FYP Report (PSC T - Girder Bridge)

(An undertaking of Bhaktapur Municipality)
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Affiliated to Tribhuvan University
Libali-08, Bhaktapur, Nepal
A
REPORT ON
DETAIL DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
OF PRESTRESSED BRIDGE
(As Partial Fulfillment of Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering)
PROJECT SUPERVISOR
ER.AMIT PRAJAPATI
ER.SAKHIL MANANDHAR
PROJECT MEMBERS
Ashmita Adhikari KCE075BCE020
Avishek Dangal KCE075BCE021
Binod Shrestha KCE075BCE025
Hasan Shrestha KCE075BCE032
Niruta KC KCE075BCE048
MARCH 3, 2023
i
ABSTRACT
Nepal is a mountainous county having about 6000 rivers and rivulets. Thus, bridge
engineering has huge prospectus in our country. But the geological, social, political
and economic condition has affected the construction of the bridge.
With the aim developing the skills required for solving real-life problem final year
project is included in the course of engineering. So, with the completion of degree we
have acquired the necessary skills, ideas, for solving any challenging civil engineering
problems.
This report includes detail design of prestressed bridge over Tinau river in Kothaimai
rural municipality. The bridge is Prestressed T- girder of 2 spans each having 40m
length. Two abutments at end, pier at the mid and pile foundation has been designed
and analyzed.
All the designs are done following the Indian standard codes for bridge design.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards Department of Civil

Engineering, Khwopa College of Engineering and.management team for providing us
with this project to further enhance our knowledge in the field of Civil Engineering
and its application and for having us involved in the
We would also like to thank our project supervisor Er.Sakhil Manandhar and Er.Amit
Prajapati for their continuous guidance and support. We would also like to thank
LRBSU for providing us with information required for the construction of bridge.
We would also like thank the faculty member of our college for providing us proper
guidance. Lastly, we would like to thank all the people who are involved directly or
indirectly in this project.
We are invaluably indebted to Local Road and Bridge Project (LRBP), Lalitpur for its
technical and financial support throughout the project so as to help develop a highly
esteemed and efficient Bridge Engineers in the country.
We would also like to express their deepest gratitude and appreciation to teachers,
friends and all others who has helped the team directly or indirectly during this project
work.
Project Members:
Ashmita Adhikari KCE075BCE020
Avishek Dangal KCE075BCE021
Binod Shrestha KCE075BCE025
Hasan Shrestha KCE075BCE032
Niruta KC KCE075BCE048
iii
Contents
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................... iii
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Task Assigned ..................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Objectives ........................................................................................................... 2
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 2
2.1. Acquisition of data .............................................................................................. 2
2.1.1. Desk study .................................................................................................... 2
2.1.2. Site selection survey .................................................................................... 3
2.1.3. Topographic survey ..................................................................................... 3
2.1.4. Geotechnical Investigation........................................................................... 3
2.2. Design discharge ................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)/DHM Method .......... 4
2.2.2. Modified Dicken Method ............................................................................. 5
2.2.3. Gumbel Method ........................................................................................... 5
2.2.4. Log Pearson Type III Method ...................................................................... 6
2.2.5. Rational formula .......................................................................................... 7
2.2.6. Log Normal Method .................................................................................... 8
2.3. Loading IRC loads for the bridge design ............................................................ 8
2.4. COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE ......................................................................... 11
2.4.1. Superstructure ............................................................................................ 11
2.5. Bearing .............................................................................................................. 13
2.5.1. Fixed Bearing ............................................................................................. 13
2.5.2. Expansion Bearing ..................................................................................... 13
2.6. Substructure ...................................................................................................... 14
2.6.1. Pier ............................................................................................................. 14
2.6.2. Abutment.................................................................................................... 15
2.6.3. Foundation ................................................................................................. 16
2.7. Appurtenances and site related structure. ......................................................... 17
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2.7.1. Embankment and slope protection structure .............................................. 17
2.7.2. Approach slab ............................................................................................ 17
2.7.3. River training structure .............................................................................. 17
2.8. TYPE OF BRIDGE........................................................................................... 17
2.8.1. Prestressed Bridge:..................................................................................... 17
2.8.2. ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS ....................................................................... 18
2.8.3. Advantages and Disadvantages.................................................................. 19
2.8.4. Types of prestressing ................................................................................. 19
2.8.5. Types of prestressing wire ......................................................................... 21
2.8.6. Requirement of grade of concrete .............................................................. 22
2.9. DESIGN METHOD OF BRIDGE .................................................................... 22
2.9.1. Working Stress Method (WSM) ................................................................ 23
2.9.2. Limit State Method (LSM) ........................................................................ 23
2.9.3. Finite Element Analysis ............................................................................. 23
2.9.4. Approximate Analysis ............................................................................... 23
ASSUMPTION OF LSM ..................................................................................... 23
2.10. Design of deck slab ......................................................................................... 24
2.10.1. One-way spanning slab ............................................................................ 24
2.10.2. Two-way spanning slab ........................................................................... 24
2.10.3. Design of T-girder.................................................................................... 26
2.11. Design of bearing ............................................................................................ 28
2.12. Design of pier .................................................................................................. 28
2.13. Design of foundation....................................................................................... 29
2.14. Design Method for Pre-stressed Girder .......................................................... 29
2.14.1. Preliminary design of girder .................................................................... 29
3. Topographic survey ................................................................................................. 30
4. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 30
4.1. Hydrological and Meteorological Data ............................................................. 30
4.2. Catchment Area ................................................................................................ 30
4.3. Rating Curve ..................................................................................................... 31
4.4. Bridge level and its Span .................................................................................. 32
4.5. Scour Depth ...................................................................................................... 32
5. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 33
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ANNEX-A
HYRDOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
ANNEX-B
DESIGN OF DECK
ANNEX–C
DESIGN OF GIRDER
ANNEX-D
DESIGN OF BEARING
ANNEX-E
DESIGN OF ABUTMENT
ANNEX-F
DESIGN OF PIER
ANNEX-G
DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION
ANNEX-H
DRAWINGS
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:Bridge site location .......................................................................................... 1
Figure 2:IRC class 70R loading ..................................................................................... 8
Figure 3:IRC class AA loading ...................................................................................... 8
Figure 4:IRC class A loading ......................................................................................... 9
Figure 5:IRC class B loading ....................................................................................... 10
Figure 6:Class A and B loading ................................................................................... 10
Figure 7: COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE ..................................................................... 11
Figure 8:Anchorage System ......................................................................................... 18
Figure 9:Profile of Prestressing wire ........................................................................... 22
Figure 10: dispersion of wheel load through deck slab ............................................... 25
Figure 11:Ecentric Loading Condition ........................................................................ 25
Figure 12:Pigeauds curve ............................................................................................. 26
Figure 13:live load positions for Courbon's Method ................................................... 27
Figure 14: Google Earth image showing Bridge Site .................................................. 30
Figure 15:Catchment area ............................................................................................ 31
Figure 16:Rating Curve................................................................................................ 32
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INTRODUCTION
A bridge is a structure that is designed to provide a passage over an obstacle, such as a
body of water, a valley, or a roadway. It is a type of infrastructure that connects two
points and allows for the safe and efficient movement of people, vehicles, and goods
Bridges come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and materials, depending on their
location, function, and design requirements. Some of the most common types of
bridges include beam bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges,
and truss bridges.
Being the mountainous country with about 6000 rivers and rivulets we need a lot of
bridges to connect the different places. Thus, the potential of bridge engineering is
very huge in context of our country.
This project has been undertaken as a part of partial fulfillment of acquiring
Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering as prescribed by the curriculum. The project
showcases the knowledge and skills acquired by the group members during their four-
year Bachelor's program in Civil Engineering.
1.1. Background
River name: - Tinau River

Kotahimai Rural Municipality – 05, Rupandehi District
Easting: 27 26’21.41”, Northing: 83 19’44.27”, Elevation: 100.60 m
Figure 1:Bridge site location
1.2. Task Assigned
Following task were assigned:

1. Desk study of the geological, hydrological, geotechnical and other site
condition.
1
2. Site visit
3. Selection of bridge span
4. Selection of the type of the bridge
5. Designing of the selected bridge.
6. Preparation of the detail drawing of different component of the bridge.
1.3. Objectives
• To Obtain the Hydrological and Meteorological data.

• To Calculate the Design Discharge (Qd) of the river.
• To prepare the Rating Curve and find out the stage for Qd.
• To Fix the Type of Bridge.
• To Calculate the Span of the Bridge.
• To be familiar with the Codal Provisions of Bridge.
• To be familiar with the design procedure of all component of bridge.
The scope of work to be carried out is given below:
• Desk study
• Detailed engineering study and survey
• Technical feasibility study
• Geological and Geomorphologic study
• Bridge site selection
• Topographic survey
• Hydrological analysis
• Detailed design of superstructure, appropriate bearing, abutment, pier and
foundation.
• Preparation of detail drawing of bridge superstructure with all components,
abutments, pier, bearing and footing required for the construction of selected
bridge type.
METHODOLOGY
2.1. Acquisition of data
For the design of our bridge, the preliminary data needed was acquired after carrying
out different surveys and reports.
2.1.1. Desk study

While constructing a bridge in a particular location, firstly preliminary review of
existing information is necessary .So with the help of Geotechnical report provided by
LRBSU, its topographic maps we select the site for our bridge. While selecting the
2
site, we consider different report, hydrological data obtained from Department of
hydrology and Meteorology.
2.1.2. Site selection survey

• A straight reach of river.
• Steady river flow without whirls and across currents.
• A narrow channel with firm banks.
• Sustainable high banks above high flood level on each side.
• Rock or other hard in-erodible strata close to the river bed level.
• Proximity to a direct alignment of the road to be connected.
• Absence of sharp curves in the approaches.
• Absence of expensive river training works.
• Avoidance of excessive underwater construction.
• Proximity to a direct alignment of the road to be connected.
• Absence of sharp curves in the approaches.
• Absence of expensive river training works.
• Avoidance of excessive underwater construction
2.1.3. Topographic survey

Topographic survey is a type of survey that measures the elevation, location, and
features of a piece of land. It is used to create a detailed map or model of the land
surface, including information about the contour lines, natural and man-made
features, and any changes in elevation. This type of survey is commonly used in
engineering, architecture, and construction projects, as well as in land development
and environmental assessments.
The process of conducting a topographic survey typically involves the use of
specialized equipment, such as a total station, GPS, and laser scanners, to collect
accurate and precise measurements of the land's surface. The surveyor will typically
take a series of measurements at specific intervals across the area being surveyed, and
then use these measurements to create a detailed map or model of the land surface.
2.1.4. Geotechnical Investigation

Geotechnical investigation for a bridge site is an essential process that involves the
study of the soil, rock, and groundwater conditions at the site. It is a crucial step in the
design and construction of a bridge, as it helps to ensure the bridge's stability and
safety. Geotechnical investigation works include core drilling, test pitting, visual
investigation at site.
For our project, geotechnical and topographical data were provided by LRBP unit.
3
Scour Depth
Scour of stream beds occur during the passage of flood discharge, when the velocity
of stream exceeds the limiting velocity that can be withstand by the particles of the
bed material. The scour depth should be measured with reference to existing
structures near the proposed bridge site, if this is possible. Due allowance should be
made in the observed value for additional scour that may occur due to the design
discharge being greater than the flood discharge for which the scour depth was
observed, and also due to increased velocity due to obstruction of flow caused by the
construction of bridge. When the above practical method is not possible, the normal
depth of scour may be computed by equation for natural streams in alluvial beds
d= 0.473(𝑄/𝑓) 0.33
where, d= normal depth of scour below H.F.L for regime conditions in a stable
channel in meters.Q= design discharge in 𝑚3/𝑠 According to IRC 78: 2014, the
minimum depth of foundation is kept at:
= 1.27* d for abutments
=2* d for piers
2.2. Design discharge
Maximum discharge flowing through the cross section of the river which is adopted
for the design of hydraulic structures is known as flood discharge or design Dis-
charge. For the design of the hydraulic structures the peak flood of 100 years return
period is adopted as the Design Discharge. The Design Discharge Qd can be
calculated using various Formulas.
2.2.1. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)/DHM Method

The WECS/DHM method was developed by the Water and Energy Commission
Secretariat, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (WECS/DHM) of Nepal. This
method is generally used to determine the hydro-logical features of an un- gauged
basin for the pre-feasibility study of hydro-electric projects in Nepal. For this
purpose, the whole country is considered as a single hydrological region, and the
method is suitable for any basin with area 100 km.
Instantaneous peak flood for a return period of 2 years,
Q2 = 1.8767(A + 1)0.8783 (1)
Instantaneous peak flood for a return period of 100 years,
Q100 = 14.63 ∗ (A3000 + 1)0.7342 (2)
The flood flow for any other return period, T years, can be found as:
QT = exp (log Q2 + Sσ)
Where, A=area below 3000-m elevation
4
σ=standard deviation of natural logarithms of annual floods
= ln (Q100/Q2)/2.326
S=standardized normal variate from a particular return period.
2.2.2. Modified Dicken Method

The modified Dickens method is an updated version of the Dickens method. The
irrigation research institute, Roorkee India has done frequency studies on Himalayan
Rivers and suggested the following updated relationship to compute Dicken’s
constant.
QT = CT ∗ A 0.75
where,
QT = maximum flood discharge(m3/s) in T years
A=Catchment area (Km2)
CT = modified dickens constant proposed by the Irrigation Research Institute
Roorkee, based on frequency studies on Himalayan rivers.
CT = 2.342 log (0.6T) log (1185) + 4
and, p = 100 a+6
where,
a = perpetual snow area in Km2 and T is return period in years
2.2.3. Gumbel Method

Gumbel defined the largest of 365 days flow as the flood. According to this method,
the value of variate XT (peak flood discharge) with a return period T is given by:
Gumbel defined the largest of 365 days flow as the flood.According to this method,
the value of variate XT (peak flood discharge) with a return period T is given by:
XT = Xavg + K ∗ σn
Where, XT = Flood peak discharge or maximum rainfall
Xavg = average value of X
K= frequency factor expressed as K = (YT − Yn)/Sn
σn-1= standard deviation of the sample of size
1
YT= reduced variant, a function of T and is given by
YT = −[ln ∗ln TT −1
]Yn= reduced mean a function of sample size N
5
Sn= reduced standard deviation a function of sample size N.
The calculations for discharge using Gumbel Method is shown in Table4.
2.2.4. Log Pearson Type III Method

This method is extensively used for frequency analysis of annual maximum floods. In
this method, the variate is first transformed into logarithmic form (base 10) and then
analyzed. If X is the variate of a random hydrologic series, then the series of Z
variates where
Z = log (X)are first obtained.
For any recurrence interval T, this Z series is given as
ZT = Z¯ + Kz ∗ σz
Where, Kz= a frequency factor which is a function of recurrence interval T and the
co-efficient of skewness Cs.
σz is the standard deviation of the Z variate sample and is calculated using the
following formula:
σz = √[Σ(Z - Zavg)² / (N-1)]
Where:
Z = log-transformed values of the variable of interest
Zavg = mean of the log-transformed values of the variable
N = sample size
Cs is the coefficient of skewness of the Z variate sample and is calculated using the
following formula:
Cs = [NΣ(Z - Zavg)³ / ((N-1)(N-2)(σz)²)]^(1/3)
Where:
Z, Zavg, and σz are as defined above
N = sample size
The variation of Kz = f(Cs, T) is given in table for log Pearson type III distribu tion or
calculated using the formula:
6
First, the probability of exceedance p for the given return period T is calculated using
the equation p = 1/T.
Next, the variable w is calculated as w = √ln(1/p^2)
Using the value of w, the variable z is calculated as z = w - [(2.51557 + 0.80285w +

0.01032w^2)/(1 + 1.4328788w + 0.189269w^2 + 0.001308w^3)].
Finally, the frequency factor Kz is calculated as Kz = z + [(z^2 - 1)Cs/6] + [(z^3 -

6z)(Cs^3)/36] - [(z^2 - 1)(Cs^3)/24] + [z(Cs^4)/120] + [1/(3Cs^2)], where Cs is the
coefficient of skewness of the log-transformed variable.
ZT = Zavg + Kz∗σz X= antilog(ZT ) gives the value of maximum flood discharge of
return period of T years.
2.2.5. Rational formula

A rational formula for flood discharge should take into account the intensity,
distribution and duration of rainfall as well as the area, shape, slope, permeability and
initial wetness of the catchment (drainage basin). The area of the catchment is a major
contributing factor for the runoff. The shape of the catchment affects the peak
discharge, long and narrow basins yielding less than pear shaped basins. Steep slopes
result in shorter time of concentration than flatter slopes. Many complicated formulae
are available in treaties on hydrology.
A typical rational formula is:
Q=CiA/360 (2.2)
where, Q =maximum flood discharge in m^3 per second
A=catchment area in square kilometers
i= intensity of rainfall in mm per hour
C=Coefficient of Rainfall
7
.
2.2.6. Log Normal Method
2.3. Loading IRC loads for the bridge design
According to IRC: 6-2014, road bridges and culverts are classified on the basis of
loadings that they are designed to carry.
IRC 70R loading

This loading is to be normally adopted on all roads on which permanent bridges and
culverts are constructed. Bridges designed for Class 70RLoading should be checked
for Class A Loading also as under certain conditions, heavier stresses may occur
under Class A Loading.
Figure 2:IRC class 70R loading

IRC class AA loading
This loading is to be adopted within certain limits, in certain existing or contemplated
industrial areas, and along certain specified highways and areas.
Figure 3:IRC class AA loading
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IRC class A loading
This loading is generally considered on all in which dominant bridges and culverts are
constructed. One train of class A loading is considered in each lane.
Figure 4:IRC class A loading

IRC class B loading
This loading is normally considered when the structure is temporary and for bridges
in specified area. Structures with timber spans are to be regarded as temporary
structure.
9
Figure 5:IRC class B loading
Figure 6:Class A and B loading
10
2.4. COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE
Figure 7: COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE
i. Superstructure
ii. Bearing
iii. Substructure
iv. Appurtenances and site related structure
2.4.1. Superstructure
As per IRC-5 superstructure is defined as, “The portion of a bridge structure above
the bearing which directly supports pedestrian/vehicular/other transient load and
transfers the same to the substructure”.
It consists of deckslab, girder, truss, railings, parapet wall, etc. The superstructure of
bridge is made up of different materials i.e., concrete, steel or combination of these
materials. The design of superstructure depends on many factors such as site
condition, cost and availability of materials.
11
Even though primary function of the superstructure is to facilitate the smooth
transition of traffic along the forces formed by loads to the substructure it must be
aesthetically pleasing.
2.4.1.1. Deck slab
It is the superstructure part of the bridge which is considered as road or the rail
surface of the bridge supported by the girder.
The design and thickness of the slab is affected by load (dead, live, wind, earthquake)
it has to carry. It is also affected by the site condition, traffic flow, life span of bridge,
etc.
It is topmost part which directly supports the vehicle and pedestrian. So, it must be
resistant to regular wear and tear due to traffic flow and various environmental
factors.
For the effective functioning of slab regular maintenance and repairing is required.
2.4.1.2. Girder
It is the horizontal structural member between the supports or piers. It is made up of
steel or concrete and is used to support heavy loads.
It supports deck and bends along the span. Girders can be made in different shape and
sizes as per our requirement.
According to shape there are different types of the girder:
2.4.1.2.1. I-beam:
It looks like “I” of English alphabet. It can be of both steel and concrete. In case of
steel I-beam two flanges at top and bottom are bolted or welded together to web. It is
light weight and easy to handle and can be used in variety of application. It can carry
load in only one direction.
2.4.1.2.2. Box-girder:
This looks like a box and it is strong type of girder suited for the long span bridges. It
can resist both vertical and horizontal load and provide better resistance to the torsion.
Concrete box girder is cast-InSite and different steel plates are welded/bolted together
to form box shape.
2.4.1.2.3. T-girder:
This is shaped like letter “T” that can carry load in one direction only. This is very
popular choice for the construction as it is cost effective and easy to manufacture.
Above mentioned girders are the some popularly used types of girders. Besides these
there are other types such as plate girder, lattice girder, H-shaped girder, etc.
Engineers select the different types of girders based upon site condition, loads,
durability and cost.
For our design purpose we have selected PSC-T girder.
RCC and PSC are two types of concrete girder used in construction. The main
difference is the type of reinforcement provided.
12
In case of RCC reinforcement bars (rebars) are placed and concrete is poured. On the
other hand, the rebars are prestressed before pouring concrete in PSC girder. This
balances the low tensile strength of the concrete which increases the strength and
durability of structure making it suitable for longer span. PSC girders are also thinner
and lighter.
The design of PSC girder is complex and the initial cost is high it is widely used due
to structural efficiency, better stability, serviceability, and economy.
2.5. Bearing
Bearing transfers, the force forces or loads from the superstructure to the substructure
of bridge allowing the movement caused due to temperature, shrinkage and other
factors.
It is provided at the junction of slab or girder at the top of pier and abutment. Bearings
help to reduce the stresses and deformations caused by the movements of the bridge
due to changes in temperature, loads, and other factors. Without bearings, these
movements could cause excessive stresses in the bridge, leading to cracking,
deformation, and potential failure.
Bearings are also available in different types.
2.5.1. Fixed Bearing

It acts as hinge allowing rotational movement but restricting translational movement.
These types of bearing are generally used in short span bridges, fly-overs, and bridges
having complex geometry.
Types of fixed bearing
• Steel Rocker Bearing
• RC Hinge Bearing
2.5.2. Expansion Bearing

