Class notes on Estimation and Costing

Er. Nirajan Silwal

Contingencies:- 3-5% of the estimated cost
 Incidental expenses of miscellaneous characteristics which cannot be classified of project
under any distinct item sub-head.
 Physical contingencies=10% and price adjustment contingencies= 10%

Work Charged Establishments: 1.5 to 2% of estimated

 During construction of a project, a certain number of work supervisor, cost.
chaukidars, mates etc. are required to employed, and their salaries are paid
from the amount of work charge establishments provide on the estimate.
 Work charged establishment employees are temporary staffs and their
appointment shall be sanctioned by the competent authority for the specific
period.

Overhead: - indirect cost of unproductive nature. 7.5-10%

General Overhead Job Overhead
Establishments (Office Salary of engineer, supervisors
staff) Handling of materials
Stationary, Printing Repair and depreciation of Tools and
Travelling expenses plants
Telephone Workman's compensation, insurances.
Taxes Interest on investments
Postage Lighting at sites
Electric bills etc. Losses on advance
Amenities to labor
Water Charges: - 1.5% of total cost of
 For drinking purpose of the workers and for the work, arrangement of water material and labor.
either by sinking tube-well or by taking temporary water connection from the
corporation or municipality becomes necessary.
Value Added Tax (VAT) 13% of total cost of
project
Contractor Tax 1.5% of paid bill
Centage charge or departmental charge:- 10-15% of estimated cost
 When the engineering department takes up the work of other department for
planning, designing and monitoring and supervision of work.
Scrap value and salvage value 8-10% of cost of
Note: Scrap value < Salvage value construction
Generally 10%
Approximate cost of electrification 5% - 8% of estimated cost
Cost of sanitary and water supply 5%-8% of estimated cost
For electric fan 4% of estimated cost
Un-sewered area, additional cost for septic tank 3%-4% of bldg. cost
Provision of supervision 5% to 10%
Profit to contactor (Analysis of rates) 10% of total cost.
Valuation (70% fair market value + 30% governmental value)
Gross income of building 5-10% of building
Annual repair and maintenance 10% of gross income
Or, 1% to 1.5% of total
cost of construction
Or, 1 to 1.5 months' rent.
Annual rent 5-10% value of building
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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
Penalty 0.05% of contract amount
per day does not exceed
10%
Cost of labor 25% of total cost of
building
Horizontal circulation area 10-15% of Plinth Area
Vertical circulation area 4-5% of Plinth Area

Estimation: - calculation of quantities of various item of work and expenses to be incurred there on a particular work.

 Estimated cost: - probable (theoretical) cost of work before the start of work.
 Actual cost: - Real cost of project after the completion of work. It is taken from the account register.
 % Fluctuation between estimated cost and actual cost should be (
+¿ ¿
−¿ ¿ 10% -15%).
 Generally take 10%.

Purposes:-
- Estimation of various types and quantities of materials requirement.
- Estimation of various types and member of labor.
- Estimation various types of tools and equipment.
- Preparation of work schedule.
 Data required for estimating
1. Drawings: -
 Drawings are required for calculations of quantities.
 Drawing showing plan, elevations, section and other relevant detail with clear and
complete dimension are required for preparing estimate.
2. Schedules of rate: -
 For preparing estimate, government approved rates of each item of the work is
essential.
 Rate is important for calculation of estimate by multiplying quantities of material with
unit rate.
3. Specifications: -
 Specification describe nature, class, material proportion, workmanship etc. are required
for estimation as well as execution of work.
4. Method of measurement.
 Principle unit of measurement
5. Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be measured in m3
6. Thin, shallow and surface work shall be taken inm2.
7. Long and thin works shall be taken in running meter (rm).
8. Piece work or job work shall be taken in number.

Sub- head of item of work:-

9. It is used to describe the sub-divisions into which the total cost of a work is divided for financial
control and statistical convenience.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
1. Earthwork: - it includes the cost of all items of E/W as E/W in excavation, filling, dressing of
earthwork etc.
2. Concrete: - lime concrete, cement concrete, RCC etc.
3. Brick work
4. Stone work
5. Woodwork
6. Steel work
7. Roofing
8. Flooring
9. Plastering and pointing
10. Painting and distempering
11. White washing and color washing
12. Miscellaneous work.

Specification:-

 A specification is a specific description of a particular subject.

 An engineering specification contains detailed description of all workmanship and
materials which are required to complete an engineering project in accordance with its
drawings and details.
 It is very important for the execution of the work.
 The cost of the work depends upon the specifications.
 Specification should be clear and there should not be any ambiguity anywhere about
the drawings of a structure arrangement of the room, various parts and the dimensions.
 Drawings do not furnish the details of different items of work, quantity of materials,
proportion mortar and workmanship, which are described in specification.
 Specification don’t include dimension.

Purpose of Specifications:-

10. To specify the nature of work

11. To estimate the quantity and cost
12. To clarify any ambiguity (in-exactness).
13. To identify the quality of materials.
14. To identify the material proportion.
15. To identify the types of workmanship used.

Type of specification: -

1. General Specifications
 In general specifications, nature and class of works and names of materials that should be used in the
various items of works are described.
 Only a brief description of each and every item is given.
 It is useful for detail estimating the project .

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
 Without going through the lengthy detailed specifications, general information for the quantities of the
materials, nature and class of work can be known from the general specifications, but they do not form
part of the contract document.
2. Detail Estimate: -
 Detail specification form a part of contract document.
 It specifies the qualities, quantities and proportion of material and the method of preparation and
execution for a particular item of work.
 Detail specification of different items of work is prepared separately and they describe what the work
should be and how they shall be executed and constructed.
 While writing the detailed specifications the same order of sequence as the work is to be carried out is
maintained.

 Rule for deductions:-

1. Plastering: - no deduction is made for opening less than 0.5 m2areas.
For area 0.5-3m 2 , deduction is made for only one face.
For area > 3m 2 , deduction shall be made for openings, jambs, soffits and sill are measured.
End of beam and rafters.
2. Masonry work: - Opening of less than 0.1 m2areas.
Bearing of floor and roof slab.
Horn of door or window frame.
3. No deduction is made for volume occupied by reinforcement in concrete.
4. In case of expanded metal, wire netting etc. opening less than 0.2 m 2 are not deducted.
5. Ceiling: - opening less than 0.4 m2 are not deducted.
6. Hollow concrete block: - No deduction is made on hole of concrete block.
7. Volume occupied by water pipe, conduit not exceeding 25 cm 2.
8. No deduction is made for volumes occupied by pipes, not exceeding 100 sq. cm in cross-section.
9. Formwork: - opening less than 0.4 m2 are not deducted.

