Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)

Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Part 2)

Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Identify the major hormones secreted from the other Materials: Book, pen and notebook
endocrine glands and its role in homeostasis;
2. Describe various conditions associated with problem in
hormone production of some endocrine glands;
3. Recognize the functions of other hormones significant in
References:
homeostasis;
4. Identify the different disorders and diseases associated with VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A.
endocrine system and its description; and, (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy &
5. List the major age-related changes that occur in the physiology (10th ed.). New York, NY:
endocrine system. McGraw-Hill Education.

A. LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
The purpose of this activity is to refresh your memory regarding the endocrine system. You simply encircle
your choice of answer based from the stated description in each item. Have fun!
1. Autocrine or Paracrine. Local messengers secreted by one cell type; ex: histamine
2. Lipid-soluble or Water-soluble. Most circulate as free hormones
3. Humoral or Neural or Hormonal. Directly by blood-borne chemicals to hormones
4. Nuclear receptors or Membrane-bound receptors. The hormone-receptor complex activates
genes, which in turn activate the DNS to produce mRNA
5. Anterior or Posterior. Releases antidiuretic hormones

B. MAIN LESSON
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 10 of the book.

Thyroid Gland – made up of two lobes connected by isthmus; located on each side of trachea & highly
vascular
✔ Function: To secrete thyroid hormones which bind to nuclear receptors in cells & regulate rate of
metabolism
✔ Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored within thyroid follicles and attached to
thyroglobulin
✔ Parafollicular cells / C cells secrete the calcitonin
✔ Hormones are regulated by TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus & thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary gland (See process figure 10.16, page 280)

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Conditions associated with Thyroid Glands:

▪ Goiter – enlargement of thyroid gland; can develop from too low iodine in diet or excess in TSH
▪ Hypothyroidism – lack of thyroid hormones
o Cretinism: hypothyroidism that occurs in infant which is characterized by mental
retardation, short stature, and abnormally formed skeletal structures
o Myxedema: occurs in adults; characterized by extremely lethargic, having a hard time
performing routine task, and accumulation of fluid & other molecules in subcutaneous
tissue of skin
▪ Hyperthyroidism – elevated rate of thyroid hormones secretion that causes increased metabolic
rate, extreme nervousness, & chronic fatigue
o Graves’ Disease: an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism; occurs when
immune system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure & function to TSH,
over-stimulating thyroid gland
✔ Exophthalmos – bulging of the eyes associated with Graves’ disease

Parathyroid Glands – four tiny glands embedded in posterior wall of thyroid glands; release parathyroid
hormone (PTH) which is considered more important the calcitonin in Ca2+ regulation (See figure 10.17,
page 281)

Conditions associated with Parathyroid Glands:

▪ Hyperparathyroidism – abnormally high rate of PTH secretion usually caused by tumor in the
gland; results to easily fractured bones, fatigue, muscle weakness, and kidney stones
▪ Hypoparathyroidism – abnormally low rate of PTH secretion; may result from injury or surgical
removal of thyroid & parathyroid glands; characterized by frequent muscle cramps & tetanus

Adrenal Glands – two small glands located superior to each kidney; divided into adrenal medulla &
adrenal cortex (See process figures 10.18-10.21, page 282-285)

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system is activated when the blood pressure
drops.

Renin is released from kidneys

▼
Stimulate conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in liver
▼
In lungs, angiotensin I converts angiotensin II by use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
▼
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor & causes release of aldosterone
▼
Blood pressure increases
Pancreas – has of pancreatic islets (islet of Langerhans) which consist of three cell types that are vital in
regulation of blood levels of glucose: (See figure 10.23, page 287)

▪ Alpha Cells – secrete glucagon

▪ Beta Cells – secrete insulin
▪ Delta Cells – secrete somatostatin

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Effects of Insulin and Glucagon on Target Tissues: (See table 10.3, page 286)

Somatostatin – response to food intake; inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon; also inhibits gastric tract
activity.

Conditions associated with Pancreas:

▪ Acidosis – reduced pH of body fluids below normal; associated with breakdown of lipids releasing
enough fatty acids & ketones when blood glucose levels are very low
▪ Hyperglycemia – very high blood glucose levels
▪ Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – inability to regulate blood glucose levels within normal range; results of
exaggerated appetite, excess urine production, dehydration, thirst, & fatigue; has two types:
o Type 1 DM: occurs when too little insulin is secreted from pancreas
o Type 2 DM: caused by either too few insulin receptors or defective receptors (do not
respond normally to insulin) on target cells
▪ Insulin Shock – too much insulin is present in blood; occurs when a diabetic injected too much
insulin or has not eaten after an insulin injection; may result to disorientation, convulsion, & loss of
consciousness

Reproductive Organs – include testes in males & ovaries in females; hormone release is stimulated by LH
& FSH

Thymus – lies in upper part of thorax; most important early in life for normal development of immune system
in infant

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Pineal Gland – small, pinecone-shaped structure located in thalamus; play an important role in the onset
of puberty

Other Hormones:

