nation. Similarly,Germania became
the allegory of the German nation.
Frankfurt Parliament
1. In the German regions a large number of political associations whose

members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and pros-
perous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided
to vote for an all-German National Assembly.
2. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive
procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened
in the Church of St Paul.
3. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a
monarchy subject to a parliament.
4. When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich
Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other mon-
archs to oppose the elected assembly.

5. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stron-
ger, the social basis of parliament eroded.
6. The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted
the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their
support.
7. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to
disband.
Symbol and Significance
Symbol Meaning
Broken chains Being freed
Breastplate with eagle Symbol of the German empire -
strength
Crown of oak leaves Heroism
Sword Readiness to fight
Olive branch around the sword Willingness to make peace
Black, red and gold tricolour Flag of the liberal-nationalists
Rays of the rising sun Beginning of a new era
Postage stamp of 1850 Picture of Marianne was

printed on it which represented the Republic of
France.
This picture was made by painter Philip Vetit in 1848.

This was meant to hang from the ceiling of the Church of
St. Paul where the Frankfurt Parliament was convened

Various symbols which were used to depict
the development of Nationalism.
Major Statements
"When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold."
(Metternich)
"Mazzini is the most dangerous enemy of our social order."
(Metternich)
Answer the following Questions
Very Short Questions:
1. Who was Frederic Sorrieu?
2. Who was Duke Metternich?
3. Which Principle was propounded by Montesquieu?
4. What was zollverein? How was it responsible for the economic unifi-
cation of Germany?
5. Name the region whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs?
6. Which Treaty recognized Greece as an independent Nation?
7. Who spearheaded the protestant movement in Ireland?
8. Rewrite the sentence after correcting the underlined facts

(i) Cavour is considered as the Bismarck of Germany.
(ii) In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed

as emperor of Italy in a ceremony held in Versailles.
(iii) Vienna Congress was organised in 1817.
(iv) Rosseau said "When France sneezes rest of the world catches
cold."
9. Find the correct Match.
A. Bismarck - Italy
B. Mazzini - Germany
C. Cavour - Britian
D. Matternich - Austria
10. Which among the following statements is NOT related to the Unifica-
tion of Italy?
A. Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society for the dissemina-

tion of his goals.
B. Chief minister Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of

Italy.
C. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of United

Italy.
D. Otto Von Bismarck, was the architect of the unification of Italy.

11. Identify this image.
12. Fill in the Blanks-
................. adopted the policy of blood and iron for the unification of
Germany.
13. State whether True or False.
Garibaldi formed the ‘Red Shirt’ army of volunteers.
14. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as As-
sertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statement and choose the cor-
rect option:
Assertion: (A) After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from

its association with democracy and revolution.
Reason: (R) Nationalist feelings were spreading rapidly among

middle - class.

Option
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
B. Both A and R are true and but R is not the correct explanation of
C. A is correct and R is Incorrect.
D. A is incorrect but R is correct.
rect option:
Assertion (A): The Bourbon dynasty removed after French Revolu-

tion was restored.
Reason (R): Treaty of Vienna was signed in 1815.
Option
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
B. Both A and R are true and but R is not the correct explanation of
C. A is correct and R is Incorrect.
D. A is incorrect but R is correct.
3/5 Marks Each
1. What were the steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a

feeling of collective identity among the French people?
2. "Napoleon's administrative measures had revolutionized the whole

administration". Comment.
3. Discuss the role played by culture in creating the concept of nation in

Europe.
4. Discuss the process of the unification of Germany.
5. What were the main stages of the unification of Italy? What were the
main problems?
6. In Britian the formation of the nation state was a result of long drawn
out process. Discuss.
7. Which factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Europe?
8. " The French Revolution left an indelible mark on the world history."
Evaluate this statement.
9. Discuss the main provisions of the Civil Code of 1804.
10. What were the main features of the European Aristocracy?
11. What was the main aim of the Vienna Congress of 1815? Discuss its
main features?
12. What did European liberalism stand for in social, political and eco-
nomic fields?
13. How did industrialisation change European social and economic

equations?
14. Discuss the role of women in the Nationalist movement in Europe?
15. How did the female figures become an allegory of the nation during

nineteenth century in Europe? Explain with examples.
Source Based Questions (4 Marks)
1. Read the extracts and answer the following questions.
In a lecture delivered at the University of Sorbonne in 1882, the French

philosopher Ernst Renan (1823-92) outlined his understanding of what
makes a nation. The lecture was subsequently published as a famous
essay entitled 'Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?' ('What is a Nation?'). In this
essay Renan criticizes the notion suggested by others that a nation is
formed by a common language, race, religion, or territory: 'A nation is
the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice and devotion. A
heroic past, great men, glory, that is the social capital upon which one
bases a national idea. To have common glories in the past, to have a
common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together,
to wish to perform still more, these arc the essential conditions of
being a people. A nation is therefore a large-scale solidarity ... Its
existence is a daily plebiscite ... A province is its inhabitants; if any-
one has the right to be consulted, it is the inhabitant. A nation never
has any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its
will. The existence of nations is a good thing, a necessity even. Their
existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world
had only one law and only one master.'
(a) Who was Ernst Renan?
(b) What were the key features of Nation according to Ernst Renan?
(c) Describe the role of Nation for the existence of Liberty?
(d) Define the nation in your own words?

Economists began to think in terms of the national economy. They

talked of how the nation could develop and what economic measures
could help forge this nation together.
Friedrich List, Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen

in Germany, wrote in 1834: The aim of the zollverein is to bind the
Germans economically into a nation. It will strengthen the nation ma-
terially as much by protecting its interests externally as by stimulating
its internal productivity. It ought to awaken and raise national senti-
ment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The Ger-
man people have realized that a free economic system is the only
means to engender national feeling.'
(a) What was the aim of Zollverein?
(b) Who was Friedrich List?
(c) Mention the importance of free economic system?
(d) What was the role of Economy in forging the nation together?
Louise Otto-Peters (1819-95) was a political activist who founded a

women's journal and Subsequently a feminist political association.
The first issue of her newspaper (21 April 1849) carried the following
editorial:
'Let us ask how many men, possessed by thoughts of living and dying
for the sake of Liberty, would be prepared to fight for the freedom of
the entire people, of all human beings? When asked this question,

they would all too easily respond with a "Yes!", though their untiring
efforts are intended for the benefit of only one half of humanity - men.
But Liberty is indivisible! Free men therefore must not tolerate to be
surrounded by the unfree ...'
An anonymous reader of the same newspaper sent the following let-

ter to the editor on 25 June 1850: It is indeed ridiculous and unrea-
sonable to deny women political rights even though they enjoy the
right to property which they make use of. They perform functions and
assume responsibilities without however getting the benefits that ac-
crue to men for the same ... Why this injustice? Is it not a disgrace that
even the stupidest cattle-herder possesses the right to vote, simply
because he is a man, whereas highly talented women owning con-
siderable property are excluded from this right, even though they con-
tribute so much to the maintenance of the state?'
(a) Who was Louise Otto-Petter?
(b) What was Louise Otto-Peters' views on female liberty?
(c) Write your views on female liberty?
Answer of Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. French Artist
2. Austrian Chancellor
3. Segrigation of power
4. A custom union, mostly German states. Established in 1834 which

ended the tarrif barrier and reducedthe currencies from over thirty to

two. This way it was a symbol of economic unification.
5. Balkan
6. Treaty of constitinople
7. Volftone
8. (i) Italy
(ii) Germany
(iii) 1815
(iv) Metternich
9. Metternich - Austria
10. Auto Von Bismark
11. Germania
12. Bismark
13. True
14. Both A and R are true and but R is not the correct explanation of A
15. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Short Answer Type (3/5 marks)
1. (i) Patriarchy and Idea of Citizenship
(ii) New National symbols

(iii) Centralised Administrative system
(iv) National language
(v) Uniform weights and measurement
2. Napoleonic Code
(i) Improvement In the rural administrative system
(ii) Improvement in urban area
(iii) Improvement in Trade
3. Contribution of culture in the rise of Nation
(i) Growth of nationalist feelings through art, poetry, stories, music

etc.
(ii) Folklore,
(iii) Emphasis on local languages and dialect
(iv) Language
(v) Building of culture on the basis of folktales.
4. See points to remember.
5. See points to remember
7. Reasons for the rise of Nationalism-

(i) Growth of Nation-states
(ii) Encouragement of democratic rights.
(iii) Enforcement on Social, Political and Economic equality
(iv) Demand of human rights in different nations
(v) Revolutionary reactions in absolute monarchical systems.
8. Impact of French Revolution-
(i) Establishment of democratic rule,
(ii) Foundation of new society based on equality, liberty and frater-

nity,
(iii) New code of law
(iv) Rise of middle class
(v) Growth of liberal ideas

Source Based Questions
1.
A. French Philosopher
B. Common Language, Race, Religion
C. Nation is a guarantee of libertiy
D. Student will define in own words.
2.
A. Bind the Germans economically into anation.
B. Professor of Economics
C. Engender National feelings
D. Students will solve by thenselves
3. Student will solve this source by themselves.

Chapter - 2
Nationalism in India

India became
independent on
August 15th, 1947
Meaning : Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common

consciousness that energes when people living in a common territory share
the same historical, political and cultural back grounds. People may be
speaking different languages (as in case of India) but the love for their na-
tion keeps them together.

(The first world war, Khilafat and Non-Copperation):
Effect of first world war on India and Post war condition.
• Creation of a new economic and political situation.
• Huge increase in defence expenditure financed by war loans and by

increaring the taxes.
• Custom duties raised, income tax introduced.
• Forced recruitment for British Army.
• Shortage of food due to crop failure.
• Influnza epidemic, famine which resulted in the death of million of

people.
The Idea of Satyagraha
Meaning : It was a new mode of struggle based on truth and non violence.
Key featurs of Satyagraha

• If the cause was true and the struggle was against injustice, then
physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor.
• Satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence without seeking

revenge or being aggresive.

• By appealing to the conscience (inner voice) of the oppressor, he/
she can be persuaded to see the truth and end injustice.
It Rowlatt act
1919

Jallianwala Bagh Incident
Main Events : Took place on 13 April 1919 in the city of Amritsar.
• A large crowd mainly villegers had gathered in the enclosed ground

of Jallianwala bagh to protest against the repressive measures of
British govt. like Rawlatt act.
• Being from outside the city, villagers were unaware the meeking
was illegal as martial law had been imposed.
• General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, opened fire
on the crowd, killing hundreds.
Impact of Jallianwala Bagh
• Crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns.

• There were strikes, clashes with the police, attacks on government
buildings.
• British government became more brutal, people were humiliated and
terrorised.
• Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the
streets, do salaam (Salute) to all sahibs (British).
• People were flogged villages in Punjab around Gujranwala were
bombed.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Rowlatt
satyagraha movement.
Khilafat Issue : The word ‘Khilafat’ comes from ‘Khalifa’ who was the
ruler of ottoman Turkey as well as considered as the spiritual head of Is-
lamic world. In the first world war Turkey was a part of defeated central
powers. There were rumour that a harsh place treaty was going to be im-
posed on the ottoman emperor. So to defend Khalifa’s position, a khilafat

committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 by Ali brothers.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi took up Khilafat Issue
• Mahatma Gandhi wanted to launch an all India movement more

broad based affer the failure of Rowlatt Satyagraha.
• He was certain that no all India movement could be organised with-

out bringing Hindus and Muslims closer together so he took up the
Khilafat issue.
Non Cooperation Movement
Tribes
Incident.

Different strands within the Movement
• Various social groups participated in the non-cooperation move-

ment but each with its own specific aspiration/demand.
• The term ‘Swaraj’ meant different thing to different people.
• Each Social group participating in the movement imagined ‘Swaraj’

as a time when all their sufferings and troubles would be over.
Towards Civil Disobedience
Events after the end of Non-cooperation Movement (NCM) till the launch of
Civil disobedience movement
• February 1922 withdrawl of NCM by Gandhiji.
• Conflict within the congress over the question of participating in

council elections.
• Formation of ‘Swaraj Party’ by C-R Das and Motilal Nehru to fight

council elections against the congress principle of ‘Boycott’ (Janu-
ary 1923).
• Fall in agricultural prices and total collapse due to effect of world

wide economic depression.
• Total Turmoil in countryside by 1930.
• Counstitution of Simon commission in 1927 to look into the func-

tioning of the coustitutional system in India and suggest changes.
• 1928: Arrival of Simon commission in India protest and demon-

strations started.
• 1929: Offering of ‘Dominion status’ by Lord Irwin.

• Rise of Radical leaders within congress like Jawahrlal Nehru and
Subhash Chandra Bose who Demanded ‘Purna Swaraj’ in Lahore
session of the congress 1929.
Round table Conferences
These were a series of 3 peace conferences organised by the Brit-

ish government to discuss constitutional reforms in India.
• Indian national congress attended the second roule table confer-

ence only.
The Salt March and the Civil disobdience Movement (1930).
Background :
• January 1930—Mahatma Gandhi presented 11 demands before

lord Irwin.
• These demands were related to different classes—from Industrial-

ists to Peasants.
• Most important Demand—Abolition of Salt tax
• Lord Irwin was not willing to negotiate.
• Beginning of Salt March on 12 March 1930.

• 6 April 1939—breaking of salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling
sea water.
• This marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.
law in different parts of the country.

Irwin Pact
Limits of Civl disobedience movement
• Non participation of Dalits as for long congress had ignored the

demands of scheduled castes.
• Lukewarm (Not very enthusiastic) response of the muslim political

organisations as they felt from the mid 1920’s the congress was

coming closer to Hindu Nationalist groups like Hindu Mahasabhe.
• An atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between two communi-

ties.
The Sense of Collective Belonging
Objective Questions
1. Match the following :
A B
(a) Hind Swaraj (i) Halting of non cooperation
movement
(b) Chauri Chaure (ii) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
(c) Swaraj Party (iii) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Rowlatt act (iv) After the first world war

2. The civil disobedience movement in Peshawar was led by ..........
3. Poona Pact was signed between .................. and .................. .
4. The president of ‘The Muslime league’ in 1930 was .........
5. Math the following:
A B
(a) Baba Ramchandra (i) Rebellion in Gudem hills
(b) Bankim Chandra (ii) Movement against landlords

and talukadar
(c) Alluri Sitaram Raju (iii) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Oudh Kishan Sabha (iv) Ananda math
6. Who designed the tricolour flag of India in 1921 ?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) J.L. Nehru
(c) Motilal Nehru (d) Ram Prasad bismil
7. What does the term ‘Picket’ refer to ?
(a) Boycott of clothes and goods.
(b) Stealing from shops
(c) Import of goods
(d) Protest by blocking shop entrances.
8. People belonging to different communities regions or language

groups developed a sense of collective belonging through :
(a) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols.

(b) A variety of cultural processes through which nationalism cap-
tured peoples imagination.
(c) Experiences of united struggle.
(d) All of these
9. Who said ‘‘The Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if un-
touchability is not eliminated’’.
(a) Motilal Nehru (b) Subhash Chandra bose
(c) Mahatma Gandhi (d) B.R. Ambedkar
10. Rewrite the following sentence after correcting the underlined

Facts.
It was view of the Mahatma Gandhi that British rule was set in India
with the cooperation of British.
11. Assertion (A) : In 1917, Gandhiji organised a Satyagrah to support

the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat.
Reason (R) : The peasants were affected by crop failure and plague
epidemic. They could not pay the revence and were demanding the
revenue collection be relaxed.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explantation of A.
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct.
12. Assertion (A) : It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order
to discover one’s national Identity and restore a sense of pride in
one’s post.

Reason (R) : Jawaharlal Nehru began collecting ballads, nursery
rhymes, myths etc.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
State Whether True or False
13. Baba Ram Chandra led the non copperation movement.
14. Alluri Sitaram Raju was the leader of militant Guerilla movement in
the gudem Hills.
15. In which continent modern nationalism come to be associated with

the formation of nation states :
(a) Australia (b) Europe
(c) Africa (d) North America
16. When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa ?
17. Which province did not boycott the council elections?
18. What did the Rowlatt act of 1919 presume ?
(a) Detention of political prisoners without trial
(b) Forced recruitment in the army

(c) Forced manual labour
(d) Equal pay for equal work.
19. Gandhiji called scheduled castes ............
20. Rewrite the sentence after correcting underlined Facts.
The Rowlatt act gave the British government power to suppress socio-
economic activity.
4 Marks Questions: Source Based
1. Read the source and answer the questions carefully.
While the Rowlatt satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it

was wtill limited mostly to cities and towns. Mahatma Gandhi now felt
the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But he was
certain that no such movement could be organised without bring the
Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, the felt,
was to take up the Khilafat issue. The First World War had ended with
the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh
peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor–the
spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). To defend the Khalifa’s
temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March
1919. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brother Muhammad
Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with mahatma Gandhi about the
possibility of a unite mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an
opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national
movement. At the Calcutta session f the Congress in September 1920,
he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation move-
ment in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.

(i) Gandhiji wanted to start a non cooperation movement in 1920 be-
cause :
(a) He wanted to teach British a lesson.
(b) He wanted to introduce liberal view in Indian freedom movement.
(c) He saw it as an opporturrity to unite Hindus and Muslims and to

bring muslims under the umbrella of a united national movement.
(d) Both a and b
(ii) Identify the main reason to launch a more broad based movement by
Gandhiji :
(a) Rowlatt Satyagrah was limited to towns and cities.
(b) Rowlatt Satyagrah was participated by only educated person.
(c) Rowlatt Satyagrah was dominated by villagers only.
(d) None of the above.
(iii) Why was Khilafat committee formed in March 1919.
(a) Muslims had no political association.
(b) Muslime leadership emerged for the first time.
(c) To demand a separate nation for muslims.
(d) To defend Khalifa’s temporal powers.
(iv) What were the aims of Non cooperation movement ?
(a) In support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj.
(b) To bring Hindus and muslims closer.

(c) to attain India’s freedom.
(d) All of the above.
2. Read the source carefully and answer the questions.
The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930
'We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of

any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil
and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportuni-
ties of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a
people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a further
right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government in India has not
only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself
on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically,
politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India
must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj Complete
Independence.'
(i) Under whose leadership above mentioned pledge was taken and
where:
(a) Subhash Chandra bose
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Mohilal Nehru
(ii) In what way was the British rule in India oppressive ?
(iii) Mention the immediate effect of this pledge on Indian national move-
ment ?

(iv) Which decision was taken regarding 26 Jan. 1930 ?
(a) To be celebrated as unity day.
(b) To be celebrated as Independence day.
(c) To launch civil disobedience movement.
(d) None of these.
3. Read the source carefully and answer the question.
On 6 January 1921, the police in United Provinces fired at peasants

near Rae Bareli. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place of firing,
but was stopped by the police. Agitated and angry, Nehru addressed
the peasants who gathered around him. This is how he later described
the meeting:
They behaved as brave men, calm and unruffled in the face of dan-
ger. I do not know how they felt but I know what my feelings were. For
a moment my blood was up, non-violence was almost forgotten - but-
-for a moment only. The thought of the great leader, who by God's
goodness has been sent to lead us to victory, came to me, and I saw
the kisans seated and standing near me, less excited, more peaceful
than-1 was - and the moment of weakness passed, I spoke to them in
all humility on non-violence - I needed the lesson more than they - and
they heeded me and 'peacefully dispersed.'

Quoted in Sarvapalli Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Vol. I.
(i) Which peasant organisation was formed by Jawarlal Nehru.
(a) All Indians farmers associaltion.
(b) Kisan Sabha
(c) Oudh Kisan Subha
(d) None
(ii) Who is ‘the great leader’ being referred here by Nehru ji.
(a) Baba Ram Chandra
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Alluri Silaram Raju
(d) Subhash Chandra bose
(iii) What were the demands of peasants in non-cooperation movement?
(a) High rents.
(b) Varienty of cesses (taxes)
(c) Begar
(d) All the above.
(iv) The movement of the peasants was against whom?
(a) Police
(b) Taluqdars and landlords.
(c) British army
(d) None of these

Answers (Objective)
(1) (a-iii) (b-i) (c-iii) (d-iv)
(2) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
(3) Mahatma Gandhi and Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
(4) Mohammad Iqbal
(5) (a-ii) (b-iv) (c-ii) (d-iii)
(6) Mahatma Gandhi
(7) d
(8) d
(9) c
(10) ...... with the cooperation of Indians.
(11) a
(12) c
(13) False
(14) True
(15) Europe
(16) 1915
(17) Madras
(18) a
(19) Harijan
(20) ......... to suppress pditical activity.

Answers (Sources Based Questions)
1. (i)—(c)
(ii)—(a)
(iii)—(d)
(iv)—(d)
2. Student will solve him self/her self.
3. Student will solve him self/her self.
3/5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Why was Non-cooperation launched? How the notion of Swaraj was

perceived by various strata in the society?
2. What were the reasons for starting the Khilafat Movement?
3. Under what circumstances Civil disobedience movement was called

off?
4. How did the First World War help in the growth of nationalist move-
ment in India?
5. This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experi-

ence of united struggles role of folklore, songs, icons & images"
Analyse the statement.
6. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels
with Gandhijis ideas?

7. Why did Gandhiji choose 'Salt' as the symbol of his Civil Disobedi-
ence Movement?
8. Write down the features of Civil Disobedience movement. How was

this different from Non cooperation Movement?
9. Discuss the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
10. Why did Indians oppose Simon Commission?
ANSWERS 3/5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. (i) Atrocities on Indians after the First World War.
(ii) Refusal of demand of Swaraj.
(iii) Passing of Rowlatt Act.
(iv) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
(v) Congress passed resolution on Non Cooperation Movement with

thumping majority.
Notion of Swaraj
1. The movement in towns
2. Rebellion in the country side
3. Swaraj in the plantations
2. (i) Humiliating terms of treaty of Versailles on Khalifas
(ii) Lucknow Pact
(iii) Starting of Non cooperation by the congress along with khilafat

movement

3. (i) Crackdown on Satyagrahis.
(ii) Brutal suppression and many leaders were arrested.
(iii) Gandhi Irwin Pact
4. (i) War created a new political and economic situation. It led to an

increase in expenditure.
(ii) The war led to a price rise and hardship for common people.
(iii) War led to forced recruitment of people.
(iv) Acute Shortage of food led to famine and misery.
(v) Indians began to realize that they were drawn in a war unneces-
sarily. This feeling united Indians against the British.
5. (i) In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk tales
sung by bards and toured village together.
(ii) The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture that
was damaged by outside forces.
(iii) It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover

the National Identity.
(iv) It restored a sense of pride in one's past during Swadeshi Move-

ment, a tricolor flag was designed representing eight provinces
through eight lotuses and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindu-
Muslim unity.

(v) Later Gandhiji developed tricolor flag (Red, Green and White)
with a spinning wheel at center representing self-help. Carrying
the flag became a symbol of defiance.
(vi) This image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra
Chatopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote Vande Mataram a hymn to the
mother land. Abanindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharat
Mata as calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine and spiritual.
6. (i) Alluri Sita Ram Raju was a tribal leader in the Gudem hills of Andhra
Pradesh.
(ii) He started a militant Guerilla Movement in the early 1920s.
(iii) The tribal people were enraged by the British policy, but when the
government began forcing them to contribute 'begar for road build-
ing, the hill people revolted.
(iv) Raju inspired the hill people. He talked on the greatness of Ma-
hatma Gandhi.
(v) Inspired by Gandhiji's Non Cooperation Movement, he persuaded

people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time
he did not believe in Non Violence, he thought that India could be
liberated only by the use of force.
7. (i) Salt is consumed by both the poor and the rich, and is one of the
most essential items of food everywhere in the world.
(ii) The British government had the monopoly on the production of

salt in India

(iii) By imposing a 'salt tax' the government hit both the rich and the
poor, specially the poor. Gandhiji thought it was the most repres-
sive Act of the British government and choose to defy it by break-
ing the "Salt Law".
8. (i) Movement started with Salt March
(ii) Thousands broke salt law
(iii) Foreign clothes boycotted
(iv) Liquor shops were picketed
(v) Peasants refused to pay taxes
People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the Brit-
ish , but also to break colonial laws.
9. (i) Women participation was in large scale
(ii) Participated in protest marches, manufactured salt
(iii) Picketed foreign cloths and liquor shops
(iv) Began to see service to the nation as their sacred duty
10. (i) No mention of reform
(ii) Not even a single Indian was there.
(iii) The Indian people felt offended by the commission.
(iv) The fear that the British would lord it over them, without giving
serious thought to their interests.

Practice Questions
1. Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's

ideas and the notion of 'Swaraj'. Support the statement.
2. How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in mak-

ing of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
3. "Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of "Swaraj".
Support the statement in the light of of Civil Disobedience Movement
in 1930s.
4. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or lan-

guage groups develop a sense of - collective belonging?
5. What were the effects of Non-Cooperation movement on the eco-

nomic front?
6. What were the reason of gradual slowing down of the Non-coopera-

tion Movement in the cities?
7. Evaluate the role of Women in Different movement in India?
8. Write a short note on 'Poona Pact'.

Map is not on Scale

Map is not on Scale

Chapter-3
The Making Of A Global World
Intoduction- The making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of
migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much
else. As we think about the dramatic and visible signs of global
interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases
through which this world in which we live has emerged.
Phases Characteristics
Ancient times 1. Travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast

distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual
fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
2. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, in-

ventions, and even germs and diseases.
3. As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked

the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West
Asia.
4. Silk route linked China with West.
5. Food travels from America to Europe to Asia.
6. Noodles travels from China to Itly and became Spa-

ghetti.
7. European conquerors carried germs of smallpox in

America. Once introduced, it spread deep into the
continent.

19th Century 1. Global agricultural economy developed.
(1815-1914) 2. Food production expanded in Russia, America,
Australiya to meet British demand.
3. In Britain corn law implemented,Industrialists and
urban dwellers forced govt to abolish corn law.
4. Tecnology like railway,steamship,telegraph played
vital role in globalization.
5. Europe conquered Africa and Asia as colony.
6. Migration of indentured labour from India.
Inter war 1. 1st world war transformed US from Debtor to creditor.

economy 2. Wheat production fell in Europe but increased in
(Between two Canada,America and Australia.
world wars) 3. Rise of mass production and consumption.
4. The great depression of 1929 in USA which affects
whole world.
5. India's export and import fell,peasants worst hit.
6. lndustrial investment grew in urban area
The Post War 1. USA and USSR emerged as world power

Era (After 2nd 2. The Bretton Woods conference established the In-
world war) ternational Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank
3. Decolonisation and independence of Asian and Af-
rican countries
4. Formation of G-77,who demanded new economic
world order
5. End of Bretton Woods system and beginning of
MNCs and Globalization.

Points to Remember
(1) Globalization- worldwide integration of economic, cultural, political,

religious, and social systems. This means that goods and services,
capital, and labour are traded on a worldwide basis, and information
and the results of research flow readily between countries.
(2) Silk routes- The Silk Route was a historic trade route that dated
from the second century B.C. until the 14th century A.D. It stretched
from Asia to the Mediterranean, traversing China, India, Persia,
Arabia, Greece, and Italy .It was dubbed the Silk Route because of
the heavy silk trading that took place during that period.
(3) Corn Law- The laws allowing the government (U.K.) to restrict the
import of corn were commonly known as the Corn Laws.
(4) Rinderpest Plague- Rinderpest is a fast spreading cattle plague

which hit Africa in the late 1880s.
(5) The Bretton Woods institutions- The International Monetary Fund

(IMF), and the World Bank were created to bring about orderly devel-
opment of the world economy in the post-World War II era.
(6) Indentured labour- A bonded labourer under contract to work for an

employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a
new country or home.
(7) Flow of Labour- Migration of people to new areas in search of work.
(8) Hosay- Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was transformed

into a riotous carnival called 'Hosay' (for Imam Hussain) in which work-
ers of all races and religions joined.
(9) G-77: G-77 was a group organized by developing countries to de-

mand a New International Economical Order (NIEO) which would give
these countries real control over their national resources, raw mate-
rial, manufactured goods and their markets.
(10) Veto- A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a

law making body.
(11) Tariff- Tax imposed on a country's imports from the rest of the world.
Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e., at the border or the airport.
(12) Exchange Rates- They link national currencies for purposes of in-
ternational trade. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates: fixed
exchange rate and floating exchange rate.
Short Answer type Questions (1 mark)
1. Reason for decline of cotton textile export from India to Britain in the
early 19th century:
(a) imposition of tariff on cotton import into Britain.
(b) quality of cotton textile was poor.
(c) shortage of raw cotton in India.
(d) cotton producers had found other buyers.
2. During the First World War women in Europe stepped into jobs which
earlier men were expected to do. What was the reason?
(a) because men went to battle.
(b) because men went to other countries in search of jobs.
(c) because of liberalisation of women in society.
(d) because menfolk decided to take charge of the household work.

3. Which of the following did not take part in the First World War?
(a) Portugal (b) Germany
(c) France (d) England
4. Who adopted the concept of 'assembly line' to manufacture automo-

biles?
(a) T. Cuppola (b) Henry Ford
(c) Samuel Morse (d) Christopher Columbus
5. Thousands of people fled Europe for America in the 19th century due
to
(a) poverty and widespread deadly diseases
(b) natural calamity
(c) outbreak of a war among nations
(d) outbreak of plague
6. Who was V.S.Naipaul?
7. How were human societies interlinked in ancient times ?
8. Mention one example of vibrant pre-modem trade and cultural link

between distant parts of the world.
9. What is Al-Dorado in Latin America?
10. Give any two factors which helped in making of global world?

Fill in the blanks-
11. ................ is a fast spreading cattle plague which hit Africa in the late
1880s.
12. The First World War (1914-18) was mainly fought in ...... continent.
13. America was discovered by ..........
State whether the following statements are True or False-
14. People livelihood and local economy of Asia was badly affected by
the disease named Rinderpest.
15. Carribbean island was an important destination for indentured mi-

grants?
16. Europeans were attracted to Africa by its natural beauty.
17. In the question given below,there are two statements marked as As-
sertion (A) and Reason (R).Mark your answer as per the codes pro-
vided below :
(A) Chutney music, popular in Trinidad and Guyana,is another cre-

ative contemporary expression of the post-indenture experience.
(R) Some of the Naipaul's early novels capture their sense of loss
and alienation.
Options :
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true but R is False.
(4) A is false but R is true.

18. (A) Over the nineteenth century,British manufactures flooded the In-
dian market.
(R) The value of Indian exports to Britain was much higher than the
value of British imports to India.
Options:
19. (A) The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of

America was decisively under way by the mid-sixteenth century.
(R) The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was atom
bombs.
Options :
Answer key
1. (a) imposition of tariff on cotton import into Britain.
2. (a) because men went to battle.

3. (a) Portugal
4. (b) Henry Ford
5. (a) poverty and widespread deadly diseases
6. a writer, whose forefather migrated as indentured worker.
7. interlinked by travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims who travelled

vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfillment
8. The silk routes are a good example
9. City of Gold.
10. (1) Trade (2) In search of work (3) Money
11. Rinderpest
12. European.
13. Christopher Columbus
14. False 15-True 16- False
17. (2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
18. (3) A is true but R is False.
19. (3) A is true but R is False.
Short/Long Answer Type Questios (3/5 Markers)
1. What are 'canal colonies' ?
2. Why is it said that there was no other war earlier like first world war?
State in three points.

3. Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th Century? Give three
reasons.
4. How did the withdrawals of US loans during the phase of the Great
Depression affect the rest of the world? Explain in three points.
5. How did rinderpest become instrumental in subjugating the Africans?
6. How did technology help to solve hardship of food availability through-

out the world in the late-nineteenth century? Explain with example.
7. Explain the impact of First World War on the British economy.
8. Describe the effects of abolishing the Corn Laws.
9. When was the Bretton Woods Conference convened? State the main
aim of the conference.
10. How did the Great Depression of 1929 affect the farmers and the
middle classes in India in different ways?
11. How did the global transfer of disease in pre-modern world helped in
colonisation of the Americas?
12. What do you mean by surplus trade? Why the balance of trade is
always favourable for Britain in terms of India?
13. What is Globalization? Explain the three types of movements or flows

within international economic exchange.
14. What were the causes of Economic Depression?