Type of estimate:-

1. Approximate or rough or preliminary or abstract estimate.

- Prepared for administrative sanction.
- Also called Rough estimate.
- Done in preliminary state of work.
- Carried out for feasibility study, tax, valuation, insurance etc.
- This estimate is accompanied by a report duly explaining necessity and utility of project with a
site or layout plan.

Types

a) Unit rate estimate: - Per bed of hospital, per km of road, per span of bridge, per
classroom for school, per seat of cinema and theatre hall, per bay of factories etc.
b) Plinth area estimate:-
o Called square rate method.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
o Mostly adopted in building.
o Evaluation of building is done based on plinth area estimate.
o Calculate by multiplying plinth area rate of similar building having similar specification,
heights and construction to plinth area of building.
o For a storied building, the plinth area estimate is prepared for each storey separately.

Plinth area:-

- Plinth area= Floor area+ area of walls

- Floor area= Circulation area+ carpet area
- So, Plinth Area = Carpet area+ circulation area+ area of walls.

Numerical;

Prepare a preliminary estimate for a farmed four stories office building having a carpet area of 300 sq.m, for each floor.
Assume area occupied by corridor, verandah, lavatories, staircase, etc. as 25 % of built up area and that occupied by
walls and columns as 8.5 % of the same. Given:
i) Built-up area rate for ground floor (excluding foundation ¿ Rs. 1500 per m 2)
ii) Built-up area rate for first and second floor ¿ Rs. 1650 per m2
iii) Built-up area for third floor ¿ Rs. 1800 per m2
iv) Extra cost for foundation ¿ 20 % of superstructure cost
v) Extra for special architectural treatment ¿ 1 % of building cost
vi) Extra for water supply and sanitary ¿ 7 % of building cost
vii) Work charged establishment and supervision charges ¿ 10 %
viii) Extra for other sources ¿ 5 % of building cost.
ix) Extra for electrical installation ¿ 8 % of building cost.
Assume contingencies as 4%.
Solution:-
Plinth Area or built up area: - Carpet area+ Circulation area+ Area occupied by walls and columns.
Carpet area= 300 sq.m
Let, P is the plinth area.
P= 300+ 25% of plinth area+ 8.5% of plinth area
= 300+ 0.25P+0.085P
So, P= 451.13 sq.m.
I. Ground floor 451.13 sq.m, cost @ 1500 per sq.m = 451.13*1500= Rs 676965
II. 1st and 2nd fllor (2* 451.13 sq.m) cost @ Rs. 1650 per sq.m = 2*451.13*1650= 1488729.
III. 3rd floor 451.13 sq.m cost @ Rs. 1800 per sq.m = 451.13*1800= Rs. 812034
So, total cost for superstructure= (i) + (ii) + (iii) = Rs. 29, 77,458
iv. Extra cost for foundation @ 20% of superstructure= 20% of Rs. 2977458
= Rs 59549.60
Total building cost= Rs. 2977458 +Rs. 59549.60 = Rs. 3572949.60
iv. Extra for architectural treatment @ 1% of total building cost:- 1% of Rs. 3572949.60 = Rs. 35729.50
v. Extra for water supply and sanitary @ 7% of total building cost : 7% of Rs. 3572949.60 = Rs. 250106.47
vi. Extra for electrical installation @ 8% of total building cost : 8% of Rs. 3572949.60 = Rs. 285836.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
vii. Extra for other sources @ 5% of total building cost: 5% of Rs. 3572949.60 = Rs. 178647.48.
Overall cost= Total building cost + 35729.50+250106.47+285836+178647.48 = Rs 4323269.05
Add contingencies @ 4% of overall cost = 4% of Rs. 4323269.05 = Rs 172930.75
Add work charge establishment and supervision charge @ 10% of overall cost = 10% of Rs. 4323269.05
= Rs. 432326.90.
Grand total of estimated cost = Overall cost + Rs 172930.75 + Rs. 432326.90. = Rs. 49, 28,526.

Points to remember:-

- Plinth Area: - built up covered area of a building measured at floor level of any stored is called
plinth area.
- Include
1. All floors excluding offsets.
2. Area of barsati/ mumpti.
3. Internal shaft for sanitary less than 2m2.
4. Area of porches but not cantilever.
5. Machine room, lift, duct etc.
- Exclude:-
1. Area of cantilever porch.
2. Area of cantilever projections.
3. Courtyard area.
4. Loft
5. Internal shaft for sanitary more than 2m2.
6. Unclosed balcony
7. Tower, sunshade, external staircase etc.
- Floor Area:- Total area of floor in between walls, i:e area of floor of all rooms, verandahs,
corridors, passages, entrance halls, staircase room, kitchen, bath and latrines etc. is called floor
area.
- 50% of area of balcony is included in floor area.
- Circulation area: - The area of verandahs, corridors, passages, entrance halls, staircase,
balconies, and shafts of lifts is called circulations area. These areas are used for movements in
building.
- Carpet area: - Livable area of building is called carpet area. It is the total floor area minus the
circulation area and minus the other un- useable areas such as of bathroom, water closets, air
conditioning rooms etc. It should also exclude the kitchen areas, stores and similar other rooms
which are not use for living purposes
- For Residential Building:-
- Carpet area: - 50% to 65% of the plinth area.
- For Office Building:-
- Carpet Area: - 60% to 75% of the plinth area.
c) Cubic rate estimate:-
- Most accurate than plinth area estimate.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
- Cubic rate of similar building having similar specification and construction is obtained and
multiplied by cubic area to get cubic cost of building.
- The foundation and plinth and the parapet above floor are not considered while calculating
height.
- The height should be measured from the top of the flat roof (or half way of the sloped roof) to
the floor level.

2. Detailed or item rate estimate:-

- Most accurate and reliable estimate.
- Done after administrative sanction and for technical sanctions.
- First rate per unit work are considered and total cost for the item is found by multiplying the
cost per unit rate of the rate by the number of item.
- It is done in two stage
1. Details of measurements and calculation of quantity.
- The detail of measurements of each item of work are taken out correctly from plan and
drawings and quantities under each item are computed or calculated in a tabular form named as
DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT FORM as shown in table below.