It allows both the rotation and horizontal movements. It main function is to allow
horizontal and longitudinal movement of bridge due to temperature change, wind
load, earthquake load, etc. without causing stresses to bridge.
Types of expansion bearing
• Sliding Plate Bearing
• Sliding Cum Rocker Bearing
• Steel Roller Cum Rocker Bearing
• Elastomeric Bearing
2.5.2.1. Elastomeric Bearing
It is the polymeric substance obtained after the vulcanization of rubber. It consists of
an unreinforced elastomeric pad or reinforced elastomeric bearing fabricated by
binding together alternate layer of rubber and steel pad.
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Properties of elastomeric bearing
i. It takes direct compressive load, shearing force and moment by undergoing
appropriate deformation.
ii. It has small dimension in compared to other bearing.
iii. It can be easily accessed and replaced by new bearing.
2.6. Substructure
The portion of the bridge below the bearing is substructure of bridge. It provides
support to the superstructure of the bridge and transfers the load of superstructure to
the ground.
Pier, abutment, foundation, retaining wall are the part of substructure.
2.6.1. Pier
It is the vertical structure built in water that supports the superstructure of bridge.
Piers are designed to withstand the vertical and horizontal loads, bending moments,
and torsional forces that are transmitted from the bridge superstructure.
They may be of RCC, masonry or steel and are in different shape i.e., rectangular,
circular. The shape of the pier depends upon the span of bridge, height of pier above
water and also aesthetic requirement of project.
Types of Piers
2.6.1.1. Solid Pier
Generally, they are constructed from brick, stone masonry, mass concrete or
reinforcement. They are capable of resisting the vertical and lateral loads imposed by
superstructure.
This type of pier is suitable for short span bridge having good soil foundation.
2.6.1.2. Multi-Column Pier
Multi-column piers are designed as a group of columns or shafts that are
interconnected at the top and bottom by a concrete cap and foundation. They are
typically used for longer span bridges or where the foundation soil conditions are
poor.
2.6.1.3. Hammerhead Pier
It consists of a pier shaft with wide cap extending horizontally over the shaft on both
side which resembles to the head of hammer.
It is best suited for the urban areas as limited space is available there.
2.6.1.4. Trestle Type Pier
It consists of column with bent cap at the top.
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2.6.1.5. Cellular Type Pier
It is made up of multiple-column or cells arranged in a regular pattern. They are very
strong and resistant so generally constructed in earthquake prone zone.
Most suitable for construction in deep water as cost of building large pier is very high.
They are aesthetically appealing. They are really costly, complex to construct and
requires regular maintenance.
2.6.1.6. Framed Type Pier
The design is similar to rigid frame, beams and columns are connected together to
form one structure.
They are usually preferred in the areas having weak soil and shallow water.
2.6.2. Abutment
Abutments are the horizontal supporting structure which supports the bridge span at
the end. It transfers the load from the superstructure to foundation, retains earth
pressure (backfill), and prevents the scouring of embankment.
Like pier it may be of masonry, reinforced concrete and other materials but built on
land.
The three distinct components of abutment are:
Breast wall: It directly supports the dead and live loads of superstructure and
retains the backfilling.
Wing Wall: It acts as the extension of wing wall and only retains backfill.
Back Wall: It is small retaining wall located behind the bridge seat and prevents the
flow of earth fill into bridge seat and bearing.
Types of abutments
• Gravity Abutment
They are capable of resisting the load by their own weight.
They are suitable for shorter span bridge having good soil condition.
• Cantilever Abutment
Cantilever abutments are designed as a cantilevered structure that extends horizontally
from the foundation to support the bridge superstructure. They are often used for
longer span bridges or where the foundation soil conditions are poor.
• Counterfort Abutment
It is the combination of gravity and cantilever abutment. It is typically used for bridge
having long span with poor soil condition.
15
2.6.3. Foundation
Foundation is the lowest part of the structure which is in direct contact with the
ground and transfers all load from superstructure to soil.
It is designed to distribute the weight of the structure evenly over a large area to
prevent from any kind of structural damages. The soil type and superstructure
determine the type and size of foundation.
Broadly foundation is classified in two groups:
i. Shallow Foundation
ii. Deep Foundation
2.6.3.1. Shallow Foundation

Foundation having the width greater than the depth are known as shallow foundation.
Shallow foundations are used in structure having stiff, hard upper surface along with
high bearing capacity.
Spread footing and raft foundation are most popular shallow foundation.
There are different types of spread footing.
1. Individual Footings
Individual footings, also known as isolated footings, are the most common type of
spread footing. They provide support to the individual column. Individual footings are
typically used for small, single-column structures such as houses or small commercial
buildings.
2. Combined Footings
It supports two or more column in a row. It is provided when two columns are
located very near to each other. In case of low bearing capacity of soil sometime the
nearby footings are combined.
3. Strap Footings
Strap footings are used when two or more columns are located at different elevations,
and it is necessary to tie them together with a concrete beam or strap. Strap footings
are also used when the soil bearing capacity is low.
4. Wall Footing
It is also known as strip footing and commonly used as foundation for load bearing
wall.
5. Mat Foundation
It is the large slab supporting a number of columns and walls under entire structure or
large part of the structure. It is required when allowable soil pressure is very low.
16
This helps to reduce the differential settlement in soil.
2.6.3.2. Deep Foundation
The foundations having depth greater than width are known as deep foundation.
The foundation is shifted toward the deeper depth with high bearing capacity if top
most soil has low bearing capacity.
Types of deep foundation
1. Pile Foundation
It is a deeper foundation formed by long, slender, column elements made from steel or
RCC. It is used for large structure and when the soil at shallow depth is not able to
resist the excessive settlement, uplift.
They are either driven into soil or cast in-situ.
2. Caisson or Well
A caisson is hollow water tight box which is sunk through the ground for laying
foundation under water. Well, on the other hand, is a hole that is dug into the ground
to access water or other resources.
2.7. Appurtenances and site related structure.
Appurtenances are parts of the bridge or bridge site which are non-structural
components and serve in the overall functionality of the structure.
2.7.1. Embankment and slope protection structure

Structure which provides proper drainage, control erosion and increase aesthetics of
bridge.
2.7.2. Approach slab

Slab,which provide smooth transition of loads from flexible road surface to rigid
bridge surface.
2.7.3. River training structure

Structure, which guide and regulate the river course in desired direction and protects
bridge substructures.
2.8. TYPE OF BRIDGE
Among the different types of bridges, we considered prestressed bridge to design.
2.8.1. Prestressed Bridge:

A prestressed bridge is a type of bridge that utilizes pre-tensioned or post-tensioned
reinforcement to provide extra strength and stability to the structure. The principle of
17
prestressing is a technique used in civil engineering to improve the strength and
durability of reinforced concrete structures. It involves applying a compressive force
to the concrete before it is subjected to external loads, in order to counteract the
tensile stresses that will be produced when the structure is in use. This is done by
placing a reinforcement material, usually steel cables or rods, under tension and
anchoring them to the concrete.
Once the concrete has hardened, the tension in the reinforcement is released, which
then transfers a compressive stress to the concrete. This process produces a pre-
stressed concrete structure, which has a higher resistance to external loads, and is
more durable than conventional reinforced concrete structures.
The principle of prestressing is based on the fact that concrete is strong in

compression but weak in tension. By introducing compressive stresses in the concrete,
it is possible to eliminate or greatly reduce the tensile stresses that will occur under
load. This not only increases the strength of the concrete but also reduces the
likelihood of cracking and other forms of damage that can occur in reinforced
concrete structures.
2.8.2. ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS

Prestressing forces of the Tendons are transferred to the concrete structures through
Anchorages. Anchorage for the Post Tensioning system normally comprises of a
steel plates with a number of conical holes, the conical Grips and the Guide
(Trumpet). Trumpet or Guide is used to connect the ducts and provides a flat
surface for locating the Bearing Plate on it. As shown in the figure below:
Figure 8:Anchorage System
18
2.8.3. Advantages and Disadvantages
• Members of the same shape and dimensions can be manufactured in large
quantities.
• Additional members such as sheath tubes and anchorage devices are not
required Factory manufacturing is possible, making the quality of the product
highly reliable.
• Not suitable for large members because it is difficult to arrange the
prestressing tendon in a curve.
• A certain amount of prestress is not transferred at the end of the members so,
the design requires attention.
• Expensive equipment is required.
• It needs well-trained manpower.
2.8.4. Types of prestressing

2.8.4.1. Pre- tensioning
In this type, the steel cables are tensioned before the concrete is poured, and once the
concrete has set, the tension is released, which compresses the concrete and puts it
into a state of prestress.
This process involves the stressing of wires or cables by anchoring them at the end of
a metal form, which may be up to 120 m in length. Hydraulic jacks stress the wire as
required, often adding 10% to accommodate creep and other pre-stress losses that
may be incurred. Side mold are then fixed and the concrete placed around the
tensioned wires. The concrete hardens and shrinks, gripping the steel along its length,
transferring the tension from the jacks to exert a compressive force in the concrete.
Once the concrete has reached the desired strength, the tensioned wires are released
from the jacks. A typical concrete strength of 28 N/mm2 can be achieved by 24-hour
steam curing, as well as using additives.
To create shorter members, dividing plates can be placed at any point along the
member which, when removed, permit the cutting of the wires
2.8.4.2. Post- tensioning
This follows the reverse method to pre-tensioning, whereby the concrete member is
cast and the pre-stressing occurs after the concrete is hardened. This method is often
used where stressing is to be carried out on site after casting an insitu component or
where a series of precast concrete units are to be joined together to form the required
member.
The wires, cables or bars may be positioned in the unit before concreting, but bonding
to the concrete is prevented by using a flexible duct or rubber sheath which is deflated
and removed when the concrete has hardened.
Stressing is carried out after the concrete has been cured by means of hydraulic jacks
operating from one or both ends of the member. Due to the high local stresses at the
anchorage positions it is common for a helical (spiral) reinforcement to be included in
19
the design. When the required stress has been reached, the wire or cables are anchored
to maintain the prestress. The ends of the unit are sealed with cement mortar to
prevent corrosion due to any entrapped moisture and to assist in stress distribution
Anchorages used in post-tensioning depend on whether the tendons are to be stressed
individually or as a group. Most systems use a form of split cone wedges or jaws
which act against a form of bearing or pressure plate.
20
The broad classifications are given as under
PRESTRESSING SYSTEM
Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning
Bonded Unbonded
Wires Strands
Tendons Tendons
Mono Multi Bars

Stressing Stressing
Strands
Wire Wires and
,Bars and Strands
Strands
2.8.5. Types of prestressing wire

For pre-stressed concrete members, the high- tensile steel, used generally, consists of
wires, bars or strands. The high tensile strength of steel is generally achieved by
marginally increasing the carbon content in steel in comparison to mild steel.
High- tensile steel usually contains 0.6-0.85% carbon, 0.7-1% manganese, 0.05% of
Sulphur and phosphorus.
The pre-stressing steel, as per the code, should be any one of the following types:
• Plain hard-drawn steel wire conforming to IS: 785(Part 1)-1966 and
IS: 1785(Part2)-1967,
• Cold-drawn indented wire,
• High tensile steel bar conforming to IS: 2090- 1962, and
• Uncoated stress relieved strand conforming to IS: 6006-1970
21
Figure 9:Profile of Prestressing wire
2.8.6. Requirement of grade of concrete

Minimum Grade of concrete is generally M30 for post- tensioned and M40 for
pretensioned members. Along with the grade of concrete, following specifications are
to be stated for pre-stressed concrete mix design.
I. Grade designation 33
II. Type of cement to be used
III. Maximum nominal size of aggregates
IV. Cement content for the mix – Maximum and Minimum Value
V. The maximum water-cement ratio of the mix
VI. Workability to be achieved
VII. Type of aggregates to be used
VIII. Use of any admixture along with the conditions and requirement
2.9. DESIGN METHOD OF BRIDGE
The design of the bridge is complex process and there is various methods we can
follow for the design of the bridge.
Some of the common methods used for the designing of the bridge are:
22
2.9.1. Working Stress Method (WSM)
Working stress method also known as Allowable Stress Method is older method for
the design of the bridge. It involves calculating the maximum loads that a bridge will
experience and designing the bridge components based on allowable stress levels.
2.9.2. Limit State Method (LSM)

LSM, also known as Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), is a modern
method of bridge design that takes into account the variability of loads and material
strengths. It involves calculating the maximum loads that a bridge will experience and
designing the bridge components to resist these loads with a certain degree of safety.
The safety is ensured by applying load and resistance factors to the calculated loads
and strengths.
2.9.3. Finite Element Analysis

This is a computer-based method of bridge design that involves modeling the bridge
structure as a complex system of interconnected elements. FEA can simulate the
behavior of the bridge under various loads and environmental conditions, and can
help optimize the design for maximum strength and durability.
2.9.4. Approximate Analysis

This is a simplified method of bridge design that involves making certain assumptions
and approximations to calculate the loads and stresses on the bridge components. This
method is often used for preliminary designs or for bridges with relatively simple
geometry and loading conditions.
Each of the method has their own advantages and limitations. Thus, looking at the
versality we have considered LSM method for the design of our bridge.
ASSUMPTION OF LSM
1. The material used in the structure is homogeneous and isotropic.
2. The loads on the structure are static and can be accurately determined.
3. The loads on the structure are independent and can be applied simultaneously.
4. The structure is assumed to be perfectly elastic up to the limit state.
5. The limit states are based on failure modes, such as yield, buckling, or fatigue.
6. The design is carried out using partial safety factors, which account for
uncertainties in the loads and material strengths.
7. The design is based on the principles of structural mechanics, such as
equilibrium, compatibility, and material behavior.
The design is based on a specific design code or standard, which provides guidelines
for the selection of loads and partial safety factors.
23
2.10. Design of deck slab
Slabs are the structural element designed to carry various loads. Generally, slabs are
constructed from reinforced concrete. They are generally classified as one-way or
two-way slab as per their span direction.
2.10.1. One-way spanning slab

It is simply supported slab that rest on beam or wall and can resist the moment in only
one direction. The loads are applied in one direction. The ratio of length to width of
slab is greater than 2. The reinforcements are provided in direction perpendicular to
span to resist the bending moment.
The moment due to dead load is calculated as in simply supported beam. The live
load of vehicle is considered as concentrated load. The bending moment due to this
load is calculated assuming the width of slab is effective in resisting bending moment.
For single concentrated load, the effective width may be calculated by the equation,
be=Kx(1-x/L) +bw
where, be= effective width of slab on which the load acts
L= effective span
x=distance of center of gravity of load from nearer support
bw= breadth of concentration area of load
K= constant depending upon the ratio (B/L)
2.10.2. Two-way spanning slab

It is supported by beams or walls on all side and has to resist moment in both
longitudinal and lateral direction. It is used generally if the ratio of length to width is
less than 2.
In case of RCC T-beam and slab deck moment is developed in both directions. These
moments are calculated either by Westergaad’s method. However, for the rectangular
slab supported freely on all four sides and loaded symmetrically Pigeaud’s method is
used.
Notations:
L=long span
B=short span
u & v= Dimension of the load spread after allowing for dispersion
through wearing coat and structural slab
K= Ratio of short to long span of slab (L/B)
M1= Moment in the short span direction
M2=Moment in the long span direction
m1 & m2 = coefficients for moments along the short and long spans
24
μ= Poisson’s ratio for concrete generally assumed 0.15 (IRC:21-2000)
W=wheel load under consideration
Figure 10: dispersion of wheel load through deck slab
The dispersion of the load may be assumed to be at 45° through the wearing coat and
deck slab according to IRC 21 code specifications. Consequently, the effect of contact
of wheel or track loadin the direction of span shall be taken equal to the dimension of
the tyre contact area over the wearing surface of the slab in the direction of slab plus
twice the overall depth 28 of the slab inclusiveof the thickness of the wearing surface.
It is sometimes assumed to be at 45° through the wearing coat but at steeper angle
through the deck slab. The value of bending moment is given by following equations:
M1= (m1+ μm2) * W…………(i)
M2= (m1- μm2) * W…………..(ii)
The value of m and m2 depends upon u/B, v/L and k.
Figure 11:Ecentric Loading Condition

We can m1 and m2 for different k using Pigeaud’s curves.
25
Figure 12:Pigeauds curve
The design is carried out as per the specification in IRC:21-2000.
2.10.3. Design of T-girder

The T-girder comprises of longitudinal girder, cross girder and continuous deck slab
between the girder. The determination of load distribution factor in longitudinal girder
is done by one of the following methods:
2.10.3.1. Courbon’s Method
This method is based upon the superposition of the shears. This method assumes that
the maximum shear at a cross-section is proportional to the sum of the shears on
either side of the section. It assumes the distribution of live load is linear and LFD is
obtained based upon the stiffness of girder. This completely neglects the bending
moment which is its major limitation. It is widely used method due to its simplicity.
2.10.3.2. Guyon Massonet Method
It overcomes the limitation of Courbon’s method. It also considers the distribution of
live load is linear along with the influence of bending moment on the distribution of
live load.
It is more accurate than Courbon’s method but at the same time requires more detailed
information of the structure.
2.10.3.3. Hendry Jeagar Method
It is based upon the theory of plasticity. This method assumes that the girders
will behave plastically when subjected to a load. It is the most complex and accurate
26
method among three methods. Thus, this method is generally used for the structures
that are expected to experience large plastic deformation.
We opted for the courbon’s method due to its simplicity and ease of application.
Following conditions must be satisfied to apply this method:
The ratio of span to width of deck is greater than 2 but less than 4.
The longitudinal girders are connected by at least five symmetrically spaced cross
girder.
The depth of cross girder should be at least 0.75 times the main girder.
When the live loads are positioned nearer to the herb as shown in figure the CG of
live load acts eccentrically with the CG of the girder system. Due to this eccentricity,
the loads shared by each girder is increased or decreased depending upon the position
of girder. This is calculated by Courbon's theory by reaction factors given by,
Rn = (ΣW/n) [1+(ΣI/Σdx2.I) dx.e]
Where,
Rx= reaction factor for the girder under consideration
dx= distance of girder under consideration from the central axis of the bridge
W= total concentrated live load
Σdx2 = sum of distance of girders from centra axis of the bridge
n= number of longitudinal girders
e= eccentricity of live load w.r.t the axis of the bridge
The live load bending moments and shear forces are computed for each of the
girders. The maximum design moments and shear forces are obtained by
adding the live load and dead bending moment.
Figure 13:live load positions for Courbon's Method
27
2.11. Design of bearing
We have considered elastomeric bearing. Elastomeric bearings are made of layers of

steel plates and rubber layers, which provide flexibility and resistance to compression,
shear, and horizontal movement. Thus, it would be able to resist the horizontal
movement and rotation of 40m span bridge easily.
IRC-83 Part II (2015) provides all the specification required for the designing of
elastomeric bearing.
2.12. Design of pier
Intermediate support of the deck (superstructure) of bridge.

For the design of the pier first step is to determine the different types of live load,
dead load acting on the pier. Following different loads
1. Dead load of superstructure and pier.
2. Live loads of vehicles moving on the bridge.
3. Effect of eccentric live load
4. Impact effect for different classes of load.
5. Effect of buoyancy on submerged part of the pier
6. Effect of wind loads acting on moving vehicles and the superstructure.
7. Forces due to water current.
8. Forces due to wave action
9. Longitudinal forces due to tractive effort of vehicle.
10. Longitudinal forces due to braking of vehicles.
11. Longitudinal forces due to resistance in bearings.
12. Effect of earthquake force.
13. Forces due to collision for piers in navigable rivers.
We consider the critical load combination for the design of the pier.
The type and dimension of the pier depends on the critical load combination, site
condition and also aesthetic requirement of the site.
1. Height: The top level of pier is fixed at least 1.5m above the high flood level.
This is required for the protection of bearing during the time of flood.
2. Width: The top width of pier must be sufficient to accommodate the bearing.
Usually, the top width is 600mm more than the dimension of bearing.
3. Pier Batter: It is the inclination of pier column from the vertical. Generally,
sides are provided with batter of 1 in 2 to 1 in 24. The increased bottom width is
necessary to restrict the stresses developed under the load within permissible values.
28
4. Cut and Ease Water: The pier ends are shaped for streamlining the passage of
water. Normally the cut and ease waters are either shaped circular or triangular.
6.5 Design of abutment
This is similar to the design of the pier. Following are the forces acting on the
abutment:
1. Dead load due to superstructure.
2. Live load on the superstructure.
3. Self-weight of the abutment.
4. Longitudinal forces due to tractive effort and braking.
5. Forces due to temperature variation
1.6. Earth pressure due to backfill.
a) Height: It is same as of pier.

b) Width: The top width must be sufficient for bearing and bottom width 0.4-0.5
times the height.
c) Abutment Batter: The batter of 1 in 24 to 1 in 12 is provided in water face or it
is kept vertical. The earth face is provided with batter of 1 in 3 to 1 in 6.
d) Length: It is at least equal to length of bridge.7
2.13. Design of foundation
Referring to the Geo-technical Report of the Tinau Khola Bridge, the Pile foundation
is recommended. According to the report, two boreholes were drilled at a proposed
site up to the depth of 25m. Altogether 32 SPT tests were carried out for both
boreholes. It is observed that most of the soul fall in SC (clayey sand). and from sieve
analysis D50 values for both bore holes is 0.045mm.
Since most of the soil strata in both boreholes have clayey soil with traces of silt and
sand, Pile Foundation is suitable foundation system for the site.
2.14. Design Method for Pre-stressed Girder
Steps involved in design of longitudinal girder are; Calculation of all dead and live
loads and its resulting live load BM(Mq)and dead loadBM(Mg) and live load SF(Vq)
and dead load SF(Vu) is followed by:-
2.14.1. Preliminary design of girder