Answer key:
1. The British Indian government built a network of irrigation canals in

Punjab. The Colonies situated around the areas irrigated by the new
canals were called, Canal Colonies.
2. (a) Involved almost all countries in one or the other way.
(b) Weapons used had a deadly potential to kill and destroy what-
ever came in their way.
(c) There was an immense loss of young and productive population.
(d) Economies of the countries round the world crashed beyond the
level of recovery.
3. (a) Poverty and hunger were common and widespread in Europe in

the beginning of the 19th century.
(b) Cities were overcrowded and people feared deadly diseases.
(c) Religious conflicts were frequent as dissenters were persecuted

on a large scale.
4. (a) It led to some major banks crashing and the collapse of curren-
cies .
(b) It led to a fall in agricultural productivity and raw material prices in

Latin America.
(c) Unemployment became rampant as no jobs could be generated.
5. (a) It affected the livelihood, economy , the social peace and har-
mony of the Africans.

(b) About ninety-nine per cent of the cattle were killed, which forced Afri-
cans to work for the Europeans in the plantations.
(c) It enabled the Europeans to colonies and subdue Africa. The colonial
government forced Africans into labour - market.
6. (a) Because of improvements in transport, like faster railways with

lighter wagons and large ships, food moved quickly and cheaply
from farms to final markets.
(b) Now perishable food could travel long distances easily through
refrigerated ships.
(c) Animals could be slaughtered and easily packed for long dis-
tances. Cost of transportation also reduced.
(d) The poor could now consume more varied diet including meat as
it was available in plenty and at reduced costs.
7. (a) 15 - 25 percent of Britain's wealth was spent on the war.
(b) It had borrowed heavily from the United States and after the war,
the debts mounted.
(c) British industries could not produce goods for exports.
(d) Being unable to modernize its industries and compete with the
United States, Germany and Japan, British economy crumbled.
8. (a) Food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could
be produced within the country.
(b) British agriculture was unable to compete with imports.
(c) Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of
men and women were thrown out of work.

(d) Peasants flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.
9. (a) In July 1944 , New Hampshire, US.
(b) To preserve the economic stability of Europe and ensure full em-
ployment in the industrial world.
(c) To control the influence of the outer world on flow of capital, goods
and labour.
10. (a) Agricultural prices began to fell and finally collapsed in 1930.
(b) It became difficult for the peasants to sell their harvest and pay
revenues.
(c) Peasants ran into huge debts who had mortgaged their land and
used their savings.
(d) This depression however did not hit the urban areas where the
middle class lived and had fixed incomes.
(e) Middle class salaried people were not affected and rather they
could buy goods at a cheaper rate.
11. (a) Due to the long isolation from the world, American inhabitants
had no knowledge and immunity against diseases of Europe.
(b) The Spanish conquerors used their instance to introduce germs

of smallpox through their smallpox-infected person.
(c) It spread deep into the continent and killed and decimated whole
communities.
12. When export value is more than import value is known as surplus
value

(a) The excess of goods in the market of Britain.
(b) Increase in export of grains and raw material to Britain and other
countries from India.
(c) The goods imported to India cost very high whereas the goods
exported to Britain cost very less.
13. Globalization is an economic system with the free movement of goods,

capital, services, technology and people across the globe.
(a) Flow of capital-investment of capital
(b) Flow of goods- trade in goods
(c) Flow of labour- migration of people to new areas in search of

work.
14. (a) Agricultural overproduction
(b) Falling agricultural prices
(c) Agricultural income declined
(d) Countries that depended on US loans now faced an acute crisis.
(e) The withdrawal of US loans affected much of the rest of the world
(f) Thousands of banks became bankrupt
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions.
All through history, human societies have become steadily more

interlinked. From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pil-

grims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiri-
tual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money,
values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases. As
early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley
civilisations with present-day West Asia. For more than a millennia,
cowries (the Hindi cowdi or seashells, used as a form of currency)
from the Maldives found their way to China and East Africa. The long-
distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be traced as far back
as the seventh century. By the thirteenth century it had become an
unmistakable link.
(a) In ancient times,Why people travelled vast distances?
(b) What was cowries?
(c) What was the negative impact of travel?
2. Read the following passage and answer the questions at the end.
The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America

was decisively under way by the mid-sixteenth century. European con-
quest was not just a result of superior firepower. In fact, the most pow-
erful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not a conventional mili-
tary weapon at all. It was the germs such as those of smallpox that
they carried on their person. Because of their long isolation, America's
original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came
from Europe. Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once in-
troduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Euro-
peans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities,
paving the way for conquest.

(a) What was the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquer-
ors?
(b) Why America's original inhabitants infected easily by the germs

that came from Europe?
(c) How Europeans carried germs in America?
Historically, Africa had abundant land and a relatively small popula-

tion. For centuries, land and livestock sustained African livelihoods
and people rarely worked for a wage. In late nineteenth-century Africa
there were few consumer goods that wages could buy. If you had been
an African possessing land and livestock - and there was plenty of
both - you too would have seen little reason to work for a wage. In the
late nineteenth century, Europeans were attracted to Africa due to its
vast resources of land and minerals. Europeans came to Africa hop-
ing to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals
for export to Europe. But there was an unexpected problem - a short-
age of labour willing to work for wages.
(a) 'African people rarely worked for a wage.' Explain the reasons?
(b) Why Europeans were attracted to Africa?
(c) What was the problem to establish plantations and mines in Af-
rica?

Answer Key Of Source Based Questions
1. (a) For knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape

persecution,
(b) Seashells, used as a form of currency.
(c) They carried germs with them.
2. (a) The germs such as those of smallpox
(b) They were isolated from the rest of the world and had no immu-
nity.
(c) With infected person.
3. (a) Refer to notes.
(b) Refer to notes.
(c) Refer to notes.
3/5 Marks Questions:
1. How did the advent of Manchester create problems for Indian Weav-
ers?
2. What were the reasons for increase in production during WWI ?
3. What were the reasons for great economic depression of 1930 ?
4. Why it was difficult for new merchants to establish trade in towns ?
5. Why new industrialist could not displace traditional industries ?
6. The network of Indian Merchants started break down why ?

7. Why did East India Company employ Gomashtas ?
8. Who were Jobbers ? What was their role ?
9. How did British manufactures captured Indian market through adver-

tisement ?
10. How did increase Labour affect lines of workers ?
11. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer
hand labour over machines ?

Chapter-4
The Age of Industrialisation
Key Concepts Of The Chapter

The coming up of Factory
• The Earliest factories in the world came up in England in 1730’s.
• First symbol of this new era was cotton.
• Factors that made it possible : Series of inventions and changes

within the process of production.
• All the processes of production were brought under one roof and
management.
The pace of Industrial Change
• Industrialisation does not mean only the growth of factory or industries.
• Cotton and metal Industries were changed rapidly and were the
most dynamic Industries in Britain. Cotton was the leading sector
in the first phase (till 1840).
• Iron and steel Industries grew rapidly with the expansion of railways
in England from 1840’s and from 1860’s in Colonies.
• New Industries however could not easily displace the existing tradi-
tional Industries. By the end of 19th century less than 20% of total
workforce was employed in the Industrial sector.
• Other traditional Industries were much less influenced by the steam

powered or metal Industries. However they did not remain stagnant
either. Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in
many non-mechanised sector.

Life of the Workers in England
• Overall the life of the workers was miserable.
• Scarcity of jobs because of abundance of labor in the market.
• Actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing network of

friendship and kin relations.
• Most of the work was seasonal so prolonged periods without work.
• Real wages fell so poverty increased among workers.
• Fear of underployment made workers hostile to the new technol-

ogy and machines were attacked by the workers.
• After 1840’s rise in employment opportunities due to increase in

building activities, widening of roads, digging of tunnels, laying of
drainage, sewer etc.

Industrialisation in the Colonies
What happned to weavers (with the coming of Europeon

trading companies)
• Before establishing political control by East India Company :

the weavers were in a better position as there were many buyers for
their priduct so they could bargain and try selling the produce to the
best buyer.

After establishing Political Control by East India Company
• 1760’s onwards East India Company established its monopoly over

Indian trade.
• The existing traders and brokers were eliminated and direct control
over the weaver was established.
• Weavers were prevented from dealing with other buyers.
• A paid servant Gomashta was appointed to supervise weavers. Re-

ports of clashes between Gomashtas and weavers.
• The price weavers received from the company was miserably low.
Manchester Comes to India (British Goods)
New set of Problems faced by cotton weavers by the

turn of the 19 th century.
Beginning of 19th century – A long decline of textile

exports from India.
Cotton Industries developed in England duties were

imposed on imported textiles. British textile was sold
in Indian markets as well,
Problems for Indian weavers : export market collapsed,

local market shrank, non availability of good quality
raw cotton, forced to buy cotton at high rate.
By the end of 19th century. Factories in India began

production, flooding the market with machine goods.

For
The Pecularities of Industrial growth :
• European managing agencies, which doninated Industrial prodution

were interested in producing only those goods which were required
for export trade and not for sale in India. For ex. tea, coffee, Indigo,
Jute, mining.
• Indian businessmen set up those Industries (in late 19th century)

which would not compete with manchester goods. For ex. Yarn was
not imported so early cotton mills produced yarn rather than fabric.

• First decade of 20th century pattern of Industrialisation changed.
• Swadeshi movement (1905) mobilised people to boycott foreign

cloth so textile production began in India Moreover yarn export to
China declined so Industrialists shifted from Yarn to cloth produc-
tion. Cotten piece goods production doubled between 1900 and
1912.
• First world war gave a boost Industrial production in India. New fac-
tories were set up in India as British mills were busy with war pro-
duction.
Small Scale Industries Predominate
• Even after the growth of factories, very few Industrial centres lo-
cated mainly in Bengal and Bombay.
• Only a small proportion of the total Industrial labour worked in facto-

ries. 5% in 1911 and 10% in 1931. Rest worked in small work-
shops and household units.
• Series of inventions improved the technique of production in

handloom sector and handloom cloth production expanded steadily.
One such invention was flyshutfle.
• Some specialised weaves could not be produced by mills so they

were continued to be produced by weavers. For ex. Saris with wo-
ven borders, lungis and handkerchief of Madras.
• Some groups of weavers survived the competition with mill Indus-

tries better than others for example weavers weaving fives variety

of clothes because demand for these goods did not fluctuate even
during bad harvest years.
Timeline of Events
1600: The East India company was established

1730: The earliest factories in England were setup
1760: Britian imported New cotton to feed its cotton industry
1764: James Hargreaves, devised spinning Jenny
1767: Richard Arkwright established the cotton mill
1781: James watt improvised steam engine & patented it
1785: Cart wright invented the powerloom which used steam power
for spinning & weaving
1830-1840: Dwarkanath Tagore setup 6 joint stock companies in Bengal
1840: Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of

Industrialisation in Britain.
1850: Railway station developed all over London
1854: The first cotton mill was established in Bombay
1855: The first Jute Mill was set up in Bengal
1860: The supply of cotton reduced because of American Civil War
1860: Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur
1861: The first cotton mill was setup in Ahmedabad
1873: Britain exported Iron & Steel
1874: The first spinning & weaving mill & Madras began its
production

1900: E.T paul music company published "Dawn of Century"
1912: J.N. Tata set up first Iron & Steel works in Jameshedpur
1917: Seth Hukumchand set up first Jute Mill in Calcutta
1941: Use of fly shuttle in more than 35 looms
Points to be Remember
1. Orient-The countries of the East especially East Asia
2. Capital-That part of money when invested is used for trade purpose.
3. Socialism- Where factors of production are held by the government.
4. Spenning Jenny-Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. It acceler-

ated production.
5. Staples: A person who 'Staples' or sorts wool according to fibre.
6. Fuller: A person who 'Fulls' that it gathers cloth by pleating.
7. Carding: The process in when fibres such as cotton or wool are pre-
pared prior to spinning.
Objective Questions (1 Marks Each)
Fill in the blank
1. The paid servants of the East India company, appointed to keep a

check on weavers were called ..........
2. The countries of the East specially East Asia were called ......... .

3. .......... and .......... were the two most important industties of Europe
(Britain).
4. The machine which speeded up the spinning process and reduced

labour demand was ......... .
5. Koshtis were ......... .
B. Multiple Choice Questions
6. Which of the following is not an Europeon managing agency who con-

trolled large sectors of Indian Industries during the first world war ?
(a) Bird Heiglers and Company
(b) Andrew Yule
(c) Jardine Skinner
(d) East India Company
7. 18th Century India witnessed the decline of which port town :
(a) Surat (b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta (d) Madras.
8. Which of the following city was known as the finishing centre of the
cloth at the time of proto-Industrialisation ?
(a) London (b) Berlin
(c) Paris (d) Rome

9. The fly shuttle was used for
(a) Washing (b) Weaving
(c) Drying (d) Sewing
10. Who usually helped Industrialists to get new recruits in their Indus-
tries ?
(a) Jobbers (b) Weavers
(c) Koshtis (d) Exporters
C. True/False
11. Elgin mill was set up in Madras.
12. The work of the fuller was to gather cloth.
13. Advertisement by Indian manufacturers gave religious messages to

buyers.
14. Image of Lord Krishna was commonly used to popularise boby prod-
ucts.
15. Bombay and Calcutta grew as new trading port under colonial rule.
D. Assertion and Reason Based Questions
Directions : (a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explantation of (A).
(b) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explantation
of (A).

(c) If (A) is true and (R) is false.
(d) If (A) is false and (R) ttue.
16. Assertion : When Manchester Industrialists began selling cloth in

India, they put labels on the cloth bundles.
Reason : The label was a mark of quality when buyers saw ‘made in
Manchester’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel
confident about buying the cloth.
17. Assertion : The first symbol of the new Era was cotton.
Reason : In Victorian Britain, the Industrialists did not want to intro-

duce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capi-
tal investment.
18. Assertion : The consolidation of East India company power after the
1760’s did not initially lead to a decline in textile exports from India.
Reason : British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian
fine textiles were in great demand in Europe.
19. Assertion : The cotton weavers of India flourished with the Manchester
imports.
Reason : With the American Civl war, the cotton supplies from US to
Britain declined.
20. Assertion : In most Industrial regions, workers camefrom the dis-

tricts around.

Reason : Peasants and Artisans who found no work in villages went
to the Industrial centres in search of work.
Answers
1. Gomashtas
2. Orient
3. Cotton, Steel and Iron
4. Spinning Jenny
5. Community of weavers
6. East India Company
7. Surat
8. London
9. Weaving
10. Jobbers
11. False
12. True
13. False
14. True

15. True
16. (a)
17. (c)
18. (a)
19. (d)
20. (a)
Source Based Questions (4 Marks Each)
1. Reporting on the Koshtis, a commun weavers, the Census Report of

Central Pro stated :
‘The Koshtis, like the weavers of the finer of cloth in other parts of
India, have fallen evil times. They are unable to compete we showy
goods which Machester sends in profusion, and they have of late years
emin great numbers, chiefly to Berar, where a labourers they are able
to obtain wages.
(Census Report of Central Provinces, 1872, in Sumit Guha, ‘The

handloom industry in India, 1825-1950’, the Indian Economic and
History Review.)
Read the above passage and answer the following questions.
(i) Who were the Koshtis ?

(ii) Why had they fallen upon evil times ?
(iii) At last sort of work was done by them.
(iv) Why were they unable to compete with manchester goods.
2. Vasant Parkar, who was once a millworker in Bombay, said : ‘The

workers would pay the jobbers money to get their sons work in the
mill ... The mill worker was closely associated with his village, physi-
cally and emotionally. He would go home to cut the harvest and for
sowing. The Konkani would go home to cut the paddy and the Ghati,
the sugarcane. It was an accepted practice for which the mills granted
leave.’
(Meena Menon and Neera Adarkar, One Hundred Years : One Hun-
dred Voices, 2004.)
(i) Who were Jobbers ?
(ii) Why Would workers Pay Jobbers ?
(iii) What was the social position of Jollers ?
(iv) From where did the workers come to workein Early.
3. Will Thorne is one of those who went in search of seasonal work,

loading bricks and doing odd jobs. he describes how job-seekers
walked to London in search of work :
‘I had always wanted to go to London, and my desire .... was stimu-

lated by letters from an old workmate .... who was now working at the
Old Kent Road Gas Works .... I finally decided to go .... in November,

1881. With two friends I started out to walk the journey, filled with the
hope that we would be able to obtain employment, when we get there,
with the kind assistance of my friend .... we had little money when we
started, not enough to pay for our food and lodgings each night untill
we arrived in London. Some days we walked as much as twently miles,
and other days less. Our money was gone at the end of the third day
.... For two nights we slept out once under a haystack, and once in an
old farm shed.... On arrival in London we tried to find .... my friend ....
but ... were unsuccessful. Our money was gone, so there was nothing
for us to do but to walk around untill late at night, and then try to find
some place to sleep. We found an old building and lept in it that night.
The next, day, Sunday, late in the afternoon, we got to the Old Kent
Gas Works, and applied for work. To my great surprise, the man we
had been looking for was working at the time. He spoke to the fore-
man and I was given a job.’
(Quoted in Raphael Samual, ‘Comers and Goers’, in H.J. Dyos and

Michael Wolff, eds, the Victorian City : Images and Realities, 1973.)
Read the above passage and answer the following questions.
(1) What kind of work was mainly offered to workers who went in
search of work to London.
(2) Which was the biggest factor that helped workars in getting a
job ?
(3) How did workers mange to spend their nights in London ?
(4) Why did Industrialists did not want to introduce machines and
preferred hand labour ?

Answers to Source Based Questions
1. (i) Koshtis were a community of weavers.
(ii) because of the coming of Manchester made goods in Indian

Market.
(iii) They were forced to work as daily wage labourer.
(iv) because Manchester goods were fine and comparatively

cheaper.
2. (i) Jobber was often an old and trusted worker of factory.
(ii) To get jobs in factories.
(iii) Jobber was a very influertial person in society.
(iv) Workers came from nearby villages.
3. Student will attempt themselves.
3/5 Marks Questions:
1. How did the advent of Manchester create problems for Indian Weav-
ers?
2. What were the reasons for increase in production during World War
I?
3. What were the reasons for great economic depression of 1930 ?
4. Why it was difficult for new merchants to establish trade in towns ?

5. Why new industrialist could not displace traditional industries ?
6. The network of Indian Merchants started break down why ?
7. Why did East India Company employ Gomashtas ?
8. Who were Jobbers ? What was their role ?
9. How did British manufactures captured Indian market through adver-

tisement ?
10. How did increase Labour affect lines of workers ?
11. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer
hand labour over machines?
3/5 Marks Question
1. 1. Decrease in export of India.
2. Pressure on East India Company to see cloth.
3. Low Cost.
4. Shrinking of local markets.
5. Non availability of good quality cotton fibre.
2. 1. To meet war requirements new industries were established
2. To produce for uniforms, shoes, tents.
3. New workers were employed and working hours were increased.

3. 1. Export declined after World War First.
2. America capitalist stopped giving loans to European Countries.
3. Overproduction in agriculture.
4. Mechanisation of Industries.
4. 1. In towns the guild system was powerful.
2. Provide training to workers.
3. Control the production.
4. Tried to discourage new entrants into the profession.
5. 1. Number of people working in industries was less.
2. Slow changes in technology.
3. Cloth industry was dynamic
4. Technology was expensive.
5. A large part of production was done in Handlooms
6. 1. The European companies gradually gained power first securing a

variety of concession from local courts.
2. Then the monopoly right to trade.
3. Decline of parts of Surat and Hoogly.

7. 1. They gave loan to weavers.
2. Thus prevented them dealing with the buyers.
3. They themselves checked the quality of cloth.
8. 1. Jobbers were kept for recruitment.
2. Jobber was generally an old confident
3. He used to bring people from villages.
9. 1. Calenders, Newspapers and Magazines were used to sell prod-

ucts.
2. Pictures of Indian Gods and goddess appeared on labels.
3. It was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land ap-

pear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
10. 1. The lure of better jobs prospects attracted them to cities.
2. Workers whose relations already were employed got jobs
3. Those who did not have any relation friends waited for weeks and
spend nights under bridges, night shelters.
11. 1. There was no dearth of Human labour.
2. They did not want to install new machines because it required more
capital investment.
3. For seasonal industry it was better to employ hand labour.

4. There was a demand for fine intricate work in the market which
could only be fulfilled handicrafts.
3/5 Marks, Answers the questions with the help of key points
1. What was the role of Trade guilds
Key Points
• Association of producers.
• Training to crafts people
• Control over production
• Regulated competition and prices and restricted entry of new

people
2. Distinguish between Industrialisation and proto industrialisation
Key Points
(1) Centralisation/decentralisation
(2) Supervision & Maintenance of quality
(3) Production within family farms or factories
3. Explain any five causes of Industrial revolution in England (CBSE

2013, 2014)
Key Points

• Growing international Markets
• Increase in demand due to world oTrade expansions
• Proto-industrial system
• New Inventions oAvailability of capital
• Availability of raw material
4. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Keypoints
• No chance for bargaining of Leasing of land
• Dependency for food on others
• Clashes with Gomasthas

Chapter-5
Print Culture and the Modern World

Johann Gutenberg
Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up on a large agricul-

tural estate. From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses. Sub-
sequently he learnt the art of polishing stones became a master goldsmith
and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making
trinkets. Drawing on this knowledge he used to design his new innovation.
The olive press provided the model for the printing press and the moulds
were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By
1448 he perfected this system and the first book he printed was the Bible.
Printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appear-
ance and layout. Between 1450- 1550 printing presses were setup in most
countries of Europe.

The print Revolution and its Impact
• With the printing press a new reading public emerged.
• The time and labour required to produce each book came down.
• Cost of books also reduced.
• Books flooded the market reaching out to an ever growing reader-

ship.
• Due to print technique a new reading public emerged in place of hear-

ing public.
• Now books could reach out to wider sections of people.
The Reading Mania
• Churches of different denominations set up schools in villages carry-

ing literacy to peasants and artisans.

• In some parts of Europe literacy rate were as high as 60-80%.
• In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty paddlers known

as Chapman.
• In France there was 'Biliotheque bleue' which were low priced small
books printed on poor quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers.
• A children Press, devoted to literature for children alone, was setup in

France in 1857.
• The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent many years compiling tradi-

tional folktales gathered from peasants.
• Lending libraries had been in existence from the seventeenth century

onwards.
• In nineteenth century lending libraries in England became instrument

for educating white collar workers, artisans and lower middle class
people.
• The periodical press developed from 18th century combining infor-

mation about current affairs with entertainment.
• The writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau

were also widely printed and read.
• In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series

called the Shilling Series.

• With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, publishers feared
a decline in book purchases. To sustain buying, they brought out cheap
paperback editions.
India and the World of Print
• India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts- in

Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian as well as in various vernacular lan-
guages.
• Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
• They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn to-

gether to ensure preservation.
• Even though pre colonial Bengal had developed an extensive net-

work of village primary schools, students very often did not read text.
They only learnt to write. Teachers dictated portions of texts from
memory and students wrote them down. Many of them became liter-
ate without ever actually reading any kind of texts.

Women, Print and Reform
• The writings of Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot etc be-
came important in defining a new type of woman: a person with will,
strength of personality, determination and the power to think.
• Lives and feelings of women began to be written in particularly vivid

and intense ways. Women's reading therefore increased enormously
in middle class homes.

• Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and the
orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his
opinion.
• From 1822, two Persian newspapers: Jam-i-Jahan Noma and

Shamsul Akhbar were published.
• The Deoband Seminari, founded in 1867 published thousands upon

thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves
in everyday lives and explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrines.
• In 1876 Rashsundari Debi published her autobiography- Amar Jiban.
• In the 1880s Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with pas-
sionate anger about the miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women,
especially widows.
• Ram Chaddha published the fast selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach
women how to be obedient wives.
• In 1871 Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustice of the caste system in
his book Gulamgiri.
• Kashibaba, a Kanpur Mill worker, wrote and published Chote aur

Bade ka Saval in 1938 to show the links between caste and class
exploitation.
• In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed modeled on the Irish
Press Act.

Important Statements
'Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one'
(Martin Luther King)
'Printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public

opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away'
(Louis Sabastian Mercier)
Treamble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual

writer!' (Louis Sabastian Mercier)
New Words
Calligraphy- the art of beautiful and stylised writing is called Cal-

ligraphy.
Vellum- A parchment made from the skin of animals.
Platen- It is a board which is pressed onto the back of paper to get

the impression from the type.
Compositor- The person who composes the text for printing.
Galley- Metal frame in which types are laid and text composed.
Ballad- A historical account of folk tale in verse usually sung or re-

cited.

Inquisition- A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and pun-
ishing heretics.
Heretical- Beliefs which donot follow the accepted teachings of

the church.
Sect- A subgroup of a religion.
Chapbook- A term used to describe pocket size books that are

sold by travelling peddlers called Chapman in England.
Very short answer type Questions (1 mark each)
1. Who invented first printing press in Europe?
(a) Martin Luthar King (b) Johann Gutenberg
(c) Louis Sabestian Marcier (d) none of the above
2. Rewrite the sentence after correcting the underlined word-
Martin Luther King said 'Printing press is the most powerful engine
of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism
away'
3. Fill in the blank:
Travelling peddlers in England who sold penny chapbooks were called

.................
4. State True or False for the following sentence-In 1878, the Vernacular
Press Act was passed modeled on the Irish Press Act.

5. Choose the correct match.
(a) Martin Luther King – Japan
(b) Marcopolo – Italy
(c) Louis Sabastian Mercier – Britain
(d) Raja Rammohun Roy – France
rect option:
Assertion (A): Due to Print revolution the listening public converted

into reading public.
Reason (R): Now books had reached wider sections of society.
Option
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
(b) Both A and R are true and but R is not the correct explanation of
(d) A is correct and R is Incorrect.
rect option:

Assertion (A): The oldest Japanese book the 'Diamond Sutra' printed
in AD 868.
Reason (R): Buddhist missionaries from China introduced printing

technology into Japan around AD 768-770.
Option
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true and but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct and R is Incorrect.
rect option:
Assertion (A): Manuscripts were pressed between wooden covers

or sewn together to ensure preservation..
Reason (R): Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on hand-

made paper.
Option
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true and but R is not the correct explanation ofA

9. Which was the first book printed by Johann Gutenberg?
10. What is the theme of the book 'Gulamgiri'?
11. Who brought woodblock printing technology to Europe?
12. In which country printing technology was first developed?
13. Which edition of books was given more importance to tackle the prob-
lem of great depression?
14. What do you understand by wood-block printing?
15. Define Fatwa.
16. Define Ulema.
17. Name two Persian newspapers which were published in 1882.
18. Who brought printing technique to India and when?
19. What is meant by 'Reformation'?
20. Which was the first newspaper of India?
Short/ Long Questions (3/5 Marks each)
1. Explain the impact of print technology.

2. Why did some people fear about impact of the easier access to the
printed books? Explain giving one example each from India and the
Europe.
3. Explain the short comings of manuscripts as compared to printed

materials?
4. Why did the manuscripts not able to fulfill the growing demands of the
books? Give reasons.
5. Explain the factors responsible for the rise of printing culture in Eu-
rope.
6. What steps were taken by the Britishers to curtail the freedom of press
in India?
7. What were the impacts of print culture on Indian women? Explain with
examples.
8. How did the print culture contributed in the growth of nationalism in

India.
9. What are manuscripts? Explain the limitations of its usage.
10. How did the printing revolution promote the reading mania?
Source Based Questions(4 Marks)
1. Read the extract and answer the following questions-
The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan

and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From AD 594 onwards,

books in China were printed by rubbing paper - also invented there - against
the inked surface of woodblocks. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet
could not be printed, the traditional Chinese 'accordion book' was folded
and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with
remarkable accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy. The imperial state in China
was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material. China
possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel
through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were
printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From
the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and
that increased the volume of print.
(i) Which of the following country did not have printing technique in the
beginning?
(a) India (b) China
(c) Japan (d) Korea
(ii) What do you understand by the 'Accordion style'?
(iii) Why did China publish printed material on large scale?
(iv) What was the work of calligraphers?
2. Read the extract and answer the following questions.
Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rates went

up in most parts of Europe. Churches of different denominations set up
schools in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans. By the end of
the eighteenth century, in some parts of Europe literacy rates were as high
as 60 to 80 per cent. As literacy and schools spread in European countries,

there was a virtual reading mania. People wanted books to read and print-
ers produced books in ever increasing numbers. New forms of popular
literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences. Booksellers employed
pedlars who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale, were
almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folktales. But other
forms of reading matter, largely for entertainment, began to reach ordinary
readers as well. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars
known as chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy
them. In France, were the "Biliotheque Bleue", which were low-priced small
books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers. Then
there were the romances, printed on four to six pages, and the more sub-
stantial 'histories' which were stories about the past. Books were of various
sizes, serving many different purposes and interests.
(i) What were the reasons for increasing literacy rate in most of the Eu-
rope?
(ii) What were the effects of spread of literacy and schools on the print
culture ?
(iii) What was Chapbooks?
(iv) What was Biliotheque Bleue?
Answers
1. Johann Gutenberg
2. Louis Sabestian Marciers

3. Chapman
4. True
5. Marco polo- Italy
6. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
7. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
8. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
9. Bible
10. Against caste System
11. Marco polo
12. China
13. Paperback edition
14. Rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks
15. A legal pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by a mufti (legal

scholar) to clarify issues on which the law is uncertain.
16. Legal scholars of Islam and the sharia (a body of Islamic law)
17. Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar
18. Portuguese, 16th Century

19. Religious reform in Roman Catholic Church
20. Bengal gazette
3/5 Marks
6. After the 1857 revolt angry Britishers sought for control on press.
• Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878
• Reports of vernacular newspapers were censored
• Government kept regular track of the newspapers.
• Even the assets of press were confiscated.
Source based Questions (4 Marks)
1. (a) India
(b) Folded and stitched to me side.

(c) For printing examination material for civil serives enamination.
(d) They were the people who were expent is the art of beautiful and
stylised sriting.
2. Students will solve themself after reading the extract.

Chapter 1
Resource and Development
Key Points to Remember
• Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy

our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically
feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as 'Resources'.
Types of Resources

• Sustainable economic development means "development should take
place without damaging the environment, and development in the
present should not compromise with the needs of the future genera-
tions".
• Widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources is known as

resourcing planning.
• In june, 1992 more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de janeiro in
Brazil. The rio convention endorsed the global forest principles and
adopted Agenda 21. It is an agenda to combat environmental dam-
age, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common inter-
est, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

• According to Mahatma Gandhi ji “There is enough for everybody’s
need and not for any body’s greed.”

Classification of soil on the basis of color, thickness texture,
age, chemical and physical properties.
S. Name of Formation Distribution Characteri- Major

no. the soil stics crops
1. Alluvial Have been Entire northern Very fertile, Wheat,
soil deposited by plain, also most widely Paddy,
2 type: 3 himalayan extended in spread. Sugarcane
Khadar & river systems. Rajasthan and Cereals,
Bangar The indus the Gujrat eastern Pulses.
Ganga and the coastal plains.
brahmaputra.
2. Black soil Climaticondit- Plateaus of Extremely fine Cotton,

Also ions along with Maharashtra, claye material tobacco,
called the parent Saurashtra capacity to hold oilseeds &
regur rock material. Malwa M.P. and moisture, poor sugarcane
Chhattishgarh. in phosphoric
content, deve-
lops cracks in
hot weather.
3. Red & Due to weather- Parts of odisha, Reddish color with proper
yellow ing of crystalline Chhattisgarh, due to diffusion of fertilizers
soil igneous rock. Southern parts of iron in and irriga-
of middle crystalline and tion cotton
ganga plain metamor phic pulses,
rocks, yellow millets,
in hydrated tabacco.
form.