Item no. Description or Particulars No. Length Breadth Height or Content or

Depth Quantity

2. Abstraction of estimated cost.

- The cost of each item of work is calculated in a tabular from the quantities already
computed and total cost is worked out in ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE FORM shown in table
below.

Item no. Description or Particulars Quantity Unit Rate Amount

- A percentage of 3%-5% (usually 4%) as contingencies for unforeseen expenditure, change

in design, change in rate etc. which may occur during execution of work.
- A percentage of 1.5% to 2% is added to meet the expenditure of work charged
establishments.
- The grand total thus obtained is the estimated cost of the work

It is accomplished with

i) Report
ii) General specification.
iii) Drawing
iv) Calculation
v) Design
vi) Analysis of rate.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal

3. Revised Estimate: - Revised estimate is a detailed estimate and is required to be prepared under any one of the
following circumstances:-

- Prepared when original sanctioned detail estimate exceed by 5%

or
- Expenditure on a work exceeds or likely exceeds the amount of administrative sanction by 10%
due to rate being found insufficient or other reason.

The revise estimate should be accompanied by a comparative statement showing the variation
of each item of works, its quantity, rate and cost under original and revised, side by side, the
excess or saving and the reason for variation.

4. Supplementary Estimate:-

- Supplementary estimate is a detailed estimate and is prepared when additional works are
required to supplement to the original work, or when further development is required during
progress of work.
- Same as detailed estimate but it should be accompanied by a full report of the circumstances
which render it necessary.
- The abstract must show the amount of original estimate and the total of the sanction required
including supplementary amount.

5. Annual repair and maintenance estimate-

- After completion of a work, it is necessary to maintain the same for proper function and for the
same, estimate is prepared for the items which require renewal, replacement, repair etc. in the
form of a detailed estimate.
- The estimated amount should not more than 1.5% of the capital cost of the work.
- Example of special repair are renewal of floor, floor and other item, minor improvement in the
building, repair of monsoon or flood damage works etc.

6. Extension and Improvement of Estimate:-

- When some changes and extensions are required to be made in old works, the cost of which
cannot meet out annual maintenance estimate, a detail estimate of the additional works
prepared, called extension and improvement of estimate. This estimate includes
a. Report explaining the necessity of the additional work.
b. Existing drawings.
c. Drawing of changed work.
d. Calculation sheet as per design.
e. Rates followed for preparing the abstract of cost.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
7. Conceptual Estimate: - An estimate of construction costs made from designer's preliminary sketches and outline
specification.

8. Supplementary and revised estimate: - This estimate is prepared when a particular work is abandoned and the cost of
the work remaining is less than 95% of the original sanctioned amount of work

or

Where there are material deviations from the original proposed work which may result in substantial saving in the
estimate.

Types of sanctions:

1. Administrative Approval or Sanctions

 Administrative approval denotes the formal acceptances by the department
concerned of the proposal, and after the administrative approval is given, the
engineering department takes up the work and prepares detail designs, plans
and estimate.
 The engineering department prepares approximate estimate and preliminary
plans and submits to the department concerned for administrative approval.
2. Expenditure Sanction
 Expenditure sanction means allotment of fund or money for a specific work and
is usually, according by finance department.
3. Technical sanction
 Technical sanctions mean the sanction of the detailed estimate, design
calculations, quantities of work, rates and cost of the work by the competent
authority of the engineering department.
 After technical sanction of the estimate is given, then only the work is taken up
for the construction.

Method of calculating Quantities

1. Center Line method:-

- In this method, calculate the total center line length of walls in a building and multiply the same
by the breadth and depth of the respective item to get the total quantity.
- Quick method as compared to other method.
- Suitable to calculate quantity of circular, hexagonal, octagonal shaped building.
- Only in the case of an unsymmetrical wall which is generally rare, no advantages may be claimed
by this method.
- More chance of mistake.
2. Out to out and in to in method or long wall or short wall method:-
- In this method, the longer walls in a building are considered as long walls and measured from
out to out: and shorter or partition walls , in a perpendicular direction of the long walls, are
considered as short walls and measured from in to in for a particular layer of work. These length
of long and short walls are multiplies separately by the breadth and height of the corresponding
layer and are added to get quantity.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
- Length of long wall= center to center length+ half breadth at each end.
- Length of short wall= center to center length- half breadth at each end.
- Suitable to unsymmetrical building.
- Less chance of mistake and suitable for complicated building.
- Accurate method.
3. Crossing Method: - In this method calculate the overall perimeter of the building and subtract
from this four times the thickness of wall to obtain the center line length.
- This method is now rarely use.

Bill of Quantity (BOQ):-

- Statement showing item number, description of work, quantity but not units of rate.
- Prepared by quantity surveyors.
- Prepared in tabular form where rate and amount column are left blank, which is filled by
contractor.
- Unit rate of item is written in figure (number) and words (alphabets).

- The written in words is generally preferred if differ between them.

Schedule of Rate:-

- Documents containing detailed description of all item of work together with their estimated rate
but not mentioning their quantity.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
Schedule of quantity:-

- List of quantity of various item of work required for construction.

- Also called quantity survey.

Rate analysis: - labor, material and equipment.

- Art of determining the rate of item of work considering the

1. Total cost of material.
2. Total cost of labor.
3. Hire tools and equipment's (Generally, 3% of unskilled labor).
4. Contractor's profit (10%) and overheads (5%) = total 15%.

Purpose

1. To revise the schedule of rate due to increase in cost of labor and material due to change in
technique.
2. To work out economical use of material and processes in completing the particulars item.
3. To determine the actual cost per unit of item.

Requirements:-

1. Correct information of market rate of materials.

2. Correct information of various categories of labors.
3. Out turn of labors.
4. Knowledge, rate and outturn of various tools and plants.
5. Up to date knowledge of construction.

Factors affecting

1. Specification of works and materials, quality of materials, proportion of mortar, method of

construction etc.
2. Quantities of materials and their rates, number of different types of labor and their rate.
3. Location of the site of work and its distances from the sources of materials and the rate of
transport, availability of water etc.
4. Profit desired
5. Miscellaneous and overhead expenses of contractor.

Method of rate analysis

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
i. Total Cost of a material = Rs. X
ii. Total cost of laborers:- Rs. Y
iii. Hire of tools and equipment (3% of unskilled labors cost) = Rs. Z
so, Sub-total (A) = Rs. (X+Y+Z)

Note:- VAT is not included in Rate Analysis and if the materials are carried from a distant place, more than 8 Kms (5
miles), then the cost of transportation is also added.

iv. Contractor overhead (5%) and profit (10%) = 15% of A = Rs. 0.15*A
so, Total (B) = Rs. (A+0.15*A) = Rs. 1.15*A (unit rate of item).