• Fixing the dimensions
• Determination of CG of girder
• Determination of Moment of inertia of girder
• Determination of section modulus of girder
29
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
As topographical survey provide detail information about the area surrounding the
bridge site. We fixed the bridge alignment considering the high flood level of river.
The Bridge axis, RL of benchmarks, site topography, topographic map, cross-section
of river, etc. was provided as per the requirement for design, construction and
maintenance.
Figure 14: Google Earth image showing Bridge Site
HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
4.1. Hydrological and Meteorological Data
The data for the calculation of Design Discharge (Qd) of the Tinau River is obtained
from DHM, Nepal. The hydrological data has the 15 data of maximum recorded flow
at DHM station no. 390 from year 1964 to 1922 A.D. Similarly, the meteorological
data of rain gauge station of Butwal station 0703 consists of daily rainfall data
collected by DHM, for the period of last 30 years (From 1998 to 2017 A.D).
4.2. Catchment Area
A catchment is an area with a natural boundary (for example ridges, hills or

mountains) where all surface water drains to a common channel to form rivers or
creeks. Larger catchments are made up of smaller areas, sometimes called sub
catchments. The catchment area of Tinau river enclosing the area of the bridge site is
calculated using QGIS and found to be 1219.576km2.
30
Figure 15:Catchment area
4.3. Rating Curve
The rating curve is a relation between stage (river level) and streamflow (discharge).
Each stream channel is different and, because the stage-discharge relation is a
function of the streambed material and geometry, each rating curve will be unique to
that site and a particular period of time. The prepared rating Curve at the section of
bride is as shown in Figure.
31
Figure 16:Rating Curve
4.4. Bridge level and its Span
The lowest bed level (LBL) of the Tinau river at the section of the bridge location is
62.73m. From the rating curve prepared, the stage for the Qd is 68.78m. According to
the Nepal Bridge Standard, 2067 minimum free board for the discharge ranging 2001-
5000 m3/s is 2m. Here, we adopted the FB of 3m. So, the Bridge level from the LBL
is 71.78m. i.e., 9.05m from the LBL. From the cross section the span of the bridge is
obtained as 74.78m.
4.5. Scour Depth
Estimation of scour in bridges is extremely important for the design of bridge

foundation, guide bunds, protection works etc. Any under estimation of scour will
result in failure of the bridge whereas over-estimation of scour will lead to escalation
of its cost. In major bridges, cost of foundation, guide bunds and protective works
exceed 50Percent of the total cost of a bridge.
Scour depth means the distance below prevailing ground resulting from the erosive
action of running water which temporarily or permanently excavates and carries away
material from the prevailing ground or channel bed during flooding. The Scour depth
is calculated using the formula given in Clause 703.2 of IRC 78-2014. But the water
way is calculated using the formula given by Lacey. Lacey Regime Waterway
=4.75√Qd
Silt Factor (f) = 1.76√d the calculation of scour depth at the section of the bridge
is as shown in Table5.
The calculated scour depth below the abutment is 9.150m.
32
CONCLUSION
The task of the project ”Detail Design and Structural analysis of Prestressed Bridge”
for the this Semester is completed as per the Task Schedule with majority of Design
task .We collected the hydrological and meteorological data from DHM,Nepal. From
the acquired data we calculated the Discharge(Q) from various methods and found the
Design discharge(Qd) as 3334.297 cumecs. We prepared the the Rating curve and
fixed the span of the bridge as 80m.. The scour depth is then calculated as 9.15. We
designed the Deck slab of the bridge and became familiar with the abutment design.
Similarly, considering the soil type of the bridge site, pile foundation system is
adopted.Also we completed elastomeric bearing design .After working on this project
and going through each small design consideration we are now able to design a
bridge
33
ANNEX A
HYDROLOGICAL
ANALYSIS
Gumbel Distribution
SN Year Mean (X̅)
Flood Discharge (X-X̅)² SD Y̅n Sn Return period(T)
YT K XT
1 1964 417 686 72361
2 1966 1180 244036
3 1967 1950 1597696
4 1968 2000 1726596
5 1969 600 7396
6 1970 500 34596
7 1984 390 87616
8 1985 325 130321 574.785 0.5128 1.0206 100 4.60015 4.00485 2987.93
9 1986 644 1764
10 1987 580 11236
11 1988 565 14641
12 1989 457 52441
13 1990 260 181476
14 1991 288 158404
15 1992 134 304704
N 15 10290 4625284
Log Pearson Type III
SN Year Z=logX Z̅
Flood Discharge (Z-Z̅)² (Z-Z̅)³ SD Cs T K ZT XT
1 1964 417 2.620136 2.72326 0.01063 -0.001096679
2 1966 1180 3.071882 0.12154 0.042370554
3 1967 1950 3.290035 0.32123 0.182066903
4 1968 2000 3.30103 0.33382 0.192870052
5 1969 600 2.778151 0.00301 0.000165389
6 1970 500 2.69897 0.00059 -1.43313E-05
7 1984 390 2.591065 0.01748 -0.0023102
8 1985 325 2.511883 0.04468 -0.009444335 0.31474 0.38469 100 2.54099 3.523 3334.3
9 1986 644 2.808886 0.00733 0.000627789
10 1987 580 2.763428 0.00161 6.48094E-05
11 1988 565 2.752048 0.00083 2.3859E-05
12 1989 457 2.659916 0.00401 -0.000254164
13 1990 260 2.414973 0.09504 -0.029299786
14 1991 288 2.459392 0.06963 -0.018372071
15 1992 134 2.127105 0.3554 -0.211874243
15 10290 40.8489 1.38684 0.145523547
Log Normal Distribution

Cs K ZT XT
0 2.326 3.455 2853.249

Flood discharge of Tinau river
Flood
SN Year
Discharge
1 1964 417
2 1966 1180
3 1967 1950
4 1968 2000
5 1969 600
6 1970 500
7 1984 390
8 1985 325
9 1986 644
10 1987 580
11 1988 565
12 1989 457
13 1990 260
14 1991 288
15 1992 134
Modified Dickens method

A= 1200 Km^2
c= 5
Q= 1019.426547 m^3
Summary of discharge from various methods
Log
Log Normal
DHM Dickens Gumbels Pearson
Distribution
Type III
3250.34 1019.426547 2987.92604 3334.297 2853.249
Calculation of discharge from cross section

Height of perimeter Hydraulic Discharge
Area(m²)
water(m) (m) radius ® (m³/s)
63 1.0014 7.4648 0.1341496 1.48448398
64 22.2859 35.2151 0.6328507 92.9264474
65 70.14 55.7643 1.257794 462.324691
66 127.3134 60.0434 2.1203563 1188.65275
67 188.4332 64.3808 2.926854 2181.05415
68 253.4087 68.6314 3.6923143 3424.48776
69 321.749 72.4863 4.438756 4915.86232
340.96 76.9259 4.4323173 5204.33989
69.273 5416.03
54.38 95.26 0.5708587 211.689805
Stage discharge relationship
Rating Curve
70
69
68
67
66 Rating Curve
Stage
65 log pearson
64 DHM
63 Dickens
Log Normal
62
61
60
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Discharge
Interpolation plot
Interpolation Plot
SN X Y X Y
1188.652749 66 0 66.4821597
log pearson 2181.054154 67 1667.1487 66.4821597
1667.148734 66.4821597 1667.1487 0
1188.652749 66 0 66.4398596
DHM 2181.054154 67 1625.17 66.4398596
1625.17 66.4398596 1625.17 0
462.3246914 65 0 65.065244
Dickens 1188.652749 66 509.71327 65.065244
509.7132735 65.065244 509.71327 0
1188.652749 66 0 66.2397939
Log Normal 2181.054154 67 1426.6246 66.2397939
1426.624552 66.2397939 1426.6246 0
Lowest bed
62.73 Remarks
level
Calculated
66.48215972
stage at Qd
FB 1.2 According to NBS 2067
Bridge level 67.68215972
Bridge ht from
4.952159721
Bed level
Span of bridge 74.78 From Cross section
Scour depth calculation

Length of
particle Size Design Discharge (Db)² Ksf Dsm
bridge
0.6 1667.148734 80 434.279 1.363 9.152
MSL for Abutment= 11.623 m cl. 703.3.1.1 (ii)

MSL for pier= 18.303 m cl. 703..1.1(i)
Level of MSL for abutment= 54.860 m (RL)
Level of MSL for pier= 48.179 m (RL)
ANNEX B
DESIGN OF
DECK
For IRC Class A, the maximum load is 11.4 ton and 11.4 ton is for one pair of wheel
so maximum load on single wheel is 57 ton, half of 11.4 ton .
For a RCC bridge, the slab panel of a reinforced concrete Tee Beam and Deck slab is 2.5m
wide between the main girder and 5m between the cross girder
W 57 KN
L 5m
B 2.5 m
Thickness of slab 250 mm Considered
Thickness of wearing
80 mm
coat
Panel Size 2.5m×5m
From Table 2 of IRC 6: 2017

Ground Contact Area for Axle load 114ton
B 250 mm
W 500 mm
Angle of Dispersion 45 degree

After the dispersion of load throudh the wearing coat at 45°
u is the dispersion of load along the direction of W and v along b
u 0.66 m
v 0.41 m
Poission' s ratio(µ) 0.15
Bending Moment Calculation
Here W1 is placed at centre of panel i.e C.G of panel

1) Analysis of Wheel W1
u/B 0.264
v/L 0.082
From Pigeaud's Curve

For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.195
m2 0.15
Short Span Moment (MB) 12.3975 KNm

Long Span Moment (ML) 10.21725 KNm
2) Analysis of Wheel W2 (Unsymmetrical Load )
In fig 1, the wheel W2 is places asymmetrically in the slab panel, But Pigeaud;s curve is applicable only
when load is placed symmetrically on the slab panel.
For the analysis of W2, the imaginary load is placed symmetically about W2, so that both W2 are
equidistance from C.G of the slab panel
To get the B.M due to W2, B.M is calculated from both patch 1 and patch 2, the half of difference
between B.M of both pathch gives the B.M of wheel W2.
i) For Patch 1
Intensity of load (I) 210.643 KN/m^2

u 0.66 m
v 2.97 m End to end distance of patch 1 2.81
u/B 0.264
v/L 0.594
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.13
m2 0.03
i) For Patch 2
u 0.66 m
u/B 0.264
v/L 0.43
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.141
m2 0.04
Now Actual Moment Due to Wheel load W2 is

IMPACT FACTOR
Applied to the moving loads or distributed loads to enhance their magnitude to include
their dynamic effects on th bridge deck
𝐴
Impact factor 𝐵+𝐿 A 4.5 For Rcc
= 0.41 B 6 For Rcc
As the loads are moving, they have impact of loading on slab .

Applying Continuity and Impact Factor
Total Live Load Moments are
Short Span Moment (MB) 31.02262 KNm taking CF 0.8
Long Span Moment (ML) 19.33485 KNm LF 1.5
Bending Moment due to Dead Load

Unit wt of Concrete (γc) 25 KN/m^3 22KN/m^3 for WC
Assumed slab thickness ( t ) 250 mm
Effective Cover 50 mm
Overall depth of slab (D) 300 mm
1) Self Weight of Deck slab 7.5 KN/m^2

2) Self Weight of Wearing Coat 1.76 KN/m^2 80mm thick WC
Total Dead Load 9.26 KN/m^2
Using Pigeaud's curve for Slab completely loaded with UDL
K= B/L 0.5 For m1

1/K 2 For m2
Referring Curve
m1 0.048
m2 0.009
Applying Continuity And Load Factor into Effect LF 1.5
Short Span Moment (MB) 6.854715 KNm CF 0.8
Total Design Moments Due to both Dead Load And live Loads are
Bending Moment due to Live Load
IRC Class 70R Load (Tracked Vehicle)
For Maximim Bending Moment One wheel is placed at centre of Panel

Tyre contact area along short span (u) 0.84 m
Tyre cotact area along long span (v) 4.57 m
Thickness of Wearing Coat 0.08 m
Shorter span(B) 2.5 m

Longer Span (L) 5 m
After Dispersion
U 1
V 4.73 Which is less than 5m
Now
U/B 0.4
V/L 0.946
For K 0.5
m1 0.085
m2 0.014
Load 350 KN Acc to IRC2: cl 208.3

Effective Load 369.9789 KN IF 1.1
Short Span Moment (MB) 42.53721 KNm CF 0.8
Long Span Moment (ML) 13.06395 KNm LF 1.5
IRC Class 70R Load (Wheeed Vehicle)
In this Figure, IRC 70R load arrangement is given. The maximum load is 17 ton
and 17 ton for one pair of wheel and are c/c spaced at 1.37m, so analysis is carried
out with maximum load of wheel ie 17 ton and maximum load of single wheel is
85 ton i.e half of 170 ton.
85 KN
Maximum load on single wheel
8664.628 kg
2
For IRC 70R vehicle, the maximum tyre pressure 5.273 kg/cm
For L type the tyre thread width 0.86 m
Bending Moment Calculation
2
Tyre contact area 1643.207 cm
From IRC 6 : Annex A
Tyre Thread width 76 cm
Therefore
Tyre contact length 21.62 cm
Here the Wheel W1 is placed at centre of panel i.e C.G of panel
Analysis of wheel W1
L 5000 mm
B 2500 mm
u 760 mm
v 216.21 mm
After Dispersion
U 920 mm
V 376.21 mm
U/B 0.368
V/L 0.075
For K 0.5
m1 0.18
m2 0.15
Analysis of Wheel W2 ( Unsymmetrical Load)

In this figure, The Wheel W2 is placed asymmetrically in the slab panel, but
Pigeaud's curve is applicable only when load is placed symmetrically on slab panel
For the analysis of W2, the immaginary load is placed symmetrically about W2, so
that both W2 are equidistance from the C.G of the slab panel
For Patch 1
u 0.92 m
u/B 0.368
v/L 0.6232
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.111
m2 0.027
For Patch 2
u 0.92 m
u/B 0.368
v/L 0.5368
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.12
m2 0.031

Total Moment due to W1 and W2

From IRC6 : cl 208.3

Impact Factor 1.14
Continuity factor 0.8
Load Factor 1.5

Keeping 1st and 2nd Heaviest axles symmetrical about Centre of Panel
For Patch 1
u 0.92 m
u/B 0.368
v/L 0.3492
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.14
m2 0.05
For Patch 2
u 0.92 m
u/B 0.368
v/L 0.2628
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.151
m2 0.07
Now Actual Moment Due to Wheel load W2 and W1 is

Impact Factor 1.14
Load Factor 1.5

Bending moment due to Bogie Load
Load 100 KN
u 760 mm
v 216.21 mm
Poission' s ratio(µ) 0.15
After Dispersion
U 920 mm
V 376.21 mm
U/B 0.368
V/L 0.075
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.17
m2 0.14

For Patch 1
u 0.92 m
u/B 0.368
v/L 0.5632
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.125
m2 0.034
For Patch 2
u 0.92 m
u/B 0.368
v/L 0.4768
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.13
m2 0.04


Impact Factor 1.14
Load Factor 1.5

Keeping 1st and 2nd Heaviest axles symmetrical about Centre of Panel
For Patch 1
u 0.92 m
u/B 0.368
v/L 0.3192
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.145
m2 0.058
For Patch 2
u 0.92 m
u/B 0.368
v/L 0.2328
For K = B/L 0.5
m1 0.15
m2 0.07
Now Actual Moment Due to Wheel load W2 and W1 is

Impact Factor 1.14
Load Factor 1.5

Summary of Bending Moment in Slab

Live Load Dead Load
Load Type Short span Long Span
Short span Bm
Long Span BM
Bm BM
Class A 31.02262 19.33485
70R Tracked 42.53721 13.06395
`
70R Wheeled 26.80 21.26
Boogie 32.60 23.81
Total 42.53721 23.8083 6.854715 2.25018
Design ultimate Moments
Unfactored ULS Factored
Moment Factor Moment
Maximum Bending Moment from moving loads
Short Span Moment (MB) 42.537 1.5 63.806 KNm
Long Span Moment (ML) 23.808 1.5 35.712 KNm
Bending Moment from dead load of deck only
Short Span Moment (MB) 6.855 1.5 10.282 KNm
Long Span Moment (ML) 2.250 1.5 3.375 KNm
Bending Moment from surface load - -
Ultimate Design Moment

Check For Bending Moment
2
Characteristic Strength of Concrete fck 45 N/mm
2
Characteristic Yield Strength of Steel Reinforcement fy 500 N/mm
Effective Thickness of Slab along short span d_eff 200 mm
Effective Cover c 50 mm
Overall Depth D 250 mm
Limiting Neutral Axis Depth Xulim 91.2 mm
Limiting Bending Moment Mulim 240.765 KNm

Maximum Bending Moment Mumax 74.088 KNm
Bending Moment in Longer span Mumax y 39.088 KNm
Remarks Mumax < Mulim
So singly Reinforced Slab can be designed
Dia of main bar φ 12 mm

Effective Thickness of Slab along long span d_eff_y 188 mm
Area of Steel in Shorter span 896.20 mm2

Spacing 126.19 mm <250or2D IRC 112 cl16.6.1.1.(4)
Spacing Provided 125 mm
Provided Area of Steel 904.752 mm2
No of Rods 8 nos
Area of Steel in longer span 492.281 mm2

Spacing 229.73 mm <250or2D
Spacing Provided 200 mm
Provided Area of Steel 565.470 mm2
No of Rods 5 nos
For Shorter Span

Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
Ast min= 0.26*(fctm/fyk)btd ≥0.0013btd IRC 112 cl 16.5.1.1
fctm 3.3 N/mm Table 6.5 of IRC112
fyk 500
bt 1000
d 200
2
Ast min 343.2 mm
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement

Ast max = 0.025 Ac IRC 112 cl 16.5.1.1
2
Ast max 6250 mm
For longer span

Minimum area of Transverse Reinforcement IRC 112 cl 16.6(3)
20% of Main reinforcement
2
20% of 896.19 179.24 mm
Shear Force due to class A loading
A) 114KN
500
Thickness of wearing coat 80 mm

Overall Depth of Deck Slab 250 mm
Wheel contact area in direction of span 500 mm
Wheel contact area in Perp to direction of span 250 mm
Dispersion in direction of span 1.16 m

Dispersion perp to direction of span 0.41 m bw
For maximum shear, Load is kept such that the whole dispersion is in span
The load is kept at 0.58 m From the edge of the beam
Effective width of the slab = kx [ 1- (x/L)] + bw x is load position

Breadth of the cross Girder 200 mm
Effective length of panel (L) 2.3 m
Effective width of panel (B) 4.8 m
IRC 21: 2000

CL 305.16.2 be= kx [ 1- (x/L)] + bw
the value of k depends on ratio of B/L where B is width of slab and L is
effective span as in cl 305.4
B/L 2.08696
For B/L =2 ,for continuous slab
k= 2.6 from cl 305.16.2
Effective width of the slab = 1.53772 m
Load per m width 37.0678 KN
Shear Force per m width 32.5888 KN
Shear Force with Impact 45.9206 KN IF class A 0.41
Dead load shear Force 10.649 KN
Total shear Force 56.5696 KN

Shear Force due to 70R Tracked loading
B) 350KN
840
x=0.750m
L=2.5m

Wheel contact area in Perp to direction of span 3600 mm


IRC 21: 2000

CL 305.16.2 be= kx [ 1- (x/L)] + bw
B/L 2.08696
k= 2.6 from cl 305.16.2

Shear Force due to 70R Wheeled loading
C) 85KN
920
x=0.790m
L=2.5m

Wheel contact area in Perp to direction of span 376.21 mm


IRC 21: 2000

CL 305.16.2 be= kx [ 1- (x/L)] + bw
B/L 2.08696
k= 2.6 from cl 305.16.2

Shear Force due to Boogie loading
D) 100 KN
920
x=0.790m
L=2.5m

Wheel contact area in Perp to direction of span 376.21 mm


IRC 21: 2000

CL 305.16.2 be= kx [ 1- (x/L)] + bw
B/L 2.08696
k= 2.6 from cl 305.16.2

Check For Shear
AS PER IRC 112:2020 Cl 10.3.2
Element not requiring Design Shear Reinforcement
.
𝑉 𝑅𝑑 𝑐 = 0.12𝐾 80ρ1. fck 0 33 + 0.15 σ𝑐𝑝 𝑏𝑤. 𝑑 Should not be less than
𝑉 𝑅𝑑 𝑐2 = 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 0.15 σ𝑐𝑝 𝑏𝑤. 𝑑
200
𝐾 =1+ ≤2 where d is depth in mm
𝑑
. .
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.031𝐾1 5. 𝑓𝑐𝑘0 5
𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρ1 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 . 𝑑
fck 45 N/mm2
Ast 896.195 mm2
ρ1 0.00448
K 2
vmin 0.58818
σcp 0 No Axial or Prestressing Force
V Rd.c 120.164 KN
V Rd.c2 117.637 KN OK
Hence ,Governing Design Shear Resistance V Rd.c 120.164 KN

Design Ultimate Shear Force , Vu 112.003 KN
OK
Hence, No additional Shear Reinforcement is required
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SLAB
There are two cantilever slabs on both side of bridge which are similar. So, we have
designed only one.
Bending Moment Due to Live Load and Dead Load

Table: BM Due to Dead Load
Lever
Component Dead load (KN/m) arm(m) Bending Moment(KN-m)
Railing (1) 0.488273438 1.35 0.659169141
Footpath (2) 10.359375 1.35 13.98515625
handrail 2 0.4375 0.875
slab 12.94921875 0.6375 8.255126953
Fillet 0.05484375 0.6 0.03290625
total 25.85171094 23.80735859
BM Due to Live Load

For span Greater than 30m Pedestrian load =360 kg/m2
P=360*9.81/1000*1.275
=4.5 KN/m
Live Load including impact factor
=4.5*1.25
=5.625 KN/m
Total moment =29.432 KN/m
REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
Neutral axis, x=
Where, β1 = 0.80952 and β2 = 0.41597 for M45 grade of concrete
fcd = 0.67 x fck 1.5 = 20.1 N/mm, d=250mm
neutral axis depth = 7.325mm
Check for accuracy

Limiting neutral Axis = (ϵcu /ϵcu+ϵyd) *d
= (0.0035/ (0.0035+0.0021) *250
=154.32 mm
Hence limiting neutral axis is greater that obtained neutral axis it is safe.
Lever arm(z) = d - β2x = 250 – 0.41597 x 7.325= 246.953 mm
Area of steel required (Ast) = (M/ 0.87 x fy x z) =273.978 mm2
Minimum area of steel (Astmin) = 0.26 *(fctm /fyk) * b * d
=429 mm2 > 0.0013*250*1000=325
Therefore, Ast required is Astmin.
Provide 12 mm dia bar
Area of steel provided=113.097 mm2
Spacing required = 263.629 mm
Providing 200 mm c/c spacing
Area of steel provided = 565.487 mm2 >Astmin
The traverse reinforcement should be provided 20% of the main rebars.