4. Laterite Result of intense Karnataka, Low humus Tea, Coffe,
soil leaching due to Kerela, Tamil- content suitab- Cashew
heavy rain, nadu, Madhya le for cultivation nut.
develops in Pradesh, hilly with adequate
areas with high areas of doses of
temperature Odisha and manures and
and heavy rain. Assam. fertilizers.
5. Arid soil Formed due to North western Red to brown in Millets,

or mechanical parts of India, Colour sandy in maize
Desert weathering of states of Rajas- texture. Solive barley etc.
soil rock from than, Northern in nature after
sands. Gujarat. proper irrigation
cultivable.
6. Forest Formation is Found in moun- loamy and silty Fruits,

Soil or mainly gover- taineous region in valley sides Spices,
mountai- ned by the of Himachal and coarse Trees.
neous characteristic Pradesh, grained in uppr
soil depostion of Uttarakhand, slopes.
organic matter Meghalaya,
derived from Arunachal
forest growth. pradesh.

Key terms of the chapter
(i) Piedmont zone: A piedmont is an area at the base of mountain or

mountain range. For ex. piedmont zone of western ghat means the
area lying at the foot of western ghats.
(ii) Deccan trap region: The black soil area of peninsular plateau is
known as deccan trap. It is formed by lava soils, which is very fertile
and useful for the cultivation of cotton.
(iii) Duars, chos and terai: Duars are the flood plains and foot hills of
eastern himalayas in north eastern india around bhutan.
Chos : The southern slopes of shiwalik range in punjab and himachal
pradesh, devoid of forest cover, highly dissected by seasonal streams
called chos.
Terai is a belt of marshy land at the foothills of himalayas in northern
india.
(iv) Sustainable econimic development: It means development should
take place without damaging the environment and develpoment in
the present should not compromise with needs of future generation.
(v) Resource planning: Techniques or skills for proper utilisation of re-
sources is termed as resource planning.
(vi) Conservation of resources: Adequate management of resources,
e.g. water, land, plants, soil etc. by man to meet the needs and aspi-
rations of the future generation.
(vii) Afforestation: The process of transforming an area into a forest.
(viii) Alluvial plain: A level tract of land made of alluvium or fine rock ma-
terial brought down by a river.
(ix) Arable land: Land currently ploughed and cultivated with crops. It is
also called cultivable land.
(x) Bangar: The old alluvial desposits which is not fertile.

(xi) Khadar: The new alluvium deposits during floods. It is the most fer-
tile soil.
(xii) Soil erosion: Removal of the upper layer of soil from one place to
another by any natural agent or human activities is called soil erosiom.
(xiii) Net sown area: The land that is actually put to cultivation.
(xiv) Gross sown area: It includes net sown area and area cultivated more
than once.
(xv) Desertification: It is the process by which an area becomes a desert.

Objective questions: (1 mark each)
(A) Multiple choice questions:
1. One the basis of exhaustibility resources can be classified into fol-

lowing categories:
(a) Biotoc and abiotic
(b) Renewable and non renwable
(c) Individual, community
(d) Potential,developed
2. Which state amont the north eastern states has been fully surveyed
for its land use?
(a) Arunachal pradesh (b) Manipur
(c) Tripura (d) Assam
3. Everthing available in our environment to satisfy our needs is termed

as:
(a) Technology (b) Resource
(c) Natural vegetation (d) None of these
4. Which of the following is not classified on the basis of status of devel-

opment?
(a) Potential resource
(b) Developed stock resource
(c) Reserve resource
(d) Renewable resource

5. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and make:
(a) Bad land (b) Gullies
(c) Deltas (d) None of these
(B) Fill in the blanks
6. Resource are .............. accessible economically feasible and ............

acceptable.
7. ............. soil is also known as regur and ideal for growing ..............
8. According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as .......... and

.................
9. ............... aimed at achieving global sustainable development.
10. ................ is the main cause of land degradation in punjab.
(C) Read the following statements and correct it
11. Agenda-21 was signed in 1992 for world peace.
12. Waste land includes forests, pastures and grazine land.
13. Jammu and Kashmir has abundance of water resources but lacks in
infrastructural development.
14. Khadar soil is more fertile than bangar and has kanker modules.
15. The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep chan-
nels called ravines.

Asseration and Reason Based Questions
Directions: In the following questions (16-20) a statement of asser-

tion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice
as:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explana-
tion of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of
(c) If A is true and R is false.
(d) If A is false R is true.
16. Assertion: Alluvial soil is ideal for growth of paddy, wheat, cereal
and pulse crops.
Reason: Alluvial soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture.
17. Assertion: The availability of resources is not the only necessary

condition for the development of any region.
Reason: Not only availability of resource but also corresponding

change in technology is necessary for the development of any region.
18. Assertion: Resources are free gifts of nature.
Reason: Resources like soil, air, water are available in nature.
19. Assertion: Terrace cultivation does not restrict soil erosion.
Reason: Running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep
channels as gullies.

20. Assertion: Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.
Reason: Land can be used for various purposes.
Answers of Objectives Questions
(1) (b)
(2) (d)
(3) (b)
(4) (d)
(5) (b)
(6) Technologically, culturally
(7) Black, cotton
(8) Khadar (new), Bangar (old)
(9) Agenda 21
(10) Over irrigation
(11) Global sustainable development not world peace.
(12) Waste land includes, rocky, arid and desert areas.
(13) Arunachal pradesh in place of jammu & Kashmir.
(14) Khadar soil is more fertile than bangar and has fine particles.
(15) Gullies in place of ravines.
(16) (c)

(17) (a)
(18) (c)
(19) (d)
(20) (a)
Answers Of Source Based Questions And Picture Based Ques-

tions
(a) Land degradation
(b) Jharkhand, M.P., Odisha, Chhatisgarh
(c) (ii) Measures for soil conservation
(d) (a) It increases salinity and alkalinity of the soil.
4 marks questions (source based)
1. At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in

India. Approximately. 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of for-
est degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest
is affected by saline and alkaline deposits. Some human activities
such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying too have
contributed significantly in land degradation.
Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leav-

ing deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand.
Chhattisgarh. Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to min-
ing have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of
the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana,

western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degra-
dation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalin-
ity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for
cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry gen-
erate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process
of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In
recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source
of land and water pollution in many parts of the country.
(i) Human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and

quarrying have contributed significantly in:
(a) Water degradation (b) Air degradation
(c) Land degradation (d) Soil degradation
(ii) Mining has degraded the lands of:
(a) Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Chhatisgarh
(b) Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha
(c) Odisha, Bihar, Chhatisgarh and Madhya Pradesh
(d) Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Assam
(iii) Analyse the information given below, considering one of the following
correct options:
(a) Contour ploughing (b) Terrace farming
(c) Strip farming (d) Afforestation
Option:
(i) Measures for ploughing

(ii) Measures for soil conservation
(iii) Measures for terrace farming
(iv) Measures to control pollution
(iv) How overirrigation causes land degradation
(a) It increases salinity and alkalinity in the soil
(b) It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil
(c) It makes it wasteland
(d) None of the above
2. We live on land, we perform our economic activities on land and we

use it in different ways. Thus, land is a natural resource of utmost
importance. It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, eco-
nomic activities, transport and communication systems. However, land
is an asset of a finite magnitude, therefore, it is important to use the
available land for various purposes with careful planning.
India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; mountains,

plateaus, plains and islands. About 43 per cent of the land area is
plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry. Mountains
account for 30 per cent ol the total surface area of the country and
ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism
and ecological aspects. About 27 per cent of the area of the country
is the plateau region. It possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil
fuels and forests.
(i) Why it is important to use the land with careful planning?
(a) It is very costly

(b) It is an asset of a finite magnitude
(c) It is degraded
(d) Most of it is infertile
(ii) Which of these is not true about mountains.
(a) They ensure perennial flow of Sone rivers
(b) Provide facilities for tourism
(c) Most suitable for cultivation of food crops.
(d) Ecologically very significant
(iii) Correct the following statement:
(a) Plain land possess rich reserves of minerals fossil fuels and for-
ests.
(iv) Land is a natural resource of at most importance because:
(a) It supports natural vegetation
(b) It supports wild life and human life
(c) It supports economic activities, transport and communication

system
(d) All the above
3. The availability of resources is a necessary condition for the devel-

opment of any region, but mere availability of resources in the ab-
sence of corresponding changes in technology and institutions may
hinder development. There are many regions in our country that are
rich in resources but these are included in economically backward

regions. On the contrary there are some regions which have a poor
resource base but they are economically developed.
Can you name some resource rich but economically backward re-
gions and some resource poor but economically developed regions?
Give reasons for such a situation.
The history of colonisation reveals that rich resources in colonies were

the main attractions for the foreign invaders. It was primarily the higher
level of technological development of the colonising countries that
helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their
supremacy over the colonies. Therefore, resources can contribute to
development only when they are accompanied by appropriate tech-
nological development and institutional changes. India has experi-
enced all this in different phases of colonisation. Therefore, in India,
development, in general, and resource development in particular does
not only involve the availability of resources, but also the technology,
quality of human resources and the historical experiences of the
people.
(i) Apart from the availability of resources what is the most necessary
condition for the development of any region.
(a) Good network of roads
(b) Availability of schools and hospitals
(c) Corresponding changes in technology and institutions
(d) Availability of malls and cinema halls
(ii) In india the resource development involve following things:
(a) Availability of resources
(b) Quality of human resources

(c) Historical experience of the people
(d) All the above
(iii) State whether the given statement is true or false. If it is false correct
it.
Statement : The higher level of technological development was the

main attraction for the foreign invaders.
4. 'There are many regions in our country that are rich in resources but
these are included in economically backward regions' can you name
two such regions.

Chapter 2
Forests and wildlife resources
Before You Read:
• Natural Vegetation: Natural vegetation refers to a plant community

which has grown naturally It is also known as virgin vegetation.
Ex: Forests (woodlands), Grasslands etc.
• Wildlife: Wild animals living in the natural environment.
• Flora: Plants of a particular region or period.
• Fauna: The species of animals.
• Eco-system: All the plants and animals in an area are inter depen-
dent and inter related to each other in their physical environment, thus
forming an ecosystem.
• Zoological parks: Reserved gardens for wild animals and birds.
• Wildlife sanctuaries: Natural forests where hunting and poaching

of wild animals and birds are prohibited.
• Biodiversity or Biological diversity: Refers to diverse form of plants

and animals which are closely integrated and interdependent.
Important Points:
• India is rich in its flora. It has about 47,000 plant species and about
15,000. Flowering species are endemic to india.
• India is also rich in its flora. It has more than 81000 of animal species.
The country has more than 1200 species of birds. There are 2,500
species of fish and more than 2500 species of insects.

• There are five types of forests in India.
(1) Tropical Evergreen (2) Tropical deciduous

(3) Thorny (4) Montane (5) Mangrove
• Human beings cut the trees and kill the animals creating ecological
imbalance.
• "Project tiger" One of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the
world, was launched in indian 1973.
• The Indian wildlife protection act was implemented in 1972 and later
in 1980, 1986, and 1991 some other provisions were added.
• Community had played and can play a vital role in the conservation of
forests and wildlife in India.
• The biological loss through destruction of forests and wildlife is strongly
corrected with loss of cultural diversity.
• The greatest damage inflicated on India's forests was during the co-
lonial period.
• Among the largest animals in india, 7 species of mammals, 44 of
birds, 15 of reptiles, and 3 of amplibians are threatened.
• Nearly 1500 plant species are considered endangered Asian chee-
tah is nearly extinct due to a decline of a vailable habitat and prey.
• "Taxol" a chemical compound extracted from the himalayan yew is
the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world.
• The Nicobar megapode is an endangered bird species.
• If we share books after passing a class we may save trees.
• As per U.N. report per head trees in our country are 28 only while the
number in 8953 in canada, 4461 in russia, 716 in USA and 102 in china.
• In every five years our environment become hotter by 1 degrees celsius.

Categories of Plants and Animals based on International Union
for Corresvation of Nature and Natinal Resanues (IUCN)
Normal Species : Species whose population levels are considered

to be normal for the survival such as cattle, Sal,
Pine, rodents etc.
Endangered species: These are species which are is danger of ex-

tinction.
The survival of such species is difficult if the nega-

tive factions continue to operate.
Example–Blackbuck, Crocodile Indian wild ass,

Indian Rhino, Lion tailed Macaque, Sangai etc.
Vulnerable speeies: These are species whose population has de-

clined to levels from where it is likely to move
into the endangered category in the near future
if negative factors continue to operate.
Example: Blue sheep, Asiatic Elecphant,

Gangetic Dolphins etc.
Rare Species: Species with small population may move into the
entangled or vulnerable category if the negative
factors affecting them continue to operate.
Example: Himalayan Brown Bear, wild Asiatic

Buffalo, Desert Fox and Hornbill etc.
Endemic Species: There are spices which are only found is some
particular areas unusually isolated by natural or
geographical barriers.

Example: Andaman Teal, Nicoban pigeon
Andaman Wild pig, Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh
etc.
Extinct Species: There are species which are not found after many
searches of known or likely areas when they may
occur.
Example: Asiatic cheetah, Pink head duck. etc.
Causes for the depletion of forest Land/Area.
Expansions of Large scale Urazing and fuel

Expiation of Large scale
Development Mining Urajing
wood
and full Colonial
Agricultural
Agricultural Development
Projects like wood
Collection Forest Polities
land
land Projects River
Railway, like Collection
Railway,
Valley Rivevally
Projects
Projects
Reasosn for the decline in India's Biodivesrity
Habitat Hunting Poaching Over Environmental

destruction Exploitations Pollution
Overpopulation Forest Fire
Why do we need to Conserve Bio-diversity?
To preserves To preserves our To preserve To sustain the

the ecological life support the genetic diversity quality of life
diversity system like water of plants and
air, note
an soil etc.
etc. animals

Community and conservation
 Nature worship is an age old belief in our country.
 For many of us people and Banyan trees are considered sacred.
 In Sarika Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villages have fought against min-

ing by citing the wildlife protection Act.
 The famous chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only

succensfully resisted deforestation is several areas but also has
shown that community afforestation with indigenous species.

 Farmers and citizen's group like the ‘Beej Bachoo’ andolan in Tehri
and Navdany have shown adequate production with diversified
crop without synthetic chemicals.
 Joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes and good ex-

ample for involving local communites is the management restoration
of degraded forests. Odisha was the first state to pass the resolution
of JFM.
Questions
1. What is IUCN?
2. Name any one vulnerable species of animal in India.
3. Name a medicinal plants found in India.
4. Which is afforestation?
5. Name a bird, disaapeared from Delhi in recent years.
6. Name the nearest rivers to you place? Why it is not clean?
7. Write any one cause of damage to the Indian forests during colonial
period?
8. Which mineral mining is causing a serious threat to the buxa tiger

reserve in west Bengal?
9. Write any one use of forests and wildlife to us?
10. By which plant or tree the rich Himalayan oak was replaced during
colonial period?

Answer’s
1. International union for conservation of nature and natural resources.
2. Asiatic elephant / Gangetic dolphins / Blue sheep
3. Jamun, Arjun, Neem, Babool, Tulsi (any one)
4. Growing trees
5. Sparrow (Gauraiya)
6. River yamuna (due to pollution)
7. Expansion of the railways/ mining/ agriculture/ scinetific forestry.
8. Dolomite (An ore)
9. Wood, backs, leaves, rubber, medicines, dyes, food, fuel, fodder,

manure, etc. (any one)
10. Chir, pine
Objective Type Questions
Fill in the blanks:
(i) The term is used to denote plants of a particular region or period

..................
(ii) Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for

their survival are known as .................
Match the following:
(i) Bishnoi of rajasthan (a) Beej Bachao
(ii) Tribals of orissa and bihar (b) Black buck

(iii) Citizens groups of tehri (c) Tarmarind and mango
(iv) Asiatic chettah (d) World’s fatest land mammal
Answer’s
1. (i) Flora (ii) Normal
2. (i) b (ii) c (iii) a (iv) d
Long Answer Type
1. Explain three types of forests and wildlife resources classified by for-

ests department?
2. Explain chipko movement.
3. Differentiate between endangered species and extinct species with

examples.
4. How dow human beings influence the ecology of a region?
5. Explain any three factors that have led to the decline in India’s
biodiversity environmental degradation.
6. What is wildlife sanctuary? How is it different from national park?
7. How mining is responsible for the loss of forests. Give reasons.
8. Write a short note on beej bachao andolan in Tehri.
9. Write down the features of JFM (Joint Forest Management).
Answer
1. (i) Reserved forests (ii) Protected forests (iii) Unclassed forests
2. The chipko movement is an ecological movement, concerned with

thet preservation of forests.

3. Endangered species Extinct species
(i) These are species which (i) These are species which are
are in danger. not found after searches of
known or likely areas where
they may occur.
Ex: Sangai, Black buck Ex: Asiatic cheetah, pink head

duck
4. (i) They utilise the vegetation and wildlife.
(ii) They cut trees and kill animals, thereby creating an ecological
imbalance.
(iii) Due to the insensitivity to our environment and lack of sustain-

able development.
(iv) Greed of human beings leads to overutilisation of there resources.
5. (i) Over-population
(ii) Mining, over-grazing
(iii) Un-equal access, inequitable consumption of resources.
(iv) Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, poisoning and forest fires.
(v) Environmental pollution
(vi) River valley projects, fuel wood collection.
6. (i) A wildlife sanctuary is like a national park but the difference is

that in a sanctuary certain types of activities might be permitted.
Livestock grazing and collection of forest produce, for instance
may be allowed.

(ii) In a national park, conservation of species is mostly left to nature
with the least human activities, but in a sanctuary conservation of
species is affected by manipulative management.
7. (i) Mining is important factor behind deforestation.
(ii) The buxa tiger reserve in west bengal is seriously threatened by

the on going dolomite mining.
(iii) It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked
the migration route of several other, including the great. Indian
Elephant.
8. (i) Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdahya Save the need
movement varches, reintroduces, collect, tests, distributes and
popularizes every indigenous variety of mountain crops avail-
able.
(ii) It advocates the discontinuation of the use of chemical depen-

dent needs and synthetic chemicals.
(iii) These measures, they argue are also economically viable as

diversified crop production in adequate quantities have been
achieved.
(iv) It has also been able to successfully review the free exchange of
needs within the coomunity and has proved to be a lifeline of
traditional mountain agriculture.
9. (i) In India JMF Program furnishes a good example for involving

local communities in the management and restoration fo de-
graded forests.
(ii) The program has been in formal existence since 988 when the
state of Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest man-
agement.

(iii) JMF depends on the formation of local (village) institution that
undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land
managed by the forest department.
(iv) In return the members of there communities are entitled to inter-

mediary benefits like with timber, forest produces and share in
the timber larvested by successful protection.
(A) The world's fastest land mammal, the cheetah (Ainonyx jubantus) is a
unique and specialised member of the cat family and can move at
the speed of 112 km/hr. The cheetah is often mistaken for a leopard.
Its distinugish marks are the long teardrop shaped lines on each side
of the nose from he corner of its eyes to its mouth. Prior to the 20th
century, cheetahs were widely distributed througout Africa and Asia.
Today, the Asian Cheetah is nearly extinct due to a decline of avail-
able habitat and prey. This specie was declared extinct in India long
back in 1952.
Questions
1. Name of the world's fastest land mammal.
2. How one can distinguish a cheetah from a leopard?
3. In which year, Asian cheetal was declared extinct in India?
4. At what speed Asiatic cheetah can move?

Answers
1. Asiatic cheetah.
2. Its distinguishing maks are the long tear drop shaped lines on each
side of the nose from the corner of its eyes to its mouth.
3. 1952
4. 112 km/hr
(B) The Himalayan Yew (Taxus Wallachiana) is a medicinal plant found in

various parts of Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh. A chemical
compound called 'taxol' is extracted from the bark, needles, twings
and root of this tree and it has been successfully used to treat some
cancers — He drug is now the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the
world. The species is under threat due to over- exploitation.
Questions
1. Where is Himalyan Yew found?
2. What is the use of Taxus Wallachina?
3. Name the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world.
4. Why Himalyan Yew is in threat?
Answers
1. Himanchal Pradesh & Arunachal Pradesh.
2. It is used as a medicinal plant
3. Taxol
4. Due to over— exploitation.

Chapter 3
Water Resources
Key Points and Definitions:
1. 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world's water is estimated to exist
as oceans and only 2.5 percent as freshwater.
2. India receives nearly 4 percent of the global precipitation and ranks

133 in the world in terms of water availability per person per annum.
3. By 2025. it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or

regions having absolute water scarcity
4. Water scarcity in most cases is caused by over- exploitation, exces-

sive use and unequal access to water amot different social groups.
5. Water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas

and dry-season agriculture.
6. Intensive industrialisation and urbanisations has made matters worse

by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.
7. Water bodies are polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemi-

cals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture
8. In the first century B.C.. Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisti-

cated water harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river
Ganga.

9. In the 11th Century. Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of
its time was built.
10. Dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or re-
tards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
11. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the 'Temples of

modern India'.
12. Narmada Bachao Andolan' and the 'Tehri Dam Andolan' were started
against large multi-purpose river projects.
13.

Map is not on Scale

14.
15. Rainwater Harvesting is the collection and storage of rain, rather than
allowing it to run off.

Very Short answer Type Questions (1 Mark)
1. Which of the following is not the cause of water scarcity?
(a) Growing population
(b) Expansion of irrigation facilities
(c) Industries
(d) Water harvesting technique
2. Bhakra Nangal River Valley Project is made on the river:
(a) Sutlej-Beas (b) Ravi-Chenab
(c) Ganga (d) Son
3. Hirakud Dam is constructed on the river:
(a) Ganga (b) Manjira
(c) Manas (d) Mahanadi
4. The diversion channels seen in the Western Himalayas are called:
(a) Guls or Kuls (b) Khadins
(c) Johads (d) Recharge pits
5. Which was the largest artificial lake of ancient India built in the 11th
century?
6. Name the oldest water-harvesting system channeling the flood water

of river Ganga.
7. Which river is known as "River of Sorrow" in Jharkhand and West

Bengal?

8. Why do some people oppose dams?
9. Choose the correct match-
(a) Tankas .............................................. Bikaners
(b) Bamboo drip irrigation system ................................ Madhya

Pradesh
(c) Ganga ................................................ Hirakud Dam
State whether the following statements are True or False-
10. Bamboo drip irrigation system is followed in Uttar Pradesh.
11. 'Narmada Bachao Andolan' was started against large multi-purpose

river projects
12. India receives nearly 9 per cent of the global precipitation.
Fill in the blanks-
13. Water of Bhakra Nangal Project is being used mainly for ..........
14. In Western Rajasthan today plenty of water is available due to ........
15. is a resistance to multi-purpose projects
16. In the question given below.there are two statements marked as As-
vided below :
(A) Local communities oppose Dams.
(R) Dams may submerge the land for cultivation and disrupt the lives
of the displaced people.

Options:
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
(3) A is true but R is False
17. In the question given below.there are two statements marked as As-
vided below :
(A) India's rivers, especially the smaller ones, have all turned into
toxic streams.
(R) Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and rainwater that
could be used later to irrigate agricultural fields.
Options:
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(4) A is false but R is true
Answer Key:
1. (d) Water harvesting technique
2. (a) Sutlej-Beas
3. (d) Mahanadi
4. (a) Guls or Kuls

5. Bhopal Lake
6. Sringaverapura near Allahabad
7. Damodar River
8. Dams may submerge the land for cultivation and disrupt the lives of
the displaced people
9. (a) Tankas ............................................ Bikaner
10. False
11. True
12. False
13. Hydel power and irrigation
14. Perennial Rajasthan Canal
15. Narmada Bachao Andolan
16. (1)
17. (2)
1. Write three sources of fresh water.
2. What is water scarcity? Write the main reasons for water scarcity.
3. Write the main causes of water pollution.
4. What is the need for conservation of water resources?
5. Write some measures adopted for conservation of water resources.

6. How was water conserved in ancient India? Give any four examples
in support of your answer.
7. Give a short note on Multi-purpose projects In India.
8. Give four major uses of water.
9. What is Palar Pani? What is its significance in the arid regions of

Rajasthan?
10. Describe any three different rainwater harvesting systems practised

in India.
11. Why dams are now referred as multi-purpose projects?
12. Mention the negative effect of over irrigation?
Answer Key:
1. (1) Precipitation - from rainfall.
(2) Surface water - in rivers, lakes, etc.
(3) Ground water - water stored in underground acquifers which gets

recharged by rainfall.
2. means shortage of water.
1. Large growing population
2. water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated

areas
3. greater demand for water with growing urbanisation and

industrialisation.

4. unequal access to water among different social groups
5. Excessive use of water by industries
6. Over exploitation of water in the urban areas
3. 1. Domestic wastes,
2. lndustrial wastes are disposed off in the water without proper

treatment.
3. Chemical effluents from industries and from agricultural sector.
4. Pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture
5. Many human activities, e.g., religious rituals and immersing of

idols, etc. in the water also pollute water.
4. (1) Water resources are limited and our requirements are increas-
ing day by day.
(2) Most of our resources are polluted and unsuitable for drinking
and other purposes.
(3) To safeguard ourselves from health hazards.
(4) To ensure food security and for continuation of our livelihoods.
(5) To prevent degradation natural ecosystem.of our water bodies
5. (1) Do not overdraw the ground water, recharge the ground water
(2) Avoid wastage of water at all levels.
(3) Do not pollute the water.
(4) tapping the rainwater in reservoirs, watershed development

programmes, etc.
(5) Drip irrigation and sprinklers etc., especially in dry areas.

6. (1) In the first century B.C., Allahabad had sophisticated water har-
vesting system
(2) During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irri-
gation systems were extensively built.
(3) Sophisticated irrigation works have been found in Kalinga in

Odisha, Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh, Bennur in
Karnataka and Kolhapur in Maharashtra.
(4) Bhopal lake, built in the 11th century, was one of the largest arti-
ficial lakes of its time.
(5) In the 14th century, lltutmish constructed a tank in Hauz Khas,

Delhi for supplying water in Siri Fort area.
7. 1. launched after Independence with their integrated water re-

sources management approach
2. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the 'temples

of modern India';
3. lt would integrate development of agriculture and the village

economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban
economy.
8. 1. Drinking and domestic consumption like washing clothes.
2. Irrigation of farm lands.
3. Generation of Hydro-electricity.
4. Uses in industrial establishments.
9. The rainwater which is stored in underground tanks is potable water.

It is called Palar Pani. In the arid regions of Rajasthan, it is important
in the following ways.

• It is the main source of drinking water, when all other sources have
dried up.
• It is considered the purest form of drinking water.
• In summer, these tanks would keep the underground rooms cool,

adjoining them, clean.
10. In hills and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like
guls or kuls for agriculture.
• Inundation channels were built in the floodplains of Bengal,
• In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, agricultural fields were

converted into rainfed storage structures
11. (a) The uses of the impounded water are in integration with one an-
other.
(b) Dams are constructed to flood control, irrigation, generation and

distribution of electricity.
(c) Dams are constructed to conserve water, vegetation and soil.
(d) It also helps to promote tourism.
12. (a) This has great ecological consequences like Stalinization of the
soil.
(b) Decrease the soil fertility.
(c) It leads to water scarcity.
Source based questions (4 Marks)

Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of
many new social movements like the 'Narmada Bachao Andolan' and the
Tehri Dam Andolan' etc. Resistance to these projects has primarily been
due to the large-scale displacement of local communities. Local people
often had to give up their land, livelihood and their meagre access and
control over resources for the greater good of the nation. So, if the local
people are not benefiting from such projects then who is benefited? Per-
haps, the landowners and large farmers, industrialists and few urban cen-
tres. Take the case of the landless in a village - does he really gain from
such a project?
(a) What was the reason behind Narmada Bachao Andolan?
(b) Who is benefited by multi-purpose projects?
(c) What is your opinion on resistance against large dam from local
people. Write in your own words.
Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with
farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has great
ecological consequences like salinisation of the soil. At the same time, it
has transformed the social landscape i.e. increasing the social gap be-
tween the richer landowners and the landless poor. As we can see, the
dams did create conflicts between people wanting different uses and ben-
efits from the same water resources. In Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farm-
ers were agitated and almost caused a riot over the higherpriority given to
water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. Inter-state water
disputes are also becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and
benefits of the multipurpose project.
(a) How did cropping pattern changed by irrigation?
(b) The dams created conflict between people.Analyse the statement.
(c) What are the consequences of irrigation on soil and social landscape?

In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner,

Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground
tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a
big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep,
4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. The tankas were part of the well-
developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the
main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of
the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down
the pipe and was stored in these underground 'tankas'. The first spell of
rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes.
The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
(a) In which areas of Rajasthan are tankas found?
(b) What do you understand by rooftop water harvesting system?
(c) Why is the first spell of rain not stored in the tankas?
Answer key of source based questions
1. (a) Displacement of local people on a large scale
(b) Zamindars and big farmers or industrialists and some urban

centers
(c) The government should compensate the displaced people and

make them partners in profit sharing.
(b) Refer to notes.
(c) Refer to notes.

3. (a) Refer to notes. (b) Refer to notes.
(c) Refer to notes.
Map Based Questions-
1. Locate and label the following items on the given-map with appropri-
ate symbols.
1. Tehri dam 2. Bhakra Nangal Dam
3. Rana Pratap Sagar dam 4. Salal dam
Map is not on Scale

2. Locate and table the folowing items on the given map.
1. Tungabhadra 2. Hirakund
3. Nagarjun sagar 4. Sardar sarovar dam
Map is not on Scale

Chapter 4
Agriculture

Major crops and cliatic conditions.
Crops Sowing Harvesting Temperature Rainfall Producing

annual states
Rice Jun-July Sept-Oct Above 25ºC Above West bengal
100 cm U.P., Punjab
Wheat Nov-Dec April-May 21ºC-24ºC 50-75cm E-Punjab,

Haryana, U.P.,
Bihar
Maize Jun-July Sept-Oct 21ºC-27ºC 50-100cm K a r n a t a k a ,

U.P. Bihar
Sugarcane Jan. - Mar. Dec - Mar. 21°C-27°C 75-100 Maharashtra,
cm Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu
Tea April-June Every 7-12 21°C-29ºC 150-200 Assam and
Oct-Dec days cm West Bengal
Cotton differs in differs in 21°C to 30ºC 50-120 Maharashtra,

different different cm Gujarat,
parts of parts of Madhya
the country the country Pradesh,
Karnataka
Jute sown in July-Oct Above 25°C 160-200 West Bengal
February cm Assam and
on lowlands Bihar
and in
March-May
on uplands

Key Points
1. Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is

a subsistence crop.
2. Plantation is a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a

single crop is grown on a large area.
3. Important plantation crops in India- tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane,

banana, etc.
4. Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. Our
country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
5. In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy
are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.
6. Wheat is the second most important cereal crop. It is the main food
crop, in north and north-western part of the country.

7. Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder.
8. Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India. Though,
these are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value.
9. Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and
production.
10. India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the
world.
11. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.
12. groundnut production in the world- China (1st),lndia (2nd) and in rape-
seed production Canada - 1 st, China- 2nd and India - 3rd in the world.
13. In 2020 China-1st and lndia- 2nd in tea production in the world.
14. In 2013, India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables
in the world after China.
15. Crop Rotation- Growing different crops on a piece of land to increase

the productivity and fertility of land.
16. Slash and burn farming/Shifting cultivation-farmers clear apatch of

land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
After decrease of soil fertilityfarmers shift and clear a freash patch of
land for cultivation.
Name of Slash and Burn Agriculture in India and other parts of the world.
In India
1. Madhya Pradesh – Bewar or Dahiya
2. Andhra Pradesh – Podu or Penda
3. Odisha – Pame Dabier/koman or Bringa

4. Western Ghats – Kumari
5. South-Eastern Rajasthan – Valre or Waltre
6. Himalaya Belt – Khil
7. Jharkhand – Kuruwa
8. North-Eastern Region – Jhumming
9. Manipur – Pamlou
10. Andaman & Niwbar Island – Dipa
In World
1. Mexico and Central America – Milpa
2. Venzuele – Conuco
3. Brazil – ROCA
4. Central Afrca – Masole
5. Indoneria – Ladang
6. Vietnam – Ray
17. White revolution- To improve the breeds of animals for the growth in
milk production with the use of modern technology.lt is also called
Operation Flood.
18. Green Revolution- Based on the Uses of HYV seeds.Modern

technology,fertilisers,pesticides,insecticides to increase production
especially Wheat production.
19. Jute is known as the golden fibre.

Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark)
1. The three major cropping seasons of India are:
(a) Aus, Aman and Boro (b) Rabi, Kharif and Zaid
(c) Baisakh, Paus and Chait (d) None of the above
2. Kharif crops are grown:
(a) with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October
(b) with the onset of winter and harvested in summer
(c) with onset of Autumn and harvested in summer
3. A short season between the rabi and kharif season is known as:
(a) Aus (b) Boro
(c) Zaid (d) None of the above
4. Which of the following is known as golden fibre?
(a) Cotton (b) Jute
(c) Hemp (d) Silk
5. What are the two important beverage crops of India?
6. Define shifting cultivation?
7. Which is the leading sugarcane producer state of India?
8. Name two major tea-producing states of India.

State whether the following statements are True or False:
9. A system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area

is called shifting agriculture.
10. Punjab is major producer of the maize in India.
11. PDS system launched by government of India ensure subsidised

prices for food grains to poor in rural areas.
Fill in the blanks:
12. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the
world after .....................
13. ................. is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses

in the world.
14. ................. crops are sown in winter and harvested in summer
15. Choose the correct match-
(a) Kharif crop paddy and maize
(b) Rabi crop muskmelon and cucumber
(c) Zaid crop gram and mustard
vided below :
(A) Biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher
production.

(R) Doses of biochemical inputs are used to grow crops rapidly.
Options :
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
vided below :
(A) Tea cultivation is a labour - intensive industry.
(R) Cultivation can be done throughout the year. Tea bushes require
warm and moist frost free climate.
Options:
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
(2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
Answer key
1. (b) Rabi, Kharif and Zaid
2. (a) with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October
3. (c) Zaid

4. (b) Jute
5. coffee and tea
6. A person uses a piece of land, only to abandon or alter the initial use
a short time later.
7. Uttar Pradesh
8. Assam and West Bengal.
9. False
10. False
11. True
12. China
13. India
14. Rabi
15. (a) Kharif crop ........................ paddy and maize
16. (1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
17. (2) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
1. Explain the favourable temperature, rainfall and soil conditions re-

quired for the growth of tea. Name the leading tea producing states.
2. What are the Geographical conditions required for rice growth. Name
the major areas of its production.

3. Which is the second most important cereal crop? What are the Geo-
graphical conditions required for its growth. Name the major areas of
its production.
4. What are the Geographical conditions required for sugarcane growth.

Name the major areas of its production.
5. Why the growth rate in agriculture has been decreasing day by day.
Give reasons.
6. What is the importance of agriculture in Indian economy?
7. Name three features of Indian agriculture.
8. What is plantation agriculture?
9. Distinguish between: Rabi and Kharif Crops.
10. Write any five ways of agricultural reforms in India?
11. Describe the four negative impacts of green revolution on Indian Ag-
riculture.
12. Distinguish between intensive subsistence farming and commercial

farming.
13. Describe the impact of globlisation on indian agriculture.
Answer Key:
1. (a) Climate: grow well in tropical and subtropical ( hot and humid)
climate.
(b) Soil Type: deep fertile well drained soil which is rich in humus
and organic matter.

(c) Rainfall: 150 to 300 cm annual. High humidity and frequent show-
ers evenly distributed throughout the year
(d) Assam and West Bengal
2. (a) Climate: Paddy is a tropical crop and grows well in the wet mon-
soon.
(b) Temperature: Above 25°C, coupled with heavy humidity.
(c) Rainfall: above 100 cm. It requires heavy rainfall in summer and
irrigation in areas of less rainfall.
(d) Areas of Cultivation: plains of north and north-eastern India,

coastal areas and the deltaic region. Punjab, Haryana and West-
ern Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan. With the help of irriga-
tion.
3. (a) Wheat is the second most important cereal crop .
(b) Soil Type: Alluvial soil and black soil
(c) Temperature: Cool growing season and bright sunshine at the

time of ripening.
(d) Rainfall: 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall
(e) Areas of Cultivation: the Ganga-Sutlej plain in the north-west and

black soil region of Deccan. Wheat producing states are Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan
4. (a) India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world

after Brazil.
(b) Climate: It grows well in hot and humid climate.

(c) Soil Type: it can be grown well on a variety of soils.
(d) Temperature: Temperature requirement is 21°C to 27°C .
(e) Rainfall: Annual rainfall between 75cm and 100 cm.
(f) The major sugarcane producing states are uttar pradesh,

maharashtra, karnataka, tamil nadu.
5. (a) Indian farmers are facing a challenge from international compe-

tition.
(b) The cost of production inputs is increasing day by day.
(c) Reduction in public investment in agricultural sector especially

irrigation power, rural, roads, market, etc.
(d) The pressure of WTO on the Indian government to remove the

subsidies given to the farmers.
(e) Reduction in import duties on agricultural products.
6. (a) India is an agricultural country.
(b) Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agricul-

ture for its livelihood.
(c) Agriculture is the main stay of India's economy.
(d) It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product.
(e) It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw
materials for industries.
7. (a) Farmers own small piece of land and grow crops primarily for
their own consumption,

(b) Animals play a significant role in the various kinds of agricultural
activities.
(c) Farmers depend mainly upon monsoon rains.
8. (a) It is a single crop farming of rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices,

coconut and fruits
(b) It is capital intensive and demands good managerial ability, tech-

nical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilizers, irrigation and
transport facilities.
(c) developed in hilly areas of north- eastern India, sub-Himalayan,

West Bengal and in Nilgiri, Anamalai in peninsular India
9.
Rabi Kharif
1. Cultivation begins with the 1. Cultivation begins with the on

withdrawal of monsoons in set of monsoons in May.
October.
2. Sowing of seeds is done in 2. Sowing of seeds is done in
October-November. June or early July.
3. Crops are harvested in April-May. 3. Crops are harvested in Sep-
tember-October.
4. Crops depend on the sub-soil 4. Crops depend on the mon

moisture. soons.
5. Types : Wheat, gram and oil- 5. Types: Rice, millets, maize,

seeds like mustard and groundnuts, jute, cotton and
rapeseeds various pulses.

10. (a) Direct help to farmers, subsidy in account
(b) Easy and cheap loan to farmers
(c) Easy accessibility of water and electricity
(d) Crop insurance to protect from flood, drought, cyclone and fire
(e) Minimum support price (MSP), Gramin Bank, Kissan Credit Card
(f) Special weather bulletins
(g) Laws of land reforms implemented
11. (a) Land degradation due to overuse of chemicals
(b) Lowering the ground water level due to over irrigation
(c) Vanishing Bio-diversity
(d) Difference between rich and poor farmers is increasing
12.
Intensive Subsistence Commercial Farming

Farming
1. Small land holdings and limited 1. Big land holdings

land
2. Traditional techniques and tools, 2. Modern techniques and tools
Ex-hoe.dao,digging sticks
3. Production for the local market 3. Production for the export
4. Two or three crops in a year 4. Focus on a single crop
5. Mainly concern to livelihood 5. mainly concern to trade. Ex-
and production of food crops. sugarcane.tea, coffee
Ex-paddy,wheat

13. (1) The Indian farmers might have to force much unstable prices for
these products fluctuated largely on year-to-year basis.
(2) The impact of trade liberalization on the prices of agricultural

products at international level and domestic level depend on what
policies other countries follow .
(3) Export of major agriculture commodities have been liberalised.
(4) Major transformation took place with the introduction of high-yield-

ing varieties of crops .
(5) This innovation , coupled with investments in infrastructure, ex-

pansion of credit marketing and processing facilities led to a
significant increase in the use of modern inputs.
The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the
White Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated
to improve the lot of Indian agriculture. But, this too led to the concentration
of development in few selected areas. Therefore, in the 1980s and 1990s,
a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which in-
cluded both institutional and technical reforms. Provision for crop insurance
against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen
banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the
farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direc-
tion.
(a) Which movements played an important role in improving Indian agri-

culture?

(b) What was the negative impact of Green Revolution?
(c) What are the steps taken by government to imrove Indian agricul-
ture?
Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of
the country and these are harvested in September-October. Important crops
grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong,
urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean. Some of the most important
rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha,
Andhra Pradeshjelangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particu-
larly the (Konkan coast) along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Recently,paddy
has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana. In states like
Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a
year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.
(a) When is the Kharif crop sown?
(b) What are the main kharif crops?
(c) In which Indian states, three crops of paddy are sown in a year?
(d) Which are the major rice producing regions in India?
This type of farming is still practised in few pockets of India. Primitive

subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help
of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community
labour. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the
soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown. It is
a 'slash and burn' agriculture.Farmers clear a patch of land and produce

cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil fertility
decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
(a) What kind of tools are used in primitive subsistence farming?
(b) On what factors primitive subsistence farming is depend ?
(c) What do you understand by 'slash and burn'agriculture?
Answer key of Source Based Questions
1. (a) The Green Revolution and the White Revolution played an im-
portant role in improving agriculture.
(b) The impact of Green Revolution was concentrated in few areas.
(c) Crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease,
establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies etc.
2. (a) with the onset of monsoon
(b) paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad etc.
(c) Assam, West Bengal and Odisha
(d) West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh, Biharjelangana,

Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra,
(b) Refer to notes.
(c) Refer to notes.
1. On the given political map of India, four leading wheat-growing states

of India are marked by 1, 2, 3 and 4. Identify these and write their
correct names on the line drawn against each in the given map.

Map is not on Scale
2. Locate and label the following items on the given map with appropri-
ate symbols.
1. A Cotton producing regions
2. Coffee producing regions

Map is not on Scale
3. Features are marked by a number in the given political map of India.

Identify these features with the help of the following information and
write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.
1. A beverage crop-producing state
2. The leading jute or Golden Fibre producing state

3. Leading coffee producing state
4. Major sugarcane producing state
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Chapter 5
Minerals and Energy Resources

Points to Remember
• Mineral- Naturally occurring homogeneous substance with a defin-

able internal structure.
• Ores- Naturally occuring substances from which minerals can be ex-

tracted profitably.
Classification of Minerals:

Sources of Minerals:-
• Mining- The extraction of useful and commerically viable minerals by

digging down the earth is called mining.
• Mining is a hazards industry as the resources are dug out from the
interior of the earth by making tunnels or pit. During this process risk
to the life of the workers are very high due to leakage of poisonous
gas or fires or flooding of water into the mine or even collapsing of
mine roofs. Along with that workers have also to face health issues.
Usage
S.No. Minerals Producing states
1. Basic Mineral,
1. Iron Odissa (52%), Chattisgarh
2. Backbone of develop-
(16%), Karnataka-(14%),
ment
Jharkhand(ll%)
3. Magnetite Ore(70% iron)-
Odissa- Jharkhand Belt,
Excellent magnetic quali-
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt ties, useful in electrical
industry,
Ballari- Chitradurg-Chikkama-
4. Hematite ore( 50-60%
galuru- Tumakuru Belt
iron)- Most important in-
dustrial iron Ore.

Maharashtra- Goa Belt 1. Usage in the production
of steel,
2. Manganese Madhya Pradesh(27%),
Maharashtra(25%), 2. Bleaching Powder,
Odissa(25%), Karnataka(l 1%) Pesticides and Paint
AndhraPradesh(10%) 1. Being a malleable, ductile
and a good conductor
3. Copper Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat),
use in manufacturing of
Jharkhand (Singhbhum),
electrical cables,,
Rajasthan (Khetri)
2. Electronics and chemical
industries
1. Ore- Bauxite
4. Aluminum Odissa(49%), Gujrat(24%), 2. Strength like iron but ex-

treme lightweight,
Jharkhand(9%),
3. great malleability and con-
Chattisgarh(8%) ductivity
1. Excellent de-electric
strength, low power loss
5. Mica Kodarma- Gaya- Hazaribagh
factor,
belt of Bihar- Jharkhand,
Ajmer of Rajasthan, Nellore 2. due to insulating proper-
of Andhra Pradesh ties and resistance to
high voltage it is widely
used in electrical and
electronic industries.
1. Mostly found in sedimen-

tary rocks
6. Lime Stone Rajasthan(21%), Madhya 2. Basic raw material in ce-
Pradesh(11%), Chattisgarh ment industry and
(11%), Karnataka(10%) 3. Essential for smelting
iron ore in the blast fur-
nace.

Power Minerals
Conventional sources of Energy-
1. Coal Gondwana coal(age-more 1. Fossil fuel,
than 200 million year)- 2. Lignite coal is used for
West Bengal, Jharkhand, generation of electricity,
Tertiary coal (age 3. Bituminous coal is most
55 million year) -Meghalaya, popular in commercial use.
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, 4. Anthracite is the
Nagaland highest quality hard coal.
2. Petroleum Mumbai High, Gujrat 1. as lubricants for machin-
(Ankaleshwar), Assam ery and raw material for
(Digboi, Naharkatiya, a number of manufacturing
Moran- Hugrijan) industries.
2. Synthetic textile,
3. Fertilizer and numerous

chemical industries
3. Natural Gas Krishna- Godavari river 1. Source of clean energy,
basin, Mumbai High- Gulf of 2. used as raw material in
Cambay, Andaman-Nicobar petro chemical
3. used as fuel in vehicles

4. major gas pipeline (Artery
of pipeline)- 1700 km long
Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagadishpur
which links Mumbai High and
Bassien with the fertilizer,
power and industrial com-
plexes in western and North-
ern India.
4. i. Thermal Delhi (Badarpur, Indrapras- 1. By burning coal, petroleum
electric tha) Uttar Pradesh (Panki), or natural gas heat is gener-
Tamilnadu (Neyveli) and ated to turn the turbine
many more through steam which pro-

duces electrical energy
2. All usage of electrical en-

ergy
ii. Hydro Bhakra Nangal, Damodar 1. In this by making dams
electric valley project, Kopili Hydel on the rivers water level
project is raised and then made to

fall to turn the turbine to pro-
duce the electricity.

ergy

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
1. Atomic Energy Uttar Pradesh(Narora), 1. In this large amount of
Gujrat (Kakrapara), heat energy is generated by
Maharashtra(Tarapur), altering the atomic structure
Karnatak(Kaiga), of materials like Uranium or
Tamilnadu(Kalpakkam) Thorium chemically and

from that heat electrical en-
ergy is generated by turning
the turbines.

ergy
2. Solar Energy 1. Photovoltaic technology
converts Sunlight directly

into electrical energy.
2. Clean source of energy.

ergy
3. Wind Energy Tamilnadu (Nagarcoil to
Madurai), Rajasthan 1. Windmills are turned by
(Jaisalmer), Andhra the power of winds to turn
Pradesh, karnataka, Gujrat, the turbine to produce
Kerala, Lakshadweep electricity.

ergy

4. Bio Gas 1. By the degradation of or-
ganic materials gas is pro-
duced whose thermal effi-
ciency is more in compari-
son to kerosene, dung cake
and charcoal.
2. Boon to rural areas,
3. Residues are used as

manure
4. In gas lamps for lighting.
5. Tidal Energy Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of 1. Oceanic waves and tides
Kuchchh, Gangetic delta in are used to produce electricit
Sunderban of West Bengal, 2. Clean source of energy.

ergy
6. Geo Thermal Himachal Pradesh(Mani- 1. Generation of electricity by
Energy karan), Ladhak (Puga Valley) using the heat of the interior
of the earth.

ergy
Need for the conservation of resources/Minerals
• High rate of consumption • Limited reserves
• Low rate of replenishment • Ill effects on Environment

Methods to conserve Resources/ Minerals
• Reduce • Reuse
• Recycle • Replace
Interesting facts-
• Rat Hole Mining- • Kudremukh- In • After the discovery
In Jowai and Kannada 'kudre' of Aluminium Em-
Cherapunji of means horse. The peror Napoleon III
North-Eastern In- highest peak in the wore buttons and
dia mining is done western ghats of hooks on his cloths
by family mem- the Karnataka re- made of aluminium
bers in the form of sembles the face and served food to his
a long narrow tun- of a horse Similarly more illustrious
nel, known as rat the Bailadila hills guests in aluminium
hole mining. Na- look like the hump utensils. Thirty years
tional Green Tribu- of an ox and hence after this incident alu-
nal had declared it its name. minium bowls were
as Illegal. most common with
the beggars in Paris.
Very Short answer type Questions(1 Marks each)
Choose the correct option in Q.no. 1 and 2-
1. Which of the following is the highest quality hard coal
(a) Bituminus (b) Anthrasite
(c) Lignite (d) None of the above

2. Which of the following is used as raw material in the cement industry?
(a) Lime stone (b) Coal
(c) Mica (d) Aluminium
Re write the sentence after correcting the underlined facts in question

no. 3 and 4-
3. Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh is famous for coal mine.
4. Geothermal energy plant is situated in kaiga in Karnataka.
In no. 5-8 an assertion (A) and its reason (B) is given below. Read the
following statements and choose the right answer from the options given
below.
Assertion (A): The activities of fishing come under Primary sector.
Reasoning (R): Fishing depends directly upon natural resources.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is the not the correct explanation
of A
(c) A is correct but R is wrong
(d) A is wrong but R is correct
5. Assertion (A): Mica is a non metallic mineral.
Reasoning (R): No metallic properties are present in Mica.
6. Assertion (A): Copper is used to make electrical wire.
Reasoning (R): Copper is insulator of electricity.

7. Assertion (A): Gold and silver is found as 'placer deposite'.
Reasoning (R): These are low reactive metal.
8. Assertion (A): Solar energy is an example of conventional source of

energy.
Reasoning (R): Solar energy is an example of clean energy.
Fill in the blank in Q.No. 9 and 10-
9. .................... is a source of atomic energy.
10. .................... is the most important industrial ore of iron.
11. What is ore?
12. What is meant by metallic ore?
13. Write one method of conservation of energy.
14. Why is Tidal energy called as clean source of energy?
15. Why is coal called as the fossil fuel?
3/5 Marks Questions
1. How are minerals useful to us? Explain with examples.
2. How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
3. Differentiate between ferrous and non- ferrous minerals.
4. What is the difference between Thermal electricity and Hydro elec-

tricity?
5. Why is conservation of resources necessary?

6. Write in brief about the different methods of conservation of energy?
7. Write short note on the distribution of coal in India.
8. What a short note on the distribution of iron belts in India.
9. The future of solar energy is bright in India'. Evaluate.
10. 'Mining is a risky industry.' Justify this statement.
11. Which gas pipeline is called as the artery of the gas transportation
and why?
12. "Biogas is a boon to rural areas'. Elaborate this statement.
Source based Questions (4 Marks)-
We use different things in our daily life made from metal. Can you list a
number of items used in your house made of metals. Where do these met-
als come from? You have studied that the earth's crust is made up of differ-
ent minerals embedded in the rocks. Various metals are extracted from
these minerals after proper refinement. Minerals are an indispensable part
of our lives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building
or a big ship, all are made from minerals. The railway lines and the tarmac
(paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from
minerals. Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals
and run on power resources derived from the earth. Even the food that we
eat contains minerals. In all stages of development, human beings have
used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and cer-
emonial rites.
(i) Where do we get metals?

(ii) Write two uses of minerals from your day to day life.
(iii) How minerals affected the different stages of development of human

being?
(iv) Write two energy resources that we get from the earth.
2. Read the extract and answer the following quest ions-
We all appreciate the strong dependence of industry and agriculture

upon mineral deposits and the substances manufactured from them. The
total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e.
one per cent of the earth's crust. We are rapidly consuming mineral re-
sources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated.
The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of
replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of con-
sumption. Mineral resources are, therefore, finite and non-renewable. Rich
mineral deposits are our country's extremely valuable but short-lived pos-
sessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as min-
eral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality. A
concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a
planned and sustainable manner. Improved technologies need to be con-
stantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs. Recycling of
metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving
our mineral resources for the future.
(i) What do you understand by sustainable development?
(ii) How can we use recycling method in the conservation of minerals?
(iii) Why do we need to conserve minerals? Give any one reason.
(iv) Why is the rate of replenishment low for the formation of minerals?

Answers
1. (b)
2. (a)
3. Geothermal energy
4. Atomic energy
5. (a)
6. (c)
7. (a)
8. (d)
9. Urenium/Thorium
10. Hematite
11. Naturally occurring substances from which minerals can be extracted

profitably.
12. Those minerals in which part of metals are found are called metallic
minerals.
13. Reduce/reuse/recycle/replace/ any other
14. No harm to environment
15. Because it is formed by the decomposition of fossils that buried deep

into the earth millions of year ago.
3/5 Marks

2. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks,
crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins
and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when
minerals in liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced upward
through cavities towards the earth's surface. They cool and solidify
as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead
etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.
1. A. From daily life
B. Student will give usage from their day to day life
C. Decoration, festivities and religions ceremonies
D. Coal, Petrolium etc.

2. Student will solve themself after reading the extracts.
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Map is not on Scale

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Chapter 6
Manufacturing Industries
Points to Remember:
Production of more valuable goods in large quantities after processing the

raw material is called manufacturing. The extensive form of manufacturing
is called Industry.

Aluminium Smelting
• Aluminium Smelting is the second most important metallurgical in-

dustry in India.
• It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, mailable

and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
• Aluminium smelting plants in India are located in Odisha, West Ben-

gal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh ,Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Two key need areas for the establishment of this industry are-

• Uninterrupted power supply,
• Availability of cheap raw material.
Chemical Industry
• Both organic and inorganic types of chemicals are produced in India.
• Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manu-

facturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs
and pharmaceuticals.
• Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkaline, soda

ash.
• It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP.
• It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world.
Fertiliser Industry
• The fertilizer industry is centered around the production of nitrogenous

fertilizers (mainly Urea), Phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phos-
phate (DAP) and complex fertilizers.
• Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves
of commercially usable potassium compound.
• After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other

part of the country.
Automobile Industry
• Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transportation of goods and

passengers.

• After the liberalization the coming in of new and contemporary mod-
els stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market.
• The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune,

Chennai, etc.
Information Technology and Electronic Industry
• It covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television,

telephone, cellular telecom, pager, telephone exchange, radars. Com-
puters and many more equipment.
• Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
• The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the
success of IT industry in India.
Methods to Control Pollution
• Use of three R's (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
• Rainwater harvesting
• Treatment of Industrial waste

• Use of renewable sources of energy
• Development of new techniques which is durable and cause less pol-

lution.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)
1. What is manufacturing?
2. What are the importance of manufacturing industry?
3. What are the factors affecting the location of industries? (State any
one)
4. What is Basic Industry?
...................... is developed as electronic capital of India.
6. Assertion (A): Iron and steel industry is called a basic industry.
Reasoning (R): Every other industries-light, medium or heavy indus-

tries are dependent on it.
3/5 Marks
1. Write three physical factors of the location of industry.
2. Write three human factors of the location of industry.
3. Differentiate between Public sector and Private sector industries.
4. Why manufacturing industries are called the backbone of the eco-

nomic development of India?
5. Agriculture and Industries are not exclusive of each other but are
supplementary. Elaborate.

6. How did the liberalisation and foreign direct investment contribute in
the growth of automobile industry? Elaborate.
7. Explain the different steps taken by the industries for reducing envi-
ronmental pollution.
8. What is the contribution of Information Technology in the economic

development of India?
9. 'Urbanisation and industrialization go hand in hand.' Explain the state-

ment.
1. Read the extract and answer the following questions
Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the interna-

tional market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like
Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. However, the internal
demand has been on the increase due to the Government policy of manda-
tory use of jute packaging. To stimulate demand, the products need to be
diversified. In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective
of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the
jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare. The main markets are
U.S., Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia. The growing
global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has once
again opened the opportunity for jute products.
(i) Which Industry the paragraph is talking about?
(a) Cotton (b) Sugar
(c) Jute (d) Silk

(ii) What is/are the major challenge/s to the industry mentioned in the
paragraph?
(a) International competition (b) Synthetic substitute
(c) Both (d) None of these
(iii) When was the National Jute Policy formulated?
(a) 2004 (b) 2005
(c) 2006 (d) 2001
(iv) What is the cause of increase in demand of the product?
(a) Government policy of mandatory use in packaging
(b) Diversifying the products
(c) Global concern for environment
(d) All of the above
Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by avail-

ability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. It is rarely
possible to find all these factors available at one place. Consequently, manu-
facturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the
factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower
cost. After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, in-
dustries are located in or near the cities. Thus, industrialisation and
urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities provide markets and also provide
services such as banking, insurance, sport, labour, consultants and finan-
cial advice, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to

make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers known as ag-
glomeration economies.
(i) Industrial locations are influenced by-
(a) Availability of raw material (b) Labour
(c) Capital (d) All of these
(ii) What do cities provide to industry?
(a) Market (b) Labour
(c) Banking (d) All of these
(iii) Choose the correct statement-
(a) Industrialisation led to urbanisation
(b) urbanization led to the growth of industries
(c) Both are correct (d) None of these are correct
(iv) Write a summary of the given paragraph in your own word.
Answers
Very Short Answer Type (1 Mark)
6. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

3/5 Marks
4. (a) Provides goods for day to day life.
(b) Provides employment to other sectors
(c) Helps in the modernization of agriculture
(d) Helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
(e) Income through foreign exchange.
(f) Increase in national income
1. (i) (c) Jute (ii) (c) Both
(iii) (b) 2005 (iv) (d) All of the above
2. Students will do on their own.

Software technology park
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Chapter 7
Lifelines of National Economy
Points to remember:
• India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating
to about 56 lakh km.

Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
• A Six lane Super Highway which connects Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-

Mumbai-and Delhi.
• The North South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and
Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu).
• The East-West corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander

(Gujrat).
• The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time

and distance between the mega cities of India.
• These highway projects are being implemented by the National High-

way Authority of India (NHAI).
National Highways
• It link extreme parts of the country.
• These are primary road systems.
• These are laid and maintained by the Central Public works Depart-
ment (CPWD)
State High Ways
• It links state capital with different district headquanters.
• These are constructed and maintainsed by state Public works de-

partment (PWD)

District Roads
• These roads connect the district headquarters with other place of the
district.
• These roads are maintainsed by the zila Panished.
Other Roads
• These roads link runal areas and village with towns.
• These roads recevied sapecial impetum under the Pradhan Mantri

Gremeen Sadak Yojana.
Border Roads
• These roads are constructed at border areas of country and main-

tained by a government of India undertaking. Border Road
orgainsetion.
• This orgainsation was established in 1960 for the development or roads

of strategic importance in the Northern and north-eastern border area.
• These have improved acceribility is areas of difficult terrain and helped

in the economic development of these areas.
Railways
• Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and pas-
sengers in India.
• It also makes it possible to conduct multifarious activities like busi-

ness, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over
longer distances.

• It has been a great integrating force along with accelerating the de-
velopment of industry and agriculture.
• The Indian Railways is now reorganized into 16 zones.
Problems-
• Travelling without ticket.
• Theft and damaging of railway property.
• Pulling the chain unnecessarily.
• Late running of trains.

Pipelines
• In the past these were used to transport water to cities and industries.
• Now are being used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products,
and natural gas from oil.
• Transportation of solids after converting it into rlung.Important Net-

work or pirelines.
• From upper Assam to Kanpur.
• From salaya in gujarat to Jalandhar.
• Hazire is Gujarat to Jagedishpur is uttar pradesh via Vijaipur.

Major ports on the Western Coast of India
Name of Ports State Features

Kandla (Deendayal Gujarat First port developed soon
Port) after Independence. It is tidal
port.
Mumbai Maharashtra Largest port in india
Jawahar lal Nehru Port Planned with a view to de-
(Mumbai) Maharashtra congest the Mumbai port and
serve as a hub for this region.
Marmagao port Goa Accounts 50% of India's Iron
ore export.
New Mangalore Karnataka Caters to the export of iron
ore concentrates from
Kudremukh mines.
Kochi Kerala Located at the entrance of a
lagoon with a natural harbor.
Major ports on the Eastern Coast of India
Name of Ports State Features
Tuticorin Tamil Nadu Natural harbour
Chennai Tamil Nadu Oldest artificial port
Vishakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Deepest landlocked and
well protected port
Paradwip Odisha Export of Iron ore
Kolkata West Bengal Inland riverine port, being a
tidal port it requires a con-
stant dredging of Hoogly
Haldia West Bengal Developed as a subsidiary
port, in order to relieve growing
pressure on the Kolkata port

Airways
• Fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transportation.
• It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts,
dense forests and along oceanic stretches with great ease.
• Very helpful for North-Eastern states.
• The air transport was nationalized in 1953.
• Air India provides International air services while Indian airlines pro-
vide domestic services.
• It is also used to provide relief during any natural calamities. Prob-
lems
Problems
• Expensive
• Dependent on seasonal conditions

International Trade
• The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is re-

ferred to as trade.
• Trade between two countries is called International trade.
• All the countries are dependent on international trade as availability

of resources are regional and its distribution is unequal.
• Import and Export are the component of the trade.
• The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its export

and import.
• When the value of export exceeds the value of imports it is called a

favourable balance of trade.
• On the contrary if the value of import exceeds the value of export, it is

termed as unfavourable balance of trade.
International Trade Local Trade
Between two country Between, villages, towns or in-

side a country.
On large scale On small scale
Exchange of foreign currency Trade in same currency
Fulfill the need of the whole country Fulfill the need of a specific re-
gion.
Transport and communications are supplementary to each otner
• Efficiency of transportation and communication converted the world

into a global village.

• Connection of local and foreign trade accelerated the development
of economy of the world.
• Lives of the people become more comfortable.
Tourism as a Trade
• More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism in-
dustry.
• It promotes national integration and provides support to local handi-
crafts and cultural pursuits.
• Helps in the development of international understanding about our
culture and heritage.
• Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adven-
ture tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
• Thus it also increases the national income in foreign exchange.
Important Airports of India
Raja Sansi (Sri Guru Ramdas Jee International Airport) Amritsar

(Punjab)
Indira Gandhi International Airport New Delhi
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport Mumbai

(Maharashtra)
Meenambakam (C. N. Anndurai International Airport) Chennai

(Tamil Nadu)
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Kolkata

(West
Bengal
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad

(Telangana)

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)
1. When and where was the first rail steamed off in India?
2. What are the components of international trade?
3. Which is an important port of India for the export of iron ore?
4. Which is the first port developed after Independence of India?
5. What is the coastline extent of India?
6. Which is the busiest railway junction in northern India?
7. Give an example of first class mail.
8. Which is the longest gas pipeline in India?
9. Rewrite the statement after correcting the underlined word-
The trade between two nations is called local trade.
10. Identify the incorrect match-
Meenam Bakkam – Airport
Kandla – Port
Silcher to Porbander – East-west corridor
Delhi to Haldia – National waterways no.1
11. Which one of the following is the fastest and most comfortable mode
of transportation?
(a) Roadways (b) Airways
(c) Waterways (d) Railways

12. National waterways no.1 connects ....................... to .....................
13. State True or False for the following statement-
The Headquarter of Northern railway is at Delhi.
14. An assertion (A) and its reason (B)is given below. Read the following
statements and choose the right answer from the options given be-
low.
Assertion (A): The reduction in the share market in one country af-
fects many other countries of the world.
Reasoning (R): International trade has bind the economy of the world.
of A
(c) A is correct but R is incorrect
(d) R is correct but A is incorrect
15. An assertion (A) and its reason (B)is given below. Read the following
statements and choose the right answer from the options given be-
low.
Assertion (A): Roadways are more beneficial than railways.
Reasoning (R): Its construction cost is low.
of A

(c) A is correct but R is incorrect
(d) R is correct but A is incorrect
3/5 Marks
1. Write any three advantages of means of communication.
2. Define pipeline transportation and also write its advantages.
3. Write the features of Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways.
4. Write any three railway zones and their Headquarter.
5. Why is Roadways more important than Railways?
6. Explain the importance of Airways.
7. What are the challenges faced by Roadways?
8. Explain the uneven distribution of railways?
9. How is Tourism as industry or trade helpful in the development of

economy?
10. Classify the roads of India on the basis of their capacity?
11. Distinguish between International trade and local trade.
12. Why is different means of transport and communication called as the

lifelines of the economy?
13. Which mode of transport is widely used in the North- Eastern states
of India? Give four reasons for the use of that means of transport in
those states.