Notes:-

1. In concrete mix: - To get dry mix, increase 50% to 55% of wet mix.

2. In mortar mix: - To get dry mix, increase 30% to 35% of wet mix.

3. In plastering works: -First increase 25% for filling in between joints and irregular surface.

- In case of ceiling of concrete surface only 10% to 15% increase in wet mix.
- Then to get dry mix, increase 30% to 35% of wet mix.

4. In case of stone works

- Increase 15% to 20% of total work due to wastage and dressing to get the required stone.
- Volume of dry mix = 30% to 40% of stone masonry.

5. In R.C.C works

- To get reinforcement= (0.6 to 1%) volume of R.C.C

- Binding wires = 1kg per quintal.
- For column = 1 to 5%
6. Capacity of Truck= 4000 bricks and 4 cu.m sand
- 3 tonner truck= 1000 bricks
- 5 tonner truck= 1500 bricks
- 8 tonner truck = 2000 bricks

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
A= 30 cm, B= 45cm and C= 50cm

Material detail:-

1. Brick:-
- Modular brick (19*9*9) cm. 500 nos. per cubic meter wall.
- Local Brick (55*110*230) mm. 560 nos. per cubic meter wall.
- Machine made brick. 530 nos. per cubic meter wall.

2. Reinforcement:-

 Density= 7850kg/m3.
2
d
 Wt. per meter=
162.2

Bar diameter= 10mm 10∗10 0.62 kg per meter.

Wt. per meter=
162.2
Bar diameter= 12mm 12∗12 0.88 kg per meter.
Wt. per meter=
162.2
Bar diameter= 16mm 16∗16 1.57 kg per meter and so on…
Wt. per meter=
162.2
 Rebar Size= 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 36mm, 40mm.
 Rebar length= 12m.
 When not specified, volume of steel in RCC work= 0.6 to 1.0% of R.C.C work.

3. Cement:-

 Density of cement= 1440 kg/m3.

 Volume of cement 1 bag cement= 0.0347 m3.
 1 bag cement= 50 kg.
 1 m3 cement= 28.8 bags.

Method of measurement

 Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 meter.

 Area shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq. meter.
 Volume shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 cu. meter.
 Wt. shall be measured to the nearest about 1kg.
 Each pane of glass is measure nearest to 0.5 cm.
 Length of wooden frame for window and door is measure nearest to 2 cm and width and thickness to the
nearest 2 mm.
 Sectional dimension of different R.C.C member shall be taken nearest to 0.5 cm.

Provisional sum: -

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
- Amount provided in the estimate and bill of quantity for some specialized work to be carried out
by a specialist form, whose details are not known at the time of preparing estimate.
- The payment of provisional sum is done on actual basis.

Provisional quantity: -

- When the quantity of a particular item is not known, certain provisional quantities are provided
separately for such item. For this purpose the quantities are calculated from measurement of
the drawing with certain assumption of the probable increase.
- Kept separately in BOQ and marked as provisional.

R
. - Sinking Fund = n
(1+ R) −1

Task work or out turn of worker

- The expected out- turn of 2.5 cm cement concrete floor per mason per day= 7.5
sq.m
- The expected out turn for earth work in excavation in ordinary soil per mazdoor
per day is = 3.00 cu.m
For hard soil = 2 cu.m and for rock= 1 cu.m
- The expected out turn of 12 mm plastering with cement mortar is = 8 sq.m
- The expected out turn of cement concrete 1: 2: 4 per mason per day = 5.0
cu.m.
- The number of masons required for cu.m cement concrete 1:2:4 (as per HMG
norms) = 0.8.
- The expected out turn of half brick partition wall per mason per day = 5.0 sq.m.
- The expected out turn of brick work in cement mortar in foundation and plinth
per mason per day = 1.25 cu.m.
- The expected out turn of brick work in cement mortar (1:6) in foundation and
plinth per mason per day (as per HMG norms) = 0.67 cu.m. (D Parsad)
- The quantity of stone required for 10 cu.m of rubble stone masonry = 12.5 cu.m
(Increase by 15 to 20%).
- The number of mason required for cu.m of stone masonry (as per HMG norms),
=1.5. (D Parsad)
- How many mazdoors will be required for the disposal of 30 cu.m of surplus earth
within a lead on 30m in one day?
(Note:-1 mazdoor = 2.83 cu.m per day for 30m lead)= 10
- In RCC work, one mason in one day can perform = 1.25 cu.m (D Parsad).
- The quantity of lime required for 100sq.m white washing (single coat)(as per
HMG norms)= 10 kg. (D Parsad).
- For 12mm thick cement plaster 1:6 on 100 sq.m new brick work, the quantity of
cement required is 0.274 m3.
(Hint:- add 1st 25% to fill joint and then 30-35% to get dry volume)

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
- The volume of cement required for 10 cu.m of brick work in 1:6 cement mortar
3
is approximately equal to cu.m.
7
- For 100 sq.m cement concrete (1:2:4) 4cm thick floor, the quantity of cement
required = 0.94 m 3.
Hint: - increase by 10% to fill undulation and then increase by 50% to get dry
volume.

Nepal Standard norms

Item Description of work Skilled Unskilled Transportation upto Unit

no.
1 B/W (Machine made
brick)
3
B/W (1:3-1:6) 1.5 2.2 30m m
2 Local Brick
B/W (1:3-1:4) 1.5 2.2 30m
B/W (soil) 1.0 1.7 30m
3 Stone
Rubble (1:3-1:6) 1.5 5.0 10m
Rubble (dry) 1.0 2.0 30m
4 PCC
1:5:10-1:2:4 1 4 30m
5 RCC
1:2:4-1:1:2 0.8 7 30m
6 Steel (1.05) &Binding 12 12 30m MT
wire 10kg
7 Wood
Chaukhat (HF=92 & 34 3.4 1m3
Nail=184)
8 Plaster
12.5mm (1:3 and 1:4) 15 20 100m2 Ceiling
12.5 mm 12 16 100m2 walls
20mm 14 19 100m2 All

Unit of measurement of payment for various items of works.