Area of steel required (Astreqd) = 0.2x565.487 = 113.097 mm2 Adopt 12 mm dia
rebar,
Area of a rebar(ast) = π x 122 4 = 113.097 mm2
Provide 12 mm diameter rebar @300 mm c/c
Area of steel provided (Astprovided) = 1000xπ x 122 4 x 1 300 = 376.991 mm2 >
Astreqd, okay
ANNEX C
DESIGN OF
GIRDER
DESIGN OF GIRDER
Prestressed T-Girder 40m
Designed using
1) Loads and load combination: IRC 6-2017
2) Code of practice IRC 112-2014
GENEREAL DESCRIPTION OF THE GIRDER
Span = 40 m
Slab Thickness = 0.250 m
Footpath = 1.25m
Carriageway width= 7.5 m
No of girders = 4
Spacing = 2.5 m
Edge = 1.25 m
Girder web thickness = 0.30 m at mid
Girder web thickness = 0.75m at support
Height of girder including slab= 2.00 m
Material and Properties:

Grade of concrete= M45
Reinforcement= Fe500
Unit weight of concrete = 25.0 KN/m3
Unit weight of surfacing= 25.0 KN/m3
Cable (Class II) (19k13)
Grade = 1860 N/mm3
Diameter (ɸ)=12.7 mm
No. of strands =19 with 7 ply
Number of cables=5
Force applied in each cable= 2700 KN
Longitudinal bar= 32 dia 4 nos.
Shear reinforcement= 10 dia 4 leg
Spacing= 140 mm
END BLOCK
Bursting bar Dia Legs no. of layer Spacing
individual block 16 6 3 30 to 300
group block 16 6 3 75 to 750
Spalling bar= 16 2
Spiral bar= 16 9 Turns
LOAD CALCULATIONS
A. Summary of live load
Max 0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.0
BM @ 0 0
Class 0.0 1755. 3029. 3822. 4141. 4043. 3288. 1889. 0.0
Ve A 2 3 5 2 6 9 5
h1
70 R 0.0 3734. 6326. 7840. 8377. 7822. 6178. 1889. 0.0
Ve Wheel 5 0 5 4 2 8 5
h2
70R 0.0 1720. 2940. 3660. 3880. 3660. 2940. 1889. 0.0
Ve Boogi 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
h3 e
70 R 0.0 2886. 4947. 6182. 6592. 6182. 4947. 1889. 0.0
Ve Track 0 2 0 0 3 9 5
h4
Max/Min
SF @
Veh Class A 419. 350. 281. 211. 155. 224. 293. 363. 428.
1 5 3 0 8 3 5 8 0 1
Veh 70 R 871. 746. 621. 496. 369. 435. 560. 685. 802.
2 Wheel 9 9 9 9 4 6 6 6 8
Veh 70R 394. 344. 294. 244. 194. 243. 293. 343. 394.
3 Boogie 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Veh 70 R 659. 572. 484. 397. 309. 395. 483. 570. 660.
4 Track 5 0 5 0 5 8 3 8 0
Design 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
BMs
Class A 0.0 3853. 6651. 8392. 9092. 8878. 7221. 4148. 0.0
Veh 7 3 9 5 3 3 6
1
70 R 0.0 4099. 6944. 8607. 9196. 8587. 6783. 2074. 0.0
Veh Wheel 9 8 5 9 4 2 3
2
70R 0.0 1888. 3227. 4018. 4259. 4018. 3227. 2074. 0.0
Veh Boogie 3 6 0 6 0 6 3
3
70 R 0.0 3168. 5431. 6786. 7236. 6787. 5431. 2074. 0.0
Veh Track 3 1 8 8 1 9 3
4
Design
SFs
Veh Class A 921. 769.1 617.0 465.0 340.9 492.9 645.0 797.0 939.
1 1 9
Veh 70 R 957. 820.0 682.7 545.5 405.5 478.2 615.4 752.7 881.
2 Wheel 2 3
Veh 70R 432. 377.7 322.8 267.9 213.0 266.8 321.7 376.6 432.
3 Boogie 5 5
Veh 70 R 724. 627.9 531.9 435.8 339.8 434.5 530.5 626.6 724.
4 Track 0 6
Unfactored Reactions Max Min

(without IF)
Class A 921.15 -939.93
70 R Wheel 957.20 -881.33
70R Boogie 432.54 -432.54
70 R Track 724.00 -724.58
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR DIFFERENT LOAD CLASS

For Class A load
Load position from left edge 1.65 3.45 6.55 8.350
(m)
LOADS (KN) 1 1 1 1
Load positions from left 1.65 3.450 6.55 8.350

edge ->
Loads 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
CG of Loads (KN) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4
Distance (m) 1.65 3.45 6.55 8.35
Load x Distance = 1.65 3.45 6.55 8.35
Eccentricity= 0.000 m CG= 5m
Square of distance 1.56 14.06 14.06 1.56 31.56
from CG
Reactions on the beams (L) 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

Reactions on the beams (M) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Distribution Factor 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
FOR 70 R WHEEL
Loads position from left edge(m) 2.88 4.810
Load (KN) 1 1
Load (KN) 1 1
Distance (m) 2.88 4.81
Load X Distance (KNm) 2.88 4.81
Square of beam distance from CG 1.56 14.06 14.06 1.56
Sum of load = 2 KN
Eccentricity = 1.155 m
CG = 3.85 m
Moment= 2.31 KNm
Reactions on the beams (M) 0.092 0.277 -0.277 -0.092
0.592 0.777 0.223 0.408
Load 2.880 4.810
positions
from left
edge ->
Loads 1 1
FOR 70 R TRACK
Load (KN) 1 1 Sum= 2.00

Distance (m) 2.88 4.94
Load x Distance = 2.88 4.94 CG= 3.91
Square of distance 1.56 14.06 14.06 1.56 Sum = 31.250
from CG
Moment= 2.18 KNm
Reactions on the beams (M) 0.087 0.262 -0.262 -0.087
0.587 0.762 0.238 0.413
DEAD LOAD CALCULATION

Footpath= 1.250 m
Carriage width = 7.50 m
Slab depth = 0.25 m
Beam depth (Excluding slab) = 1.75 m
Number of girders =4
Length of girder at support = 3 m
Load at mid-section
DLS W D No Area KN/m
Slab 10.00 0.250 1.00 2.500 62.50
Barriers 0.00 0.500 2.00 0.000 0.00
Girder
Fillet 0.45 0.150 8.00 0.270 6.75
Middle Web 0.30 1.250 4.00 1.500 37.50
Bottom T 0.30 0.150 4.00 0.315 7.88
Bottom 0.75 0.350 4.00 1.050 26.25
Total weight of 78.38
girder=
Railing 2.00 2.00
Footpath 1.25 0.275 2.00 0.688 17.19
Surfacing 7.50 0.075 1.00 0.563 14.06
Ht= 2.000 6.885 174.13
Load at
support
Dead W D No Area KN/m
Loads
Slab 10.00 0.250 1.00 2.500 62.50
Barriers 0.00 0.500 2.00 0.000 0.00
Girder 0.75 1.750 4.00 5.250 131.25
Railing 2.00 2.00
Footpath 0.00 0.275 2.00 0.000 0.00
Surfacing 7.50 0.075 1.00 0.563 14.06
Ht= 2.000 8.313 209.81
Extra udl at support = 35.688 KN/m
LOAD FROM CROSS-GIRDER
Number of cross girders= 9
Cross Girder details
End CG Mid CG
Nos. 2 7.00
Height 1.40 1.25
Width 0.45 0.3
Length(inner) 1.75 2.20
Length(cantilever) 2.625
Load of one CG= 68.91 20.625
Bending Moment of Cross Girder

Bending Moment @ 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
68.91 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.00 5.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.00 10.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.00 15.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.00 20.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
68.91 40.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SF at cross girder 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
68.9 0.00 68.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0 5.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0 10.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.00 15.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.00 20.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
68.9 40.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -68.9
Sum 68.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -68.9
Bending moment Summary of dead load
From uniform
load
0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.0
0 0
Slab & 0.0 5468. 9375.0 11718. 12500. 11718.
9375.0 5468. 0.0
CG 8 8 0 8 8
Barriers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0
Girder 0.0 6857. 11756. 14695. 15675. 14695.
11756. 6857. 0.0
8 3 3 0 3 3 8
Railing 0.0 175.0 300.0 375.0 400.0 375.0
300.0 175.0 0.0
Footpat 0.0 1503. 2578.1 3222.7 3437.5 3222.7
2578.1 1503. 0.0
h 9 9
Surfaci 0.0 1230. 2109.4 2636.7 2812.5 2636.7 2109.4 1230. 0.0
ng 5 5
From addition load at

support
load distance 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
107 1.500 0.0 140.5 120.4 100.4 80.3 60.2 40.1 20.1 0.0
107 38.500 0.0 20.1 40.1 60.2 80.3 100.4 120.4 140.5 0.0
Sum 0.0 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 0.0
load=length of girder at support*extra udl = 107 KN

Shear force summary from dead load
From
unifor
m load
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
Slab & 1318. 937.5 625.0 312.5 0.0 - - - -
CG 9 312.5 625.0 937.5 1318.
9
Barrier 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
s
Girder 1567. 1175. 783.8 391.9 0.0 - - - -
5 6 391.9 783.8 1175. 1567.
6 5
Railing 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 -10.0 -20.0 -30.0 -40.0
Footpat 343.8 257.8 171.9 85.9 0.0 -85.9 - - -
h 171.9 257.8 343.8
Surfaci 281.3 210.9 140.6 70.3 0.0 -70.3 - - -
ng 140.6 210.9 281.3
From
addition
load at
support
load distance 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
107 1.500 103.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0 -4.0
107 38.500 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 -
103.0
sum 107.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
107.1
Summary of the load
1. BM Dead loads
Loads 0.0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.
@ 0 00
Slab & 0.0 5468. 9375.0 11718. 12500. 11718. 9375.0 5468. 0.0
CG 0 75 0 75 00 75 0 75 0
Barrier 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
s 0 0
Girder 0.0 7018. 11916. 14855. 15835. 14855. 11916. 7018. 0.0
0 41 84 91 59 91 84 41 0
Railing 0.0 175.0 300.00 375.00 400.00 375.00 300.00 175.0 0.0
0 0 0 0
Footpat 0.0 1503. 2578.1 3222.6 3437.5 3222.6 2578.1 1503. 0.0
h 0 91 3 6 0 6 3 91 0
Surfaci 0.0 1230. 2109.3 2636.7 2812.5 2636.7 2109.3 1230. 0.0
ng 0 47 8 2 0 2 8 47 0
Pedestr 0.0 640.5 1098.0 1372.5 1464.0 1372.5 1098.0 640.5 0.0
ain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Live Loads including

impact
Class 0.0 3853.7 6651.3 8392.8 9092.5 8878.3 7221.3 4148.6 0.0
A 0 3 4 5 3 1 4 0 0
70 R 0.0 4099.8 6944.7 8607.4 9196.9 8587.4 6783.1 2074.3 0.0
Whee 0 6 9 8 3 4 9 0 0
l
70R 0.0 1888.2 3227.6 4018.0 4259.5 4018.0 3227.6 2074.3 0.0
Boogi 0 6 1 4 7 4 1 0 0
e
70 R 0.0 3168.3 5431.1 6786.7 7236.8 6787.0 5431.9 2074.3 0.0
Track 0 0 2 9 3 8 5 0 0
2. SF Dead
Load
Loads @ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 -68.91
0
Slab & 1318.9 937.50 625.0 312.5 0.0 - - - -
CG 1 0 0 0 312.5 625.0 937.50 1318.9
0 0 1
Barriers 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0
Girder 1567.5 1175.6 783.7 391.8 0.0 - - - -
0 3 5 8 0 391.8 783.7 1175.6 1567.5
8 5 3 0
Railing 147.06 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.0 - - -30.00 -
0 10.00 20.00 147.06
Footpath 343.75 257.81 171.8 85.94 0.0 - - - -
8 0 85.94 171.8 257.81 343.75
8
Surfacin 281.25 210.94 140.6 70.31 0.0 - - - -
g 3 0 70.31 140.6 210.94 281.25
3
Pedestri 146.40 109.80 73.20 36.60 0.0 - - - -
an 0 36.60 73.20 109.80 146.40
Live Loads inculding

impact
Class 921.1 769.1 617.0 465.0 340.8 492.9 644.9 797.0 939.9
A 5 0 5 0 9 4 9 4 3
70 R 957.2 819.9 682.7 545.5 405.5 478.2 615.4 752.6 881.3
Wheel 0 7 4 2 4 1 4 6 3
70R 432.5 377.6 322.7 267.8 212.9 266.7 321.6 376.5 432.5
Boogi 4 5 6 7 8 7 6 5 4
e
70 R 724.0 627.9 531.8 435.8 339.7 434.4 530.5 626.6 724.5
Track 0 4 8 2 6 8 4 0 8
Unfactored Reactions
Dead Load Live load with impact
Slab & CG 1318.91 LL max
Barriers 0.00 Class A 921.15 -939.93 939.93
Girder 1674.56 70 R Wheel 957.20 -881.33 957.20
Railing 40.00 70R Boogie 432.54 -432.54 432.54
Footpath 343.75 70 R Track 724.00 -724.58 724.58
Surfacing 281.25 Pedestrain 146.40 146.40
DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CABLE
1.Calculation of effective width
For mid support

b= 2.50 2.50
bw= 0.3 0.75
b1= 1.1 0.875
b2= 1.10 0.88
beff1= 4.22 4.175
beff2= 4.22 4.175
beff= 2.50 2.95
beff, ( min )= 2500 2500
2.Calculation of bending moment due to prestressing

Sectional geometry at mid
Sections Breadth Height Area CG from

bottom Area moment
Slab 2.500 0.250 0.6250 1.875 1.1719
Fillet 0.900 0.150 0.0675 1.700 0.1148
Web 0.300 1.250 0.3750 1.125 0.4219
Bulb-
0.225 0.150 0.0731 0.412 0.0301
Trapezoid
Rectangl
0.750 0.350 0.2625 0.175 0.0459
e
Depth = 2.000 1.403125 sum= 1.78
CG from bottom= 1.27 m
CG from top= 0.73 m
Moment of Inertia
Sections A h I Ah2 I+Ah2 (m4)

Slab 0.6250 0.603 0.003255208 0.2274 0.2306
Fillet 0.0675 0.428 0.000084375 0.0124 0.0125
Web 0.3750 -0.147 0.048828125 0.0081 0.0569
Bulb-
0.0731 -0.860 0.000123858 0.0541 0.0542
Trapezoid
Rectangle 0.2625 -1.097 0.002679688 0.3158 0.3185
Sum 0.67273
Sectional geometry at support
Sections Breadth Height Area CG from Area moment
bottom
Slab 2.500 0.250 0.6250 1.875 1.1719

Web 0.750 1.750 1.3125 0.875 1.1484
Depth = 2.000 1.9375 sum= 2.32
CG from bottom= 1.20 m
CG from top= 0.80 m
Moment of Inertia
Sections A h I Ah2 I+Ah2(m4)
Slab 0.6250 0.677 0.003255208 0.2868 0.2901
Web 1.3125 -0.323 0.334960938 0.1366 0.4715
Sum 0.7616
Cable Profile and Number

Angle of
End Mid 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 Nos of cables
emergence
3.15 1.590 2.468 1.980 1.688 1.590 0 8.94 C10
2.85 1.410 2.220 1.770 1.500 1.410 0 8.26 C9
2.55 1.230 1.973 1.560 1.313 1.230 0 7.58 C8
2.25 1.050 1.725 1.350 1.125 1.050 0 6.90 C7
1.95 0.870 1.478 1.140 0.938 0.870 0 6.22 C6
1.650 0.690 1.230 0.930 0.750 0.690 1 5.53 C5
1.350 0.510 0.983 0.720 0.563 0.510 0 4.84 C4
1.050 0.330 0.735 0.510 0.375 0.330 1 4.15 C3
0.750 0.150 0.488 0.300 0.188 0.150 1 3.46 C2
0.450 0.150 0.319 0.225 0.169 0.150 2 1.73 C1
Total number of cables =5

Total force applied = 2700 KN
Calculation of eccentricity
Calculation
of
eccentricity
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
C10 1.952 1.196 0.708 0.416 0.318
C9 1.652 0.948 0.498 0.228 0.138
C8 1.352 0.701 0.288 0.041 -0.042
C7 1.052 0.453 0.078 -0.147 -0.222
C6 0.752 0.206 -0.132 -0.334 -0.402
C5 0.452 -0.042 -0.342 -0.522 -0.582
C4 0.152 -0.289 -0.552 -0.709 -0.762
C3 -0.148 -0.537 -0.762 -0.897 -0.942
C2 -0.448 -0.784 -0.972 -1.084 -1.122
C1 -0.748 -0.953 -1.047 -1.103 -1.122
Calculation of effective depth
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00

C10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C5 1.650 1.230 0.930 0.750 0.690
C4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C3 1.050 0.735 0.510 0.375 0.330
C2 0.750 0.488 0.300 0.188 0.150
C1 0.900 0.638 0.450 0.338 0.300
Sum 4.350 3.090 2.190 1.650 1.470
CG of cable from 0.870 0.618 0.438 0.330 0.294
bottom
deff 1.130 1.382 1.562 1.670 1.706
Calculation of average eccentricity
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

C10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C5 0.452 -0.042 -0.342 -0.522 -0.582
C4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C3 -0.148 -0.537 -0.762 -0.897 -0.942
C2 -0.448 -0.784 -0.972 -1.084 -1.122
C1 -1.495 -1.906 -2.094 -2.206 -2.244
-1.638 -3.269 -4.169 -4.709 -4.889
Avg -0.328 -0.654 -0.834 -0.942 -0.978
eccentricity
CALCULATION OF MOMENT BY PRESTRESSING

1.Taking 30% loss
Taking 78.30% of fpk
Limiting force= 2731.1 KN
Force applied=2700.0 KN
Assuming 30.0% Loss
Force in each cable=1890.00 KN
Total force applied= 9450 KN
Moment @ 0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

C10 - - - - -
C9 - - - - -
C8 - - - - -
C7 - - - - -
C6 - - - - -
C5 - 79.1 - 646.1 - 986.3 - 1,099.7
855.1
C4 - - - - -
C3 -278.9 -1014.6 -1439.9 -1695.0 -1780.1
C2 -845.9 -1482.4 -1836.8 -2049.4 -2120.3
C1 -2825.9 -3602.6 -3957.0 -4169.6 -4240.5
sum -3095.6 -6178.7 -7879.7 -8900.3 -9240.5
2.Taking no loss
Max Force in Each cable =2700.0 KN
Assuming 0.0% Loss
Force applied in each cable= 2700 KN
Total force applied=13500 KN
Moment @ 0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000

C10 - - - - -
C9 - - - - -
C8 - - - - -
C7 - - - - -
C6 - - - - -
C5 - 112.9 - - 1,408.9 - 1,570.9
1,221.5 922.9
C4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
C3 -398.5 -1449.4 -2056.9 -2421.4 -2542.9
C2 -1208.5 -2117.7 -2623.9 -2927.7 -3028.9
C1 -4036.9 -5146.6 -5652.9 -5956.6 -6057.9
Sum -4422.3 -8826.7 -11256.7 -12714.7 -13200.7
Summary of Loads
Unfactored moment due to dead load and live load
Moment @ 0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 At Mid

Span
Permanent dead loads
Slab & CG 0.000
5,469 9,375 11,719 12,500
Barriers 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Girder 0.000
7,018 11,917 14,856 15,836
Added dead loads
Railing 0.000
175 300 375 400
Footpath 0.000
1,504 2,578 3,223 3,438
Surfacing 0.000
1,230 2,109 2,637 2,813
Pedestrain 0.000
641 1,098 1,373 1,464
Live Load
Class A 0.000
3,854 6,651 8,393 9,093
70 R Wheel 0.000
4,100 6,945 8,607 9,197
70R Boogie 0.000
1,888 3,228 4,018 4,260
70 R Track 0.000
3,168 5,431 6,787 7,237
Factored Moment summary
0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 At Mid Span

Permanent dead loads
Slab & 0.00 1367.19 2343.75 2929.69 3125.00
CG
Barriers 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Girder 0.00 1754.60 2979.21 3713.98 3958.90
Added dead loads
Railing 0.00 87.50 150.00 187.50 200.00
Footpath 0.00 751.95 1289.06 1611.33 1718.75
Surfacing 0.00 369.14 632.81 791.02 843.75
0.00 320.25 549.00 686.25 732.00
Pedestrain
Live Load
Class A 0.00 963.43 1662.84 2098.21 2273.13
70 R 0.00 1214.38 2057.05 2549.53 2724.13
Wheel
70R 0.00 559.30 956.02 1190.14 1261.68
Boogie
70 R 0.00 930.21 1594.58 1992.60 2124.73
Track
BM due to
Dead and
live loads
Permanent 0.00 3121.79 5322.96 6643.66 7083.90
dead loads
Added dead 0.00 1208.59 2071.88 2589.84 2762.50
loads
Live Load 0.00 1534.63 2606.05 3235.78 3456.13
BM from
Prestressing
Reduced -3095.64 - -7879.66 -8900.26 -9240.46
due to loss 6178.66
Full(no loss) -4422.34 - - - -13200.65
8826.65 11256.65 12714.65
Calculation of extreme stresses