14. 'Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its eco-
nomic prosperity.' Explain.
15. 'Transport and communication are complementary to each other.' Ex-

plain.
For a long time, trade and transport restricted to a limited space. With
the development in science and technology the area of influence of trade
and transport expanded far and wide. Today, the world has been converted
into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport. Trans-
port has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed com-
munication system. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are
complementary to each other.
Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size,
diversity and . linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, wa-
terways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been
contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways. The trades from
local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy. It has
enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facili-
ties for the comforts of life.
(i) Which one of these is responsible for expansion of area of influence

of trade?
(a) Development of science and technology

(b) Developed communication system
(c) Both
(d) None of these

(ii) Which one of the following is not responsible for the socio-economic
progress of India?
(a) Population (b) Railways
(c) Radio (d) Internet
(iii) What do you understand by the term 'large village' used in the para-
graph?
The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads.
Distribution of road is not uniform in the country. Density of all roads varies
from only 12.14 km in Jammu and Kashmir to 517.77 km in Kerala (as on
31 March 2011) with the national average of 142.68 km (31 March 2011).
Road transportation in India faces a number of problems. Keeping in view
the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. About
half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy
season. The National Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the road-
ways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts
are old and narrow. However, in recent years fast development of road net-
work has taken place in different parts of the country.
(i) Distribution of road is not uniform in the country because of-
(a) Variable terrain (b) Large population

(c) Both (d) None of these
(ii) Which one of the following state has highest road density in India?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh (b) Assam
(c) Meghalaya (d) Kerala

(iii) What is the cause of restricted use of about half of the roads during
rainy season?
Answers
Very Short Answers (1 Mark)
1. 16 April 1853, Mumbai to Thane
2. Import and Export
3. Marmagao
4. Kandla
5. 7516.6 km
6. Mughal sarai (Pandit. Deen dayal Upadhyay Junction)
7. Card
8. Hazira- Vijaypur- Jagdishpur
9. International trade
10. Delhi to Haldia -National waterways no.1
11. Airways
12. Prayagraj(Allahabad) to Haldia
13. True

(3/5 Marks)
1. See points to remember.
4. Northern Railway- Delhi, Western Railway- Mumbai, Southern Rail-

way- Channai
Source Based (4 Marks)
1. (i) (c) Both
(ii) (a) Population

(iii) With the help of efficient and fast moving transport and commu-
nication the countries all over the world are connected very closely
to form like a large village
(iv) Students will do by their own
2. Students will do by their own.
Map is Not on Scale

Map is Not on Scale

Chapter 1
Power Sharing
Points to remember:
• The idea of power sharing is naturally linked to democracy.
• Most of the societies around the world are having diversity based
on religion, race, caste, language etc. Therefore, due respect should
be given to all the diverse groups and views that exist in a society.
In Belgium
59% population lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch. Another
40% people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.
• In the capital city Brussels, 80% are French speaking while 20% are
Dutch speaking.
• The minority French speaking community was relatively rich and pow-
erful.
• This led to the tension between the two communities in 1950s and
1960s.
• Dutch speaking people were in the majority in the country but were in
minority in the capital Brussels.
• Between 1970 and 1993, FOUR amendments were brought in the

Belgian constitution so as to bring an arrangement that would en-
able everyone to live together within the same country.

• Between 1970 and 1993, FOUR amendments were brought in
the Belgian constitution so as to bring an arrangement
that would enable everyone to live together within the same
country.

Sri Lanka
• Like other nations in the South Asia region, Sri Lanka has a diverse
population.
• Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948.
• The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance

over government by virtue of their majority.
• As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series

of Majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.

• All these measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased
the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. The distrust
between the two communities turned into widespread conflict and
soon it turned into a Civil War.
• We saw contrasting forms of power sharing through the examples of

Belgium and Sri Lanka. In Belgium, the constitution was amended so
as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live
together within the same country.
• In Sri Lanka, Majoritarianism measures were adopted which led to

alienation among the Tamils. This turned into a civil war. .
• Hence, it can be said that power sharing is necessary. Following points

can be given in favour of power sharing.

1 Mark Question
1. A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in

whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the
minority is:
(a) Power Sharing (b) Central Government
(c) Majoritarianism (d) Community Government
2. In Belgium, there were tensions between the Dutch-speaking

and_____ speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s.
(a) German (b) French
(c) English (d) Russian
3. Most of the Sinhala speaking people of Sri Lanka are _____.
(a) Christians (b) Hindus
(c) Buddhists (d) Muslims
4. Which of the following statements are true about power sharing?
(a) Power is shared among different organs of government.
(b) Power can be shared among governments at different levels.

(c) Power may also be shared among different social groups.
(d) All the above statements are true.
5. Which of the following statements about Power Sharing is false?
(a) Power sharing helps in reducing the conflicts between social

groups.
(b) Power sharing is a good way to help in establishing political or-

der.
(c) Power sharing is not the spirit of democracy.
(d) All the above are false.
6. Which is the official religion of Sri Lanka?
7. Which language is spoken by 80 percent of people in Brussels?
8. Which major social group constituted the largest share in population

of Sri Lanka?
9. Give an example of power shared among different social groups?
10. Which Community is relatively rich and powerful in Belgium?
11. Where is the headquarter of the European Union?
12. Which two main languages are spoken in Belgium?
13. Rewrite the statement after correcting the underlined phrase.
In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Tamil as the only official

Language in Sri Lanka.

rect option:
Assertion(A)- There was a feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan

Tamils.
Reasoning(R)- The Sri Lankan Government denied them equal po-

litical rights and discriminated against them in getting jobs and other
opportunities.
Option
(b) Both A and R are true and but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(d) A is wrong but R is correct.
rect option:
Assertion (A)- Tyranny of majority is highly desirable.
Reasoning (R)- It helps in making the political order more stable.
Option
(d) Both A and R are incorrect

3/5 marks Questions
1. Why is power sharing desirable? Explain three forms of power shar-

ing in modern democracies with example.
2. How majoritarianism resulted in social tension in Sri Lanka?
3. “Sharing of power makes a country more powerful and united”? Jus-

tify the statement.
4. Highlight any three measures adopted by the Belgium government to

accommodate regional and cultural diversities.
5. What do we learn from the stories of power sharing of Belgium and

Sri Lanka?
6. ‘Majoritarianism increased the feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan

Tamils? Explain.
7. Compare the ways in which Belgium and Sri Lankans have dealt with
cultural diversity.
8. “Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.” Justify the statement

with four suitable arguments.
9. How did the Belgium government solve its ethnic problem.
10. What do you mean by system of the ‘checks and balances in a de-
mocracy?
The idea of power-sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of

undivided political power. For a long time, it was believed that all power of

a government must reside in one person or group of persons located at
one place. It was felt that if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be
possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them. But these notions
have changed with the emergence of democracy. One basic principle of
democracy is that people are the source of all political power. In a democ-
racy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-government. In a
good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and
views that exist in a society.
(a) What is the basic principle of Democracy?
(b) Why did idea of power sharing emerge?
(c) ‘It would not be possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them
in Democracy.’ Do you agree with the statement? Give argument in
favour of your-answer.
Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The leaders of

the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by
virtue of their majority. As a result, the democratically elected government
adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.
In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official lan-
guage, thus disregarding Tamil. The governments followed preferential
policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and gov-
ernment jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and
foster Buddhism.
(a) Define the term ‘Majoritarianism?
(b) Mention three steps taken by Sri Lankan Government to impose

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka.

Answers
Very Short answer type questions (1 Marks each)
1. Community government of Belgium.
1. (c) Majoritarianism
2. (b) French
3. (c) Buddhists
4. (d) All the above statements are true.
5. (c) Power sharing is not the spirit of democracy.
6. Buddhism
7. French
8. Sinhala
9. The community govt, of Belgium.
10. French speaking
11. Brussels
12. Dutch and French
13. Sinhala
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
15. (d) Both A and R are incorrect

3/5 Marks Questions
1. See Points to remember
Source based Questions (4 Marks)
1. (a) people are the source of all political power.
(b) In opposition to the notions of undivided political power.
(c) No, it’s possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them in
Democracy.
2. Will be solved by the students themselves after reading the extract.

Chapter 2
Federalism
Points to remember:
• Federalism:Federalism is a system of government in which the power

is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of
the country.
• In the previous chapter through the examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka
we have studied about power sharing. There we saw that through the
constitutional amendment of 1993 Belgium shared the power with
different ethnic groups and solved the problem of conflicts on the other
hand Sri Lanka acted opposite and the result was civil war.

Federal Government Unitary Government
Two or more levels of governments. Only one level of government or the

sub-units are subordinate to the
central government.
Central government cannot order Central government can order the

the state government to do state government to do something.
something.
State government has powers of State governments are answer-
its own for which it is not answerable able to central government
to the central government.
Examples- India, Canada, Germany Example- France, China, Japan
• India emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody

partition. Soon after Independence several princely states became
the part the country. The constitution clearly provided a threefold dis-
tribution of legislative powers between the Union government and state
government. These are-

Union List State List Concurrent list
It includes the subjects It contains subjects of It includes subjects of
of national importance State and local common interest to
such as-defense, importance such as both the Union
foreign affairs, banking, police, trade, commerce, government as well as
communications and agriculture and irrigation. the state governments
currency. These matters The state government such as education,
are included in this list alone can make laws forest trade unions,
as it needs a uniform relating to the subjects marriage, adoption and
policy throughout the mentioned in this list. succession. Both the
country. The union Earlier there were only 66 union and the state
Government alone can subjects but presently it government can make
make laws relating to includes 61 subjects. laws on the subjects
the subjects mentioned mentioned in the list. If
in the union list. Earlier their laws conflict with
there were only 97 each other the law
subjects but presently it made by the central
includes 100 such government will prevail.
subjects. Earlier there were only
47 subjects but
presently it includes 52
subjects.
• What about subjects that do not fall in any of the three lists? Or sub-
jects like computer software that came up after the constitution was
made? According to our constitution the union government has the
power to legislate on these ‘Residuary subjects’.
• The sharing of power between the Union government and the state
government is basic to the structure of the constitution. It is not easy

to make changes to this power sharing arrangement. The parliament
cannot on its own change this arrangement. Any change to it has to
be first passed by both the Houses of the Parliament with at least
two- thirds majority. Then it has to be rectified by the legislatures of at
least half of the total states.
• In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts
and the Supreme courts make a decision. The Union and state gov-
ernments have the power to raise resources by levying taxes in order
to carry on the government and the responsibilities assigned to each
of them.
Linguistic States
• The creation of Linguistic states was the first and a major test for
democratic politics in our country.
• Boundaries of many previous states were changed in order to create
new states.
• When the demand for the formation of states on the basis of language
was raised, some national leaders feared that it would lead to the
disintegration of the country.
• The central government resisted linguistic States for sometime but
the experience has shown that the formation of linguistic states has
actually made the country more united.
• It has also made administration easier.
• Some states were created not on thebasis of language but to recog-

nize difference based on the culture, ethnicity or geography.

Language Policy
• A second test for Indian federation is the language policy.
• Our constitution did not give the status of national language to any
one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi
is the mother tongue of only about 40 % of Indian therefore there were
many safeguard to protect other languages.
• Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Sched-

uled Language by the constitution.
• A candidate in an examination conducted for the central government

positions may opt to take the examination in any of these languages.
• States too have their own official languages. Much of the government
work takes place in the official language of the concerned states.
• According to the Constitution the use of English for official purposes

was to stop in 1965 but many non-Hindi speaking states demanded
that the use of English continue.
• In Tamilnadu this movement took a violent form. The Central Govern-

ment responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along
with Hindi.
• Many critics think that this solution favoured the English- speaking
elite.
• Promotion of Hindi continues to be the official policy the Government

of India. Promotion does not mean that the central Government can
impose Hindi on States where people speak a different language.
• The flexibility shown by the Indian political leaders helped our country
avoid the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in.

Centre- State relation
• How the constitutional arrangements for sharing power works in real-

ity depends to a large extent on how the ruling parties and leaders
follow these arrangements.
• For a long time the same party ruled both at the centre and in most of
the states. This meant that the State Governments did not exercise
their rights as autonomous federal units.
• As and when the ruling party at the State level was different, the par-
ties that ruled at the Centre tried to undermine the power of the States.
In those days, the central Government would often misuse the Consti-
tution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by the
rival parties.
• This undermined the spirit of federalism. All this changed significantly

after 1990. This period saw the rise of regional political parties in
many States of the country. This was also the beginning of the era of
Coalition Governments at the centre.
• Since no single party got clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major
national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties includ-
ing several regional parties to form a government at the centre.
• This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the au-
tonomy of State Governments.
• This trend was supported by a major judgement of the Supreme Court

that made it difficult for the Central Government to dismiss state gov-
ernments in an arbitrary manner.
• Thus federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in the
early years after the constitution came into force.

Gram Panchayat
• Rural local government is popularly known by the name of Panchayati

Raj.
• Each village or a group of village in some states has a gram

Panchayat.
• This is a council consisting of several ward members often called

panch and a president or Sarpanch.
• They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward
or village.
• It is the decision making body for the entire village. The Panchayat
works under the overall supervision of gram Sabha. It has to meet at
least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget of the
gram Panchayat and to review the performance of the gram
Panchayat.
Panchayat Samiti
• The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A

few gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is usually

called a Panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this
representative body are elected by all the Panchayat members in
that area.
Zila Parishad
• All the Panchayat samities or mandals in a district together constitute

the zila parishad. Most members of the zila parishad are elected.
Members of Lok Sabha and MLA of that district and some other offi-
cials of the other district level bodies are also its members. Zila
parishad chairperson is the political head of the zila parishad.
Municipalities/ Municipal corporations
• Similarly local government bodies exist for urban areas as well. Mu-
nicipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into munici-
pal corporations. Both Municipalities and municipal corporations are
controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives.
Municipal chair person is the political head of the municipality. In a
municipal corporation such an officer is called the mayor.
1 Mark questions
1. Which one of the following countries is good examples of ‘holding

together federation’?
(a) USA (b) Switzerland
(c) Australia (d) India
2. Which of the following countries is an example of ‘coming together’

federation?

(a) India (b) Pakistan
(c) USA (d) Sri Lanka
3. Both the union and the state government can make laws on the sub-
jects mentioned in the:
(a) Union list (b) State list
(c) Concurrent list (d) None of the above
4. Which of the following is not a subject of the Union List?
(a) Foreign affairs (b) Currency
(c) Banking (d) Law and order
5. Rural local government is popularly known as:
(a) Zila Parishad (b) Panchayat Samiti
(c) Panchayati Raj (d) None of the above
6. What is meant by decentralization of power?
7. According to our constitution which level of government can make

laws on the residuary subjects?
8. Write the names of the local self-government in the urban areas.
9. What is the need of local self-government?
10. Rewrite the sentence after correcting the underlined word-
Executive has the power to make laws.
11. What is meant by federalism?
12. What is ‘coming together’ federation? Give examples.

13. What is ‘holding together’ federation? Give examples.
14. What are ‘residuary’ subjects?
15. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. What was
it?
rect option:
Assertion (A)- A major step towards decentralization was taken in

1992 by amending the constitution.
Reason (R)- Constitution was amended to make the third tier of de-
mocracy more powerful and effective.
Option
(a) Both A and R are true and R. is the correct explanation of A.
3/5 Marks Questions
1. What other factors besides politics keep the federations united?
2. Explain democratic policies adopted by Government of India which

made it a successful federation.
3. Compare the federations of coming together type and holding together

type?

4. Explain the organization of the local government bodies of urban ar-
eas.
5. Which policies have strengthened federalism in India?
6. What major steps taken in 1992 towards decentralization?
7. How are the legislative powers divided between the Union govern-
ment and the State Governments?
8. Explain any four features of federalism.
9. Explain the importance of Local Self-Government.
10. Analyse the centre state relation before and after 1990.
11. How did Indian federation tackle the challenge of Language Policy?
12. How is power shared in the coalition government?
13. Write any two achievements and two challenges each of Panchayati
Raj system.
14. ‘The creation of linguistic States was the first and a major test for
democratic politics in our country.’ Justify this statement.
15. What is Gram Sabha? Explain any four works of Gram Sabha?
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided

between a central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usu-
ally, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for
the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common

national interest. The others are governments at the level of provinces or
states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state.
Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other.
In this sense, federations are contrasted with unitary governments. Un-

der the unitary system, either there is only one level of government or the
sub-units are subordinate to the central government. The central govern-
ment can pass on orders to the provincial or the local government. But in a
federal system, the central government cannot order the state government
to do something. State government has powers of its own for which it is not
answerable to the central government. Both these governments are sepa-
rately answerable to the people.
1. Which types of administration is present in India?
(a) Federal (b) Unitary
(c) Despotic (d) None of these
2. What do you understand by the unitary form of government?
3. In which of the following country there is unitary form of government?
(a) India (b) Sri Lanka
(c) Belgium (d) USA
The exact balance of power between the central and the state govern-
ment varies from one federation to another. This balance depends mainly
on the historical context in which the federation was formed. There are two
kinds of routes through which federations have been formed. The first route
involves independent States coming together on their own to form a bigger
unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase

their security. This type of ‘coming together’ federations include the USA,
Switzerland and Australia. In this first category of federations, all the con-
stituent States usually have equal power and are strong vis-a-vis the fed-
eral government.
The second route is where a large country decides to divide its power
between the constituent States and the national government. India, Spain
and Belgium are examples of this kind of ‘holding together’ federations. In
this second category, the central government tends to be more powerful
vis-a-vis the States. Very often different constituent units of the federation
have unequal powers. Some units are granted special powers.
(a) Write an example of coming together, federation.
(b) Write an example of holding together federation.
(c) What do you understand by coming together federation?
Answers
1. (d) India
2. (c) USA
3. (c) Concurrent list
4. (d) Law and order
5. (c) Panchayati Raj
6. Giving powers to local government from centre and state Govern-

ment.
7. Central Government
8. Municipalities and Municipal Corporations

9. To rule over a large country and decentralisation of power.
10. Legislative
11. See the points to remember
14. Subjects which do not fall in any of the three lists(union list,state list
and concurrent list.) are known as ‘residuary’ subjects.
15. The Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy

i.e., local government more powerful and effective.
16. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
3/5 Marks
1. Power sharing arrangements between the central and state govern-

ments
- Independent role of judiciary -Language ethnicity
- Response to conflicting claims and
- Active participation of the people.
2. The powers of the central and state governments have been clearly
separated
- A three-tier system of governance has been approved under

the Union, State and Local governments.
- Some states like Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland have been

given special status so as to maintain their autonomy.

- The fundamental provisions of the Indian Constitution cannot be
unilaterally changed by the Parliament.
- The sources of income of different levels of the government have

been clearly stated in the Constitution to avoid any conflict.
4. (a) Local Government bodies exist in urban areas also. In Towns

there are municipalities and in big cities there are municipal
corporations.
(b) Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled

by elected bodies
(c) Municipality is headed by the chairman and Municipal Corpora-

tion is headed by the mayor.
5. (a) Linguistic States: The formation of linguistic states made the

country more united and stronger.
(b) Language Policy: Indian Constitution did not give the status of
national language to any of the language.
(c) Centre- State Relations: Centre state relations decides the ex-
tent to which the ruling parties and leaders follow the power shar-
ing arrangements.
6. A three tier democracies were introduced in 1992.
A step was taken towards creating rural local self govt.
(1) Regular elections to be held for panchayat
(2) Seats reserved for SC’s and STs OBCs

(3) One third seats reserved for women
(4) State govt to share power and revenue with local bodies.
7. The constitution is supreme in the country and the legislative powers

are divided into various areas of government jurisdiction into three
lists—
• The Union List: Only the Union Government can make laws on
the subjects included in the union list.
• The State List: Only the State Government can make laws on
the subjects included in the state list.
• The Concurrent list: Both governments can make laws on

these subjects. However, in case of any conflict, the law made
by the Union Government will prevail.
8. Two or more levels of government- Union and state government and

local government
Three Lists: The powers are divided between the Centre and the
States by three Lists: Union list, State List and Concurrent list.
Rigid Constitution: For a constitutional provision to be amended, it

requires ratification by half of the State Legislatures, failing which the
Constitution cannot be amended.
Bicameral Legislature: India has a bicameral legislature. One rep-

resents the country and the other represents the interest of the con-
stituent states.
Financial Autonomy: The revenue sources of both the Centre and

States have been clearly defined.

Independent Judiciary: Independent judiciary is the essence of fed-
eral government.
1. (a) Federal
(b) One level of government while other sub-units works under it.
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Students will solve themselves
2. After reading the extract student will solve themselves.

Chapter 3
Democracy And Diversity
Considered
Transparency
is accountability
Public in Decision making

Making
Identity.
Politics of Social Division
 Social divisions lead to political divisons that result in conflicts and

violence.

 Effect of social divisons on voting behaviour.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Consider the following statements which of the statements is/are cor-

rect?
(A) Social divisons take place when social difference overlap.
(B) It is possible that a person can have multiple identities.
(C) Social division exist in ony big countries like India.
(a) A, B and C are correct
(b) A and B are correct
(c) B and C are correct
(d) Only C is corrects
2. In dealing with social division which one of the following statement is

not correct about democracy?
(a) Due to political competition in a democracy, social division get

reflected in polities.
(b) In a democracy, it is possible for communities to voice their griev-

ances in a peaceful manner.

(c) Democracy is the best way to accommodate social diversity.
(d) Democracy always leads to disintegration of society on the ba-

sis of social divisions.
Answers
1. (b) A and B
2. (d) Democracy always leads to disintegration of society on the basis

of social divisions.
3. Fill in the blanks :
(i) _____ social differences create possiblities of deep social

divisons and tensions.
(ii) _____ scial differences do not usually lead to conflicts.
(iii) Racism is the _____ on the basis of colour of skin.
(iv) Any body who shift from one region to another region within the
country or another country for work or other economic opportu-
nities is called ____ .
(v) The main religion of people in Northern Ireland is ____ .
Answers
1. Overlapping,
2. Cross-Cutting,
3. Discrimination,

4. Migrant
5. Roman Catholic
Match the Column
A B
(A) Main religions of the people in (A) Mexico City
Northern Ireland
(B) Main religions of the people (B) African-Americans
(C) Tommie Smith and John Carlos (c) Roman Catholic
(D) Olympics in 1968 (D) Protestant
Answers (A) c (B) D (C) B (D) A
Short Answers Questions
1. What is homogeneous Society.
2. Define Migrants
3. How has the San Jose State university honoured Smith and Carlos ?
4. What do you understand by Civil Rights Movement in the USA (1954-

1968) ?
5. What do you understand by Black Power Movement in the USA ?
6. What was the objectives of the athelaties protest at the Mexico Olym-
pics ?
7. Who was Peter Norman and what did he wear at the Medal Cer-
emony?

8. Mention two similarities between Tommie Smith and John Carlos?
9. Why were the medals taken back fom Tommie Smith and Carlos ?
10. Why should people have multiple identities ?
Answers
1. Homogeneous Society : A soceity that has similar kinds of people

especially where there are no significant ethnic difference.
2. Migrant : As per the notes.
3. Prepare you answer from notes.
Long Answer Questions
1. When does a social difference become a social divison ?
2. How do social divisons affect politics? Give two example.
3. Describe the causes of origin of social difference.

4. Describe the ways in which social divisions are reflected in politics of
a country.
5. What are the difficulties that come in the way of a positive attitude
towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it.
6. Why do the Catholics and protestants have conflicts in Northern Ire-

land and not in Netherlands?
Answers
Studetns will prepare the answer from notes.
Read the Passage and Answer the Questions
''I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation
where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of
their character. Let freedom ring. And when this happens and when we al-
low freedom ring— when we let it ring from every village and hamlet, from
every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of
God's children— black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles Protestants
and Catholics — will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old
Negro Spiritual : 'Free at last! free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free
at last!'' I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out a
dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of
its creed : we hold these truths to be self evident : That all men are created
equal.

Questions
1. Which social division is mentioned in the passage ?
2. What are the aspiration and anxieties mentioned in the passage.
3. Do you see a relationship between the expressions of the passage

and incident in Mexico olympics mentioned in this chapter.
4. Write the words of old Negro spiritual.
Answers
1. Social Divisions : Social division in USA between the Blacks and

White, jews and Genetiles and Protestants and Catholics.
2. Aspiration and Anxieties : Aspire that all human beings must be

free and there should be no discrimination on the basis of colour or
creed. He dream that his children would live in such society.
3. Relationship between speech (expression) and incident in Mexico

Olympic — Medal ceremony
Protest against Black poverty
4. Old Negro spiritual words — free at last! Thank God ......... Created
equal''
Take the case of Northern Ireland that we referred above. The region of

the United Kingdom has been for many years the site of a violent and bitter
ethno-political conflict. Its population is divided into two major sets of Chris-
tianity : 53 percent are protestants and 44 percent are Roman Catholics.
The catholics were represented by Nationalist parties who demanded that
Northern Ireland be Unified with the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly
catholic country. The protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted
to remain with the U.K. Which is predominantly protestants. Hundreds of
civillians, militants and security forces were killed in the fight between union-
ists and Nationalists and between the security forces fo the UK and the
Nationalists. it was only in 1998, that the UK government and the National-
ist reached a peace treaty after, which the latter suspended their armed
struggle.
In Yugoslavia, the story did not have a happy ending. Political competi-
tion along religious ending ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugosla-
via into six independent countries.
Questions
1. What is the main religion of people in Northern Ireland?
2. Who represented catholics ?
3. What was the result of political competition along religious and ethnic
lives in Yugoslavia ?
4. Which is the main religion in the U.K ?

Answers
1. Roman Catholic is the main religions of the people in Nothern Ireland
2. Nationalist Parties.
3. Disintegretion of Yugoslavia into Six independent countries.
4. Protestants.

Chapter 4
Gender, Religions and Caste
Key Points to Remember:
Scheduled Caste: Poor and landless and socially and economi-

cally backward Indians.
Caste Hierarchy: A social structure in which classes are deter-

mined Key Points to Remember:
Scheduled Caste: Poor and landless and socially and economi-

cally backward Indians.
Caste Hierarchy: A social structure in which classes are deter-

mined by heredity i.e., the highest to the lowest caste.
Communalism: (1) A belief in which the followers of a particular

religion believe that their religion is superior to other religion.
(2) A belief that the followers of a particular religion must belong to

one community. Their fundamental interests are the same. Any differ-
ence that they may have been irrelevant or trivial for community life.
Communalism can take various forms in politics as mentioned

below:
1. The most common expression of communalism is in everyday

beliefs involves religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious com-
munities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other
religions.

2. A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance
of one’s own religious community.
3. Political mobilisation on religious lines involves the use of sacred

symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in
order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political
arena.
4. Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal

violence, riots and massacre.
Caste barriers are breaking down in India. Reasons are —
- Efforts of political leaders and social reformers like Gandhiji, Dr.

B.R. Ambedkar who advocated and worked to establish a society
in which caste inequalities are absent.
- Urbanization; growth of literacy and education; occupational mo-

bility
- The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimina-

tion.
- Complete eradication of landlordism
Religion and politics in India:
Gandhiji said, “Religion can never be separated from politics”. By

religion he did not mean any religion like Hinduism or Islam, but moral
values and ethics drawn from religion to guide politics.

Gender
Feminist: A woman or a man, who believes in equal rights and

opportunities for women and men, is called a feminist.
Feminist Movements are radical women’s movements aiming at

attaining equality for women in personal and family life and public
affairs.
Sexual division of labour — all works inside the home done by

women.
• Patriarchal Society — all the power hold by men.
• Representation of women in the legislature (India) is low - about

14% in the LokSabha in 2019.
• 1/3rd reservation has been given to women in the local govern-

ment.
• Feminists and many organisations are demanding reservation of

women in the legislature.
Patriarchy: A system of society in which men hold the power and

women are largely excluded from it.
Discrimination against women: -
- Despite performing better than boys’ parents prefer to spend their

resources on their boy’s education
- a woman works more than an average man every day.
- The Equal Wages Act provides for equal wages for equal work.

But in almost all areas of work women are comparatively paid
less.
– The child sex ratio is very low in India because parents prefer to
have sons so they get the girl child aborted before her birth.
1 Mark Question
1. Patriarchal society means .
(a) a society dominated by men
(b) a society dominated by women
(c) a society where there is equality between men and women
2. In India, the official religion of the state is:
(a) Hinduism
(b) Islam
(c) Christianity
(d) None
3. In which system of elected bodies about one-third seats are re-

served for women?
(a) Panchayats and Municipals
(b) Lok Sabha
(c) State Assemblies
(d) None of these

4. What does caste hierarchy mean?
(a) A shift from rural areas to urban areas
(b) Shift from one occupation to another
(c) A ladder-like formation in which all caste groups are placed

from the highest to the lowest
(d) None of these
5. Who among the following said that religion can never be sepa-
rated from politics?
(a) Acharya Vinoba Bhave
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Sarojini Naidu
(d) Rajendra Prasad
6. What is sexual division of labour?
7. What is the Equal Remuneration (Wages) Act?
8. How did Gandhiji view religion and politics?
9. On what idea is communal politics based?
10. What do you mean by occupational mobility?
11. What does it mean when people say that a caste is a ‘vote bank’of
one party?
12. What is Urbanisation?

13. Name the two well-known social reformers, who worked for the
casteless society in India
14. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statement and choose
the correct option:
Assertion (A)- Earlier, only men were allowed to participate in

public affairs, vote and contest for public offices.
Reason (R)- India is a male-dominated, PATRIARCHAL society,

women face disadvantage, discrimination, and oppression in vari-
ous ways:
Option
(a) Both A and R are true, and R. is the correct explanation of

A.
(b) Both A and R are true and, but R is not the correct explana-
tion of A.
3/5 Marks Questions
1. How can religion be used in politics in a positive manner? Ex-

press your viewpoint.
2. Why are caste barriers breaking down in India? Explain any five
reasons.

3. Explain any five aspects of our day-to-day life in which women
are discriminated against in India.
4. Mention the factors other than caste that matter in electoral poli-
tics.
5. ‘Gender division is not based on biology but on social expecta-

tions and stereotypes.
6. What role does caste play in Indian politics?
7. Explain various forms that communalism can take in politics.
8. What are the positive and negative aspects of relationship be-

tween caste and politics?
9. Describe main features of secular state in India.
Source I
Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility
of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in a
SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR in most families: women do all work
inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring,
looking after children, etc., and men do all the work outside the home.
It is not that men cannot do housework; they simply think that it is for
women to attend to these things. When these jobs are paid for, men
are ready to take up these works. Most tailors or cooks in hotels are

men. Similarly, it is not that women do not work outside their home. In
villages, women fetch water, collect fuel and work in the fields. In urban
areas, poor women work as domestic helper in middle class homes,
while middle class women work in offices. In fact, most women do
some sort of paid work in addition to domestic labour. But their work is
not valued and does not get recognition.
Questions
1. Define Sexual Division of Labour.