Item no Description of work Unit of Unit of

measurement payment
1 Earthwork
3
a. E/W in excavation. m
b. E/W in filling and cutting. m
3

c. Surface excavation (30cm) and surface m

2

dressing (15cm), leveling, cleaning etc.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
2
d. Hire and labor charge for shoring. m
e. Puddling. m3
f. Rock excavation. m
3

2 Brickwork
3
a. Brickwork (with lime and mortar) of one or m
more than one brick wall
b. Brickwork in arches.(work turn is least) m
3

c. Reinforced B/W. m
3

d. Honey comb B/W 2

m
e. 10cm or half brick walls with lime or cement
mortar m2
f. Flat brick soling (one or two layer)
g. B/W in foundation m2
3
h. B/W in superstructure. m
3
i. Brick arch work m
3
j. Fair faced B/W. m
k. First class B/W in mud mortar in foundation m3
and plinth. m
3

l. Moulding,Cornices, string courses, drip rm

course (pani patti).
m. B/W in coping. rm
n. Broken Glass Coping rm
o. Beading in door and window frame. m
2

p. Brick edging. rm
q. Brick on edging rm
r. Cutting holes through existing B/W. 2
m
s. Jack arch roofing including top finish.
Per cm
t. Sundried B/W. 2
m
m3

3. Concrete works
3
a. Lime or cement concrete in foundation. m
b. RCC work (beam, slab, lintel etc.) m
3

c. DPC (thickness is 2 to 4cm) m

2

d. R.C chajja. 3
m
e. Precast C.C or R.C.C blocks
- Block construction exceeding
10cm on bed m3
- Not exceeding 10cm
f. Hollow concrete block wall m2
3
g. Expansion and contraction joint. m
h. Concrete jaffries and sunshade. rm
2
i. Concrete fencing posts m
j. PCC in foundation. m3
3
k. 50mm thick PCC. m
l. Cement concrete bed. m2
3
m
4. Steel and iron works.
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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
a. Steel reinforcement on RCC works MT
b. Steel truss and purlins Quintal
c. Welding and soldering of plates. Quintal
d. Steeling reinforcement including binding Quintal
wire.
e. M.S grill Kg
2
f. Rolling, collapsible & main gate shutter m
g. Wire fencing rm
h. Expanded metal, wire netting etc. m
2

i. Lightening conductors. Rm
j. Bending, Binding of steel reinforcement Quintal
k. Hoop iron Rm
5. Wood works
2
a. Door and window shutter m
b. Door and window frame m
3

c. Form work m
2

d. Scantlings, batterns, trusses etc. 3

m
e. Handrail
rm
f. Wooden false ceiling 2
g. Lintel over opening m
h. Striking m3
2
i. Ballies (Stick) m
j. Wooden pile rm
k. Wooden partition rm
l. Fillets, beadings m2
rm
6. Finishing
2
a. Plastering m
b. Pointing m2
c. Painting works in door, grill, roof, grating etc. m
2

d. Painting on eaves, gutters, rainwater and rm

ventilation pipe
e. Painting letter and figures No.
f. Lime concrete roof terracing 2
m
g. Plastering band up to 30cm
Rm
7. Flooring works
2
a. Brick on edge or brick flat flooring m
b. Lime or cement concrete floors or paving. m
2

(note: - if thickness exceed 20cm, it shall be

measured as work on foundation)
c. Terrazzo or mosaic flooring m
2

d. Tile flooring 2
m
e. Skirting
o Less than 30 cm
o Greater than 30cm
m2
f. Interlocking block flooring 2
g. Artificial stone to floor, dado, staircase etc m
2
h. Stone slab flooring m
2
i. Tile flooring m

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
2
m
m2
8. Miscellaneous works
a. Rain water pipe gutter, vent waste pipe etc Rm
b. Iron bracket for gutter quintal
c. Surface drain rm
d. Sanitary fittings No.
e. Glass panes (supply) m2
f. Fixing glass panel or cleaning No.
g. Door handle No.
h. Bolts No.
i. Cutting of tree No.
j. Ornamental pillar cap No.
k. Sawing of timber, timbering of trenches m
2

l. Plantation of trees Per Km.

m. Jungle clearing including uprooting, m
2

vegetation, grass etc.

n. Scaffolding
m2
o. Blasting
Kg
p. Silt clearance in irrigation canal
(for thin layer up to 5cm, may be on area m3
basis)
q. Grouting (Bituminous grouting of road metal, 2
cement grouting of concrete) m
r. Grouting of crack, joints etc.
s. Bituminous road surfacing. Rm
2
t. Dismantling of B/W. m
3
u. Pargetting chimney. m
v. Holdfast. Rm
w. Barbed wire fencing. Quintal
x. Glazing. Rm
2
y. Insulated cable m
z. Bare cable Rm
aa. Holdfast Kg or Quintal
bb. Sheet piles Quintal
2
m
9. Supply of works
a. Supply of brick No.
b. Supply of sanitary fittings No.
c. Supply of ordinary cement bags.
d. Supply of sand, aggregate m3
e. Supply of paints Ltr.
f. Supply of electric wire Per m
g. Supply of glass panel m
2

h. Supply of GI sheet Quintal

i. Supply of AC sheet m
2

j. Supply of bitumen, coal and Tar Ton

k. Supply of Timber 3
m
l. Supply of stiff paint.
Kg

Page 18
 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
m. Supply of slaked and un-slaked lime. Quintal.

10. Stone masonry works

2
a. Stone work in Wall facing, wall lining etc. m
b. Dressed stone in chujja, shelves, stone m
2

sunshade and stone slab.

c. Stone masonry. m
3

d. Cut stone work in jail 2

m
e. Dressed stone work in sills, steps, column, 3
coping lintel m
f. Cut stone in lintel, beam. 3
g. Blasting of rock (Blasted stone stacked and m
then measured) m2
h. Boulder work
m3

Note: - When plan area of E/W is more than 10 m2 and width is more than 1.5m but depth less than 30cm is called E/W
excavation.

Valuation:-

- Technique of determining the fair price or value of property such as building, factory,
other engineering structures of various types, land etc.
- By valuation, present price of property is known.
- Value of property depends upon structure, life, maintenance, location, bank interest etc.