At mid at support
Yt= 0.728 m Yt= 0.802 m
Yb=-1.272 m Yb= -1.198 m
Area =1.403m2 Area = 1.938 m2
MoI =0.673m4 MoI = 0.762 m4
Case 1: Rare Combination
Case 1: Rare combination
distance 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
BM 0.0 3121.8 5323.0 6643.7 7083.9
Permanent σTop 0.0 3379.1 5761.6 7191.2 7667.7
dead loads σbot 0.0 -5901.9 -10063.3 -12560.1 -13392.4
Axial force(P)= 13500 KN
BM -4422 -8827 -11257 -12715 -13201
Pre-stressing σTop 2308.4 67.3 -2563.0 -4141.1 -4667.2
full σbot 13921.6 26308.5 30902.6 33659.0 34577.8
Resultant σTop 2308.4 3446.4 3198.7 3050.1 3000.5
stress σbot 13921.6 20406.7 20839.3 21098.8 21185.4
σTop OK OK OK OK OK
Check:
σbot OK OK OK OK OK
Case 2: Quasi-Permanent Case
Axial Force = 9450 KN
BM -3096 -6179 -7880 -8900 -9240
2
Prestressing σTop 1616 47 -1794 -2899 -3267 KN/m
with loss σbot 9745 18416 21632 23561 24204 KN/m2
BM 0.0 1208.6 2071.9 2589.8 2762.5
Additional σTop 0.0 1308.2 2242.6 2803.3 2990.2 KN/m2
Loads σbot 0.0 -2284.9 -3917.0 -4896.2 -5222.6 KN/m2
2
Stress before σTop 1615.9 4734.4 6210.2 7095.7 7390.8 KN/m
Service σbot 9745.1 10229.2 7651.5 6104.9 5589.4 KN/m2
BM 0.0 1,535 2,606 3,236 3,456
Addition of σTop 0.0 1661.1 2820.8 3502.5 3741.0 KN/m2
(PLL / VLL) σbot 0.0 -2901.3 -4926.8 -6117.4 -6534.0 KN/m2
σTop 1615.9 6,395.5 9,031.0 10,598.1 11,131.8 KN/m2
Final Stress 2
σbot 9,745.1 7,327.9 2,724.7 - 12.4 -944.5 KN/m
σTop OK OK OK OK OK -3270
Check:
σbot OK OK OK OK OK 16200
Check of the ultimate strength

check at εbottom Check xu εbottom cable Moment σtensile
20.00 - -83.0 OK OK OK OK
0.0115
15.00 - -92.8 OK OK OK OK
0.0118
10.00 - -199.1 OK OK OK OK
0.0129
5.00 - -584.9 OK OK OK OK
0.0153
0.00 - -1429.5 OK OK OK OK
0.0192
DESIGN OF CROSS GIRDER

Grade of concrete=M45
Characteristic strength(fck)= 45 N/mm2
Reinforcement=Fe500
Yield stress of steel(fy)=500 N/mm2
Unit wt. of Concrete= 25N/mm2
Young's modulus of Elasticity (Es)=200000 N/mm2
Geometric properties
Slab thickness= 250mm
Wearing course = 80 mm
Depth of Cross Girder =1500 mm
Spacing of girders= 5000 mm
Width=300 mm
Length of Cross girder (c/c) =2500 mm
Dead load Calculation
LF
a) Self Wt. of 9.375 KN/m 1.35
CG
b) Wt. of Deck 6.25 KN/m2 1.35
slab a
c) Wt. of WC 2 KN/m2 1.75
Each girder receives the triangular load from deck slab panels on either its side.
Factored loads
Total load from deck slab= 26.3671875 KN
Total load from WC= 10.9375 KN
Self Wt. of CG= 12.65625 KN/m
Load per meter of deck slab= 10.546875 KN/m
Load per meter of WC=4.375 KN/m
Total Dead=27.578125 KN/m
Rxn due to Wc= 5.46875 KN
Rxn due to Slab/CG= 29.00390625 KN
The cross girder is assumed to be rigid
Reaction on each main girder= 34.47265625 KN
Max BM occurs at mid= 7.756347656 KN-m
Mid distance= 2.25
BM due to WC= 1.23046875 KN-m
BM due to Slab/CG= 6.525878906 KN-m
Live Load Calculation
70 R tracked Load Impact factor

Load= 700 KN 1.529411765
Track length= 4.57 m LF
Width over track= 2.9 m 1.5
tyre width= 0.84
Magnitude of reaction= 540.05 KN
The cross girder is assumed to be rigid
Load on CG from one wheel= 270.025 KN
Reaction on each main girder= 270.025 KN 329.4305
Dist of load from edge= 0.22 755.7523235 777.2977337
Max BM occurs at mid
Max live load BM= 136.2832059 KN-m including impact & LF
Max live load SF= 619.4691176 KN including impact & LF
Design BM (DL+LL) =144.0395535 KN-m
Design SF (DL+LL) =653.9417739 KN
D. Shear Design at support
Sections SF DF LF Factored SF
Dead Load KN
Slab & CG 1318.9063 0.250 1.350 445.1
Barriers 0 0.250 1.350 0.0

Girder 1567.5 0.250 1.350 529.0
Railing 147.0625 0.500 1.350 99.3
Footpath 343.75 0.500 1.350 232.0
Surfacing 281.25 0.250 1.750 123.0
Pedestrain 146.4 0.500 1.500 109.8
1538.3

impact
Class A 939.93 0.250 1.500 352.5
70 R Wheel 957.20 0.296 1.500 425.3
70R Boogie 432.54 0.296 1.500 192.2
70 R Track 724.58 0.294 1.500 319.1
425.3
Total 1963.6
Design stress,fpd= 1407.130435 N/mm2

Flexural tensile stress, σp = 1458.446278 N/mm2
Section is cracked
A. Design for cracked section

Provide 32 mm bar of 4 number
D= 2000.0 mm
d= 1130.00 mm for support
Ned=9450 KN fcd= 20.1
σcp=4.02 N/mm2 0.2fcd=4.02
Fck= 45 N/mm2 z=1003.15 mm
lever arm factor j= 0.89
Ast=3217 mm2
bw =750.0 mm
K=1.42070 < 2.0 ρ1 = 0.0038 <= 0.02
vRd,c=1.01
VRd,c= 853.48 KN
VRd,c,min= 809.49 KN
The beam can withstand a shear of 853.48 KN for cracked section
1431.92 KN for uncracked section
Shear Design
fck=45 N/mm2
z= 1,003.2 mm
αcw=1.2
Applied shear force, VED= 1963.6 KN
Applied shear stress, vED= 2.610 N/mm2
v1=0.6(1-fck/310)= 0.513 N/mm2
Max. allowable shear stress for ⊖=45°
Ast=6.2318 Section is OK
Shear stress for for ϑ=21.8°, αcw0.155*v1*fck= 4.293
ϑ=0.5*sin-1[vED/0.225v1fck)= 13.536 degree
Determine ϑ, ϑ=21.8 degree
Provide 10 mm dia. 4.0 legged
Spacing = 140 mm
Asw=314.16 mm2
Fe= 500.00 N/mm2
fywd = 434.78 mm
Spacing required, S=160.55 mm OK
Minimum Shear Reinforcement

Spacing =140 mm
Asw= 314.16 mm2
Fe=500.00 N/mm2
ρw= 0.00299
Minimum Shear ρmin = 0.00097 OK
B. For uncracked section
bf= 2500 Df= 250
bw= 300.00 mm
bw/8= 37.5 mm
Dia. of duct (Ф)= 90 mm
bwc=bw,nom= 300 mm
CG from top= 728.1737194 mm
first moment of area,s= 0.41128109 m3
Second moment of area,I= 0.67273131 m4
fctk = 2.3 N/mm2
fctd =1.533333333 N/mm2
k1 =1
VRd,c = 1431.921839 KN
Design of Cross Girder

Max moment= 144.0 KNm
Continuity factor=1.0
Design BM=144.0
l= 2.50
b= 5.00
bw= 0.3
bi= 2.35
beff1=beff2= 0.72
beff= 1.3 <=b

beff, (min)= 1300 mm
Slab thickness=0.25
Top fiber concrete stress (0.67/1.5*fck) = 20.100
1. Calculation of limiting values
Area Factor β1 = 0.80952 Fck =45 MPa
CG Factor β2 = 0.41597 Fy = 500 MPa
εcu2=0.0035 Fcd = 20.10 MPa
0.87*fy/Es= 0.002175 Fyd= 434.78 MPa
Xu = 875.77 mm CG @ 364.32mmm from top
C z(mm) C*z
Web 4275.0 1055.68
4,513
Flange 5.0 1419.88
7
Total C= 4280.0 Total M
4,520
C z(mm) C*z
Web 4275.0 1055.68 4,513
Flange 5.0 1419.88 7
Total C= 4280.0 Total M 4,520
So, Mu,lim =4520.16 KNm CG of C is @ 1056.11mm from bottom

Ast = 9,844.04 mm2
20mm dia and Number = 31.33 nos
So, this section can take 4,520.2 KNm with 32 numbers of 20mm dia bars.
Design of Cross Girder
d=1420 mm
Md=144.0 KNm
Df = 0.25mm
fcd=20.10 N/mm2
3/7xu= 52.33 mm
fyd=434.78 N/mm2
4/7xu= 69.78 mm
bf= 1300 mm
bw=300 mm
F=fc,avg*Ac CG from
Limit Ac, mm2 fc, avg (N/mm2) M(KNm)
(KN) bottom(mm)
Cf Rectangle lower 0.00
325.00 20.10 6.53 1419.88 9.28
Cf Rectangle upper 0.25
Flange
Cf Parabolic lower 0.25
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cf Parabolic upper 0.25
Cw Rectangle lower 0.25
15624.76 20.10 314.06 454.06
Cw Rectangle upper 52.33 1445.79
Web
Cw Parabolic lower 52.33
20933.01 13.40 280.50 1341.50 376.29
Cw Parabolic upper 122.11
Total C= 601.09 MoRwrt conc 839.63
CHECK MoR wrt conc-Md= 696
Neutral axis x u= 122.109 Trial OK
Lever arm= 1369.21 1396.84
Provided reinforcement
Ast =1,382.51 mm2
Required 25 mm dia 491 2.82 nos Ast= 1382.51
Provide 25mm dia 491 6.00 nos Ast= 2945.24
Min and Max Tensile steel as per code
Fctm= 2.2
Fyk = 500 0.001144
Minimum AS.min= 0.00114 cl. 16.5.1
Area of steel = 487.344mm2
For Maximum Ast
Ac= 450000 mm2
0.025 Ac =11250mm2
Limit State of serviceability check
Factors
Dead Loads BM Distribution Load Factor Factored BM
Slab/CG/WC 15.51 0.500 1.0 7.8
7.8
Live Load
70 R Tracked 136.28 1.000 1.0 136.3
136.3
Total 144.0
Continuity factor= 1.0
Design BM = 144.0395535
Bending Moment for Crack width check=144.04 KNm
Bw=300 mm
Area of Steel provided (As)=2,945 mm2
Hc,eff =200 mm
Actual Stress(σsc) =35.72 N/mm2
Ac,eff = 60000
σsc= 35.72
Kt=0.50
Fct,eff= 2.20
ρ1,eff= 0.0491
εsm - εcm = 0.0001
Srmax= 222.580
Es = 200000
fcm= fck+10 =55
Ecm = 34313
αe=5.829
Crack width = 0.0239 (OK for severe Case)
SHEAR DESIGN
Factors for structural design

Dead Load SF Distribution Load Factored SF
Slab/CG 42.97 0.500 1.350 29.0
Surfacing 6.25 0.500 1.750 5.5
34.5
Live Load
70R Tracked 412.98 1.000 1.500 619.5
619.5
Total Shear Force 653.9
Fck= 45 N/mm2 d= mm
1,420.0
Ast= mm2 bw = mm
2,945 300.0
K= 1.37529 < 2.0 ρ1 =
0.0069
vRd,c= VRd,c= KN cl.10.3.2
0.48 203.08
The beam can withstand a shear of 203.082 KN
Shear Design
fck= 45 N/mm2
z= 1,369.2 mm
v1=0.6(1-fck/310)= 0.513 N/mm2
Max. allowable shear stress for
0.225*v1*fck= 5.1931 Section is OK
⊖=45°
Shear stress for for ϑ=21.8°, 0.155*v1*fck= 3.578

ϑ=0.5*sin-1[vED/0.225v1fck)=1.857°
Determine ϑ, ϑ=21.8°
Provide 10mm dia. 2.0legged
Spacing =300mm
Asw=157.08 mm2
Fe=500.00 N/mm2
fywd =434.78 N/mm2
Spacing required, S= 357.51 mm OK
Minimum Shear Reinforcement

Provide 10mm dia. 2.0 legged
Spacing =300 mm
Asw=157.08 mm2
Fyk=500.00 N/mm2
ρw= 0.00175
D. Shear Design at support

Sections SF DF LF Factored SF
Dead Load KN
Slab & CG 625.00 0.250 1.350 210.9
Barriers 0.00 0.250 1.350 0.0
Girder 783.75 0.250 1.350 264.5
Railing 20.00 0.500 1.350 13.5
Footpath 171.88 0.500 1.350 116.0
Surfacing 140.63 0.250 1.750 61.5
Pedestrain 73.20 0.500 1.500 54.9
721.4
impact
Class A 644.99 0.250 1.500 241.9
70 R Wheel 682.74 0.296 1.500 303.3
70R Boogie 322.76 0.296 1.500 143.4
70 R Track 531.88 0.294 1.500 234.2
303.3
Total 1024.7
2
Design stress,fpd= 1407.130435 N/mm
Flexural tensile stress, σp =1458.446278 N/mm2
A. Design for cracked section
Provide 32 mm bar 4 nos
D = 2,000.0 mm
d= 1,515.00 mm for support
Ned= 11340 KN fcd= 20.1
σcp= 4.02 N/mm2 0.2fcd= 4.02
Fck=45 N/mm2
z=1,339.14 mm
lever arm factor j= 0.88
Ast= 3217mm2
bw = 300.0 mm
K=1.36334< 2.0 ρ1 = 0.0071 <= 0.02
vRd,c=1.08
VRd,c=490.52 KN
VRd,c,min=424.52 KN
The beam can withstand a shear of 490.52 KN for cracked section
1431.92 KN for uncracked section
Shear capacity of section= 490.52 KN
Shear Design
fck=45 N/mm2
z=1,339.1 mm
αcw= 1.2
v1=0.6(1-fck/310) = 0.513 N/mm2
Max. allowable shear stress for ⊖=45°= αcw0.225* v1*fck=6.2318
Shear stress for for ϑ=21.8°, αcw0.155*v1*fck= 4.293
ϑ=0.5*sin-1[vED/0.225v1fck) = 12.081 degree
Determine ϑ, ϑ=21.8 degree
Spacing =180 mm
Asw=157.08 mm2
Fe=500.00 N/mm2
fywd = 434.78 mm
Spacing required, S= 223.14 mm OK
Minimum shear reinforcement
Provide 10mm dia. 2.0 legged
Spacing =180 mm
Asw= 157.08 mm2
Fe=500.00 N/mm2
ρw=0.00291
B. For uncracked section
bf=2500 Df= 250
bw=300.00 mm
bw/8=37.5 mm
Dia. of duct (Ф)=90 mm
bwc=bw,nom=300 mm
CG from top= 728.1737194 mm

first moment of area,s=0.41128109 m3
Second moment of area,I= 0.67273131m4
fctk =2.3 N/mm2
fctd =1.533333333 N/mm2
k1 =1
VRd,c =1431.921839 KN
DESIGN OF END BLOCK
Design Data
Cable no.= 5
2Yo= 0.75m
2Ypo= 0.244 m
Pk= 2700 KN
Fy= 500 N/mm2
Height of girder= 2m
Table13.1 Design Bursting Tensile Forces in End Blocks (IRC 112:2011)
Ypo/Yo 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Fbst/Pk 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.12
A. For individual square end block

Cable1 Cable 3
For Vertical direction
Yo 0.15 0.15
Ypo 0.122 0.122
Ypo/Yo 0.8133333 0.813333
Fbst/Pk 0.12 0.12
Fbst 324 324 KN
For Horizontal direction
Yo 0.225 0.375
Ypo 0.122 0.122
Ypo/Yo 0.5422222 0.325333
Fbst/Pk 0.1773333 0.2524
Fbst 478.8 681.48 KN
Max. bursting force=681.48 KN

Tensile stress= 435.00 N/mm2
Required Ast=1566.62 mm2
Provided Ast
Dia Legs Bar no. Area
16 6 3 3619.115 mm2 OK
Check for stresses IRC:SP:105-2015 Pg 182

Σ c behind anchorage=21N/mm2
σt behind anchorage= 240 N/mm2
Stress in steel=188.300192 N/mm2 OK
σc Cable 1 20 N/mm2 OK
Cable 3 12 N/mm2
B. For Overall group rectangle

Equivalent 2Ypo= 0.545601
For V For H
Yo 1 0.375
Ypo 0.2728003 0.2728
Ypo/Yo 0.2728003 0.727467
Fbst/Pk 0.26 0.12
Fbst 702 324
Max. bursting force=702 KN
Tensile stress=435 N/mm2
Required Ast=1613.793103 mm2
Provided Ast
Dia Legs Bar no. Area
16 6 3 3619.115 mm2
As,min= 1117.241 mm2
Check for stresses IRC:SP:105-2015 Pg 182
σc behind anchorage= 21 N/mm2
σt behind anchorage= 240 N/mm2
Stress in steel=193.9700869 N/mm2 OK
σc concrete= 9 N/mm2 OK
Spalling reinforcement:
σmax= 250 N/mm2 Annex: J, EC2-2
Ast,req= 388.8 mm2
Ast provided=402.1238597mm2 OK
ANNEX D
DESIGN OF
BEARING
Laminated Elastomeric Bearing as per IRC 83-2_2018
Tinau River
Design Data
Dimension Details:
Overall plan width (a) = 350 mm (along bridge axis)
Overall plan length (b) = 450 mm ( across bridge axis)
Thickness of each outer elastomer layer = 6mm
Thickness of each inner elastomer layer(ti)= 10 mm
Thickness of each reinforcing steel plate(ts)= 4 mm
Yield stress of steel (min. 250 MPa)fy= 250 N/mm2
Side cover (min. 4 mm) = 6mm
Number of steel plates = 5
Number of inner elastomer layers= 4
Total thickness of bearing (Tb)= 72 mm
Hardness of elastomer (IRHD) = 60
Shear modulus of elastomeric bearing (G) = 0.9 Mpa
Bulk modulus of elastomer (Eb) = 2000 MPa
Loads and constraints:
Concrete grade at upper surface = 25 N/mm2
Concrete grade at lower surface = 25 N/mm2
Superstructure span = 40 mm
Number of girders = 4
Ultimate loads:
Vertical: max (Fz,d) = 962.11 KN
Permanent= 660 KN
min (Fz,d min) = 769.691 Kn
Transverse = 0.00
Longitudinal = 110 KN
Translation
Ultimate longitudinal (vx,d) = 10
Ultimate transverse (vy,d)= 0
Serviceability longitudinal(vx)= 21.84
Serviceability transverse (vy)=0
Rotation Ult.
Longitudinal (aa,d)= 0.003 rad
Transverse (ab,d)= 0
Allowable resistance to translation under serviceability limit state
Longitudinal =193.27 KN
Transverse= 193.27 KN
Allowable resistance to rotation under serviceability limit state
Longitudinal= 82.69 KN-m
Transverse= 106.31 KN-m
2 Design Checks:
2.1 Shape factor
Effective width of bearing(a')= 338 mm mm 338
Effective length of bearing(b')= 438 mm 438
Effective plan area of bearing (A1)=148044 mm2
Force free perimeter (Ip)=1552 mm
Effective thickness of elastomer (te)
inner layer= 10 mm
outer layer = 8.4 mm
Shape factor S
inner layer= 9.54
outer layer= 11.36
Shape factor for thickest layer(S1)= 9.54
2.2 Maximum Strain Limitation
Reduced effective plan area due to loading(Ar)= 143664 mm2
Strain due to compressive loads(ec,d)=1.170
Total thickness of elastomer in shear (Tq)=52mm
Max. resultant horizontal displacement ULS (vxy,d)=10.00 mm
Shear strain due to translatory movement (eq,d)= 0.19
Nominal shear strain due to angular rotation (ea,d)= 0.387
Type-loading factor KL=1.0
Maximum design strain(et,d)=1.75
Max. permissible strain, ULS (eu,k)= 7
Partial safety factor for elastomer(gm)=1.00
Max. permissible design strain (eu,d)=7
2.3 Reinforcing plate thickness
Stress correction factor (KP)=1.3
Induced tensile stress factor (Kh)=1
Min. thickness of steel plates: max of:ts=0.70 and 3
Provided thickness = 4 mm
2.4 Rotational limitation
Total vertical deflection (∑vz,d)= 0.94 mm
Rotation factor (Kr,d)=3
Rotational limit check: ∑vz,d - (a'.aa,d + b'.ab,d)/Kr,d ≥ 0 =0.60
2.5 Buckling stability (ULS)
Fz,d / Ar = 6.70 N/mm2
2.a'.G.S1 / 3.Te= 37.20 N/mm2
2.6 Non-sliding condition (ULS)
Resultant of all horizontal forces(Fxy,d) = 110 kN 110.00
Average compressive stress from (Fz,d min)(sm)= 5.36 N/mm2
Friction coefficient for concrete (Kf)= 0.6
Effective friction coefficient (me)=0.27
Check minimum resistance: (Fxy,d ≤ me.Fz,d min)=206.27N/mm2
Check under permanent loads: scd min = Fz,d min / Ar ≥ 3 MPa = 4.59 N/mm2
Moment Due to Frictional Force
Frictional Force (µ.Fz,d min)=29.48 kN
Total Height of Bearing (Tb)=72.00 mm
Moment Due to Frictional Force=2.12 kN-m
2.7 Resistance limitation
Max. resultant horizontal displacement SLS (vxy)=21.84 mm
Resisting force exerted by bearing to translation (Rxy)= 59.54 kN
b/a=1.29
Restoring moment factor(Ks)= 80.4
Resisting moment exerted by bearing to rotation(M)= 16.22 kN-m
2.8 Contact pressure limitation
Pressure under max loading = 6.70 N/mm2 6.70
Limit for max loading (< 0.48*fck)= 12.00 N/mm2
Pressure under permanent loads = 4.59 N/mm2
Limit for permanent loads (< 0.36*fck)= 10.80 N/mm2
ANNEX E
DESIGN OF
ABUTMENT
Standard Design
Abutment and Foundation
Summary of Loads from superstructure and abutment