2. Give one instance of sexual labour.
3. Name the work, which men wishfully do when they are paid for it.
Source II
Communal politics is based on the idea the religion is the principal

basis of social community. Communalism involves thinking along the
following lines. The followers of a particular religion must belong to one
community. Their fundamental interests are the same. Any difference
that they may have been irrelevant or trivial for community life. It also
follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the
same social community. If the followers of different religions have some
commonalities these are superficial and immaterial. Their interests are
bound to be different and involve a conflict. In its extreme form com-
munalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions
cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either one of them must
dominate the rest or they must form different nations.

Questions
1. Define Communal politics.
2 Define Communalism?
3. How a conflict occurs between communities.
Answer Key
1. (a) a society dominated by men
2. (d) None
3. (a) Panchayats and Municipals
4. (c) A ladder-like formation in which all caste groups are placed

from the highest to the lowest (d) None of these
5. (b) Mahatma Gandhi
7. This Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work
regardless of gender status.
8. According to banamji, religion can never oe separaiea Trom

pontics, vvnai he meant by religion was not any particular reli-
gion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all reli-
gions.
9. Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the princi-

pal basis of social community.

10. Shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new gen-
eration takes up occupations other than those practised by their
ancestors.
11. A large proportion of the voters from that caste vote for that party.
12. In India, hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by ritu-

als and, therefore, caste system was based on exclusion of and
discrimination against the “outcaste” groups.
13. Jyotiba Phule, Dr B. R. Ambedkar.
14. Both A and R are true and, but R is not the correct explanation of
A.
3/5Answer Key
1. Politics should be guided by the ethics and values of religion.
- We should raise our demands as a religious community but

not at the cost of other religions.
- Political leaders should also ensure that religion is not used

as a medium of oppression and discrimination.
2. Efforts of social reformers
- The economic development, large scale urbanization and

occupational mobility
- Spread of literacy and education
- Complete eradication of landlordism

- The constitutional provision of prohibiting caste-based dis-
criminations in every form and providing equal opportunities
3. Literacy rate: Literacy rate: women -65% & Men-82%.
Parents prefer educating spending their resources of education

of a male child rather than a female child.
- Sex ratio: The sex ratio in India is as low as 940 females

per 1000 males. A major reason behind this is that parents
prefer having a male child over a female child.
- Unpaid work: The proportion of highly paid women is very

less when compared to highly paid men. Though on an av-
erage, Indian women work one hour more than men every
day.
- Domestic violence: Women every day in Indian society is

harassed, exploited, and subjected to all sorts of violence
behind the closed doors.
- Female foeticide: In India, a male child is considered a

blessing and a female child is considered a bane. This has
come to an extent where the female child is killed in the
womb of the mother.
4. (i) The voters have strong attachment to political parties which

is often stronger than their attachment to their caste.
(ii) People within the same caste have different interests de-
pending on their economic condition.

(iii) People’s assessment of the performance of the government
and the popularity rating of the lenders matter and often
determine the election results.
5. (i) Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main re-
sponsibility of women is housework and bringing up chil-
dren.
(ii) Women do all work inside the home such as cooking, wash-
ing clothes, etc. and men do all the work outside the home.
(iii) It is not that men cannot do housework; they simply think

that it is for women to do these things.
(iv) In fact, majority of women do some sort of paid work in

addition to domestic labour. But their work is not valued.
(v) Parents prefer to spend their resources on their boy’s edu-

cation rather than spending equally on their daughters.
6. (i) When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in

mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate
candidates from different castes to muster necessary sup-
port to win elections.
(ii) When governments are formed, political parties usually take

care that representatives of different castes and tribes find
a place in it.

(iii) Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals
to caste sentiment to win voters’ support.
(iv) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-

one-vote made political leaders to gear up to the task of
mobilising and securing political support.
(v) it also brought new consciousness among the people of

castes that were treated as inferior and low until this time.
7. (i) Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities

and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other reli-
gions.
(ii) A communal mind aspires for political dominance of one’s

own religious community.
(iii) Political mobilisation on religious lines is also a form of com-

munal politics. This involves the use of religious symbols
and leaders.
(iv) Communal politics sometimes takes the form of communal

violence, riots, and massacre.
8. Positive aspects of caste politics
(1) Dalits and OBC castes to gain better access to decision

making.
(2) Many organisations have been demanding and agitating for

an end to discrimination against castes.

Negative Aspects of caste politics
(1) Politics based on caste identity is not healthy in a democ-

racy. It can disturb social harmony.
(2) It can divert attention from other grave issues like poverty,
development, and corruption.
(3) In some cases, caste division leads to tensions, conflict and

even violence.
9. (a) No official religions in India.
(b) Freedom of religion in India means the freedom of religion

to both individuals and communities.
(c) The constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of

religions.
Answers Source I
1. Sexual division of labour is a system in which all work inside the

home is either done by the women of the family or organised by
them through domestic helpers.
2. Give answer based on your reading.
3. Job of Tailor, Cooks in hotel etc.
Answers Source II
Passage for practice of students.

Chapter 5
Political Parties
Key terms and their meaning
1. Political Parties : A group of people who come together to contest

elections and hold power in the government.
2. Ruling Party : Political party that runs the government.
3. Defection : Changing party allegiance from the party on which a per-
son got elected to a different party.
4. Affidavit : A signed document submitted to an officer where a per-
son makes a sworn statement regarding his/her personal informa-
tion.
5. Partisan : A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or
faction. Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and in-
ability to take a balanced view on an issue.
6. One Party System : In some countries only one party is allowed to
control and run the government. These are called one party system.
For ex. China.
7. Alliance or Front : When several parties in a multi party system join
hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power it is
called an alliance or front.
8. State Funding of Election : The government should give parties
money to support thier election expenses.
9. Components of Political Parties : The political leaders, the active

members and the followers.

10. Opposition Party : The largest non government party or coalition of
parties.
Functions of Political Parties
 To contest elections
 Make policies and programmes
 Make laws
 Run Government
 Play role of opposition
 Launch movements for the resolution
 Introduce welfare schemes
 Shape public opinion
How many parties should we have
 It is not something a country can choose.
 It evolves over a long time.
 Depends on the nature of society its social and religious divisons.
 Depends on its history of politics and system of election.
 It cannot be changed very quickly.

Types of Political Party Systems
Necessity of Political Parties
 Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties

 Without parties every candidate in the elections will be indepen-
dent so no one will be able to make any promises to people about
any major policy change.
 Government may be formed but its utility will remain ever uncertain.
 Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency
for what they do in the locality.
 No one will be responsible for how the country will be run.

Difference between Natioal parties and State Political Parties
National Political Parties State Political Parties
 Present in several or all  Parties which are present in few
federal units of the federation federal units only.
 A party that secures at least  A party that secures at least 6% of
6% of the total votes in Lok the total votes in an election to the
Sabha elections or Assembly Legislative assembly of a state
elections in 4 states.
 Win at least 4 seats in Lok  Wins at least 2 seats in the legis-

Sabha. lative assembly of a state.
National Parties : There were seven recognised national parties in

the country in 2018.
As per latest information after 2019 elections there are 8 national par-
ties in India.
Party Symbol Key features
1. Indian National  Oldest party — played a domi-
Congress nant role in Indian politics many
decads.
 A centrist party, espouses secu-
larism welfare of weaker sec-
tions and minorities.
 Leader of UPA.
 Currently opposition party in Lok
Sabha.

2. Bhartiya Janta  Draws inspiratin form India's
Party ancient culture and values.
 Believes in clutural nationalism
(Hindutva)
 a uniform civil code for all people.
 Currently leads the ruling NDA
Founded in 1980. government of the centre.
3. Bahujan  Seeks to represent and secure
Samaj power for Bahujan Samaj which
Party includes the SCs. Adivasis,
OBCs and religious minorites.
 Draws inspiration from the ideas
and teachings of Shahu Maharaj,
Mahatma Phule, Periyar,
Formed in 1984 Ramaswami Naicker and B.R.
Ambedkar.
 Stands for the cause of securing
the interests and welfare of the
SCs/STs and oppressed people.
4. Communist  Believes in marxism Leninism,
Party of India Secularism and democracy.
 Opposed to forces of secession-
ism and communalism.
 Accepts partiamentary democ-
racy as a means of promoting the
Formed in 1925 interest of working class farmers
poor.

5. Communist  Supports socialism, secularism
Party of India and democracy.
(marxist)  Accepts democratic elections as
useful and helpful means for
securing the objective of socio-
economic justice in India.
Formed in 1964  Critical of new economic policy.
6. All India  Recognised as a national party
Trinamool in 2016.
Congress  Committed to secularism and
federalism.
 Has been in power in West
Bengal since 2011.
Formed in 1988  Also has a presence in Arunachal
Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura.
7. Nationalist  Formed after a split in congress
Congress party on the question of high
Party offices in government to be
confined to natural born
Formed in 1999 citizens of the country.
 Espouses democracy, Gandhian
secularism, equity, social justice
and federalism.
8. National  It was accorded the status of
People's national party on 7 June 2019.
Party  First political party from North
Eastern India to have attained this
status.
Founded in July,  Influence is mostly concentrated
2012 in the state of Meghalaya.

Some Regional Parties of India
States Regional Parties
Jammu and Kashmir J&K National Conference. J&K National

Panthers Party
Uttarkhand Uttarakhand Kranti Party
Punjab Shiromani Akali Dal
Haryana Indian National Lok Dal
Maharashtra Shiv Sena
Goa Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party

United Goans Democratic Party
Karnataka Janta Dal Secular
Kerala Kerala Congress (Mani). Indian Federal

Democratic Party
Tamil Naidu DMK. AIDMK
Andhra Pardesh Telugu Desam
Telangana Bharat Rashtra Samiti
Odisha Biju Janta Dal
Jharkhand Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
West Bengal Trinmool Congress
Tripura Indigenous National Party of Tripura
Mijoram Mijo National Front. Mijoram Nationalist Party

Manipur Manipur People Party
Nagaland Nagaland People Party
Arunachal Pardesh Arunachal Congress
Assam Assam Gan Parishad. Assam United

Democratic Front
Sikkim Sikkim Democratic Front
Bihar Lok Jan Shakti. Rashtriya Janta Dal. Janta Dal (U)
Uttar Pardesh Samajwadi Party. RLD
Delhi Aam Aadmi Party
Some interesting Facts

 First General Election held in India in 1951-52 after Independence.
 Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru became the First Prime Minister of India.
 W.C. Banerjee was the first chairperson of Indian National Congress.
 Shayama Prasad Mukherjee was the first chairperson of Bhartiya
Janta Party.
 Sh. Kanshi Ram was the the first chairperson of Bahujan Samaj Party.
 In 1985 Anti-Defection act comes into the power.
State Parties
meaningful
muscle power choice

record
women
participation
MCQ and Short Answer Type Questions
1. From the ideas and teaching of which of these leaders does BSP
draw inspiration?
(a) Sahu Maharaj
(b) Mahatma Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker
(c) Babasaheb Ambedkar
(d) All the above
2. Which one of the following is not a component of a political party?
(a) The leaders
(b) The followers
(c) The active members
(d) Women

3. Which one of the following countries has multi-party system?
(a) India
(b) China
(c) The United States of America
(d) The United Kingdom
4. Which one of the following is not a national political party?
(a) Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP).
(b) Communist Party of India (CPI).
(c) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP).
(d) Samajwadi Party (SP).
5. What is the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party?
(a) Wants to build a strong and modern India
(b) Uniform Civil Code
(c) Cultural nationalism
(d) All the above
6. Which of the following countries is the example of two-party sys-

tem?
(a) USA (b) UK
(c) India (d) Both (a) and (b)

7. What is a political party?
8. What are the components of a political party?
9. What is the role of opposition in a democracy?
10. Give one merit of multi-party system.
11. What kind of party system exists in India?
12. Why is one-party system not a good option? Explain giving ex-
ample from China?
13. Mention one drawback of the multi-party system.
14. What is defection?
Assertion and Reason based questions
In the questions given below there are two statements marked as As-
rect option.
Options:
(a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation
of (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explana-
tion.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

15. Assertion(A): In recent years the Indian parliament has become
more and more diverse.
Reason(R): The number and strength of state parties has in-

creased.
16. Assertion(A): Anti defection law has helped bring down defec-
tion.
Reason(R): The law says that if any MLA or MP changes parties,

he or she will lose the seat in the legislature.
Answer Key A.l - (d) All the above

A.2. (d) Women
A.3. (a) India
A.4. (d) Samajwadi Party (SP)
A.5 - (d) All the above
A.6- (d) Both(a) and (b)
A.7. A political party is a group of people who come together to con-
test elections and hold power in the government.
A.8. (I) The leaders, (ii) The active members (iii) The followers
A.9. Opposition parties voice different views and criticise the govern-
ment for its failures or wrong policies.
A.10.This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy
political representation.
A.11.Multi - party system exists in India.

A.12.This is not a democratic option. People don't have genuine choice
in one party system.
A.13.The multi-party system often appears very messy and leads to
political instability.
A.14.Defection is changing party allegiance from the party on which a
person got elected to a different party.
A.16.(a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation
of (A)
Democracies that follow a federal system all over the world tend to
have two kinds of political parties: parties that are present in only one
of the federal units and parties that are present in several or all units of
the federation. This is the case in India as well. There are some coun-
try-wide parties, which are called 'national parties'. These parties have
their units in various states. But by and large all these units follow the
same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national
level.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commis-
sion. While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some
special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are
given a unique symbol - only the official candidates of that party can
use that election symbol Parties that get this privilege and some other
special facilities are 'recognised' by the Election Commission for this
purpose. That is why these parties are called, 'recognised political
parties'. The Elections Commission has laid down detailed criteria of

the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a
recognised party. A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total
votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at
least two seats is recognised as a state party. A party that secures at
least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly
elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is
recognised as a national party.
(A) What does the election commission of India allot to all parties so
that they are called 'Recognised political parties'
(a) Emblem
(b) Motif
(c) Symbol
(d) Flag
(B) A Party is called 'National Party' only when it polls of total valid
votes in at least states and in addition it wins Lok Sabha seats
(a) 2%, Four, 4
(b) 6%, Four, 4
(c) 4%, Four, 4
(d) 2%, Four, 3

(C) Analyse the information given below and choose the correct op-
tion:
"One of the oldest parties of the world, founded in 1885 and has
experienced many splits."
(a) Communist party of India (b) All India Trinamool Congress
(c) Indian National Congress (d) nationalist Congress party.
(D) Two regional parties of Bihar are:
(a) Rashtriya Janta Dal, Janta dal (United)
(b) Shiv Sena, Samajwadi Party.
(c) Samajwadi Party, Rashtriya Janta Dal.
(d) Aam Aadmi Party, Rashtriya Lok Dal. Answer key of Source
Based Questions
Ans A- (c) Symbol
Ans B- (b) 6%, Four, 4
Ans. C (c) Indian National Congress
Ans. D (a) Rashtriya Janta Dal, Janta dal (United) 3/5 Marks Ques-
tions
l. State the various functions that political parties perform in a de-

mocracy.
2. What are the various challenges faced by political parties?
3. Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform

their functions well.

4. What is the difference between National and Regional party?
5. How the growing role of money and muscle power in political
party became a threat for democracy?
6. How do political parties help in shaping public opinion?
7. 'Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.'
Analyse the statement with examples.
8. Describe the various types of Party system?
9. Describe the key ideological features of Bhartiya Janta Party?
10. Describe the key ideological feature of All India Trinamool Con-
gress?
Answer Key
A.l (i) They contest elections.
(ii) Parties put forward their policies and programmes for voters to
choose from them.
(iii) Political parties play an important role in the law-making process.
(iv) Political parties form and run governments.
(v) Political parties, which are unable to secure majority and form
the government, play the role of opposition to the party in power.
(vi) They shape public opinion.
A.2. (i) Lack of internal democracy
(ii) Dynastic successions in many political parties. This often

deprives the parties of appropriate leadership.

(iii) Use of money and muscle power for winning elections.
(iv) No significant ideological differences among political par-

ties. So, there is a lack of meaningful choice before the vot-
ers.
A.3. (i) Anti-Defection Law prevents elected MLAs and MPs from
changing parties.
(ii) Now, it is mandatory for every candidate to give details of his

property and criminal cases pending against him.
(iii) Political parties should maintain a register of its members

and have periodic elections for its office bearers.
(iv) They should have one-third seats reserved for women.
(v) There should be state funding of elections.
(vi) People should put pressure on political parties through peti-

tions, publicity and agitations.
A.4.
S. No. National Party Regional Party
(i) Influence all over the country. Limited in region based.
(ii) . Take national as well as Interested in promoting regional/

international issues. state interest only.
(iii) Has to secure at least 6 % of Has the secure at least 6 % of the

the total. votes in the Lok Sabha total votes in an election to the
elections or Assembly elections Legislative Assembly of a state
in four states and win.at least and win at least two seats
four seats in the Lok Sabha. in the state Assembly.

A.5. In India, there is a growing role of money and muscle power in
political parties during elections.
• Political parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or

can raise lots of money.
• Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties, tend to
have influence on the policies and decisions of the party
Parties support criminals who can win elections with his muscle power.
A.6 (i) Political parties help in shaping public opinion. They raise and
highlight issues.
(ii) Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the
country.
(iii) Parties sometimes launch movements and often opinions in the

society develop on the basis of the standpoint taken by the politi-
cal parties.
A.7. every candidate in the elections will be independent. No prom-

ises could be made and the utility of the government formed will
remain uncertain.
• no one will be responsible for running the country. Elected repre-

sentatives will only be accountable to their constituency
• there will be no agency to gather and present different views on

various issues to the government.

• no one will be responsible for bringing various representatives
together so as to form a responsible government.
• there will be no mechanism to support the government, make

policies and justify or oppose them.
A.8.See the Key points to remember.

Chapter 6
Outcomes Of Democracy
Key Points
1. Accountability- An accountable government is answerable to its

citizens. It is responsible for all the decisions it makes on
behalf of its citizens.
2. Political equality is that the equal right should be given to

vote and also to contest in election irrespective of caste,
creed, religion, economic status.

3. Democracy
1. promotes equality among citizens
2. Enhances the dignity of the indivisual
3. lmproves the quality of decision-making
4. Provides a method to resolve conflicts
5. Allows rooms to correct mistakes.
4. Electorate-Group of people who have right to vote in an election.
5. Sovereignty-Supreme power of the state to take decisions in the

internal as well as external matters.
6. Legitimate Government- Legitimate government is a govern-

ment under which law and action of the government are revealed
to the people and government function in a transparent manner.
7. By-election/bypoll- is an election used to fill an office that has

become vacant between general elections.
8. Dictatorship- form of government in which one person or a small

group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional
limitations.
9. In actual life,democracies do not appear to be very successful in

reducing economic inequalities.
10. Democracy stands much superior to any other form of govern-

ment in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.
11. Transparency- A citizen who wants to know if a decision was

taken through the correct procedures can find this out. She has

the right and the means to examine the process of decision making.
This is known as transparency.
MCQ and Short Answer Type Questons
1. Democracy stands much superior to any other form of govern-

ment in promoting
(a) economic growth
(b) dignity and freedom of the individual
(c) economic equality
(d) None of these
2. Decisions taken by which type of government are likely to be

more acceptable to the people and more effective?
(a) Democratic government
(b) Non-democratic government
(c) Military dictatorship
(d) Theocracy
3. Which factor is often missing from a non-democratic government?
(a) Efficiency
(b) Effectiveness
(c) Transparency
(d) None of these

4. Which one of the following is an example of outcomes of a
democracy that produces an accountable government?
(a) Open to public debates on major policies and legislation
(b) Open in promoting economic development
(c) Open in reducing economic inequalities
(d) Open to rulers elected by the people
5. Which one of the following is the most popular form of govern-

ment in the contemporary world?
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Monarchy
(c) Military rule
(d) Democracy
6. To measure democracies on the basis of expected outcomes,

which of the following practices and institutions would one look
for?
(a) Regular, free and fair elections
(b) Open public debate on major policies
(c) Citizens' right to information about the government
(d) All of the above

7. How can you say that democracies are based on political equality?
8. What is transparency in a democracy?
9. Non-democratic rulers are very quick and efficient in decision

making and implementation. What is the reason behind it?
10. Why is there overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all
over the world? Give one reason.
11. What is the most basic outcome of democracy?
State whether the following statements are True or False
12. Decisions taken by non-democratic governments are likely to be

more acceptable to the people and more effective?
13. No regime can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among

different groups.
14. Democracies are very much different from each other in terms
of their social, economic and cultural achievements.
Answer Key
A.l. (b) dignity and freedom of the individual
A.2. (a) Democratic government
A.3 - (c) Transparency
A.4 - (a) Open to public debates on major policies and legislation.
A.5. (d) Democracy
A.6-(d) All of the above

A.7. Democracies are based on political equality as individuals have
equal weight in electing representatives.
A.8. A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of
decision making.
A.9. Non-democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in

assemblies or worry about majorities and public opinion.
A.10.it is because a democratic government is the people's own gov-

ernment.
A.11.It produces a government that is accountable to the citizens and

responsive to the need and expectations of the citizens.
A.12.False
A.13.True
A.14.True
Source based questions (4 Marks)
There are some things that democracy must provide. In a de-

mocracy, we are most concerned with ensuring that people will
have the right to choose their rulers and people will have control
over the rulers. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should
be able to participate in decision making, that affects them all.
Therefore, the most basic outcome of democracy should be that
it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and
responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens

(a) What are there that democracy should provide?
(b) Why should people participate in decision-making?
(c) What are the basic outcomes of democracy?
2. Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have

equal weight in electing representatives. Parallel to the process
of bringing individuals into the political arena on an equal footing,
we find growing economic inequalities. A small number of ultra-
rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes.
Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has
been increasing. Those at the bottom of the society have very
little to depend upon. Their incomes have been declining. Some-
times they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as
food, clothing, house, education and health.
(a) On which is democracy based?
(b) Compare between ultra-rich and poor in reference wealth

and incomes.
(c) what are the things that poor people feel difficult to get? Answer
key of source-based questions
1. (a) people will have the right to choose their rulers and people will
have control over the rulers
(b) Government should be responsible to the people and pay

attention to the needs and expectations of the people.
(c) Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate government

2. (a) Refer to notes,
(b) Refer to notes.
(c) Refer to notes.
1. A democratic government is a legitimate government.’ Support

the statement with arguments.
2. ‘Democracy accommodates social diversities.’ Support the state-

ment with examples.
3. ‘Democratic governments in practice are known as accountable.’

Support the statement.
4. How are democratic governments better than the other forms of

governments? Compare.
5. ‘There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all

over the world.’ Support the statement.
6. ‘Some people think that democracy produces a less-effective

government.’ Analyse the statement.
7. A democratic government is efficient and effective.’ Analyse the

statement.
8. Explain any three common features of democracies.
9. Explain four ways in which democracies have been able to re-

duce inequality and poverty.

10. How do democratic governments ensure transparency? Explain
any three points.
11. What outcomes can one reasonably expect of democracies?
12. A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the

success of democratic project.’ Justify the statement.
13. Mention a few factors that determine the economic growth of a

country?
Answer Key
1. 1. free and fair elections.
2. regular public debates.
3. right to information to citizens.
4. planned legislations.
5. In a democracy, decisions are taken in a very transparent

manner
2. 1. Democracy develops competitive attitude.This reduces the pos-

sibility of conflicts and social tensions.
2. Democracy evolves mechanisms to negotiate
3. Democracy ensures that the government should not be made

by the majority but it should have the representation of minor-
ity as well
3. 1. People have the right to choose their representatives and they

have control over the rulers.

2. People have a chance to not elect them in the next election.
3. people have the right to examine the decision-making pro-

cess.
4. 1. Democracy promotes equality among citizens
2. Democracy enhances dignity of individuals
3. Democracy improves the quality of decision-making
4. Democracy develops competitive attitude
5. Democracy evolves mechanisms to resolve conflicts
5. 1. A democratic government is people’s own government.
2. It promotes equality among citizens.
3. It improves the quality of decision-making.
4. It provides room for correction of mistakes, (any three)
6. 1. In democracy, decisions are delayed because of a long de-

cision-making process.
2. Democratic governments do not have a very good record

when it comes to sharing information with the citizens.
3. Democracies often frustrate the aspirations of the people and

often ignore the demands of a majority of its population.
7. 1. A democratic government is mainly a government of people
2. A democratic government works for the betterment and wel-

fare of the people.

3. A democratic government promotes equality of status and op-
portunity.
4. A democratic government gives freedom of thought, expres-

sion and belief.
8. 1. In a democratic government, the general elections are held to

elect a new government.
2. All the citizens of the country, of and above a certain age,

have the right to vote.
3. Political parties are an essential part of democracy.
4. Rule of law: Law is supreme and all the citizens are equal in
the eyes of law. No one is above the law.
9. 1. It ensures political equality by giving equal voting rights to

every citizen,
2. It provides a suitable environment for group activism which

leads to equal opportunity to raise the concerns of poor people.
3. It supports the redistributive mechanism for transferring eco-

nomic benefits on the basis of requirement of any section of
society.
4. It protects the rights of every citizen without discrimination on

the basis of economic status ensuring social equality.
10. 1. Democratic govt, make sure that decision-making will be based

on norms and procedures.

2. They allow every citizen to participate in decision-making,
directly or indirectly
3. Citizens can examine and find out about the correctness of

the procedure of decision-making
4. They are accountable to the’people. They have the right to

change the government in the next general elections.
5. They provide people with power to demand answers from their

representatives and reduce the chances of corruption.
11. 1. accountable and legitimate government
2. minimised economic inequalities
3. equal protection to oppressed classes and women
12. 1. When citizens show their dissatisfaction, it clearly shows that

they are actively taking part in democratic projects.
2. It shows that people are not just forcefully following or agree-
ing with whatever they are told.
3. lt shows that they are enjoying their freedom and hence they
are no more subjects but are responsible citizens.
4. Their freedom and transformation from the status of subjects
to that of citizens is the main aim of democracy.
5. As people get benefits, they ask for more. This makes de-
mocracy better.

13. 1. Population
2. Size
3. Natural Resources
4. Relationship with other countries
5. Global situation
6. Geographic position

Chapter 1
Development
Mortality

Main points of the chapter:
1. Development:- Development is generally defined as growth. Some

of the important goals are - seeking more income, equal treat-
ment, freedom, security, and respect from others.
2. Different people have different development goals. What may be

development for one May not be for the other. It may be destruc-
tive for the other.
3. One would consider earning more income, being a common fac-

tor among people. With this income, they buy services and goods
for their daily needs.
4. Per capita Income = Total National Income/Total Population
For comparing countries, their Income is considered to be one

of the most important attributes.
5. National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve

the lives of its citizens. Measures of improvement may be mate-
rial, such as availability of healthcare etc.
6. Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs

of the present without compromising the ability of future genera-
tions to meet their own needs.
7. Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life ex-

pectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which
are used to rank countries in four tires of human development.

8. Infant Mortality Rate can be defined as total number of children
that die before the age of one year our of 1000 live children born
in that particular year.
9. Literacy rate can be defined as proportion of literate population

in the age group of 7 years & above.
10. Net attendance Ratio can be defined as the total number of

children of 6-10 years age group attending school out of total no.
of children in the same age group.
Total Income from all the sectors

11. Per capital income = Total Population
Total National Income

= Total Population
12. BMI can be calculated by taping the weight of a person (kgs) &
height (mtr) then divide the weight by the square of the height of
a person.
13. HDI (Human Development Index) Rank of India in the World is

131.

Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the followng are the most important criteria for compaing
different countries? .
(a) Resources
(b) Per capita income
(c) Population
2. Life expectancy at birth means:
(a) Average expected length of life of a person at the time of

brith
(b) Average expected length of life of a person at the time of

death
(c) Average expected length of a child at the time of death
(d) None of these
3. Which of the followng is the most likely to be a development goal

for landless rural laboures?
(a) Higher support price
(b) High literacy rate
(c) Raisad wages
(d) Settle children abroad

4. What was the literacy rate of Kerala in 2011?
(a) 50% (b) 62%
(c) 94% (d) 82%
5. Which of the followng coutries have a Higher HDI rank than In-
dia.
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Pakistan
(d) Nepal
Very Short Answer Questions:
1. What is the full form of GDP?
2. What is life expectancy at birth?
3. What is full form of HDI.
4 What are public facilities?
5. Why does Kerala have a low infant mortality rate?
6. What do you understand by average income?
7. Which orgainzation publisher the Human Development Report?
8. What could be the development goal of urban youth?
9. What are non-renewable resources?

10. What is the most common indicator for measuring the ecomomic
development of a country?
Long Answer Type Questions (3 or 5 Marks Each)
1. Why do different persons have different notions of development?
2. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring

development different from the one used by the World Bank?
3. Why is literacy essential for the economic development? Expain.
4. What are the three components of the Human Resource Index?
5. Average income is useful for comparison but it may hide disparties.

Explain with examples.
6. Briefly define the following terms.
A. Infant Mortality Rate
B. Net Attendances Ratio
C. Literacy Rate
Multiple Choice Answer
1. (b) 2. (a)
3. (c) 4. (c)
5. (b)

Very Short Answer Questions Type:
1. Gross Domestic product.
2. It is the average expectd length of a person' life at the time of

brith.
3. Human Development Index.
4. Public facilities are those which are provided by the government

to satisfy the collective needs or the people, such as hospitals,
schools, etc.
5. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has good provi-
sion for heatlh and education facilities.
6. The average income is the total income of the country divided by

its total population. It is the same as per capita income.
7. It is published by United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP).
8. To find a good job and earn a decent wage.
9. These resources may get exhausted after some time and are not
regenerated by nature. For example, coal, crude oil, etc.
10. Per capita income is used to measure the economic develop-

ment of a country.
Long Answer Types Questions (3 or 5 Marks Each)
1. Different people have different notions for development because.

 The life situations of each persons are different.
 People seek things that are most important for them or that
which can fulfill their aspiratins or desire.
 What may be development for one may not be for the orther. It
may even be destructive for the other.
 For example: The development goals of a boy from a rich

urban family would be to getr admission in a reputed college,
whereas the development goals of a girl from a rich urban fam-
ily would be to get as much freedom as her brother.
2. UNDP World Bank
Has taken education, health and It uses per capita income as its
per capita income as the base. base for comparison.
Countries have been ranked. It is considered as a narrow

concept of development.
It is also considered as a Under this concept countries

broader concept of development have been divided into three
categories—rich, middle and poor.
3. Literacy is an essential element for the economic development
since:
 Education gives us vast knowledge.
 A literate person is eligible to get suitable empolyment.
 Education development the ability to implement modern technol-

ogy.

 Literate people understand the importance of remaining health
and stay away from the deadly disease.
4. i. It indicates the level of development of a country.
ii. It shows how far it has reached and how much development is to
be made to achieve a high rank per capita income.
iii. HDI also indicates the important welfare element such as literacy,
life expectancy, health status and the educational level of people.
5.  Average income hides disparties in case there is no equitable

distribution of income. For example, a small population may have
a very high income as well as the average income, rising the total
income but it may hide the rising disparties in the actural situa-
tion.
 The average income does not indicate rising standards of living

as development depends on non materialstic factors such as free-
dom, equality, justice, respect, etc.
 The average income does not tell us about HDI as its depends on
the health and educational status also.
6. A. Infant mortality rate is number of deaths under one year of age

occuring among the live birth in given geographical area during a
given year.
B. Net attendance ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of

people in the official age-group attending any educational
insititution in a particular class-group to the total number of people
in the age-group.

C. Literacy rate is the total percentage of the population of an area
at a particulat time aged seven years or above who can read and
write with understanding.
1. What is National Development? What are the aspects covered

under the National development (CBSE 2010)
 Comprehensive terms including education, living standard, PCI,

Education.
 Just and fair use of resources
 Projects and policies affecting large number of people.
 Focus is on social infrastructure.
2. What do you understand by the term sustainable development?