Purpose of valuation:-

- Buying and selling of property: - when it is required to buy or sell a property, its
valuation is required.
- Taxation: - To assess the tax of property its valuation is required. Tax may be municipal
Tax, Wealth Tax, Property Tax, etc. and all the taxes are fixed on the valuation of the
property.
- Rent fixation: - In order to determine the rent of the property, valuation is required.
Rent is usually fixed on certain percentage of the amount of valuation. (6-10% of
valuation amount)
- Security of loans or Mortgage: - when loans are taken against the security of the
property, its valuation is required.
- Compulsory acquisition: - whenever a property is acquired by the law, compensation is
paid to the owner. To determine the compensation, valuation of the property is
required.

Depreciation:-

- Loss of value of property due to structural deterioration, use, wear and tear, decay and
obsolescence.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
Type of depreciation:-

- Physical depreciation: - due to structural deterioration, wear and tear etc.

- Functional depreciation: - due to technological advancement, lack of demand etc.
- Caused by factors other than the property itself. For example, areas with a high crime
rate are less attractive to investors or the establishment of an industrial plant in the
neighborhood can result in noise pollution, waste dumping, and untreated fumes, which
can adversely affect the residents living in the neighborhood.

Method of calculating Depreciation: -

1. Straight line method: - lost its value at same amount every year and only scrap value
remains at last.
Original cost−Scrap value
- Annual Depreciation=
life ∈ years
2. Constant percentage method.
- Also called declining percentage method.
- Property will lose its value by a constant value.
- D= 1-¿ Where,
- D= percentage rate of annual depreciation.
- V= scrap value
- C= original cost.
3. Sinking fund method.
- Depreciation is assumed to be equal to the annual sinking fund plus the interest on the
sinking fund for that year.
R
- Sinking fund coefficient ( Sc ) = n ………….(i)
(1+ R) −1
n
- Sn for n years = (1+ R) −1 ∗1 … … … … … … .(ii)
R
- Product of equation (i) & (ii) give rate of depreciation.

Method of valuation:-

1. Depreciation method.
- Value of property= value of land+ depreciated value of building.
r n
- Depreciated value of building (D) = P*(1− ¿¿
100
- P= cost of building at present market rate= plinth area* rate
- r= fixed rate of depreciation.
- n= age of building.

Life of building (yrs) Value of r

100 1
75 1.3
50 2
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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
25 4
20 5

2. Plinth area method.

C−S
- Value of property= value of land+ plinth area*plinth area rate – depreciation ( ¿.
n
3. Cost based method.
- Value of property= value of land+ value of building as per detail estimate- depreciation (
C−S
¿.
n
4. Profit based method.
- Used in cinema hall, commercial complex, hotel etc.
- Value of building= value of land + capitalized value.
- Capitalized value= Net income* year's purchase.
5. Capital value comparison method:-
- Rental value is not available but sale value of similar property is known.
6. Rental method: -
- Rental income is calculated by deducting all gross income to outgoings.
- Value of property= value of land + capitalized value.
- Capitalized value= net income * year's purchase.
1
- Year's purchase =
I p +¿ I ¿ c

- I p=rate of interest∧¿I c=rate of interest on sinking fund ¿

7. Development method:-
- Valuation done on partially developed or undeveloped phase. Like in plotting.

1. Value and Cost

Value indicates the present market value of any property which may be higher or lower than the cost of
construction, whereas the cost means actual cost of construction.
The value is fluctuating in nature whereas cost is a constant which required for the construction, and the value
depend upon the;
- Supply and demand of the property
- Location of the property.
- Purpose of valuation etc.

2. Book Value: - It is the original investment shown in the account books of a company on its assets including
properties and machinates. Thus, the book value will be reduced year to year depending upon depreciation and
will be only the scrap value at the end of the utility period.
Book value is applicable on building and movable properties but not on land.
Book value = Original cost - Total depreciation up to previous

3. Assessed Value: -It is the value of any property recorded in the record of local authority which is used for the
purpose of determining the various taxes to be collected from the owner of the property.
Generally, the assessed value is determined from the gross annual rent at which the land or building might to be
let after allowing a factor of 10% for repair.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal

4. Distress Value or Forced Sale Value: -

When a property is sold at a lower price than the market value of that time, it is said to have a distress value.
Such distress value may be due to any of the following reason;
a) Financial difficulties of the seller.
b) Insufficient knowledge about the market value.
c) Quarrel among partners.
d) Panic due to war or riots or civil commendation.

5. Replacement Value: - It is that value of a property or its services calculated on the prevailing market rate to
replace the same.

6. Ratable Value: - It is the net annual letting value of a property, which is obtained after deducting the amount of
yearly repairs from the gross income.
Municipal and other taxes are charged on the ratable value of the property.

7. Potential Value: - Some property like land has an inherent value which may go on increasing due to the passage
of time or can fetch more return if used for some alternative purposes. This inherent value is known as potential
value. It includes the following;
a) Beneficial present use of land.
b) Better layout than the existing one.
c) Better suitability for a different purpose.
d) Future usefulness.

8. Annuity: - It is defined as the annual periodic payments for repayment of the capital amount invested in a
property or in some other form of investment by a party. These annual payments are either paid at the
beginning of the year or at the end of the year for a specified number of years.

9. Perpetual Annuity: - If the payments of annuity continue for indefinite period, it is known as perpetual annuity.

10. Differed Annuity: - If the payment of annuity begins at some future data after years, this is known as differed
annuity.

11. Scrap Value: -

 Scrap value is the dismantled materials value of a property at the end of its utility period and absolutely useless
except for sale as scrap.
 The cost of dismantling and removal of the rubbish material is deducted from the total receipt from the sale of
useable material to get scrap value.
 The scrap value of a building is usually considered 10% of the cost of construction. In the case of machineries,
scrap value is the value of metal only or the value of the dismantled parts.

12. Salvage Value: - It is the value of any property at the end of its utility period without being dismantled.
For example, a machine after the completion of its usual life span or when it becomes uneconomic may be sold
and one may purchase the same for use for some other purpose, the sale value of the machine is salvage value.
It doesn't include the cost of removal sale, etc.

13. Gross Income: - It is the total revenue relished from a property either as rent or lease money during a year.
Gross income is the total income or receipt from all sources without deducting the outgoing necessary for taxes,
maintenance, operation replacement etc.
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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal

14. Outgoing: - These are the expenses incurred to maintain the property by undertaking periodic repairs. It also
include the

 taxes levied by the government or local authority on that property,

 sinking fund,
 management or collection changes and
 Other miscellaneous charges which are borne by the owner.