Superstructure Superstructure Geometry data
Unfactored Reactions Span = 40 m
Dead load(KN) Number of girder= 4 nos
Slab / CG 9.26 Assumed Bearing Height = 0.072 m
Barriers 0 Girder height with slab= 2 m
Girder 1674.56
Railing 40 Live load including impact
Footpath 343.75 Class A 939.9
Surfacing 281.25 70 R Wheel 957.2
70R Boogie 432.5
70 R Track 724.6
Pedestrain 146.4
Abutment's Detail Geometry

( from geo-tech and hydrology )
(Ht excl. Fdn/Cap ) = 12.5 m
WC height= 0.08 m
Ht BackW = 2.152 m
Cap ht = 0.5 m
Stem Ht = 9.848 m
BW Width = 0.3 m
Cap Width = 2.2 m
distance from edge to bearing
0.8 m
center=
Distance from back wall to
1.1 m
bearing center=
Backwall Stem hunch= 0.3 m
Cap Stem offset = 0.4 m
Stem Width = 1.5 m
be ( tappered width ) = 0.5 m
Total Stem base width = 2 m
Width of the abutment = 11 m
usually the width of the deck
Total ht. of the abt incl footing = 14 m
Footing detail(m)
Heel 5.5 m
Toe 3.5 m
Footing thickness 1.5 m
Footing width= 12 m
Footing Length= 12 m
Grade of concrete= 30 N/mm2
Reinforcement= 500 N/mm2
Footing Reinforcement details

Bar dia.(mm) spacing
Heel main bar 25 160
Heel distribution bar 20 200
Toe main bar 25 160
Toe distribution bar 20 200
Abutment reinforcement details

Bar dia.(mm) spacing
Vertical rear face bar 30 100
Vertical front face bar 25 200
Horizontal bar 22 200
Shear Check 25 200
Crack Check 25 200
Bearing Check
σmin σmax Bearing capacity
For C1 235.30 271.716 350 KN/m2
For C2 218.47 288.54 402.5 KN/m2
For C3 91.51 415.497 437.5 KN/m2
Abutment Stability Check
Dead Load Unfactored Live Load
Slab / CG 9.26 Class A 939.93
Barriers 0 70 R Wheel 957.2
Girder 1674.56 70R Boogie 432.54
Railing 40 70 R Track 724.58
Footpath 343.75 Pedestrain 146.4
Surfacing 281.25
Unit weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2010:

Concrete (cement-Reinforced) 25 kN/m3
Water 10 kN/m3
Backfill 20 kN/m3
Ht. of Bridge deck 2m

Bearing Ht (assumed including pedestal) = 0.072
From geo-tech and hydrology

Abutment Ht = 12.5 m
Wearing course height= 0.08 m
Ht BackW = 2.152 m
Cap ht = 0.5 m
Stem Ht = 9.848 m
BW Width = 0.3 m
distance from edge to bearing center= 0.8 m
Distance from back wall to bearing center= 1.1 m
Cap Width = 2.2 m
Backwall Stem hunch= 0.3 m
Cap Stem offset = 0.4 m
Stem Width = 1.5 m
Total Stem base width = 2 m
Width of the abutment = 11 m
Width of fnd = 12 m
Total Height incl. fdn. = 14 m
1. Load from self weight of abutment

Wt from Toe Moment
stem(rect) 4062.3 4.75 19296
stem(tria) 677.05 3.83333 2595
cap 302.5 4.7 1422
Backwall 177.54 5.65 1003
Sum 5219.39 24316
Foundation Pad 4950 5.5 27225
2. Load from superstructure
DL 2067.57 4.4 9097
Surface 281.25 4.4 1238
LL 1103.6 4.4 4856
3. Earth pressure
Ф= 30 ɣ= 20
β= 0 δ= 20 ( 2/3 of f )
α= 0 ( Surcharge Ð ) h stem = 12.5
Ka = 0.29732
Earth Total
74.331 KN/m2 5574.8 KN
pressure= Force
EP h = 5238.62 6.75 -35361 KNm

EP h = 5238.62 5.66667 -29686 KNm
FP v = 1906.7 5.5 10487 KNm
4.Braking
Lane Factor Force
Wt of the 70 R 1000 KN 1 0.2 200 KN
Wt. of the class A 554 KN 2 0.2 221.6 KN
At the height of = 1.2 m above deck
Braking L = 221.6 KN 11.92 -2641.5 KNm
Braking vertical Rxn= -17.728 KN 4.4 -78.003 KNm
5.Temperature
Temperature variation 30 ˚C from geotech report
Coeff. Of thermal expansion(α)= 1E-05 m/ ˚C / m
Length= 40 m
strain due to shrinkage 0.0002
Thermal Elongation = 0.0144 m
shrinkage Elongation = 0.008 m Bearing
Total elongation due to temp. and length = 450 mm
0.0112 m
shrinkage= breadth = 350 mm
KN/m/m height = 72 mm
Shear Rating of elastomer bearing =
1000 2
Area of bearing= 0.2356 m2
Ht. of bearing= 0.034 ( 10 % additional )
No of bearing = 4 11.92 -4071 KNm
Force= 85.386 KN
Force on each abutment 341.55 KN
6. LL Surcharge
Ka = 0.29732 ɣ= 20 KN/m3
h= 1.2 m Pressure =
7.1358
Force = 981.169 KN 7.75 -7604.1 KNm
KNm
Vertical Surcharge = 1452 KN 8.25 11979

Length = 12
7.Backfill
Ht = 12.5 m Width = 5.5 m
136125 KNm
Weight of Backfill = 16500 KN Moment =
2.5
8.Seismic Loads 3
Zone Factor ImpF = 1.2 Sa/g =
0.36
= Response reduction factor =
Ah= 0.18 g
A.Abutment Self Load Force(K

Wt Ht.(m) Moment
N)
stem(rect) 4062.3 731.21 6.424 4697.32
stem(tria) 677.05 121.87 4.78267 582.859
cap 302.5 54.45 11.598 631.511
Backwall 177.54 31.957 12.924 413.015
Sum 939.49 6324.7
Foundation Pad 4950 891 0.75 668.25
B. Superstructure DL 2348.82 422.79 13.2533 5603.34

LL ( Veh ) Not taken Clause 219.5.2 (i)
C.Earth Pressure
ɣ= 20 h= 12.5 m
Ca-Ka= 0.1638 B= 12 m
EP Pressure seismic = 40.951 KN
Seismic Force due to backfill= 3071 KN 7.75 -23802.69 KNm
A2.Summary of Loads
Unfactored
Moment Load Factors
Forces(KN)
KNm @ the B1
Abutment Vertical Horizontal toe base Basic Siesmic
Foundation 5219.39 24316.1343 0.9 0.9
SS DL 4950 27225 0.9 0.9
SS Surface 2067.57 9097.308 0.9 0.9
SS LL 281.25 1237.5 1 1
EPHstatic 1103.6 4855.84 0 0
EPHDynamic 5238.623 -35360.7074 1.5
EPV 5238.623 -29685.5321 0 1
LL Surcharge(H) 1906.7 10486.8663 1 1
LL Surcharge (V) 981.1695 -7604.06333 1.2 0
Braking 1452 11979 0 0
Temperature 221.6 -2641.472 1 0
Backfill 341.5452 -4071.21862 0.9 0
Braking uplift 16500 136125 1 1
Seismic -17.728 -78.0032 1 0
Seismic DL abt
Seismic foundation 939.4902 -6324.70349 0 1.5
Seismic DLSS 891 -668.25 0 1.5
Seismic EP 422.7876 -5603.34499 0 1.5
( Dyn Inc.) 3071.314 -23802.6867 0 1.5
Summary of Loads ( Factored Basic )
Abutment 4697.5 0 21884.52
Foundation 4455 0 24502.50
SS DL 1860.8 0 8187.58
SS Surface 281.25 0 1237.50
SS LL 0 0 0.00
EPHstatic 0 7857.935 -53041.06
EPHDynamic 0 0 0.00
EPV 1906.7 0 10486.87
LL Surcharge(H) 0 1177.403 -9124.88
LL Surcharge (V) 0 0 0.00
Braking 0 221.6 -2641.47
Temperature 0 307.3907 -3664.10
Backfill 16500 0 136125.00
Braking uplift -17.73 0 -78.00
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0 0 0.00
Seismic foundation 0 0 0.00
Seismic DLSS 0 0 0.00
Seismic EP 0 0 0.00
29683.49 9564.329 -68549.51
Friction 0.5 202423.96
Sliding O'Turning
FoS 1.6 3.0
Summary of Loads ( Factored Seismic)

Abutment 4697.5 0 21884.52
Foundation 4455 0 24502.5
SS DL 1860.8 0 8187.577
SS Surface 281.25 0 1237.5
SS LL 0 0 0
EPHstatic 0 0 0
EPHDynamic 0 5238.62 -29685.5
EPV 1906.7 0 10486.87
LL Surcharge(H) 0 0 0
LL Surcharge (V) 0 0 0
Braking 0 0 0
Temperature 0 0 0
Backfill 16500 0 136125
Braking uplift 0 0 0
Seismic
Seismic DL abt 0 1409.24 -9487.06
Seismic foundation 0 1336.5 -1002.38
Seismic DLSS 0 634.181 -8405.02 Sliding O'Turning
Seismic EP 0 4606.97 -35704 FoS 1.12 2.40
29701 13225.5 -84284
Friction 0.5 202424
Check of Bearing Pressure
Loads summary from foundation stability at the Toe Tip
V H M
Abutment 5219.39 24316.13
Foundation 4950 27225
SS DL 2067.57 9097.308
SS Surface 281.25 1237.5
SS LL 1103.6 4855.84
EPHstatic 5238.62 -35360.7
EPHDynamic 5238.62 -29685.5
EPV 1906.7 10486.87
LL Surcharge(H) 981.169 -7604.06
1452 11979
Braking 221.6 -2641.47
Temperature 341.545 -4071.22
Backfill 16500 136125
Braking uplift
-17.728 0 -78.0032
0 0
Seismic DL abt 0 939.49 -6324.7
Seismic foundation0 891 -668.25
Seismic DLSS 0 422.788 -5603.34
Seismic EP 0 3071.31 -23802.7
( Dyn Inc.)
Actual Increased
width = 11.00 12
5.50 2.00 3.50
1.50
Total length = 11.00
Transfer of loads from the fdn ex= -5.5

toe to foundation base center ey= 0
Transfering loads at base of raft
V H M
Abutment 5219.39 -4391
Foundation 4950 0
SS DL 2067.57 -2274
SS Surface 281.25 -309.4
SS LL 1103.6 -1214
EPHstatic 0 5238.623 -35361
EPHDynamic 0 5238.623 -29686
EPV 1906.7 0
LL Surcharge(H) 0 981.1695 -7604
Braking 0 221.6 -2641

Temperature 0 341.5452 -4071
Backfill 16500 45375
Braking uplift -17.728 19.501
Seismic DL abt 939.4902 -6325

Seismic foundation 891 -668.3
Seismic DLSS 422.7876 -5603
Seismic EP 3071.314 -23803
( Dyn Inc.)
Factor as per IRC 6 : 2017 : B2

C1 C2 SC
Abutment 1.35 1 1.35
Foundation 1.35 1 1.35
SS DL 1.35 1 1.35
SS Surface 1.75 1 1.75
SS LL 1.5 1.3 0.75
EPHstatic 1.5 1.3 0
EPHDynamic 0 0 1
EPV 1.5 0.85 1
LL Surcharge(H) 1.2 1 0.2
Braking 1.5 1.3 0.75

Temperature 0.9 0.8 0.5
Backfill 1.5 1 1.35
Braking uplift 1.5 1.3 0.75
Seismic DL abt 0 0 1
Seismic foundation 0 0 1
Seismic DLSS 0 0 1
Seismic EP 0 0 1
For C1
Abutment 7046.177 0 -5927.19
Foundation 6682.5 0 0
SS DL 2791.22 0 -3070.34
SS Surface 492.1875 0 -541.406
SS LL 1655.4 0 -1820.94
EPHstatic 0 7857.9 -53041.1
EPHDynamic 0 0 0
EPV 2860.054 0 0
LL Surcharge(H) 0 1177.4 -9124.88
Braking 0 332.4 -3962.21

Temperature 0 307.39 -3664.1
Backfill 24750 0 68062.5
Braking uplift -26.592 0 29.2512
Seismic DL abt 0 0
Seismic foundation 0 0
Seismic DLSS 0 0
Seismic EP 0 0
( Dyn Inc.) 0 0
SUM 46250.95 9675.1 -13060.4
@ stem base14818.45 9675.1 -81122.9
For C2
Abutment 5219.39 0 -4390.51
Foundation 4950 0 0
SS DL 2067.57 0 -2274.33
SS Surface 281.25 0 -309.375
SS LL 1434.68 0 -1578.15
EPHstatic 0 6810.2 -45968.9
EPHDynamic 0 0 0
EPV 1620.698 0 0
LL Surcharge(H) 0 981.17 -7604.06
Braking 0 288.08 -3433.91

Temperature 0 273.24 -3256.97
Backfill 16500 0 45375
Braking uplift -23.0464 0 25.35104
Seismic DL abt 0 0 0
Seismic foundation 0 0 0
Seismic DLSS 0 0 0
Seismic EP 0 0 0
( Dyn Inc.) 0 0 0
SUM 32050.54 8352.7 -23415.9
@ stem base
10600.54 8352.7 -68790.9
For SC
Abutment 7046.177 0 -5927.19
Foundation 6682.5 0 0
SS DL 2791.22 0 -3070.34
SS Surface 492.1875 0 -541.406
SS LL 827.7 0 -910.47
EPHstatic 0 0 0
EPHDynamic 0 5238.6 -29685.5
EPV 1906.703 0 0
LL Surcharge(H) 0 196.23 -1520.81
Braking 0 166.2 -1981.1

Temperature 0 170.77 -2035.61
Backfill 22275 0 61256.25
Braking uplift -13.296 0 14.6256
Seismic DL abt 0 939.49 -6324.7

Seismic foundation 0 891 -668.25
Seismic DLSS 0 422.79 -5603.34
Seismic EP 0 3071.3 -23802.7
Sum 42008.19 11096 -20800.6
@ stem base
13050.69 5771.8 -45657.8
V H M
Combi1 46250.95 9675.1 -13060.4
Combi2 32050.54 8352.7 -23415.9
SeismicC 42008.19 11096 -20800.6
MoI = 1331 for the base of the raft
Abt. Ht. 12.50 m
5.5 2.00 3.5
Combi1 296.417 404.3544

Combi2 146.047 339.567
SeismicC 232.291 404.1967
5.50 3.50
2.0 Cover = 0.075
D= 1.50 m
d= 1.39 m
Combi1 296.42 404.35

Combi2 146.05 339.57
SeismicC 232.29 404.20
ShearLine
0.0 2.72 4.11 5.50 7.50 8.89 10.29 11.00

Downward pressure at
Stress Distribution at Heel by at Toe
2d d face face d 2d conc+soil concrete
Basic I 323.06 336.72 350.39 370.01 383.67 397.34 -425.63 -50.63
Basic II 193.81 218.31 242.81 277.99 302.49 326.99 -287.50 -37.50
Seismic 274.72 296.48 318.24 349.50 371.26 393.02 -388.13 -50.63
Design of Toe
Flexure check ( per metre ) Basic I Basic II Seismic
Fe = 500 Mrec = 2266.316 1702.7 2140.684
Fck = 30 Mtri = 140.2362 251.43 223.347
Mfooting= -310.078 -229.7 -310.078
Mtotal= 2096.475 1724.4 2053.953
Design BM= 2096.47 KNm
Xu = 120 mm 0.416 Xu= 49.916 mm
M= 30 MPa 0.446 Fck= 13.38 N/mm2
D= 1500 mm clear cover= 75 mm
β1= 0.80952 Covereff= 107.5 mm
β2= 0.41597 d= 1392.5 mm
bw = 1000 mm
C 1299.77 KN Cg from steel level 1342.6 mm
Mu,lim = 1745.044 KNm Check
Fyd = 434.783
Ast = 2989.46 mm2
Max and Min.Tensile steel as per code
1. Min Area of steel required
Fctm= 2.50062
Fyk = 500
0.26*Fctm/Fyk= 0.0013
Minimum AS.min= 0
Min Area of steel= 0 mm2 OK
2.Maximum area of steel required
Ac= 1500000 mm2
Max. area 0.025
of steel=
Ac = 37500 mm2 OK
Main Reinforcement
Required 25 mm dia= 490.874 164.2015 spacing
Provided 25 mm dia= 490.874 150 mm c/c
Steel provide
3272.49
= mm2 OK
Transverse Reinforcement
20% of main654.498
reinforcement=
mm2
Using 16 mm bar ; 201.062 Spacing = 307.2
Provided 20 mm bar 314.159 Spacing = 200 mm c/c
Ast provided=
1005.31 OK
Design shear
Edge
force: d Face Face d Edge
Load at: 0 4.1075 5.5 7.5 8.8925 11
Basic I 296.417 336.722 350.386 370.0108 383.67 404.3544
Basic II 146.047 218.309 242.807 277.9925 302.49 339.567
Seismic 232.291 296.482 318.244 349.4994 371.26 404.1967
Basic I Basic II Seismic

At d At face At d At face At d At face
SFrec = 808.594 1295.04 637.498 972.9738 782.43 1223.248
SFtri = 21.7913 60.1012 39.0695 107.7553 34.706 95.72015
SFfooting= 106.692 177.188 106.692 177.1875 106.69 177.1875
Total SF = 723.693 1177.95 569.876 903.5416 710.45 1141.781
SF 723.693 569.876 710.45
Tension at bottom Tension at bottom Tension at bottom
Design SF,VR,dc
723.693
Fck= 30 N/mm2 d = 1392.5 mm

Ast= 3272.49 mm2 bw = 1000 mm
K= 1.37898 < 2.0 ρ1 = 0.00235 <= 0.02
vRd,c= 0.29286 VRd,c= 407.814 KN
VRd,c,min=382.873 KN
The beam can
407.814
withstand
KN a shear of
Shear Design
2. Design of Heel
Flexure check ( per metre ) Basic I Basic II Seismic
Fe = 500 Mrec = 4483.315 2209 3513.403
Fck = 30 N/mm2 Mtri = 272.091 487.83 433.3453
γ= 0 Moment dead
-6437.58
load= -4348 -5870.39
Mtotal= -1682.17 -1652 -1923.64
Design BM=
1923.64 KNm
Xu = 75 mm 0.416 Xu= 31.198 mm
M= 30 MPa 0.446 Fck= 13.38
D= 1500 mm Clear cover= 75
β1= 0.80952 Covereff= 101 mm
β2= 0.41597 d= 1399 mm
bw = 1000 mm
C 812.353 KN Cg from steel level = 1367.8 mm
Mulim = 1111.139 KNm Check
Fyd = 434.783
Max and Min.Tensile steel as per code
Fctm= 2.50062
Fyk = 500
0.26*Fctm/Fyk=
0.0013
Minimum AS.min= 0
Min Area of steel= 0 mm2 OK
Ac= 2098500 mm2
Max. area of steel= 0.025 Ac = 52462.5 mm2 OK
Main Reinforcement
Required 20 mm dia= 314.159 722.5663 spacing
Provided 20 mm dia= 314.159 160 mm c/c
Steel provide
2746.93
= mm2 OK
20% of main549.386
reinforcement=
mm2
Using 16 mm bar ; 201.062 Spacing = 365.98
Provided 16 mm bar 201.062 Spacing = 250 mm c/c
Ast provided=
804.2477 OK
Shear Design
Edge d Face Face d Edge
0 4.1075 5.5 7.5 8.8925 11
Basic I 296.417 336.722 350.386 370.0108 383.67 397.3385
Basic II 146.047 218.309 242.807 277.9925 302.49 326.9882
Seismic 232.291 296.482 318.244 349.4994 371.26 393.0228

At d At face At d At face At d At face
SFrec = 1217.53 1630.3 599.889 803.2601 954.14 1277.601
SFtri = 82.7756 148.413 148.408 266.0896 131.83 236.3702
Sffooting+backfill= -1748.3 -2340.94 -1180.9 -1581.25 -1594 -2134.69
total SF = -447.94 -562.228 -432.61 -511.9 -508.3 -620.716 OK
SF -562.23 -511.9 -620.7
Tension at top Tension at top Tension at top
Design SF,VR,dc 620.716
Fck= 30 N/mm2 d= 1392.5 mm
Ast= 2746.93 mm2 bw = 1000 mm
K= 1.37898 < 2.0 ρ1 = 0.001973 <= 0.02
vRd,c= 0.27642 VRd,c= 384.921 KN
The beam can withstand a shear of 384.921 KN
Shear Design
3.Punching Check
MoI = 1331 for the base of the raft
V H M Vstem base
Combi1 46250.9 9675.13 -13060 14818.45
Combi2 32050.5 8352.7 -23416 10600.54
SeismicC 42008.2 11096.4 -20801 13050.69
5.50 3.50
2.00
D= 1.5m
Combi1 323.06 404.35

Combi2 193.81 339.57
SeismicC 274.72 404.20
ShearLine
Stress Distribution
back
front face
edge 2d d d/2 face d/2
Distance 0.00 2.72 4.11 4.80 5.50 7.50 8.20
Basic I 296.42 323.06 336.72 343.55 350.39 370.01 376.84
Basic II 146.05 193.81 218.31 230.56 242.81 277.99 290.24
Seismic 232.29 274.72 296.48 307.36 318.24 349.50 360.38
d 2d edge
Distance 8.89 10.285 11
Basic I 383.67 397.34 404.354
Basic II 302.49 326.99 339.567
Seismic 371.26 393.02 404.197
Punching Shear Stress Check at d/2 from column face