1. Hormones secreted by cells in lining of stomach & small intestine – stimulate the production of
digestive juices from stomach, pancreas, & liver
✔ secretion occurs when food is present in digestive system
✔ hormones from small intestine help in regulation of rate at which food passes (stomach into
the intestine)
2. Prostaglandin – intercellular signal that are widely distributed in body & play a role in inflammation
✔ released by damaged tissues causing blood vessel dilation, localized swelling, & pain
✔ causes relaxation of smooth muscles (ex: dilation of blood vessels) & contraction of smooth
muscles (ex: uterine contraction during delivery); medically used to induce abortion
✔ produced by platelets for normal blood clotting
✔ aspirin – inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
3. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) / Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) – secreted by right atrium
of heart in response to elevated blood pressure; inhibits Na+ reabsorption in kidneys resulting to
more urine to be excreted
4. Erythropoietin – secreted in response to reduced oxygen levels in kidneys; acts on bone marrow
to increase production of RBC
5. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) – similar in structure & function of LH; secreted by
placenta to maintain pregnancy & stimulate breast development

Diseases and Disorders of Endocrine System:

For the listed conditions below, refer to Table 10.4, page 290 of the book for description:
■ Diabetes Insipidus
■ Hashimoto Thyroiditis
■ Primary Hyperparathyroidism
■ Addison Disease
■ Gestational Diabetes

Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System:

▪ Gradual decrease in growth hormone in people who do not exercise melatonin, reproductive
hormones, thymosin, and thyroid hormones (slight decrease).
▪ Parathyroid hormones increase if vitamin D and Ca2+ decrease.
▪ There is an increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with a familial tendency.

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be
given to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures
in your answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity.

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its location or function?

a. C cells; scattered throughout loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles
b. C cells; secretion of calcitonin
c. thyroglobulin; scattered throughout loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles
d. thyroglobulin; colloid of thyroid follicles
e. thyroid hormones; regulation of metabolic rate in the body
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________

2. Gonadotropins:
a. are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
b. regulate growth, development and function of the ovaries and testes.
c. include both TSH and ACTH.
d. are controlled by a releasing hormone from the thyroid gland.
e. directly promote water retention by the kidneys.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

3. All are true regarding growth hormone, except:

a. stimulates fat synthesis.
b. favors protein breakdown.
c. deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary gigantism.
d. excess after growth is complete produces acromegaly.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

4. Which of these statements is true regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

a. is sometimes called oxytocin.
b. can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the blood in large amounts.
c. causes "milk letdown" from the breasts of lactating women.
d. stimulates melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin.

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

e. is sometimes called oxytocin and can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the
blood in large amounts as properties.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

5. Calcitonin:
a. is secreted by the parathyroid glands.
b. increases the amount of calcium absorbed by the intestine.
c. is synthesized by C cells of the thyroid gland.
d. increases the rate of calcium release from bone.
e. is secreted when blood calcium levels drop too low.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

6. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus include:

a. increased appetite. d. limited urine output.
b. lack of thirst. e. All of these are true.
c. high energy level.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

7. Which of these hormones increases blood glucose levels and increases lipid breakdown, but slows
protein breakdown?
a. glucagon d. glucocorticoids
b. epinephrine e. growth hormone
c. insulin
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

8. Which of these statements concerning aldosterone secretion is NOT correct?

a. Low blood pressure stimulates the release of renin from the kidney.
b. Renin causes angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I.
c. Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion.
d. Aldosterone causes increased potassium retention.
e. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels.
ANSWER: ________

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

9. The thymus gland: (Select all that apply)

a. becomes prominent with increasing age. c. secretes thymosin.
b. is important in the function of the immune d. is found in the upper part of the thoracic
system. cavity above the heart.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

10. Pepper has been diagnosed with an abnormally high level of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
You know that she would exhibit which of the following symptoms?
a. hyperglycemia d. darkening of the skin
b. reduced egg cell production e. constant thirst
c. increased frequency of urination
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

AL Activity: LEARNING SHEETS

This technique will help you engage by providing a question sheet that guides & stimulates the learning.
You will answer the questions per column, as fast as you can. It will be great to time yourself as you answer
on the space provided. Have fun!

FIND-OUT QUESTIONS:

1. Hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the hormones of thyroid gland.
Answer: ____________________________

2. Cells that secrete insulin. Answer: ____________________________

3. This hormone is released when there is an abnormally low calcium blood level.
Answer: ____________________________

4. The gland responsible for the onset of puberty. Answer: ____________________________

5. A disorder that is caused by lack of ADH from posterior pituitary. Answer: ____________________________

LARGER QUESTIONS: (These can only be answered if the FIND-OUT QUESTIONS are completed.)

1. Compare the functions of the hormones released by ovaries, the LH and FSH.
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2. What is the major function of glucagon in the body?

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3. Describe the functions of each hormone released by the adrenal cortex.

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 Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing)
Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

CHALLENGE QUESTION:
1. Why does a pregnant woman contain a numerous amount of progesterone and HCG compared to non-
pregnant?

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