15. Net Income: - This is the saving or the amounts left after deducting all outgoings, operational and collection
expenses from the gross income or receipt.
Net income= Gross income - Outgoings

16. Sinking Fund: - Fund which is accumulated by way of periodic on annual deposit for replacement of any
structure at its utility life.
OR
Periodic deposit for replacement of buildings at end of useful life.
R
Sn= *s
(1+ R)n−1
Numerical;
An old building has been purchased by a person at the cost of Rs. 30,000/- excluding the cost of land. Calculate
the amount of annual sinking fund at 4% interest assuming the future life of building as 20 years and the scrap
value of building as 10% of the cost of purchase.
Solution,
Total amount of sinking fund accumulated at the utility life of 20 years
= Rs. 30,000*0.9 (Taking 10% as scrap value)
= Rs. 27,000/-
R 0.04
Annual installment of sinking fund = n *s = *Rs. 27,000/-
(1+ R) −1 (1+0.04)20−1
= Rs. 907.20
Hence,
Annual installment of sinking fund required for 20 years = Rs. 907.20

17. Capitalized Value: - It is defined as that amount of money whose interest at the highest prevailing rate of
interest will be equal to the net income from the property in perpetuity (for an indefinite period or for a
specified period).
To determine the capitalized value of a property it is required to know the net income from the property and
the highest prevailing rate of interest.

Capitalized value = Net income x Year purchase (Y.P.)

Numerical;
Calculate the capitalized value of property fetching a net annual rent of Rs. 1,000/- and the highest prevailing
rate being 5%?
Solution;
100 100
Year's purchase = = = Rs. 20.
Rate of interest 5
Net income = Rs. 1000
Then,
Capitalized value = Net income x Year purchase (Y.P.)

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
= Rs. 1000*20 = Rs. 20,000/-

18. Year's Purchase (Y.P.): - It is defined as the capital sum (i.e. capitalized value) required to be invested in order to
receive an annuity of Rs. 1.00 at the prevailing rate of interest.
100
Year's Purchase (Y.P.) = .
Rate of interest

Numerical

19. Prime cost: - net cost or purchased cost of articles and refer to supply of articles only and not to carrying out of
work.

20. Liquidated damage: - Fixed stipulated sum of penalty by contractor.

- Have no relation with real damage.
- Depend up-on term of condition.
21. Un-liquidated damage: - Ordinary damages are having relations with real damage.
22. Provisional sum: - amount provided in the estimate and BOQ for specialized firm, where detail - are not known
at the time of preparing estimate.
- Payment of provisional sum is done on actual basis.
23. Provisional quantity: - When the quantities of a particular item are not known.

Points to remember:-
- Septic tank
1. Minimum width and detention time = 75 cm and 30 minutes.
2. Minimum size of pipe connecting septic tank = 100mm
3. Capacity of septic tank for 100 users = 7-8m 3
4. Sludge is removed = 1- 2 years.
- Domestic sewer pipe laid in 1:100 = 150 mm.
- CGI sheet
1. Pitch = 3"
2. Thickness= 0.13-4 mm.
3. Standard width= 32"
4. No. of corrugation = 10.
- Asbestos sheet
1. Standard sheet = 1.05m.
2. No. of corrugation= 7.
3. End lap= 15cm
4. Side lap= 4cm.
- Defect liability period = 1 years.
- Trafford sheet width=1.10m
- CGI pipes
1. Width = 60-150cm
2. Density of zinc coating in CGI sheet= 60-600 gm/m2.
- The portion which is wrongly excavated by contractor is filled by concrete as specified.
- If bearing is not specified, thickness of lintel
1. thickness of lintel witha minimum of 12 cm
- Work turn in cu. m. per mason per day is least
1. Stone arch work.
- Information not conveyed to estimator by drawing, is conveyed by
Page 24
 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
1. Specification.
- Layer of dry bricks put below the foundation concrete, in the case of soft soil = soling.
- Life of paints= 5 years.
- Life of B/W= 100 years.
- Life of teak wood door and window = 40 years.
- Steel form work can be used up to = 50 times.
- Quantity of masonry arch work = Mean arch length* breadth* thickness.
2
- Area of segmental portion of arch having span length L and rise h= *L*h.
3
- Minimum number of hold fasts
1. Door= 6.
2. Window =4.
- Minimum number of hinges in window and door shutter= 2 & 3.
- In case of grills, for the estimation of painted area is equal flat area.
- For white washing or distempering on A.C. corrugated sheet, plan area of sheet is
increased by 10%.
- For color washing on A.C. corrugated sheet, plan area of sheet is increased by 20%.
- For white washing or distempering in iron sheet, 14%.
- Dimension is not found in Specification.
- Annual financial statement of anticipated expenditures and receipts= Budget.
- The unit rate is only for finding cost.
- In case of roof truss of steel, the rivets, bolts and nuts account for = 5%.
- For residential building, minimum width of stairs= 90 cm.
- Roll commonly used for keeping record to pay the labor engaged on daily wages is
Muster roll.
- The book showing the original record of work done or supply of materials received duly
weighted measured = measurement book.
- The scrap value of RCC work is always negative.
- Total length of cranked bar = L+2*0.42*d.

- Outgoings means
1. Repair cost.
2. Municipal, land tax, insurance etc.
3. Re-instatement cost.
- Bern are provided = partly in embankment and partly in excavation.
- If tensile stress of steel of rod of diameter D is 400 kg/cm2 and bond stress is 6kg/cm2,
then required bond length of rod = 59*D.
- Running bill: -
1. Also called interim bill.
2. Monthly statement of work done prepared by contractor and submitted to client for
payment after joint measurement.
- Voucher: - written record document kept as proof of payment.
- Bill: - Account of work done or supply of materials that includes particulars, quantity,
rates and due amount.