Punching shear capacity:
Reinforcement
dia provided 30 (mm)
Spacing 150 mm c/c
Ast = 51836.3 mm2
d= 1392.5 mm
K= 1.37898 < 2.0
Control Perimeter = 24 m
C1 = Along moment = 1.5 m
C2 = Along axis of moment = 11 m
For, C1/ C2 = 0.13636 k = 0.45
ρ1 = 0.00338 < 0.02
Fck = 30 N/mm2 vmin= 0.0513
a= 696.25 mm vmin2d/a= 0.205
vRd = 1.99437
Punching Shear Stress

△Ved= (Upward pressure - Self wt. of slab )
Upward pressure= 0 0 0
Self wt of slab= 0 0 0
VEd= 14818.4 10600.5 13050.69
VED,red= 14818.4 10600.5 13050.69
M/V = -0.28238 -0.7306 -0.49516
Eccentricity of
1.69625 1.69625 1.69625
Control
Wi = Σ(ei x l ) = 40.71 40.71 40.71
β= 0.92509 0.80618 0.925087
So, ved = 0.41018 0.25571 0.361251
OK OK OK
Check of Bearing Pressure
Loads summary from foundation stability at the Toe Tip
V H M
Abutment 5219.4 0.0 24316.1
Foundation 4950.0 0.0 27225.0
SS DL 2067.6 0.0 9097.3
SS Surface 281.3 0.0 1237.5
SS LL 1103.6 0.0 4855.8
EPHstatic 0.0 5238.6 -35360.7
EPHDynamic 0.0 5238.6 -29685.5
EPV 1906.7 0.0 10486.9
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 981.2 -7604.1
LL Surcharge (V) 1452.0 0.0 11979.0
Braking 0.0 221.6 -2641.5
Temperature 0.0 341.5 -4071.2
Backfill 16500.0 0.0 136125.0
Braking uplift -17.7 0.0 -78.0
Seismic DL abt 0.0 939.5 -6324.7

Seismic foundation 0.0 891.0 -668.3
Seismic DLSS 0.0 422.8 -5603.3
Seismic EP 0.0 3071.3 -23802.7
( Dyn Inc.)
Actual Increased
width = 11.00 12.00 m
5.50 2.00 3.50 m
1.50
Total length = 11.00 m
Transfer of loads from the fdn ex = -5.500

toe to foundation base center ey= 0.000
Transfering loads at base of raft Factor as per IRC 78

V H M N T S
Abutment 5219.4 -4390.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
Foundation 4950.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
SS DL 2067.6 -2274.3 1.0 1.0 1.0
SS Surface 281.3 -309.4 1.0 1.0 1.0
SS LL 1103.6 -1214.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
EPHstatic 0.0 5238.6 -35360.7 1.0 1.0 0.0
EPHDynamic 0.0 5238.6 -29685.5 0.0 0.0 1.0
EPV 1906.7 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 981.2 -7604.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
LL Surcharge (V) 1452.0 3993.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Braking 0.0 221.6 -2641.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
Temperature 0.0 341.5 -4071.2 0.0 1.0 1.0
Backfill 16500.0 45375.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Braking uplift -17.7 19.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
Seismic DL abt 939.5 -6324.7 0.0 0.0 1.0
Seismic foundation 891.0 -668.3 0.0 0.0 1.0
Seismic DLSS 422.8 -5603.3 0.0 0.0 1.0
Seismic EP 3071.3 -23802.7 0.0 0.0 1.0
( Dyn Inc.)
Load summary At foundation raft base (unfactored ) for bearing pressure check
For C1 For C2
Abutment 5219.4 0.0 -4390.5 Abutment 5219.4 0.0 -4390.5
Foundation 4950.0 0.0 0.0 Foundation 4950.0 0.0 0.0
SS DL 2067.6 0.0 -2274.3 SS DL 2067.6 0.0 -2274.3
SS Surface 281.3 0.0 -309.4 SS Surface 281.3 0.0 -309.4
SS LL 1103.6 0.0 -1214.0 SS LL 1103.6 0.0 -1214.0
EPHstatic 0.0 5238.6 -35360.7 EPHstatic 0.0 5238.6 -35360.7
EPHDynamic 0.0 0.0 0.0 EPHDynamic 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPV 1906.7 0.0 0.0 EPV 1906.7 0.0 0.0
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 981.2 -7604.1 LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 981.2 -7604.1
LL Surcharge (V) 1452.0 0.0 3993.0 LL Surcharge (V) 1452.0 0.0 3993.0
Braking 0.0 221.6 -2641.5 Braking 0.0 221.6 -2641.5
Temperature 0.0 0.0 0.0 Temperature 0.0 341.5 -4071.2
Backfill 16500.0 0.0 45375.0 Backfill 16500.0 0.0 45375.0
Braking uplift -17.7 0.0 19.5 Braking uplift -17.7 0.0 19.5
Seismic DL abt 0.0 0.0 Seismic DL abt 0.0 0.0 0.0

Seismic foundation 0.0 0.0 Seismic foundation 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic DLSS 0.0 0.0 Seismic DLSS 0.0 0.0 0.0
Seismic EP 0.0 0.0 Seismic EP 0.0 0.0 0.0
( Dyn Inc.) 0.0 0.0 ( Dyn Inc.) 0.0 0.0 0.0
33462.8 6441.4 -4406.9 33462.8 6782.9 -8478.1
For C3
Abutment 5219.4 0.0 -4390.5
Foundation 4950.0 0.0 0.0
SS DL 2067.6 0.0 -2274.3
SS Surface 281.3 0.0 -309.4
SS LL 1103.6 0.0 -1214.0
EPHstatic 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPHDynamic 0.0 5238.6 -29685.5
EPV 1906.7 0.0 0.0
LL Surcharge(H) 0.0 981.2 -7604.1
LL Surcharge (V) 1452.0 0.0 3993.0
Braking 0.0 221.6 -2641.5
Temperature 0.0 341.5 -4071.2
Backfill 16500.0 0.0 45375.0
Braking uplift -17.7 0.0 19.5
Seismic DL abt 0.0 939.5 -6324.7

Seismic foundation 0.0 891.0 -668.3
Seismic DLSS 0.0 422.8 -5603.3
Seismic EP 0.0 3071.3 -23802.7
( Dyn Inc.) 33462.8 12107.5 -39201.9
V H M
Combi1 33462.8 6441.4 -4406.9
Combi2 33462.8 6782.9 -8478.1
Combi3 33462.8 12107.5 -39201.9
MoI = 1331.0 for the base of the raft
Combi1 235.30 271.72 350.0 KN/m2

Combi2 218.47 288.54 402.5 KN/m2
Combi3 91.51 415.50 437.5 KN/m2
Abutment Design
Dead Load Unfactored Live Load including impact
Slab / Cross G 9.3 Class A 939.93
Barriers 0.0 70 R Wheel 957.20
Girder 1674.6 Class70R Boogie 432.54
Railing 40.0 70 R Track 724.58
Footpath 343.8 Pedestrain 146.40
Surfacing 281.3
Material and Properties: Unit weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2010:
Characteristic
30 N/mm2 Concrete (Reinforced) 25.0 KN/m3
strength(fck)=
Yield stress of
500 N/mm2 Backfill 20.0 KN/m3
steel(fy)=
Girder Ht. = 2.00

Bearing Ht . = 0.072
Bridge Geometry
Abutment Details
Total Ht = 12.50
Wearing course height= 0.080 m
Ht BackW = 2.152
1.10 Cap ht = 0.500 m
0.80
Stem Ht = 9.848 m
BW Width = 0.300 m
0.65 0.05 distance from edge to bearing center= 0.800 m
Distance from back wall to bearing center= 1.100 m
Cap Width = 2.200 m
Backwall Stem hunch= 0.30
Cap Stem offset = 0.40
Stem Width = 1.500 m
Total Stem base width = 2.00 m

Width of the abutment = 11.00 m
A1. Calculation of Loads

1. Load from self weight of abutment
Distance from
Component Wt (m3) Moment
centre of base
stem(rect) 4062.30 -0.250 -1015.58
stem(tria) 677.05 0.667 451.37
cap 302.50 -0.200 -60.50
Backwall 177.54 -1.450 -257.43
5219.4 -882.1
2. Load from superstructure

DL 2067.6 0.100 206.76
Surface 281.3 0.100 28.13
LL 1103.6 0.100 110.36
3.Earth pressure pg 48 irc 6 2017
Ф= 30 ° α= 0 ( Surcharge Ð )
β= 0 δ= 20.00 ( 2/3 of Ф )
Ka = 0.297 ɣ= 20.0 KN/m3
h= 12.500 m IRC 6 214.1.1.3
Earth pressure= 74.33 KN/m2
Total Force = 5110.3 KN acts @ 0.42 m for dry soil
0.33 m for dry soil in seismic
Force (KN) LA (m) M (KNm)
EP h = 4802.1 5.250 25210.9 KNm
EP h = 4802.1 4.125 19808.5 KNm
FP v = 1747.81 -1.000 -1747.8 KNm
4.Braking Lane Factor Force

Wt of the 70 R 1000 KN 1 0.2 200.0 KN
Wt. of the class A 554 KN 2 0.2 221.6 KN
Point of application of load= 1.2 m above deck
Braking L = 221.6 KN 10.42 m (LA) 2309.072 KNm
5.Temperature
Temperature variation 30 ˚C
Coeff. Of thermal expansion(α)= 0.0000120 m/ ˚C / m
Length= 40 m
strain due to shrinkage 0.0002000
shrinkage Elongation = 0.0080000 m
Total strain due to temp. and shrinkage= 0.0112000
Shear Rating of elastomer bearing = 1000 KN/m/m2
Area of bearing= 0.235644
Ht. of bearing= 0.0340 substracting all the plates
No of bearing = 4
Force= 85.39 KN
Force on each
341.55 KN 10.420 m (LA) 3558.90 KNm
abutment
6. LL Surcharge
Ka = 0.297 ɣ= 20.0 KN/m3
h= 1.200 m Pressure = 7.136 KN/m2
Force = 981.17 KN 6.25 m (LA) 6132.31 KNm
7.Seismic Loads IRC 6 219.5.2

Zone Factor = 0.36 Imp Factor = 1.2
Z/2/I*Sa/g= 0.54 Sa/g = 2.50
Ah= 0.18 g Response reduction factor = 3
A. Abutment Self Load Wt H. Force(KN) Ht.(m) Moment

stem(rect) 4062.30 731.21 4.92 3600.5
stem(tria) 677.05 121.87 3.28 400.1
cap 302.50 54.45 10.10 549.8
Backwall 177.54 31.96 11.42 365.1
939.49 4915.5
B. Superstructure DL 2348.8 422.79 11.50 4862.1
LL ( Veh ) Not taken Clause 219.5.2 (i)

C. Due to backfill
Ah= 0.150
Av= 0.100
β= 0° λ 0.197 0.162 rad.
Ф= 30 ° α= 0 °
ɣ= 4 KN/m3 δ= 20.00 °
Ca ( seismic )= 0.461 0.409 h= 12.500 m
Ca-Ka= 0.1638 B= 11.00 m
EP Pressure seismic = 8.19 KN/m2
Seismic force due to backfill = 563.07 KN 6.25m (LA) 3519.21 KNm
A2.Summary of Loads Unfactored

Moment
Forces(KN) Factors
(KNm)
Vertical Horizontal Non Seismic Seismic
Abutment Self 5219.4 -882.1 1.35 1.35
SS DL 2067.6 206.8 1.35 1.35
SS Surface 281.3 28.1 1.75 1.75
SS LL 1103.6 110.4 1.50 0.00
EPH 4802.1 25210.9 1.50 0.00
EPH 4802.1 19808.5 0.00 1.00
EPV 1747.8 -1747.8 1.00 0.00
LL Surcharge (H) 981.2 6132.3 1.20 0.20
Braking 221.6 2309.1 1.50 0.00
Temperature 341.5 3558.9 0.90 0.50
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 422.8 4862.1 0.00 1.50
Abutment DL 939.5 4915.5 0.00 1.50
Earth pressure 563.1 3519.2 0.00 1.50
Dyn. Surcharge 0.0 0.0 0.00 1.50
Factored ( Non Seismic/Structure ) Factored ( Seismic / Structure )

Forces(KN) Moment Forces(KN) Moment
Vertical Horizontal (KNm) Vertical Horizontal (KNm)
Abutment Self 7046.2 0.0 -1190.9 7046.2 0.0 -1190.9
SS DL 2791.2 0.0 279.1 2791.2 0.0 279.1
SS Surface 492.2 0.0 49.2 492.2 0.0 49.2
SS LL 1655.4 0.0 165.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPH 0.0 7203.1 37816.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4802.1 19808.5
EPV 1747.8 0.0 -1747.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
LL Surcharge (H) 0.0 1177.4 7358.8 0.0 196.2 1226.5
Braking 0.0 332.4 3463.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Temperature 0.0 307.4 3203.0 0.0 170.8 1779.5
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 634.2 7293.1
Abutment DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1409.2 7373.2
Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 844.6 5278.8
Surcharge 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
13732.8 9020.3 49396.9 10330 8057 41897
A2.Structural Design
Ac = 22 0.1
fcd = 13.38
Axial Load = 29436 KN
Max Axial Load = 13732.8 KN
So, this abutment can be designed as a slab / flexure member
Design of Abutment stem
Calculation of limiting values
Ecu,2 0.0035 0.002175 0.416 Xu= 484.36 mm
Xu = 1164 mm 0.446 Fck= 13.38 N/mm2
M= 30 MPa d= 1888 mm
D= 2000 Clear cover= 75 mm
β1= 0.80952 Effective cover= 112 mm
β2= 0.41597 bw= 11000 mm
C 138733.2 KN Cg from steel level = 1,403.6 mm
Mulim = 194,731.9 KNm
For Design Moment = 49396.88 KNm
Xu,actual = 230 mm 0.416 Xu= 95.67 mm
M= 30 MPa 0.446 Fck= 13.38 N/mm2
D= 2000 mm d= 1888 mm
β1= 0.80952 assumed cover= 112 mm
β2= 0.41597 bw= 11000 mm
C= 27403.4 KN Cg from steel level = 1,792.3 mm
Mulim = 49,115.8 KNm
Fe 500
Fyd= 434.78 Mu-Mulim= 281.1 Check
Steel required= 63027.79 mm2
2000
11000
Max and Min.Tensile steel as per code IRC112 16.6.1.1
Fctm= 2.50
Fyk = 500
0.26*Fctm/Fyk= 0.0013
Minimum AS.min= 0.0000
Min Area of steel= 0.00 mm2 OK Min Ast
Ac= 22000000 mm2
Max. area of steel= 0.025 Ac = 550000 mm2 OK Max Ast
Provided reinforcement
Required Ast 30 706.86 122.22 mm c/c spacing 63,027.79 mm2
Provided Ast 30 706.86 100.00 mm c/c spacing 76,877.91 mm2
Maximum tensile stress in steel=0.8*fyk= 400.00 Stress in steel= 230.09 N/mm2
Check For Shear

Minimum Axial (V) = 10330 KN
Ac= 20768000 mm2 σcp = 0.497
Ast= 76,878 mm2 bw = 11000 mm
Fck= 30 MPa d= 1888 mm
K = 1.325472277 ρ1= 0.0037 <= 0.02
τmin = 0.2591 vRd,c, min= 0.334
τ= 0.4016 vRd.c = 0.4016
VR,dc= 8,341.3 KN > 8057 KN
OK Ast check
OK Crack check
OK Stress in steel check
OK Shear check
A3. Crack width IRC 112 12.3.4 Load factor for serviceability Limit State
Rare Frequent Quausi
Normal Vertical Horizontal Moment Permanent
Abutment Self 5219.4 0.0 -882.1 1 1 1
SS DL 2067.6 0.0 206.8 1 1 1
SS Surface 281.3 0.0 28.1 1.2 1.2 1.2
SS LL 1103.6 0.0 110.4 1 0.75 0
EPH 0.0 4802.1 25210.9 1 1 1
EPH 0.0 4802.1 19808.5 0 0 0
EPV 1747.8 0.0 -1747.8 1 1 1
LL Surcharge (H) 0.0 981.2 6132.3 0.8 0 0
Braking 0.0 221.6 2309.1 0.75 0.2 0
Temperature 0.0 341.5 3558.9 0.6 0.5 0.5
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 422.8 4862.1 0 0 0
Abutment DL 0.0 939.5 4915.5 0 0 0
Earth pressure 0.0 563.1 3519.2 0 0 0
Dyn. Surcharge 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
Factored( Non Seismic/Structure )

Rare combination Frequent Combination
Vertical Horizontal Moment Vertical Horizontal Moment
Abutment Self 5219.4 0.0 -882.1 5219.4 0.0 -882.1
SS DL 2067.6 0.0 206.8 2067.6 0.0 206.8
SS Surface 337.5 0.0 33.8 337.5 0.0 33.8
SS LL 1103.6 0.0 110.4 827.7 0.0 82.8
EPH 0.0 4802.1 25210.9 0.0 4802.1 25210.9
EPH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPV 1747.8 0.0 -1747.8 1747.8 0.0 -1747.8
LL Surcharge (H) 0.0 784.9 4905.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Braking 0.0 166.2 1731.8 0.0 44.3 461.8
Temperature 0.0 204.9 2135.3 0.0 170.8 1779.5
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Abutment DL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dyn. Surcharge 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Sum 31704.8 25145.5
Quasi-Permanent Combination
Vertical Horizontal Moment
Abutment Self 5219.4 0.0 -882.1
SS DL 2067.6 0.0 206.8
SS Surface 337.5 0.0 33.8
SS LL 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPH 0.0 4802.1 25210.9
EPH 0.0 0.0 0.0
EPV 1747.8 0.0 -1747.8
LL Surcharge (H) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Braking 0.0 0.0 0.0
Temperature 0.0 170.8 1779.5
Seismic Loads
Superstr. DL 0.0 0.0 0.0
Abutment DL 0.0 0.0 0.0
Earth pressure 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dyn. Surcharge 0.0 0.0 0.0
24600.9
Bending Moment for Crack width check= 24600.88 KNm
Area of Steel provided ( As )= 76,878 Bw= 11000 mm
Lever Arm = 1,792 mm Hc,eff = 280
H= 2,000 mm 1923
xu= 230 mm 1000
d= 1888 mm Ac,eff = 3080000
Es = 200000 MPa ( N/mm2 )
Actual Stress(σsc)= 178.54 N/mm2
Kt= 0.50
fcm= fck+10 = 40
Fct,eff= 2.50
Ecm = 31187 MPa ( N/mm2 )
ρ1,eff= 0.0250
αe= 6.413
εsm - εcm = 0.000602 > 0.6 σsc/Es = 0.0005356
c= 50 mm
Sr,max= 374.324 mm
Crack width = 0.2254 mm OK for severe case
A5.Horizontal Reinforcement IRC 112 16.3.2
Per meter
Vertical main 30 mm dia @ 100 mm c/c spacing 7068.58
Horizontal = 25 % Ast = 1767.15
Stem w = 2000 0.001 Ac = 2000.00
Stem Ht = 1000 Half = 1000
Spacing =
Using 12 mm 113 64
16 mm 201 114
20 mm 314 178
Adopt 22 mm @ 200 mm c/c
Ast provided= 1900.66 mm2 OK
A6.Vertical Reinforcement IRC 112 13.3.1
Stem W = 2000 Ac = 2000000

Stem L = 1000
And 0.0012 of Ac = 2400
Ф= Ab= Spacing =
Using 12 mm 113 47
16 mm 201 84
20 mm 314 131
Adopt 25 mm @ 200 mm c/c
Ast provided= 2454.37 mm2 OK
Check: Ast provided rear face= 76,877.91 mm2

Ast provided at front face= 2,454.37 mm2
allowable Maximum reinforcement= 80000 OK
allowable Minimum reinforcement at rear face= 2400 OK
Combination
Vertical Horizontal Moment Basic Seismic
Abutment 5219.39 0 -882.141 1.35 1.35
SS DL 2067.57 0 206.757 1.35 1.35
SS Surface 281.25 0 28.125 1.75 1.75
SS LL 1103.6 0 110.36 1.5 0
EPH 0 4802.071 25210.87 1.5 1
EPH 0 4802.071 19808.54 1.5 1
EPV 1747.811 0 -1747.81 1 0
LL Surcharge(H) 0 981.1695 6132.309 1.2 0.2
Braking 0 221.6 2309.072 1.5 0.2
Temperature 0 341.5452 3558.901 0.9 0.5
Seismic
Superstr. DL 0 422.7876 4862.057 0 1.5
Abutment DL 0 939.4902 4915.468 0 1.5
Earth pressure 0 563.0743 3519.214 0 1.5
Basic comb Seismic comb

V H M V H M
Abutment 7046.1765 0 -1190.89 7046.177 0 -1190.89
SS DL 2791.2195 0 279.122 2791.22 0 279.122
SS Surface 492.1875 0 49.21875 492.1875 0 49.21875
SS LL 1655.4 0 165.54 0 0 0
EPH 0 7203.107 37816.31 0 4802.071 25210.87
EPH 0 7203.107 29712.82 0 4802.071 19808.54
EPV 1747.811042 0 -1747.81 0 0 0
LL Surcharge(H) 0 1177.403 7358.771 0 196.2339 1226.462
Braking 0 332.4 3463.608 0 44.32 461.8144
Temperature 0 307.3907 3203.011 0 170.7726 1779.45
Seismic 0 0 0 0 0 0
Superstr. DL 0 0 0
Abutment DL 0 0 0 0 1409.235 7373.202
Earth pressure 0 0 0 0 844.6115 5278.822
Total = 13732.79454 16223.41 79109.7 10329.58 12269.32 60276.62
Summary of Load for Punching Shear at the base of the pile cap
Basic 13732.79 16223.41 79109.7
Seismic 10329.58 12269.32 60276.62
A2 Summary of loads from Centre
Unfactored
Forces (KN) Moment (KNm) Factor (as per IRC78 cl706)
(At center of (I
Pile cap) (I - with
Vertical Horizontal temp) temp) II III
Abutment 5219.39 0 -882.141 1 1 1 1
SS DL 2067.57 0 206.757 1 1 1 1
SS Surface 281.25 0 28.125 1 1 1 1
SS LL 1103.6 0 110.36 1 1 1 0
EPH 0 4802.0714 25210.87 1 1 1 1
EPH 0 4802.0714 19808.54 1 1 1 1
1747.81
EPV 1 0 -1747.81 1 1 1 1
LL
Surcharge(H) 0 981.16946 6132.309 1 1 1 0
Braking 0 221.6 2309.072 1 1 1 1
Temperature 0 341.54519 3558.901 0 1 1 1
Seismic
Superstr. DL 0 422.7876 4862.057 0 0 1 1
Abutment DL 0 939.4902 4915.468 0 0 1 1
Earth pressure 0 563.07431 3519.214 0 0 1 1
0 0 0
Allowable % = 1 1.15 1.25 1.25
Combi I Combi (I with temp)