Why is it impoptant?
 Ground water as renewable resources but over use lowering

water table.
 Judicious use and sustainable development.
 Resource use without harming the environment.
 Reduce, reuse and recycle and alternate sources of energy
3. Development goals of one be conficiting or destructive for other

or what may be development for one may be destruction for other
(2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 CBSE)

Different notions of development
 Construction of dam may produce electrictiy but destruct

habitals.
 More habitation may lead to houses for many but destruction in

natural habitat.
 For a working woman dignity is an important goal. If a person get

less salary but has other facilities in job, they would prefer it.
 A safe and secure environment may allow women to take up a

variety of jobs.
Suppose for the present that a particular country is quite devel-

oped. We would certainly like this level of development to go up further
or at least be maintained for future generations. this is obviously desir-
able however, since the second half of the twentieth century, a number
of scientists have been warning that the present type, and levels, of
development are not sustainable.
Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These re-

sources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and plants.
However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the
case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by
rain then we would be overusing this resource.
Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after

years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth which cannot be replen-

ished. We do discover new resources that we did not know of eariler.
new sources in this way add to the stock. However, over a period of
time, even this will get exhausted.
Questions
1. Renewable resources are the resources which get replenished

bynature time to time. Example of renewable resource is :
(a) The ocean water
(b) The rain water
(c) The lake wtater
(d) The ground water
2. Who said ''The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of
all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.''
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Lal Bahadur Shastri
3. The non renewable resources are the one which will get exhausted
after years of use why ?
(a) Because we are finished with the stocks already
(b) Because they are few in number.

(c) Because they were limited and are exhausted now
(d) Because we have a fixed stock on earth which cannot be

replenished.
4. A development without environmental degradation and with con-

servation of resources for the future generation is called :
(a) Sustainability of Resources
(b) Sustainability of Development
(c) Sustainaibility of Renewable Resources.
(d) Sustainability of Non-Renewable Resources
One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate

what nutrition scientists call Body Masss Index (BMI). This is easy to
calculate. Take the weight of the pedrson in Kg. Then take the height in
metres. Divide the weight by the square of the height. In this figure is
less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished.
However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a
person is overweight. Do remember that this
criterion is not applicable to growing children.
Let each student in a class find out the

weight and height of three adult persons of
different economic backgrounds such as con-
struction workers., domestic servants, office
workers, business-persons etc. Collect the data
from all the students and make a combined
table. Calculate their BMI. Do you find any

relationship between economic background of person and her/his
nutritional status ?
Table 1.6 Some Data Regarding India and its Neighbours For 2014
Country Gross National Life Literacy Rate HDI Rank in
Income (GNI) Expectancy for 15+ yrs the world
per capita at birth population 2014
(2014 PPP $) 2014 2005-2013
Sri Lanka 9979 74.9 91.2 73
India 5497 68 62.8 130
Myanmar 4608 65.9 92.6 148
Pakistan 4866 66.2 54.7 147
Nepal 2311 69.6 57.4 145
Bangladesh 3191 71.6 58.8 142
1. Who compares countries based on the eduation levels of the
people, their health status and per capita income as their indica-
tors to prepare their Human developement report?
(a) UNICEF (b) UNO
(c) UNDP (d) UNEP
2. According to the table, which country has the best HDI Rank in
the world?
(a) Pakistan (b) India
(c) Nepal (d) Sri Lanka
3. Which is the only way to find out whether we are properly nour-
ished ?

(a) To calculate our body weight
(b) To calculate our body built.
(c) To calculate our body mass Index
(d) To calculate our height
4. Arrange the followng in the correct sequence for calculating the

body mass Index (BMI)
(i) Convert the height recorded in cms into mtrs.
(ii) Take the weight of each individual in kg.
(iii) Take the heigh by drawing up a scale on the wall and mea-
sure accurately with head straight.
(iv) Divide the weight in kg by the sequre of the height
Options are :
(a) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) (b) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(c) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv) (d) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
Example 1 : Groundwater in India
Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious

threat of overuse in many parts of the country. About 300 districts have
reported a waterlevel decline of over 4 metres during the past 20 years.
Nearly one-thirds of the country is overusing their groundwater re-
serves. In another 25 years. 60 percent of the country would be doing
the same if the present way of using this resource continues. Ground

water overuse is particularly found in the
agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab
and Western U.P. hard rock plateau ar-
eas of central and south India some coastal
and rapidly growing urban settlements.''
(a) Why ground water is overused?
(b) Can there be development without

overuse?
(c) Which are the areas where ground

water is being overused?
(d) What is the main cause of overuse

of ground water in Punjab and west-
ern UP.

Chapter 2
Sectors of Indian Economy
Key Ponints to Remember:
 Primary Sector: Producing a good by exploiting natural resources

is an activity of primary sector, Such as: Agriculture, Dairy fishig
forestry and so on.
 Secondary Sector: Covers activites in which natural produts

are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that
we associate with industrial activities, Such as using cotton fiber
from plant, making iron and steel from iron ore etc.
 Tertiary Sector: These activities by themselves do not produce

a good but they are an aid or a support for the production pro-
cess. This sector is known as the Service sector also, Such as
transport services, insurance services, and so on.
 Private sector: Part of a country's economic system rusn by

individuals and companies, rather than the government.
 Public sector: usually comprised of organization that are owned

and operated by the government and exist to provide services for its
citizens.
 Organized sector is a sector where the employment terms are

fixed and regular, and the employees get assured work.

 Unorganized Sector is a sector where the employment terms
are not fixed and regular, as well as the enterprises, are not
registered with the government.
 Gross Domestic product is a monetary measure of the market

value of all goods and services produced in a period i.e, Sum of
Primary sector + Secondary sector + Tertiary sector.
 When more people are working that is needed and even if some
people are removed from work, does not affect the total produc-
tion. This situation is called disguised unemployment. It is also
known as Hidden unemployment.
 Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act

was enacted in 2005 which aims to provide employment 100 days
in a year. If it fails to do so, government will provide unemploy-
ment allowances to the people.
1. Primary or agriculture sector. Example, Agriculture, Dairy, Fish-

ing, Forestry, etc.
2. Secondary of industrial Sector: Example-Manufacturing and in-

dustrial activities, etc.
3. Tertiary or Service Sector: Example- Trade, Transport, Banking

Tourism, etc.

Share of Sectors in GDP
1971-72 2011-12
Primary Sector Approximately 40% 15%
Secondary Sector 25% 60%
Tertiary Sector 35% 100%
Total 100% 100%
Share of Sectors in Employment (%)
1972-73 2011-12
Primary Sector Approximately 74% 49%
Secondary Sector 11% 24%
Tertiary Sector 15% 27%
Total 100% 100%
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 MARK EACH)
1. Neeraj works as a researcher in an Institution. While collecting

data she could not classify the working sector of following people.
Help her to do the classification with valid reasons.
A. Yogesh works as lawyer.
B. Shyam Lal Verma runs a dairy.
C. Astha is an Engineer and works in Industrial sector.

2. Utkarsh along with five other members of his family worked as a
farmer and produced 50 lakhs tons wheat. Due to some dispute
in family two members opted out family business, but still they
are able to produce 50 lakh tons Wheat. Can you name such
kind of unemployment?
3. Why is the Tertiary sector also called the service sector?
4. What are the main objectives of Public Sector?
5. What are the main objectives of Private Sector?
6. What does Underemployment mean?
7. How does government support both farmers and consumers?
8. Nitin is getting Paid leaves with fixed hours of working. In which

sector is he working organised sector or unorganized sector? He
is getting paid leaves with fixed hours of working. Would you
please help him to find out in which sector he is working?
9. What does MGNREGA stand for? When was it implemented?
10. How does development of primary and secondary sector demand

for services?
11. Which activity continued to prove the largest employer between

between 1973 to 2013?
12. Contribution of which sector is the largest in GDP?
13. Name the sector which forms the base for all other products?

3/5 Marks Questions
1. Differentiate between economic and non-economic activities. Men-

tion any two points.
2. Using examples from your area compare and contrast activities

and functions of Private and Public sectors.
3. Distinguish between organized and unorganized sectors.
4. Explain the objectives and of implementing the MGNERGA-2005.
5. What are the different types of unemployment in India? Explain

with examples.
6. How do we count the various goods and services and know the
total production in each “sector”?
7. What are the various ways to provide employment opportunities

in rural areas?
8. “There has been a big change in the three sectors of economic

activities in India but similar shift has not taken place in the share
of employment.” Explain the above statement.
9. Explain how does the Public sector contribute to the economic

development of a nation?
10. Why is the tertiary sector becoming the most important in India?
11. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the

following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with example.

12. Mention the major problems faced by the farming sector?
13. How can we create more employment in the agriculture sector?
14. Discuss the historical changes in the three economic sectors?
Source Based Question (4 Marks)
1. Read the extracts and answer the following questions
Another way of classifying economic activities into sectors could

be on the basis of who owns assets and is responsible for the delivery
of services. In the public sector, the government owns most of the
assets and provides all the services. In the private sector, ownership of
assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or
companies. Railways or post office is an example of the public sector
whereas companies like Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO)
or Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) are privately owned. Activities in
the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits. To get such
services we have to pay money to these individuals and companies.
The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profits. Govern-
ments raise money through taxes and other ways to meet expenses on
the services.
(i) What is the basis of categorizing companies into Public or Pri-

vate sector unit?
(ii) Which type of unit is Railways in terms of ownership and why?
(iii) Name any one Private sector unit and state why it is called so?

2. Read the extracts and answer the following questions-
The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in

the organized and unorganized sectors. Read the table carefully, fill in
the missing data (?) and
Workers in different Sectors (in Millions)
Sectors Organised Unorganised Total
Primary 1 ? 232
Secondary 41 74 115
Tertiary ? 88 172
Total 82 ? ?
Total in % ? ? 100%
(i) What is the percentage of people in the unorganized sector in agri-

culture?
(ii) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganized sector activity? Why?

Chapter 3
Money and Credit
Points to Remember:
 When goods are directly exchanged for goods and there is no

use of money, it is called Barter System.
 Money is someting that can act as a medium of exchange in

transction. It elimates the need for double conicidence of wants.
 When both parties have to agree to sell and buy each other's
commodities. This is know as the double coincidence of wants.

Functions of reserve bank
• Issue the currency
• Monitor the work culture of banks and SHG
• Provide Direction Regarding terms and Interest
• Provide Feedback Regarding Monetary Policies of India
• Hold a part of the cash reserve of the banks
• Credit refern to an agreement in which the lender supplies the
borrower money, good and services in return for the promise of
future repayment.
Credit as an asset:
• During the festival season, a shoe manufacture Salim has re-
ceived an other of making shoes in bulk, within one month's time.
To complete this production, he hires extra workers and has to
purchase the raw materials. He asks the supplier to supply leather
now and promise to pay him later. Then he takes some advance
paryment from trader. By the end, of the month, he is able to
deliver the order, make a good profit and repay the money he
had borrowed.
Credit as a debt trap:
• A farmer Swapna takes lona from a money lender to meet the
expenses of cultivation. But unfortunately the crop was hit by the
pests and there was crop failure. So, she is unable to repay the
loan and debt grows larger with Interest.
• Collateral is asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building
vehicle, livestock) ad uses this as a gurantee to a lender until the
loan is repaid.

• Self Help Groups: It's basic idea is to provide financial resources
for the poor thorugh organizing the rula poor especially women
into self Help Groups.
organizing the
rural poors, especially
women
Providing platfrom collection of

to discuss various savings from
social issues Works members.
of
SHG’s
Provide loan providing loans

at reasonable without
interest rate collateral

Questions:
1. Which of the following can be considered as modern form of

money?
(a) Paper note
(b) Gold coins
(c) Silver coins
(d) Copper coins
2. In India, which agency is authorized to issue the notes and cur-

rency?
(a) NABARD
(b) Reserve Bank of India
(c) World Bank
(d) State Bank of India
3. Where are the large part of deposits spend by the bank?
(a) For opening new branches
(b) To pay taxes
(c) To pay interest on loan
(d) To provide loan
4. Which of the following is not included in the formal source of

loan?

(a) Bank
(b) Co-operative Banks
(c) Employer
5. Which of the following is not included in the formal source of

loan?
(a) Unable to repay the loan
(b) Able to repay the loan
(c) Both are correct
(d) Both are wrong
6. Which of the following is not an example of collateral?
(a) Jewelry
(b) House
(c) Agricultural Land
7. Who takes the major decision regarding savings and loans in

SHG's?
(a) Bank (b) Government
(c) Members (d) NGOs

8. How much cash do the bank have with its total cash amount?
(a) 10%
(b) 20%
(c) 15%
(d) 30%
9. Which Currency is used as medium of exchange mostly at Inter-

national Level?
(a) American Dollar
(b) Singaporean Dollar
(c) Rupees
(d) Taka
10. Who is responsible for the establisment of Grameen Bank in

Bangladesh?
(a) Wasim Akram
(b) Shoaib
(c) Muhammad Yunus
(d) Shahid Afridi
11. Suppose you are living in ancient times, when money is not ac-
cepted as medium of transaction. What kind of proble you wll
find while purchansing and selling the things?

12. What was the primitive methods of exchange in early ages in
India?
13. Bharti has a doubt that why one cannot refuse a payment made
in rupees in India?
14. Which government agency is authorized to issue notes and cur-

rency in India.
15. Why a loan from informal Sector is costlier than the formal sec-
tor?
16. Give one example each of modern currency and older currency.
Answer
1. Paper note
2. Reserve Bank of India
3. To give loans
4. Employer
5. To unable to repay loan
6. All are wrong
7. Members
8. 15%
9. American dollar

10. Muhammad Yunus
11. Doubles coincidence of wants
12. Grains and Cattles
13. It is authorized by Government of India
14. Reserve Bank of India
15. Interest Rate is higher.
16. Modern currency-Notes, coins etc. Older currency-Gold coins

etc.
Long Answer Questions:
1. Analyse the work of Reserve Bank of India?
2. How do formal and informal sources of credit differ from each

other?
3. What is credit? How can credit be both an asset as well as a debt

trap?
4. What are the terms of credit? How it may vary for person to
person?
5. How is the concept of Self Help Group important for poor people?
Give your view points.
6. The credit activities of the informal sector should be discour-

aged. Support your statement with relevant arguments.
7. Why the formal sector or informal sector asks for collateral?
8. How do farmers gets into debts trap?

9. Review any three merits and any two demerits of ‘formal sector
of credits’ in India.
10. Why the banks may not be willing to land to certain borrowers?
Give reasons.
Answers
1. • Issue the currency on behalf of Government of India.

• Issues guidelines regarding working culture of Bank and SHG.
• Give directions regarding terms and interest on credits.
• To provide feedback regarding monetary policies to govern-
ment of India.
• RBI holds a part of the cash reserve of the bank.
2. Formal sector Informal sector

Rate of Interest is lower. Higher rate of Interest.
Collateral is must for Ready to give loans without
getting loan. any collateral too.
RBI supervises them. No organization to
supervise them.
More documentation is Less documentation, less
required.
It involves many formalities. formalities.
Ex.: Banks and co-operatives. Examples: Moneylender,
traders, friends,
retailers and so on.

3. Credits refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the
borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise
of future payment.
• Credit as an asset: During the festival season, a shoe manu-

facturer Salim has received an order of making shoes in bulk,
within a month’s time. To complete production, he hired extra
workers and has to purchase the raw materials. He asks the
supplier to supply leather now and, promise to pay him later.
Then he took some advance payment from the trader. By the
end, of the month, he is able to deliver the order, make a good
profit and repay the money he had borrowed.
• Credit as debt trap: A farmer Swapna takes from a money-

lender to meet the expenses of cultivation. But unfortunately the
crop is hit by the pests and fails. So, she is unable to repay the
loan and debt grows larger with interest.
In Salim’s case credit plays a vital and positive role, whereas in

Swapna’s case credit pushes the borrowers into a situation from
which recovery is painful.
4. Collateral
• Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the bor-

rower must pay to the lender along with repayment of the princi-
pal.
• In addition, lender may demand collateral, i.e., as assert that the

borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee until the loan is
repaid.

• If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to
sell the collateral to obtain payment.
• Terms of credit comprise interest rate, collateral and documenta-

tion requirement, and the mode of repayment.
5.
• SHG’s basic idea is to provide financial resource for the poor

through organizing the rural poor especially women, into small
-Help Groups.
• It organizes the rural poor, especially women, into small Self

Help
• It collects saving of the members.
• It provides loans without collateral.
• It provides timely loans at reasonable rate of interest.
• It also provides a platform to discuss various social issue.
6.
• Informal lenders charge very high interest on their loans.
• There are no boundaries and restrictions.
• In certain cases, the high interest rate for borrowing can mean
that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the
borrowers.
• This could lead to increasing debt trap, therefore the credit

activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.

7. Lenders may demand collateral or an asset that the borrower
owns to use it as a guarantee until he repays the loan. It may be
sold if the borrower is not able repaid.
8.
• Failure of the crop makes loan repayment impossible.
• Downfall of crop prices also makes loan repayment impossible.
• Higher interest makes life difficult. Credit in such a condition

pushes the borrowers into a situation from which recovery is
painful and they get into the debt trap.
9. Merits
• Helps to meet the working capital needs of production.
• Helps in completing production on time.
• Low interest rate.
• Helps in increasing earnings.
Demerits
• Difficulty in obtaining loans.
• Collateral issues.
• Documentation could be a problematic issue for few.
10.
• Banks require proper and legal documentations and collateral

as security against loans. The borrowers who have not repaid
previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them fur-
ther.
• Those entrepreneurs, who are going to invest in a business

with high risks banks might not be willing to lend money to
them.
Practice Questions
1. Why is it necessary to increase a large number of banks mainly

in rural areas? Explain.
2. Explain any three reasons for the banks and cooperative societ-
ies to increase their lending facilities in rural areas.
3. Describe the importance of formal sources of credit in the eco-

nomic development?
4. Describe the bad effects of informal sources of credit on borrow-

ers.
5. Why is it that most of people in Indian still dependent on informal

sector of credit for loan?
1. The reserve bank of india monitors the functions of formal sources

of credit. The RBI monitors the banks in actually maintaining the
required 15% of the cash balance. It ensures that the banks give
loans not just to profit-making business and trader but also to
small cultivatorn, small scale industries to small borrowers etc.

banks have to submit information to the RBI on their credit activi-
ties like how much they are landing, to whom, at what interest
rates, etc.
(i) Name the organization which monitors the functioning of

formal sources of credit.
(ii) Who ensures that the banks give loans not just to profit-
making businesses and traders.
Ans. (i) Reserve bank of india
(ii) Reserve bank of india
2. Credit is one of the major aspects that determine a countrys

development. There is a huge demand for loans for various ac-
tivities cheap and affordable loans give people an opportunity to
develop their business. Credit plays a very crucial role in agricul-
tural activities people can barrow money and use it to adopt mod-
ern farming methods to increase the crop production and grow
crops which are more reliable than the traditional methods. By
sanctioning loan to developing industries and trade, banks pro-
vide them with the necessary aid for improvement.
(i) By sanctioning loans to developing industries and trades

.............. provide them with necessary aid for improvement.
(ii) What is credit?
(iii) Define role of credit in the development.
Ans. (i) Banks

(ii) Credit: The activity of borrowing and landing money be-
tween two parties.
(iii) Credit is one of the major aspects that determine a countrys

development.

Chapter 4
Globalistation And The Indian Economy
Before Now
• Untill middle of the 20th • Multinational corporations

country, production was emerged
organised within countries
• What crossed the boundries • Trade was the main channel
were raw materials, food connecting countries
stuffs and imported finished
goods
• They own or control production • Set up offices and factories
in more than one nation in region where they can get
cheap labour and resources

How MNC’s interlink production across counties.
MNC’s set up production unit where it is close to the market where

skilled unskilled labour is available at low cost, where government poli-
cies are favourable.
They invest money called foreign investment-
At times set up production jointly with local companies.
Benefits local companies by providing latest technology and addi-

tional investment.
They buy local companies and expand production.
Place orders to small producers for products like Garments, foot-

wear sports items etc.
How foreign trade leads to integration of markets?
Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producer to reach

beyond the domestic market.
Goods can be imported to expand the choice of goods for consum-

ers. Producers in two countries now closely compete against each
other, prices tend to become equal.

Factors that have enabled Globalisation
Aim :- To liberalise international trade
Started at the initiative of the developed countries
Set up rules regarding international trade.
Force developing countries to remove trade barriers,
Developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers.
Impact of Globalisation
For consumers:- Improved quality, lower prices, variety of choices,

higher standard of living.
Job have been created.
Local companies supplying raw material to MNC’s have become

prosperous.
Top Indian companies have been benefitted from increased com-

petition.
Some Indian companies also emerged as MNC’s e.g. Tata Motor,

Infosys, Ranbaxy, Asian Paints

Struggle for a fair Globalisation
Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all.
The govt, must protect the interests of all the people in the country.
Government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented

and workers get their rights.
Government can negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules.
It can also align with other developing countries.
Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy.
Starting around 1991, barriers on foreign trade and foreign invest-

ments were removed to a large extent.
It allowed foreign companies to set up factories and offices in In-

dia. Goods could be imported and exported easily.
Key Points to Remember:
· Globalisation is a process of international integration arising

from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other
aspects of a culture.
· Multinational Corporation (MNC)is an enterprise operating

in several countries but l^anaged from one country or group
that derives a quarter of its revenue from operations outside of
its home country.

· Liberalization refers to the reduction or elimination of govern-
ment regulation or restrictions on private business and trade.
· Investment is the purchase of goods (such as machine, house,

and other parts etc.) that are not consumed today but are used
in the future to create wealth.
· Foreign Trade is basically trade between two different coun-

tries of the world. It is also known as international trade.
· World Trade Organizationis the only global international or-

ganization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The
main aim of this organization is to liberalize the law of trade
between the nations.
· Privatization is the transfer of a business, industry, or service

from public to private ownership and control.
· Foreign Investment is when a company or individual from

one nation invests in assets or ownership stakes of a company
based in another nation.
· SEZ is a special economic zone of a country that is subject to

unique economic regulations that differs from other areas in
the same country. These regulations tend to be conductive to
foreign direct investment.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)
1. What is Globalization?

2. Give one example of Trade Barriers?
3. When did India adopt the new economic policy?
4. Provide one example of Indian MNC’s?
5. Why does MNC’s Invest in different countries?
6. Which sector of economy is still lagged behind even after the

Globalization?
7. When did Ford Motors established in India?
8. What is privatization?
9. A company which has ownership or control in more than one

country is know as?
10. In which category you will put Indian Economy?
ANSWERS
1. Globalization is the integration or interconnection between the

countries through trade and foreign investment by multinational
corporations.
2. Tax on Import.
3. 1992
4. Tata Motors

5. To earn more profits.
6. Agriculture Sector
7. 1995
8. Privatization means allowing the private sector to set up indus-

tries which were earlier reserved for the Public sector.
9. MNC’s
10. Mixed Economy
1 Mark Questions
1. Removing barriers or restrictions set by govt, is called_
2. Name the Indian manufacturer with which Ford Motors entered

the Indian automobile business? .
3. Which Indian company has been bought by Cargill foods and

MNC?
4. Globalisation has posed major challenges for
(a) big producers
(b) small producers
(c) rural poor
(d) none of these

5. Which of the following is an example of a trade barrier?
(a) foreign investment
(b) delay or damage of goods
(c) tax on imports
(d) none of these
6. State the main motive of MNC?
Answers
1. Liberalisation
2. Mahindra and Mahindra
3. Parakh Foods
4. Small producers
5. Tax on Imports
6. To earn greater profit
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 OR 5 MARKS EACH)
1. What do you mean by globalization? What are the effects of

globalization in India?
2. What is WTO? What are the aim of WTO? What are the draw-
back of WTO?

3. What is MNC’s? How MNC’s can spread and get control over
productions?
4. What is investment? How is foreign investment different from it?
5. Why are the trade barriers imposed on the foreign trade and /
investment in a country?
6. Describe any five advantages to consumers due to globalization.
7. What are the factors have stimulated the globalization process?
8. How the liberalization policy was gradually adopted in India?
9. What is liberalization? Describe any five effects of liberalization

on the Indian Economy.
10. How information technology is encouraging the Globalisation ?

Explain.
11. Explain how globalisation can be made fairer?
12. Explain with examples how top Indian companies have benefitted
/from globalisation.
13. “Foreign trade integrates the markets in different countries”. Sup-

port the statement with argument.
14. “A wide ranging choice of goods are available in the Indian mar-
kets”. Support the statement with examples in context of
globalisation.

15. Explain the steps taken by government to attract foreign invest-
ment.
16. “Not every state of India has benefitted from globalisation”.

Examine the statement.
Answers
1. Globalization is the integration or interconnection between the

countries through trade and foreign investment.
Positive Impacts:
 Greater choice and improved quality of goods at competitive

price and hence raises standard df living.
 MNC’s have increased investment in India.
 Top Indian companies emerged as multinationals.
 Created new opportunities for companies providing services

like IT sector.
 Collaboration with foreign companies help a lot to domestic

entrepreneurs.
Negative Impacts:
• Indian economy faced the problem of brain drain.
• Globalization has failed to remove unemployment and poverty.

• Cut in farm subsidies.
• Closure of small industries.
2. WTO is World Trade Organization. It is an organization which is

in favor of increasing the world trade through globalization.
The aims of WTO:
• To liberalize International trade by allowing free trade for all.
• To promote international trade among the countries of the world

in an open uniform and non-discriminatory manner.
• Removal of both the import and export restrictions.
The Draw backs of WTO:
• It is dominated by developed countries.
• It is used by developed countries to support globalization in

areas that are not directly to trade.
3. MNC’s are Multinational Corporations. It is a company that owns

or controls production in more than one nation. MNC’s can spread
and control by:
• Setting up joint production units with local companies.
• To buy up local companies and expanding its production base.

• Placing orders with small producers.
• By using their Brand.
4. The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building,

machines and other equipment is called investment.
Investment made by MNC’s is called foreign investment. Every

investment is made with the hope that the assets will earn profits
for these companies.
5. Trade barriers are used by the government:
• To increase, decrease or regulate foreign trade.
• To decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should

come into the country.
• To protect the producers within the country from foreign com-

petition.
6. • There is a greater choice before consumers along with com-

petitive price.
• They enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several prod-
ucts.
• They enjoy much higher standards of living that was possible

earlier.
• Strengthening of Consumers Right like — Right to Information,

Right to choose, Right to Be Heard, Right to Seek Redressal
has been given to consumers.
• Consumers can get quality products from other parts of the

words.
7. Improvement in Transportation
• Development of Information Technology
• Telecommunication
• Computers
• Internet
8. • After Independence, the Indian government put barrier on for-

eign trade and foreign ‘investment.
• Initially, Indian Industries were just coming up after Indepen-

dence, so competition from imports wouldn’t have allowed these
industries to come up.
• In 1991, the government decided that the time has come for
Indian producers to compete the producers around the globe.
9. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known

as liberalization.
• Competition would improve the performance of producers within

the country.

• Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed
to large extent. This meant that goods could be imported and
exported easily.
• Foreign companies could set up factories and offices to boost

up production. It allows making decision freely.
• The competition would improve the performance of producers

within the country since they have to improve their quality.
10. • With Improvement in transportation technique now It become

easier to send good at distance place at lower cost.
• Sending and receiving information are now become easier.
• There is rapidly increase in trade with the help of information

and Technology.
11. From Notes
12 a) Several of the top Indian companies have been able to ben-

efit from the increased competition
b) They have invested in newer technology and production meth-

ods and raised their production standards.
c) Gained from successful collaborations with foreign compa-

nies.
d) Some large Indian companies emerged as multinationals

themselves.

e) Created new opportunities for companies providing services
particularly those involving IT.
13. From notes.
14. A wide ranging choice of goods are available in the Indian

market.
a) The latest model digital cameras, mobile phones and televi-

sion made by the leading manufactures of the world are
within our each.
b) Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on

Indian roads.
c) A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other

goods.
15. Government can take following steps to attract foreign invest-

ment:
a) Industrial zones called SEZ (Special economic zones) are

being set up to provide world class facilities-electricity, wa-
ter, roads, transport, storage etc.
b) Govt, has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract

foreign investment.
c) Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis companies can

hire workers ‘flexibly’ for short provide when there is intense
pressure of work.
d) Exemption from paying tax in early 5 years

16. Do it your self from the notes.
A Garment Worker
35 year old Sushila has spent many years as a worker in garment

export industry of Delhi. She was employed as a ‘permanent worker’
entitled to health insurance, provident fund, overtime at a double rate,
when Sushila’s factory closed in the late 1990s. After searching for a
job for six months, she finally got a job 30 km. away from where she
lives. Even after working in this factory for several years, she is a
temporary worker and earns less than half of what she was earning
earlier. Sushila leaves her house every morning, seven days a week at
7:30 a.m. and returns at 10 p.m. A day off from work means no wage.
She has none of the benefits she used to get earlier. Factories closer
to her home have widely fluctuating orders and therefore pay even
less.
Factory workers folding garments for export. Though globalisation

has created opportunities for paid work for women, the condition of
employment shows that women are denied their fair share of benefits.
The conditions of work and the hardships of the workers described

above have become common to many industrial units and services in
India. Most workers, today, are employed in the unorganised sector.
Moreover, increasingly conditions of work in the organised sector have
come to resemble the unorganised sector. Workers in the organised
sector such as Sushila no longer get the protection and benefits that
they enjoyed earlier.

1. In what ways has competition affected workers, Indian exporters
and foreign MNCs in the garment industry?
2. What can be done by each of the following so that the workers

can get a fair share of benefits brought by globalisation?
(a) Government
(b) Employers at the exporting factories
(c) MNCs
(d) Workers.
3. One of the present debates in India is whether companies should

have flexible policies for employment. Based on what you have
read in the chapter, summarise the point of view of the employers
and workers.