- Life of structures
S.N. Work type Life in years
1 Brick work 100
2 Road (Asphalt) 10-15

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
3 Road (Concrete) 20-40
4 Paint 5
5 Teak work 4
- Penalty: - 0.05% of contract amount per day but should not more than 10%.
- Debit= Expenditure and Credit= receipts.
- Excavation of E/W = manpower *rate + plant.
- The actual cost of supplementary and revised estimate= less than estimated cost.
- 1 British gallon = 4.546 liters.
- 1 US gallon = 3.785 liters.
- Contractor's
1. Main aim is to earn more profit.
2. Assured the client that he can do work better.
- The overheads and profit claimed by contractor to client is included in rate analysis.
- The rate analysis induces
1. Material, labor, contractor's overhead and profit.
- Administrative sanction is done first.
- Center line method is easiest for the estimation of the quantity than long wall and short
wall method.
- 1 kilo-liter = 1 cubic meter.
- Contractor profit is added to
1. Rate analysis.
- Rate analysis prepared by ministry of transport and work includes
1. Labor, material & equipment.
- The thickness of 25 gauge sheet is less than 1 mm.
- Dis-mental: - breaking up the structure with care.
- Demolition: - breaking up the structure.
- Rate able value: - Gross income- yearly repairs.
- Book value- original cost – depreciation.
- Book value is shown in account book.
- Find the value of years-'s purchase to get Rs. 1 per year at the interest rate of 5%
100 100
Year's purchase = = = Rs.20.
Rate of interest 5
- Linear method of depreciation imposed on cost related to service.
- The main purpose of rate analysis is
1. To find actual cost per units item.

Page 26
 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
- The two type of specification commonly are
1. Material and item specification.
L
- Prismoidial formula method = ( A + A + 4∗A m ).
6 1 2
D
- Volume by prismoidal formula = (
3
First area+ Last area+ 4∗∑even area+2∗∑ odd areas ).
- In case of Prismoidal formula, it should have odd number of sections.

- E/W calculated by prismoidal Formula is more accurate.

2∗r 1∗r 2
- Mean harmonic slope at Zero point (r) =
r 1+ r 2

1 B1 B 2
- Crest width at Zero point (Balance point) (b) = ( + ).
2 2 2

Page 27
 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
- When the contractor fails to complete the work, an agency is employed to execute a
part or whole of work at the cost of contractor. Such agency called debitable agency.
 Quantity assurance technique means
- Inspection
- Testing
- Sampling
 Scrap value is also called junk value or demolition value.
 Quantity Survey: - calculation of quantities of material required completing a work.
 The general specification is given to the detail estimate.
 The capital cost of building does not include scrap value.

OLD QUESTION

1. Basic record of payments made to daily labor is kept in a

- Muster roll.
2. The annual periodic payment made for repayment of capital investment is called
- Sinking Fund.
3. Subgrade preparation in Road Work is generally measured in
- Cubic meter.
4. Specification of works required only when the work is carried out by
- Contractor's
- Muster roll
- User committee.
5. Site order book is used for recording
- Instruction by executive engineers.
6. Detail specifications of a particular projects give
- Qualities of material.
- Execution and workmanship of work.
7. As provisioned in the estimated norms for rate analysis, a timber frame work can be reused for
- 6 times.
- Steel = 50 times
8. The girth of trees are to be measured at a height above the ground level
- 1m
9. Net rent+ outgoings = Net rent
10. Minimum floor area required for water closet
- 1.1m 2.
- For kitchen = 4.5m2.
- For bath and WC= 5.5m 2.
- Drawing room= 16m2.
11. First class over burnt brick is preferred for road construction.
12. For E/W excavation under water, the rate is increased by 20%.
13. In the center line method of working out volumes, for cross walls, what deductions must be made from center
line length at each junctions.
- Half the breadth.

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
14. In rate analysis, 5% waste for scantling is considered.
15. The size of door handle is specified by
- The grip length.
16. Note:-
Scrap value of property may be positive or negative.
Scrap value of RCC is always negative.
17. Total length of bar having hook at both ends is
L+18D
18. For E/W excavation under water, the rate is increased by 20%.
Life of different material

19. Multiplying factors for different surfaces to get equivalent plan area

S.N Name of surface Painted Multiplying factor for each

sides
1 Panelled, framed and braced, ledged and battened or 9
times
ledged battened and braced. 8
2 Fully glazed or gauzed 1
times
2
3 Part panelled and part glazed or gauzed 1 times
4 Fully venetioned or louvered 3
times
2
5 Flush door 1 times
6 Corrugated iron sheeting in roof 1.14
7 A.C corrugated sheeting in roof 1.2
8 A.C. Semi corrugated sheeting in roof 1.1
9 Steel rolling shutter 5
times
4
10 Guard bars, balustrates, grating, railing, grills, 1
expanded metal
20. For framed multistoried building, area occupied by wall is 5% to 10% of PA (3% for external wall and 2% internal
wall)

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
For ordinary building without frame, 10% to 15% of Plinth Area.
21. For A.C sheet
- Standard length = 1.50m, 1.75m, 2.00m, 2.25m, 2.50, 2.75m and 3.00m
- Standard width = 1.05m
- No. of corrugation= 7
- Pitch of corrugation= 14.6cm
- Depth of corrugation= 4.8cm
- End lap= 15cm
- Side lap= 4cm

22. Semi-corrugated or Trafford sheets

- Same standard length as for corrugated sheet.
- Standard width= 1.10m
- End lap = 15cm
- Side lap= 1 corrugation of about 8.5cm
23. G.I. Sheet
- Standard length = 1.10m, 2.20m, 2.50m, 2.80m and 3.20m.
- Standard width = 80cm (32")
- No. of corrugation = 10
- Pitch (Center to center distance) of corrugation= 7.5cm
- Depth of corrugation= 18mm
- End lap= 15cm
- Side lap = two corrugation ( 7.5cm)
- Each bundle= 72 feet.

ALL THE BEST

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 Class notes on Estimation and Costing
Er. Nirajan Silwal
Building Works
1. Cost of labor and materials
i) Cost on account of labor 30- 35% of whole cost
ii) Cost on account of materials. 70-65% of whole cost
2. Direct and Overhead Cost
i) Direct cost on actual work 85% of whole cost
ii) overhead cost due to establishment, supervision 15% of whole cost
etc.
3. i) Cost of foundation and plinth 10-15% of whole cost
ii) Cost of superstructure 90-85% of whole cost
4. Cost of second storey 85-90% of first storey

5. Cost of different parts of building ( excluding sanitary and electrical works)

i) E/W in excavation and filling 0.5% of whole work
ii) Concrete in foundation 5% " " "
iii) DPC 1%
iv) B/W 34%
v) Roofing 20%
vi) Flooring 6%
vii) Doors and windows 16%
viii) Plastering and pointing 10%
ix) White washing, color washing, painting etc. 2%
x) Miscellaneous 5.5%

6. Cost of materials and labor required for building

i) Cost of Brick 22% of whole cost
ii) Cost of Cement 12%
iii) Cost of steel bar 10%
iv) cost of timber 10%
v) Cost of other materials 14%
vi) wages of labor 30%
vii) Work charged Establishments 2%

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