PRACTICE QUESTION PAPER-1
SOCIAL SCIENCE (Code-087)
Class X– Session 2022-23
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Mark: 80

General Instructions:
(i) Question paper comprises Six Sections - A, B, C, D, E andF. There are 37 ques-
tions in the question paper. All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Section A From question 1 to 20 are MCQs ofl mark each.
(iii) Section B Question no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 40 words.
(iv) Section C contains Q.25to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words
(v) Section D - Question no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
(vi) Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case based questions with three sub
questions and are of 4 marks each
(vii) Section F— Question no. 37 is map based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a
from History (2 marks) and 37b from Geography (3 marks).
(viii) Tliere is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has
been provided in few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to
be attempted,
(ix) In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question,
wherever necessaiy.
Section-A
MCQs (1 × 20 = 20)
1. What helped in the colonisation of Asian and African countries? Identify

the correct statement from the following options. (1)
A. Intergovernmental policies for the expansion of trade
B. Governmental invite to the mother countries for expansion

C. Technology, investments and improvement in transport
D. Capitalists of these regions wanted trade with colonial powers
2. Which of the following newspaper was started by Bal Gangadhar
Tilak? (1)
A. Hindu B. Kesari
C. Sudharak D. Pratap
3. Look at the picture given below. Identify the name of the painter of this
painting from the following options. (1)
A. Abindra Nath Tagore

B. Rabindra Nath Tagore
C. Raja Ravi Verma
D. Samant Das Gupta
Note : The following question is for Visually Impaired Candidates
only in lieu of Q. No. 3
Who among the following was the author of the book ‘Gita Govind’?
A. Tulsidas

B. Surdas
C. Jayadev
D. Raidas
4. Arrange the following in chronological order: (1)
I. Print culture created the conditions for the French Revolution
II. Martin Luther’s writings led to beginning of the Protestant Refor-
mation
III. Menocchio reinterpreted the message of the Bible
IV. Johann Gutenberg invented Printing press
Options:
A. III, II, I and IV
B. I, II, III and IV
C. IV, III, II and I
D. IV, II, III and I
5. Identify the crop with the help of the following information. (1)
 It is a crop which is used both as food and fodder.
 It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C to
27°C.
 It grows well in old alluvial soil.
 Use of modern inputs have contributed to the increasing
production of this crop.
Options:
A. Wheat B. Maize
C. Rice D. Sugarcane

6. Which of the following description of forest is NOT correct? (1)
A. Reserved Forest -Reservation of more than half of forests
B. Protected Forest- Reservation of 1/3 of the forests
C. Unclassed Forest-Reservation of forest under govt, and private
individuals
D. Permanent Forest-Reserved and unclassed forest for the produc-
tion of timber
7. Match the following: (1)
RESOURCES EXAMPLES
a. Renewable Resources: I. Forests and wildlife
b. Non -Renewable Resources: II. The oceanic resources
c. “National Resources: III. Roads, canals and railway
d. International Resources: IV. Minerals and fossil fuels
Options:
A. a-I, b-IV, c-III, d-II
B. a-II, b-I, c-IV, d-III
C. a-IV, b-I, c-IV, d-II
D. a-I, b-IV, c-II, d-III
8. Consider the following statements regarding power sharing
arrangements in Belgium and identify the incorrect one from the
following: (1)
A. Equal number of members from Dutch and French community in
the central government
B. Separate government for Brussels with equal representation of
communities

C. The state government to be subordinate to the central government
D. Community government elected by people belonging to one
language community
9. Which one of the following subjects comes under the legislation of
Centre and State in India? (1)
A. Education B. Forests
C. Banking D. Trade
10. Which of the following statement is true regarding Feminist
Movements? (1)
A. A group which favours giving more power to working women at
rural and urban level.
B. A movement that believes in giving exclusive rights to female in
urban areas.
C. Radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and
family life as well.
D. It is the practice of placing a feminine and masculine point of view
in decision making.
11. Which one among the following pairs is correctly matched? (1)
List-I List-II
A. Bharatiya Janata Party National Democratic Alliance
B. Congress Party Left front
C. Communist Party oflndia Regional Party
D. Mizo National Front United Progressive Alliance
12. There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Mark your answer as per the codes provided below:

Assertion (A): Democracy is an accountable, responsive and legiti-
mate government
Reason (R): Democracies have regular, free and fair elections and
decision-making is based on norms and procedures
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.
13. Which one of the following religions was protected and fostered by
Sri Lankans in their constitution? (1)
A. Christianity B. Hinduism
C. Buddhism D. Islam
14. Read the given data and find out children of which state has attained
maximum elementary school education? (1)
States Per Capita Infant Literac y Net Attendance Ratio
Income Mortality y Rate% (per 100 persons)
For 2018-19 Rate per 2017-18 secondary stage (age 14
(in Rs) 1,000 live and 15 years) 2017-18
births (2018)
HARYANA 2,36,147 30 82 61
KERALA 2,04,105 7 94 83
BIHAR 40,982 32 62 43
Sources: Economic Survey 2020-2J, P.A 157, National Sample Survey Organisation (Report
No. 585), National statistical office, Government of India.
A. Haryana B. Bihar
C. Haryana and Kerala both D. Kerala

15. Read the following data and select the appropriate option from the
following. (1)
Educational Achievement of Rural Population of Uttar Pradesh
Category Male Female
Literacy rate for rural population 76% 54%
Literacy rate for rural children in age group 90% 87%
10-14 years
Percentage of rural children aged 10-14 85% 82%
attending school
How much percentage of girls are not attending school?
A. 81% B. 61%
C. 69% D. 18%
16. Find the odd one out from the following options: (1)
A. Tourist Guide, Barber, Tailor, and Potter
B. Teacher, Doctor, Vegetable Vendor and Lawyer
C. Postman, Cobbler, Soldier and Police Constable
D. Indian Railways, Jet Airways, Doordarshan and Metro
SECTOR CRITERIA USED
Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Nature of economic activity
Organized & Unorganized ?
Options:
A. Nature of Employment activities
B. Nature of Social activities

C. Nature of Production activities
D. Nature of Political activities
18. Read the information given below and select the correct option. (1)
Rohan has taken a loan of 5 lakhs from the bank to purchase a house
on 12% rate of interest. He has to submit papers of new house and
salary record to the bank. What is this process called as?
A. Interest Rate B. Collateral
C. Principal Amount D. Instalments
19. Which of the following international agencies allow free trade and work
on mutual trade between countries? (1)
A. WTO B. IMF
C. UPU D. FAO
20. Identify the correct statements about globalization. (1)
I. Removal of barriers by the government
II. Foreign companies are allowed to set up factories
III. Has enabled all companies to increase their investments
IV. Has lessened foreign investment and foreign trade
Options:
A. I & II B. II & III
C. I & III D. II & IV

SECTION B
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 × 4 = 8)
21. Analyse any two factors that were responsible for the Great Depression
in America during 1929. (2)
22. Mention the provisions that constitute India into a secular country. (2)
23. Suggest any two ways to conserve energy resources in India. (2)
OR
Suggest any two ways to improve the usage of Solar energy.
24. In what ways Government can increase employment in the rural
sector? (2)
SECTION C
SHORT ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS (3 × 5 = 15)
25. How was the social and political situation of India affected by the First
World War? Explain. (3)
OR
How did the Indian merchants and industrialists relate themselves to
the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
26. Examine the factors that influence the distribution pattern of the railway
network in India. (3)
27. In what ways Multi National Corporation (MNC) different from other
companies? Explain with an example. (3)
28. Differentiate between democratic and non-democratic government.
(3)
29. ‘Tertiary sector is different from other sectors.’ Justify the statement
with suitable arguments. (3)

SECTION D
LONG ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS (5 × 4 = 20)
30. Highlight the various measures and practices that French revolution-
aries introduced to create a sense of collective identity amongst the
French people. (5)
OR
Highlight the role of Otto Von Bismarck in making of Germany.
31. ‘Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of general and
economic development.” Examine the statement in the context of
India. (5)
OR
Examine the multi-pronged aspects of Information Technology and
Electronics Industry.
32. Describe the role of political parties in India. (5)
OR
Describe the necessity or utility of political parties in democratic
countries. (5)
33. Explain the role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in the rural society. (5)
OR
Explain the significance of The Reserve Bank of India in the Indian
economy.
SECTION-E
CASE BASED QUESTIONS (4 × 3 = 12)
34. Read the source given below and answer the question that
follows: (4)
Will Thome is one of those who went in search of seasonal work,

loading bricks and doing odd jobs. He describes how job-seekers
walked to London in search of work:
‘I had always wanted to go to London, and my desire ... was stimulated
by letters from an old workmate ... who was now working at the Old
Kent Road Gas Works ... I finally decided to go ... in November, 1881.
With two friends I started out to walk the journey, filled with the hope
that we would be able to obtain employment, when we get there, with
the kind assistance of my friend ... we had little money when we started,
not enough to pay for our food and lodgings each night until we arrived
in London. Some days we walked as much as twenty miles, and other
days less. Our money was gone at the end of the third day ... For two
nights we slept out - once under a haystack, and once in an old farm
shed ... On arrival in London we tried to find ... my friend ... but... were
unsuccessful. Our money was gone, so there was nothing for us to do
but to walk-around until late at night, and then try to find some place to
sleep. We found an old building and slept in it that night. The next day,
Sunday, late in the afternoon, we got to the Old Kent Gas Works, and
applied for work. To my great surprise, the man we had been looking
for was working at the time. He spoke to the foreman and I was given
a job.’
Quoted in Raphael Samuel, ‘Comers and Goers ‘, in H.J. Dyos and
Michael Wolff, eds. The Victorian City: Images and Realities, 1973.
34.1 Analyse the major factor which led London become an
attractive place for the job seekers. (1)
34.2 Analyse the reason for the appointment of Will Thorne by the
Old Kent Gas works. (1)
34.3 Examine the preference of hand labour over machines by the
industrialists of the Victorian Britain. (2)

35. Read the given extract and answer following questions. (4)
Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is a Non-
Governmental Organisation (NGO) that mobilized tribal people,
fanners, environmentalists and human rights activists against the
Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat.
It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that
would be submerged under the dam water. Recently it has re-focused
the aim to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees (displaced
people) to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.
People felt that their suffering would not be in vain... accepted the
trauma of displacement believing in the promise of irrigated fields
and plentiful harvests. So, often the survivors of Rihand told us that
they accepted their sufferings as sacrifice for the sake of their nation.
But now, after thirty bitter years of being adrift, their livelihood having
even being more precarious, they keep asking: “Are we the only ones
chosen to make sacrifices for the nation?”
Source: S. Shaj-ma, quoted in In the Belly of the River. Tribal
conflicts over development in Narmada valley. A. Baviskar. 1995.
35.1 With what objective ‘Sardar Sarovar Dam’ was built? (1)
35.2 Analyse the reason of protest by the tribal people. (1)
35.3 Highlight the issues on which ‘Save Narmada Movement’
worked on. (2)
36. Read the given extract and answer following questions.
Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political
parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those
in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose
among various contenders for power. In contemporary democracies,
this takes the form of competition among different parties. Such

competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the
long run, power is shared among different political parties that
represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind
of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to
contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition
government and thus share power. In a democracy, we find interest
groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers
and industrial workers. They also will have share in governmental power,
either through participation in governmental committees or bringing
influence on the decision-making process.
36.1 ‘Power sharing is an essential component of democracy.’ Give
one example to prove the statement. (1)
36.2 How is alliance building an example of power sharing? (1)
36.3 How Political parties, pressure groups and movements help
in controlling or influencing those who are in power? (2)
SECTION-F
MAP SKILL BASED QUESTION (2+3=5)
37. 34a. Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map
of India. (2)
Identify them and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. Indian National Congress session at this place in 1920
B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke Salt Law.
37b. On the same outline map of India locate and label any THREE
of the following with suitable Symbols. (3)
a. Hirakud Dam
b. Tarapur Atomic Power Station

c. “Noida Software Technology Park
d. Kochi Port
Note: The following questions are for Visually Impaired
Candidates only in lieu ofQ. No. 37. Attempt any FIVE questions.
37.1 Name the Place where the session of Indian National Congress was
held in September 1920. (1)
37.2 Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi broke Salt Law. (1)
37.3 Name the State where Hirakud Dam is located. (1)
37.4 Name the State where Tarapur nuclear plant is located. (1)
37.5 Name the State where Noida Software Technology Park is located. (1)
37.6 Name the State where Kochi ‘Sea Port’ is located. (1)

ANSWER
Section-A
1. C. Technology, investments and improvement in transport (page-83)
2. B. Kesari (page-175)
3. C. Raja Ravi Verma (Page-171)
C. Jayadev (Page-167)
4. D - IV, II, III & I (Page-107-113)
5. B. Maize (Page-38)
6. D. Permanent Forest-Reserved and unclassed forest for the
production of timber (Page-20)
7. A. a-I, b-IV, c-III, d-II (Page-2)
8. C. The State government to be subordinate to the Central government
(Page-4)
9. A. Education (Page-16, 17)
10. C. Radical women's movements aimed at equality in personal and
family life as well. (Page-41)
11. A. Bharatiya Janta Party – National Democratic Alliance (Page-81)
12. A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(Page-90)
13. C. Buddhism (Page-2)
14. D. Kerala (Page-7)
15. D. 18% (Page-12)
16. D. Indian Railways, Jet Airways, Doordarshan and Metro
(Page-14-29)

17. A. Nature of employment activities (Page-32)
18. B. Collateral (Page-44)
19. A. WTO (Page-65)
20. A. I & II (Page-64)
SECTION B
21. (i) Agricultural overproduction remained a problem and it was made
worse by falling agricultural prices.
(ii) As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, farmers
tried to expand production and bring a larger volume of produce
to the market but it pushed down prices.
(iii) In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments
through loans from the US, it was extremely easy to raise loans in
the US when the going was good.
(iv) But in the first half of 1928 countries that depended crucially on
US loan faced an acute crisis.
(v) The withdrawal of US loans affected the rest of the world in differ-
ent ways In Europe it led to the failure of small major banks and
the collapse of currencies such as the British pound sterling.
(vi) Any other relevant point (ANY TWO POINTS) Page 94
22. (i) There is no official religion for the Indian state. Our Constitution
does not give a special status to any religion.
(ii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities free-
dom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to
follow any.
(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

(iv) Secularism is an idea constitutes one of the foundations of our
country.
(v) At the same time the Constitution allows the state to intervene in
the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious
communities.
23. (i) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renew-
able energy sources
(ii) Have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our
limited energy resources.
(iii) Use public transport systems instead of individual vehicles
(iv) Switch off electricity when not in use
(v) Using power-saving devices
(vi) Use non-conventional sources of energy.
(vii) Any other relevant point (ANY TWO POINTS) Page 63
OR
(i) Reducing the cost of solar panels
(ii) Use of efficient solar panel models.
(iii) Rising awareness about the importance of renewable energy
(iv) Easy installation process
(v) Buy panels with High Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) Cells.
(vi) Avoid installing solar panels in shaded areas.
vii. Any other relevant point (ANY TWO POINTS) Page 62

24. (i) by introducing mega projects-new dam is constructed and canals
(ii) by introducing tertiary facilities in an area
(iii) to identify promote and locate industries and services in semi-
rural areas
(iv) It is also possible to set up industries that process vegetables
and agricultural produce like potato, sweet potato,
(v) by promoting tourism, or regional craft industry, or new services
like IT.
SECTION C
25. (i) The war created a new economic and political situation.
(ii) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed
by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised
and income tax introduced.
(iii) Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913
and 1918 -leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
(iv) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced
recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
(v) Crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages
of food
(vi) This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. Million people
perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
(vii) Any other relevant point (ANY THREE POINTS) Page 54

OR
(i) Indian merchants and industrialists were keen on expanding their
business, and reacted against colonial policies that restricted
business activities.
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a
rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage
imports.
(iii) To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial
and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the
Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
(iv) Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and
G. D. Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the
Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(v) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported
goods.
(vi) Most businessmen wanted to flourish trade without constraints,
(vi) Any other relevant point (ANY THREE POINTS) Page 66
26. Physical and economic factors have influenced the distribution partem
of the Indian Railways network in the following ways:
(i) Northern Plain: Level land, high population density and rich
agricultural resources have favoured development of railways in
these plains. However, a large number of river requiring
construction of bridges across their wide river beds posed some
obstacles.
(ii) Peninsular region and the Himalayan region: it is a hilly terrain.
The railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. So, it
isw very difficult to lay the railway lines. The Himalayan through

mountainous regions too are not favourable for the construction
of railway line due to high relief, sparse population and lack of
economic opportunities.
(iii) Desert of Rajasfhan: on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan too,
it is very difficult to lay railway lines which has hindered the
development of railways.
(iv) Swamps of Gujarat, forested tracts of Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand: these are also not suitable
for the development of railways.
(v) The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through
gaps or passes. Although the Konkan railway along the west coast
has been developed but it has also faced a number of problems
such as sinking of track in some stretches and landslides.
(vi) A n y o th e r re le v a n t p o in t (ANY THREE POINTS) Page 82
27. (i) Domestic companies tend to restrict their operations to the country
of origin, while multinational corporations operate in more than
two countries. Ex- Infosys
(ii) Companies (Infosys) expand globally for many reasons, mostly to
obtain new markets, cheaper resources and reduction in
operational costs, all of which significantly affect financial
management. These benefits also increase the risks faced by
multinational corporations.
(iii) Multinational (Infosys) financial management differs from domestic
financial management in six essential ways
(iv) Unlike their domestic financial management counterparts,
multinationals are subject to exchange rates that differ based on
the prevailing inflation rate in the foreign countries where they
operate.

(v) Any other point (ANY THREE POINTS) Page 57
28. (i) Democratic govts, are transparent, legitimate and accountable
whereas nondemocratic govt are selected and formed at their
own discretion
(ii) Democratic govt, provides dignity and freedom to all without any
discrimination
(iii) Conflicts are resolved through debate, discussions and
negotiation rather than discretion
(iv) Minority and majority cooperation are the common phenomenon
in the democratic govt.
(v) Enhances dignity of all without any discrimination
(vi) Any other relevant point (ANY THREE POINTS) Page 90-96
29. (i) Tertiary sector is basic service sector whereas primary and
secondary are the sectors that produce goods
(ii) Tertiary sector support and help in the development of the primary
and secondary sectors
(iii) Tertiary activities are an assistance for the production process.
(iv) Tertiary sector provides services like transport, banking,
communication, etc It generates more employment then other
sectors,
(vi) Any other relevant point (ANY THREE POINTS) Page 20
SECTION D
30. (i) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights
under a constitution.

(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former
royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens
and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs
commemorated
(v) A centralized administrative system was put in place and it
formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
(vi) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform
system of weights and measures was adopted.
(vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken
and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
(viii) Any other relevant point (ANY FIVE POINTS) Page 5
OR
(i) Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national
unification.
(ii) Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this
process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and
bureaucracy.
(iii) Three wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark and France
- ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of
unification.
(iv) In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed
German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
(v) On January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the
German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian

ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered
in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the
new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.
(vi) Any other relevant point (ANY FIVE POINTS) Page 16
31. (i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture.
(ii) It helps in reducing the heavy dependence of people on agricultural
income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iii) It helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty from our
country.
(iv) It helps in reducing regional disparities by establishing industries
in tribal and backward areas.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
(vi) It helps in bringing foreign exchange.
(vii) Any other relevant point (ANY FIVE POINTS) Page 64
OR
(i) The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from
transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers,
telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other
equipment required by the telecommunication industry.
(ii) Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other
important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi,
Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
(iii) 18 software technology parks provide single window service and
high data communication facility to software experts.

(iv) A major impact of this industry has been on employment
generation.
(v) It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed
in this sector are women.
(vi) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the
last two or three years because of its fast growing Business
Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
(vii) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to
the success of IT industry in India.
(ix) Any other relevant point (ANY FIVE POINTS) Page 76
32. (i) Parties contest elections.
(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the
voters choose from them.
(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
(iv) Parties form and run governments.
(v) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition
to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising
government for its failures or wrong policies.
(vi) Parties shape public opinion.
(vii) Parties provide people access to government machinery and
welfare schemes unplemented by governments.
(viii) Any other relevant point (ANY FIVE POINTS) Page 74
OR
(i) Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency
for what they do in the locality. The rise of political parties is directly

linked to the emergence of representative democracies, large
scale societies need representative democracy.
(ii) As societies became large and complex, they also needed some
agency to gather different views on various issues and to present
these to the government.
(iii) They needed some way to bring various representatives together
so that a responsible government could be formed.
(iv) They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government,
make policies, justify or oppose them.
(v) Political parties fulfil these needs that every representative
government has. We can say that parties are a necessary
condition for a democracy
(vi) Any other relevant point (ANY FIVE POINTS) Page 75
33. (i) The idea is to organize rural poor, in particular women, into small
Self Help Groups (SHGs) and pool (collect) their savings.
(ii) A typical SHG has 15-20 members, usually belonging to one
neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly. Saving per member
varies from 25 to 100 or more, depending on the ability of the
people to save.
(iii) Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their
needs.
(iv) The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than
what the moneylender charges.
(v) After a year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes
eligible for availing loan from the bank.

(vi) Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and is meant to create
self-employment opportunities for the members.
(vii) Small loans are provided to the members for releasing mortgaged
land, for meeting working capital needs
(viii) Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan
activities are taken by the group members.
(ix) The group decides as regards the loans to be granted - the
purpose, charged, repayment schedule etc. Also, it is the group
which is response for the repayment schedule etc. Also, it is the
group which is responsible for the repayment of loan
(x) Any case of non-repayment of loan by any one member is followed
up seriously by other members in the group.
(xi) Any other relevant point. (Any Five Points) Page 51
OR
(i) It supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.
(ii) The banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits
they receive.
(iii) The RBI monitors that the banks actually maintain the cash balance.
(iv) The RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit-making
businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale
industries, to small borrowers etc.
(v) Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI on how
much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate, etc.
(vi) Any other relevant point (Any Five Points) Page 75

SECTION-E
34.1 Due to the industrial revolution and availability of job opportunities in
factories of London
34.2 Gas work was the seasonal industry and they were in need to low
wage workers
34.2 (i) Machines needed huge capital investments
(ii) Machines were costly, ineffective, difficult to repair.
(iii) Labour was available at low wages.
(iv) In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required.
(v) Any other relevant point (Any Two Points) Page 109
35.1 (i) To secure power
(ii) Irrigation
(iii) Drinking water for the drought-prone region.
(iv) Any other relevant point (Any One Point)
35.2 (i) Huge displacement of people
(ii) Demand for rehabilitation
(iii) Harm of harvest
(iv) Loss of livelihood
(v) Any other relevant point (Any One Point)
35.3 (i) Against huge displacement of people
(ii) Environmental issue
(iii) Demand for rehabilitation of tribal
(iv) To provide tribal the source of livelihood

(v) Any other relevant point (Any Two Points) Page 27
36.1 (i) It helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between the social
groups.
(ii) power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political
order
(iii) Any other relevant point (Any One Point)
36.2 (i) When two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections or
to form a government is called as sharing of power.
(ii) Alliance could be between regional and national parties which is
again an example of power sharing
(iii) Political ideas are shared
(iv) Any other relevant point (Any One Point)
36.3 (i) Freedom of choice entails competition among the different
parties,
(ii) Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand,
but is shared among different political parties representing
different ideologies and social groups,
(iii) Any other relevant point (Any Two Point) Page 9
SECTION-F
37. 37a.
A. CALCUTTA B. DANDI
37b.
a. ODISHA b. MAHARASHTRA
c. UTTAR PRADESH d. KERALA

37.1 CALCUTTA
37.2 DANDI
37.3 ODISHA
37.4 MAHARASHTRA
37.5 UTTAR PRADESH
37.6 KERALA

PRACTICE QUESTION PAPER-2
SOCIAL SCIENCE (Code-087)
Class X– Session 2022-23
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Mark: 80

General Instructions:
(i) Question paper comprises Six Sections - A, B, C, D, E andF. There are 37 ques-
tions in the question paper. All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Section A From question 1 to 20 are MCQs ofl mark each.
(iii) Section B Question no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 40 words.
(iv) Section C contains Q.25to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words
(v) Section D - Question no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
(vi) Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case based questions with three sub
questions and are of 4 marks each
(vii) Section F— Question no. 37 is map based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a
from History (2 marks) and 37b from Geography (3 marks).
(viii) Tliere is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has
been provided in few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to
be attempted,
(ix) In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question,
wherever necessaiy.
Section-A (1 × 20 = 20)
1. When was Project Tiger launched? (1)
A. 1970 B. 1970
C. 1975 D. 1960
2. In Trinidad Muharram procession was transformed into (1)

A. Hosay B. Rastafarianism
C. Reggae D. "None of these
3. Which among the following is INCORRECT statement? (1)
A. Primary Sector is also known as agriculture and related Sector.
B. Secondary Sector is also known as Industrial Sector.
C. Fishing comes under the Secondary Sector.
D. Banking comes under the Tertiary Sector.
4. Where was Chutney music popular? (1)
A. India B. Australia
C. Guyana D. Rawanda
5. Identify the type of soil on the basis of given features. (1)
1. Thi is s solid also known as rcgur soil.
2. It is ideal for growing cotton.
A. Alluvial Soil B. Black Soil
C. Red and Yellow Soil D. Forest Soil
6. Which of the following may NOT be a developmental goal for
prosperous farmer in Punjab? (1)
A. Lower support price for his crop
B. Cheap Labour
C. Proper irrigation
D. A and B both arc incorrect
7. In which state is the Corbctt National Park located? (1)
A. Ilimachal pradesh

B. Sikkim
C. Karnataka
D. Uttarakhand
8. The Tiger reserve located in Kerala is- (1)
A. Bandhavgarh
B. Periyar
C. Sundcrbans
D. Manas
9. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as
Asseration (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the
correct option: (1)
Assertion (A): Dynasty is a challenge in front or political parties in
India
Reason (R): In most of Ac political parties in India the lop position is
given to the members or their own lamily.
Option
A. Roth Assertion (A) and Reason( R) are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
B. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and hut Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion.
C. Assertion (A) is correct and Reason (R) is Incorrect.
D. Assertion (A) is Incorrect but Reason (R) is correct.

10. Read the given data and find out which country has most equitable
distribution of income. (1)
Country Citizen 1 Citizen 2 Citizen 3 Citizen 4
Country 1 15000 30000 20000 10000
Countrx 2 20000 20000 60000 50000
Counirv 3 40000 40000 80000 40000
Country 4 45000 50000 90000 80000
A. Country 1 B. Counirv 2
C. Country 3 D. Counirv 4
11. Where is the headquarter of European Union located? (1)
A. Brussels B. German
C. Sri Lanka D. India
12. Sariska wildlife sanctuary ol'Rajasthan is a famous- (1)
A. Elephant reserve
B. Rhinoceros reserve
C. Lion reserve
D. Iigerreserve
13. Bob Marley was the resident of- (1)
A. Uganda B. J rinidad
C. Jamaica D. Guyana
14. Identify the political party on the basis of given information. (1)
1. Formed in 1885.

2. Ruled on India for most of lime after Independence.
3. Main opposition party in present.
A. Nationalist Congress Party
B. Bahujan Samaj Party
C. Bhartiya Janta Party
D. Indian National Congress
15. Indentured labour was considered as a (1)
A. New system of taxation
B. New system of plantation
C. New system of slavery
D. New system of government
16. Which government has the power to make laws on subjects mentioned
in Central List in India? (1)
A. Cental Government
B. State Government
C. Local Government
D. None of the above
17. Who among the following made Rastafarianism famous? (1)
A. Bob Willis
B. Bob Dylan
C. Bob Marlcy
D. Michal Jackson

18. Which among the following is NOT an example of Horizontal distribu-
tion of Power? (1)
A. Legislature B. Executive
C. Federalism D. Judiciary
19. Consider the statements given below and choose the most appropri-
ate option. (1)
I. Different person can have different developmental goals.
II. Development for one may not be development for the others.
III. All people have same developmental goal. Options
A. Only I B. Both I and II
C. Both I and III D. All I, II and III
20. Which of the following is not correct regarding indentured labourers?
A. Harsh Condition for living and working.
B. Lack of legal Rights
C. Right to choose government
D. None of these
Section-B (2 × 4 = 8)
21. What are the prudential reasons to support democracy? (2)
22. “Goals of development may be different and sometimes it may be
contrary on sometime.” Explain this statement. (2)
23. Suggest some measures to improve the function of the Political
parties. (2)

24. Suggest some ways for the improvement of condition of workers in
the unorganized sector? (2)
OR
What do yo understand by Gross Development Product? Explain with
examples.
Section-C (3 × 5 = 15)
25. Analyze the importance of Aluminium Smelting industries
OR
Analyze the importance of Chemical Industries.
26. Why the Indian cotton weavers could not compete with the imported
cotton goods in the nineteenth century?
27. How democracies accommodate social diversities?
28. ‘Democracy has not been able to reduce economic inequalities.’ Do
you agree with this statement? Justify.
29. Distinguish between organized sector and Unorganized sector.
Section-D (5 × 4 = 20)
30. Critically evaluate the Globalization in the context of India. (5)
OR
"Only fair globalisation can give right shape to the world economy.
Explain.
31. ‘Power Sharing is very spirit of Democracy.' Justify the statement.(5)
OR
“Democracy accommodates social diversity.” Justify this statement.

32. Explain the impacts of print culture on Indian women. (5)
OR
“The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print
revolution.” Explain.
33. Mention the suitable geographical conditions needed for the cultivation
of Tea. (5)
OR
Mention the suitable geographical conditions needed for the cultiva-
tion on Sugarcane.
Section-E (4 × 3 = 12)
34. Read the given source and answer the following question. (4)
The Non-Cooperation- Khilafat Movement started with middle-class
participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-con-
trolled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned,
and lawyers gave up their legal practices The council elections were
boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party,
the party of the non-Brahmans felt that council was one way of gaining
some power - something that usually only Brahmans had access to.
34.1 In which province council elections were not boycotted?
34.2 What were the views of the Justice party regarding council election?
34.3 If you were the students during the non-cooperation - Khilafat move-
ment how would you have contributed to the movement? (2)
35. Read the given source and answer the following question.
In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the
cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw

cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour,
moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation. This industry
has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton
boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,
dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by
creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals
and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
35.1 What was the reason for localization of cotton textile industry? (1)
35.2 Which industries have contributed to development by cotton textile
industry? (1)
35.3 How is cotton textile industry related to agriculture? (2)
36. Read the extracts and Answer the following questions. (4)
However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such
a useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, com-
paring total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to
cam. Are people in one country better off than others in a different
country? Hence, we compare the average income which is the total
income of the country divided by its total population. The average
income is also called per capita income. In World Development Re-
ports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classify-
ing countries. Countries with per capita income of US$12736 per
annum and above in 2013, are called rich counties and those with per
capita income of US$ 1045 or less are called low-income countries.
India comes in the categoiy of low middle income countries because
its per capita income in 2013 was just US$ 1570 per annum. The rich
countries, excluding countries of Middle Hast and certain other small
countries, arc generally called developed countries.

36.1 What do you mean by Average Income? (1)
36.2 What is India's per capita income in 2013? (1)
36.3 Mention the limitation of Average Income. (2)
Section F
(MAP WORK)
37.A. Two places A and B arc marked on Ihc outline political map of the
India, identify these places with the help of following information and
write their correct names on the lines marked near them. (1×2=2)
(a) The place where Mahatma Gandhi Broke Salt Law. (1)
(b) The place where Congress organized its session in 1927. (1)
B. Locate and label ANY Three of the following with appropriate sym-
bols on the political map of India. (1×3=3)
(a) Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant
(b) Indorc Cotton Textile Industries
(c) I lyderabad Software Technology Park
(d) Chhatrapali Shivaji M aha raj Airport
(e) Tuticorin Port
Following questions arc only for visually impaired students in lieu
of question no 37. (Attempt any Five) (1×5=5)
(a) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi started Civil Disobedi-
ence Movement.
(b) Name the place where congress organised its session in 1927.
(c) Name the state where Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant is located.

(d) Name the state where Indorc Cotton Textile Industries is located.
(e) Name the state where Hyderabad Software Technology Park is
located.
(f) Name the state where Chhatrapali Shivaji Maharaj Airport is lo-
cated.
(g) Name the stale where Tuticorin port is located.

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Dr.

Hemendra Mohan Khan

Bhupendra Kr. Tiwari

Nooruddin (Urdu Medium)

X–Social Science (xii)

2. Nationalism in India 21–48

3. The making of Global World 49–65

4. The age of Industrialisation 66–88

5. Print Culture and the Modern World 89–106

1. Resource and Development 107–125

2. Forest and Wild Life 126–136

3. Water Resources 137–152

5. Mineral and Energy Resources 174–192

6. Manufacturing Industries 193–205

7. Life Lines of National Economy 206–224

1. Power Sharing 225–236

(xiii) X–Social Science

4. Gender, Religion and Caste 264–277

5. Political Parties 278–296

6. Outcomes of Democracy 297–309

2. Sectors of Indian Economy 327–333

3. Money and Credit 334–348

4. Globalisation and The Indian Economy 349–365

Practice Paper – 1 366–379

Practice Paper – 2 395–405

X–Social Science (xiv)

Social Science is a compulsory subject up to secondary stage of school

The main objectives of this syllabus are to:

(xv) X–Social Science

X–Social Science (xvi)

(xvii) X–Social Science

The Idea of Nationalism by The French Revolution (1789)

In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a The first clear expression of na-

(1) X–Social Science

X–Social Science (2)

Napoleon was defeated in 1815 and after this European governments

He was the Austrian Chancellor. He was born

(3) X–Social Science

He was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a

X–Social Science (4)

He was the Chief Minister of Sardia-Pied-

He was not part of the regular Troops. He led

Greek War of Independence

(5) X–Social Science

Nationalism and Imperialism (Balkan Problem)

1. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations com-

X–Social Science (6)

Visualizing the Nation

Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries portrayed a country as if it were

1. In the German regions a large number of political associations whose

(7) X–Social Science

Symbol and Significance

Postage stamp of 1850 Picture of Marianne was

This picture was made by painter Philip Vetit in 1848.

X–Social Science (8)

"When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold."

"Mazzini is the most dangerous enemy of our social order."

Answer the following Questions