Abutment 5219.39 0 -882.141 5219.39 0 -882.141
SS DL 2067.57 0 206.757 2067.57 0 206.757
SS Surface 281.25 0 28.125 281.25 0 28.125
SS LL 1103.6 0 110.36 1103.6 0 110.36
EPH 0 4802.0714 25210.87 0 4802.071 25210.87
EPH 0 4802.0714 19808.54 0 4802.071 19808.54
EPV 1747.811 0 -1747.81 1747.811 0 -1747.81
LL Surcharge(H) 0 981.16946 6132.309 0 981.1695 6132.309
Braking 0 221.6 2309.072 0 221.6 2309.072
Temperature 0 0 0 0 341.5452 3558.901
Seismic 0 0 0 0 0 0
Superstr. DL 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abutment DL 0 0 0 0 0 0
Earth pressure 0 0 0 0 0 0
10419.62 10806.912 51176.09 10419.62 11148.46 54734.99

Comb with temp + Eq (II) Comb III
Abutment 5219.39 0 -882.141 5219.39 0 -882.141
SS DL 2067.57 0 206.757 2067.57 0 206.757
SS Surface 281.25 0 28.125 281.25 0 28.125
SS LL 1103.6 0 110.36 0 0 0
EPH 0 4802.0714 25210.87 0 4802.071 25210.87
EPH 0 4802.0714 19808.54 0 4802.071 19808.54
EPV 1747.811 0 -1747.81 1747.811 0 -1747.81
LL Surcharge(H) 0 981.16946 6132.309 0 0 0
Braking 0 221.6 2309.072 0 221.6 2309.072
Temperature 0 341.54519 3558.901 0 341.5452 3558.901
Seismic 0 0 0 0 0 0
Superstr. DL 0 422.7876 4862.057 0 422.7876 4862.057
Abutment DL 0 939.4902 4915.468 0 939.4902 4915.468
Earth pressure 0 563.07431 3519.214 0 563.0743 3519.214
10419.62 13073.81 68031.73 9316.021 12092.64 61789.06
Summary at the base of abutment stem

Combination V H M Pile diameter 1 m
1 10419.62 10806.912 51176.09 No. of Pile 25 Nos.
2 10419.62 11148.457 54734.99 Wt of Pile cap 5400 KN
3 10419.62 13073.81 68031.73 Pile cap Height =1.5*pile dia 1.5 m
4 9316.021 12092.64 61789.06
Load Distribution on Piles
Pile No. X Y X2 Y2
1 -5.00 -5.00 25.00 25.00
2 -5.00 -2.50 25.00 6.25
3 -5.00 0.00 25.00 0.00
4 -5.00 2.50 25.00 6.25
5 -5.00 5.00 25.00 25.00
6 -2.50 -5.00 6.25 25.00
7 -2.50 -2.50 6.25 6.25
8 -2.50 0.00 6.25 0.00
9 -2.50 2.50 6.25 6.25
10 -2.50 5.00 6.25 25.00
11 0.00 -5.00 0.00 25.00
12 0.00 -2.50 0.00 6.25
13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
14 0.00 2.50 0.00 6.25
15 0.00 5.00 0.00 25.00
16 2.50 -5.00 6.25 25.00
17 2.50 -2.50 6.25 6.25
18 2.50 0.00 6.25 0.00
19 2.50 2.50 6.25 6.25
20 2.50 5.00 6.25 25.00
21 5.00 -5.00 25.00 25.00
22 5.00 -2.50 25.00 6.25
23 5.00 0.00 25.00 0.00
24 5.00 2.50 25.00 6.25
25 5.00 5.00 25.00 25.00
sum = 312.50 312.50
Case 1 V H M
(Without Temperature) 15819.6 10806.9 51176.1
Pile No. X Y X2 Y2 Axial H Due to M Total

1 -5.00 -5.00 25.00 25.00 632.8 432.3 -818.82 -186.0
25 5.00 5.00 25.00 25.00 632.8 432.3 818.82 1451.6
Case 2 V H M
(With Temperature) 15819.6 11148.5 54735.0

1 -5.00 -5.00 25.00 25.00 632.8 445.9 -875.76 -243.0
25 5.00 5.00 25.00 25.00 632.8 445.9 875.76 1508.5
Case 3 V H M
(Combination II) 15819.6 13073.8 68031.7

1 -5.00 -5.00 25.00 25.00 632.8 523.0 -1088.51 -455.7
25 5.00 5.00 25.00 25.00 632.8 523.0 1088.51 1721.3
Case 4 V H M
(Combination III) 14716.0 12092.6 61789.1

1 -5.00 -5.00 25.00 25.00 588.6 483.7 -988.62 -400.0
25 5.00 5.00 25.00 25.00 588.6 483.7 988.62 1577.3
Design Load For Pile

Horizontal Load 523.0 KN
Vertical Load
Case1 1451.6 KN
Case2 1508.5 KN
Case3 1721.3 KN
Case 4 1577.3 KN
Sub Soil Parameter
( Considering normally loaded clay / loose sand) IS 2911
Medium stiff Clay 14 MN/m/m2 hh
Total pile length = 22.5 m

Pile dia = 1m
Scour depth = 2.5
Lf Length of fixity
Remaining depth of pile = 22.50 m
For conventional Analysis
Pile Dia 1m MoI= 0.049087

Concrete M 30 E= 31186.57 MN/m2
T= 2.557184 m
Fixed head normal 2T = 5.114367 m
L1/T Lf/T 4T= 10.22873 m
0 2.2
2 1.95 Proposed length of the pile = 22.5 > 4T
4 1.87 Scour Depth ( L1) = e = 2.5
6 1.84 L1 / T = 0.977638
8 1.825 Lf/T = 2.077795
10 1.82 Lf=Zf= 5.313304
Lf/T
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000
Loads from pier / pile cap base Deflection = 0.013578 m

Horizontal Load
522.9524
= KN Moment 2042.993 KNm
( Considering fixed head )
Conventional Calculation of pile capacity

Bending to be resisted = 2042.993 KNm Self Load of the Pile = 424.115 KN
H force to be resisted = 522.9524 KN Unit wt. of soil= 20 KN/m3
Ka= 0.297324
Vertical load to be resisted
Case1
= 1875.717 KN
Case2 1932.66 KN
Case3 2145.408 KN
Case4 2001.381 KN
FoS 2 Frictional coefficient = 0.45
Assuming friction is utilized before end bearing
Only the load exceeding the friction capacity is taken by the end bearing
Friction capacity Overburden pressure Friction

0 0 0 0 0 L1 = 2.5 m
0.5 0 0 0 0 (acts as a reference pt) for friction capacity
1 0 0 0 0
1.5 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
2.5 0 0 0 0
3 0.5 2.973241 0.5 2.335178
3.5 1 5.946482 0.5 7.005534
4 1.5 8.919722 0.5 11.67589
4.5 2 11.89296 0.5 16.34625
5 2.5 14.8662 0.5 21.0166
5.5 3 17.83944 0.5 25.68696
6 3.5 20.81269 0.5 30.35731
6.5 4 23.78593 0.5 35.02767
7 4.5 26.75917 0.5 39.69802
7.5 5 29.73241 0.5 44.36838
8 5.5 32.70565 0.5 49.03874
8.5 6 35.67889 0.5 53.70909
9 6.5 38.65213 0.5 58.37945
9.5 7 41.62537 0.5 63.0498
10 7.5 44.59861 0.5 67.72016
10.5 8 47.57185 0.5 72.39051
11 8.5 50.54509 0.5 77.06087
11.5 9 53.51833 0.5 81.73123
12 9.5 56.49158 0.5 86.40158
12.5 10 59.46482 0.5 91.07194
13 10.5 62.43806 0.5 95.74229
13.5 11 65.4113 0.5 100.4126
14 11.5 68.38454 0.5 105.083
14.5 12 71.35778 0.5 109.7534
15 12.5 74.33102 0.5 114.4237
15.5 13 77.30426 0.5 119.0941
16 13.5 80.2775 0.5 123.7644
16.5 14 83.25074 0.5 128.4348
17 14.5 86.22398 0.5 133.1051
17.5 15 89.19722 0.5 137.7755
18 15.5 92.17046 0.5 142.4458
18.5 16 95.14371 0.5 147.1162
19 16.5 98.11695 0.5 151.7866
19.5 17 101.0902 0.5 156.4569
20 17.5 104.0634 0.5 161.1273
20.5 18 107.0367 0.5 165.7976
21 18.5 110.0099 0.5 170.468
21.5 19 112.9832 0.5 175.1383
22 19.5 115.9564 0.5 179.8087
22.5 20 118.9296 0.5 184.4791
sum= 3736.285 KN
Allowable bearing capacity 250 KN/m2
Load taken by the end bearing 196.3495 KN
Capacity 3932.634 KN
Allowable 1966.317 KN
Combination (i) -Temp 1966.317 KN SAFE
Combination (i) withTemp 2261.265 KN SAFE
Combination (ii) and iii 2457.896 KN SAFE
Combination (iiii) 2457.896 KN SAFE
Conclusion
Pile diameter = 1m
No. of Pile = 25 no.
Pile length = 22.5 m
Load at base of pile cap
Combination
Vertical(KN)
Horizontal(KN)
Moment(KNm) Load at base of abutment stem
Basic 21595.3 16223.4 79109.7 Basic 13732.8 16223.4 79109.7
Seismic 18192.1 12269.3 60276.6 Seismic 10329.6 12269.3 60276.6
Self Load of the Pile =424.115 KN

Pile cap width 12
Pile cap ht = 1.5 m
Pile diameter = 1
No. of Pile = 25
wt of Pile cap = 5400 KN
Factored pile and pile7862.56
cap = KN
Load disribution on piles
PileN X Y X2 Y2
1 -5 -5 25 25
2 -5 -2.5 25 6.25
3 -5 0 25 0
4 -5 2.5 25 6.25
5 -5 5 25 25
6 -2.5 -5 6.25 25
7 -2.5 -2.5 6.25 6.25
8 -2.5 0 6.25 0
9 -2.5 2.5 6.25 6.25
10 -2.5 5 6.25 25
11 0 -5 0 25
12 0 -2.5 0 6.25
13 0 0 0 0
14 0 2.5 0 6.25
15 0 5 0 25
16 2.5 -5 6.25 25
17 2.5 -2.5 6.25 6.25
18 2.5 0 6.25 0
19 2.5 2.5 6.25 6.25
20 2.5 5 6.25 25
21 5 -5 25 25
22 5 -2.5 25 6.25
23 5 0 25 0
24 5 2.5 25 6.25
25 5 5 25 25
sum = 180 180
Basic combV H M
Basic Combination
21595.3 16223.4 79109.7
PileN X Y X2 Y2 Axial H
1 -5 -5 25 25 863.814 648.936
25 5 5 25 25 863.814 648.936
V H M
Seismic comb
18192.1 12269.3 60276.6
1 -4.5 -4.5 20.25 20.25 727.686 490.773
16 4.5 4.5 20.25 20.25 727.686 490.773
Design Load for pile

Basic 863.814 KN
Seismic 727.686 KN
Horizontal 648.936 KN
Design Values
Axial = 863.81399 KN
Horizontal = 648.93633 KN
Deflected Length = 0.0168495 m
Moment = 2535.1684 KNm 1 1
Here,
Dia of pile(D) = 1m
dist from pile face to face of cap(d)= 1m
C1 = C2, so, K = 0.6
e = Med/Ved = 2.9348545 m
u1/W1 = pi()/(D + 2d) 1.0471976
B = 1 + k*(Med/Ved)*(u1/W1)
= 1 + 0.6*e*(u1/W1) 2.8440234
control Perimeter(u1) = pi()*(D + 2d) = 9.424778
Now,
Overall depth of pier cap = 1.5 m
Assuming clear cover = 0.07 m
Assuming cover = 0.08 m
Effective Depth of element (d') = 1.42 m
Shear Stress on control perimeter(ved) =B*Ved/(u1*d)
= 183.56671 KN/m2 = 0.18357 Mpa
Grade of Material = M 30
fck = 30 MPa
vrdmax = 0.134fck(1-fck/310) 3.6309677 MPa
Here,
ved<vrdmax, ok
Now,
vrdc = 0.12*K*(80*ρ*fck)^(1/3)*2d'/a >=vmin*2d'/a
Here
Yc = 1.5
K = 1 + sqrt(200/d'(mm)) <=2.0 1.3752933 <=2.0
ρ = sqrt(ρy*ρz) <=0.02 0.0014258 <=0.02
ρy = 0.0014258
ρz = 0.0014258
vrmin = 0.031*K^(3/2)*fck^(1/2) = 0.2738516 MPa
d' = 1.42 m
a= 1m
vrdc = 0.7062867
Check,
ved<= vrdc = 0.12*K*(80*ρ*fck)^(1/2)*2d'/a >=vmin
Here,
ved = 0.1835667 MPa <vrdc, ok OK
vrdc = 0.7062867 MPa >vrmin OK
vrmin 0.2738516 MPa
Area of individual pile (Ap) 0.7853982 m^2
To calculate Reinforcement of pile
a) Longitudinal reinforcement calculation
Length of pile(Z) = 22.5 m

Dia. of individual pile(D) = 1m
Ratio of length with diameter(Z/D) = 22.5 > 12
Hence, the pile is designed as long column
Reduction coefficient=(1.25-Z/48D) = 0.78125
Safe permissible stress in concrete(σcc) = 3.75 N/mm2
Safe permissible stress in steel(σsc) = 142.5 N/mm2
Load carrying capacity of individual pile(W1) is expressed as (IS:456-78)
W1=σcc x Acc+σsc x Asc
Asc=(W1-σcc x Ap)/(σsc-σcc) = 2361.106
Thus according to IRC 78-1983:

for piles with length less than 30 times the least width/diameter(30x1=30m),
the minimum reinforcement adopted is 1.25% of the total volume of pile
Asc=1.25% of (π x D^2/4) = 9817.477 mm2 > 2361.11 mm2
Provide 23 nos. of 25mm bars giving areaof steel=

11287.969 mm2 > 9817.48
and spacing provide 125 mm c/c
b)Lateral reinforcement
In the body of pile, the lateral reinforcement should not be less than 0.2% of the gross volume
Using ties of dia = 10 mm
Volume of tie(V)=area of tie x perimeter
V=area of tie x (π x (D-2 x clear cover) = 226915.3 mm3
Volume of pile per pitch length(V1)

V1=(π x D^2/4) x P; = 785250 X P mm3
As V=0.2% of V1; P= 144.486 mm 130 mm
Thus ties of 10mm dia are arranged in 130mm spacing c/c
Reinforcement requirement for each pile

CL 6.11 IS 2911
longitudinal Reinforement =0.4% of pile shaft area= 3141.593 mm2
Ast provided= 11288 mm2
Provide 23 no of 25mm dia bars @125mm spacing c/c in longitudinal direction
Lateral reinforcement
10mm dia @ 130 mm spacing c/c
ANNEX F
DESIGN OF
PIER
Different load at different vehicle position
SL = 40 SR = 40
LEFT SPAN RIGHT SPAN
CLICK THIS
c/c = 3.00
Class A 70RW
Load Dist Cum Dist Load Dist Cum Dist
1 27.0 0.00 110.00 1 80.0 0.00 110.00
2 27.0 1.10 108.90 2 120.0 3.96 106.04
3 114.0 3.20 105.70 3 120.0 1.52 104.52
4 114.0 1.20 104.50 4 170.0 2.13 102.39
5 68.0 4.30 100.20 5 170.0 1.37 101.02
6 68.0 3.00 97.20 6 170.0 3.05 97.97
7 68.0 3.00 94.20 7 170.0 1.37 96.60
8 68.0 3.00 91.20 8 80.0 31.52 65.08
9 27.0 20.00 71.20 9 120.0 3.96 61.12
10 27.0 1.10 70.10 10 120.0 1.52 59.60
11 114.0 3.20 66.90 11 170.0 2.13 57.47
12 114.0 1.20 65.70 12 170.0 1.37 56.10
13 68.0 4.30 61.40 13 170.0 3.05 53.05
14 68.0 3.00 58.40 14 170.0 1.37 51.68
15 68.0 3.00 55.40 15
16 68.0 3.00 52.40 16
70RT 70RB
Load Dist Cum Dist Load Dist Cum Dist
1 35.0 0.00 110.00 1 200.0 0.00 110.00
2 70.0 0.457 109.543 2 200.0 1.20 108.80
3 70.0 0.457 109.086 3 200.0 10.00 98.80
4 70.0 0.457 108.629 4 200.0 1.20 97.60
5 70.0 0.457 108.172
6 70.0 0.457 107.715
7 70.0 0.457 107.258
8 70.0 0.457 106.801
9 70.0 0.457 106.344
10 70.0 0.457 105.887
11 35.0 0.457 105.430
Reaction Due to Different load at dfferent position
Reactions Due to Class A Load at different Position
Left Right
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 0 7.965
10 0 8.7075
11 0 45.885
12 0 49.305
13 0 36.72
14 0 41.82
15 0 46.92
16 0 52.02
max 0 289.3425
sum 289.3425
Diff = 289.3425
434.0138
MaxP RL 173.94
RR 438.23 396.435 612.17
MaxBM RL 451.765
RR 0
MaxP 60.45 612.17
MaxBM 41.5 677.647
Reactions due to 70R W at different positions

Left Right
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 35.84
9 0 65.64
10 0 70.2
11 0 108.5025
12 0 114.325
13 0 127.2875
max 521.795
sum 521.795
Diff = 521.795
782.6925
MaxP RL 215.6925
RR 761.0425 818.025
MaxBM RL 66.6675
RR 908.155
MaxP 53.55 976.735
MaxBM 54.95 1262.23
Reactions due to 70R Tracked at Different position
Left Right
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 0 0
10 0 0
11 0 0
Max 0 0
Sum 0 0
Diff = 0
0
MaxP RL 316.9337
RR 389.2963 108.544
MaxBM RL 686.2625
RR 0
MaxP 43.8 706.23
MaxBM 41.5 1029.39
Reactions Due to 70 RB at Different Position
Left Right
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
max 0 0
sum 0 0
Diff = 0
0
MaxP RL 309.5
RR 408.5 148.5
MaxBM RL 706
RR 0
MaxP 42.75 718
MaxBM 41.5 1059
Distribution Factor
CW 7.50 Kerb = 0.00
Footpath 1.25 Total Width = 10.00
g= 1.20 m
Load positions from left edge -> 1.65 3.450
Loads 1.0 1.0
CG of Loads 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 KN Sum = 2.00 KN

1.65 3.45 0.00 0.00 m
Load x Distance = 1.65 3.45 0 0 KNm CG = 2.55 m
Eccentricty= 2.450 m
CW 7.50 Kerb = 0.00

g= 1.20 m
Load positions from left edge -> 1.65 3.450 5.15 6.950
Loads 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
CG of Loads 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 KN Sum = 4.00 KN

1.65 3.45 5.15 6.95 m
Load x Distance = 1.65 3.45 5.15 6.95 KNm CG = 4.30 m
Distribution Factor
CW 7.50 Kerb = 0.00
Footpath 1.50 Total Width =

Loads 1 1
CG of Loads 1 1 KN Sum= 2.00 KN

3.13 5.06 m
Load x Distance = 3.13 5.06 KNm CG= 4.10 m
Eccentricty= -4.095 m
Distribution Factor
CW 7.50 Kerb = 0.000

Loads 1 1
CG of Loads 1 1 KN Sum= 2.00 KN

3.13 5.19 m
Load x Distance = 3.13 5.19 KNm CG= 4.16 m
Due to Seismic force
Span= 80
Material M 30
Conc Ecm31.18657 GPa
1.0 Unfactored Reactions from spans
Dead load(KN)
Left Right Sum
Slab / Cross1391.18
G 1391.18 2782.36
Girder 1674.56 1674.56 3349.12
Railing/Footpath
383.75 383.75 767.5
Surface 281.25 281.25 562.5
Live Loads
Class A1 Pmax Veh 1 173.94 438.23 612.17
Class A2 Pmax Veh 2 347.88 876.46 1224.34
Class A2 Bmax Veh 3 903.53 0 903.53
70RW P Veh 4 215.6925 761.0425 976.735
70RW B Veh 5 908.155 66.6675 974.8225
70RT P Veh 6 316.9337 389.2963 706.23
70RT B Veh 7 686.2625 0 686.2625
70RB P Veh 8 309.5 408.5 718
70RB B Veh 9 706 0 706
Veh 10 0
Veh 11 0
Veh 12 0
Ped 142.24 142.24 284.48
DL LL PedL
Total Mass ( in KN ) 7461.5 1224.34 284.48
Longitudinal 1 0 0 7461.48 #factor IRC-6 219.5.2
Transverse 1 0.2 0.2 7763.244
For the purpose of the stiffness, the section of the stem has been taken (Sp104)
Component No width Length Area h I I+Ah^2
Pier Stem
Circular 1 2.5 2.454369 0.959 0.95874
rec 1 2.5 4.5 11.25 5.859 5.85938
Circular 1 2.5 2.454369 0.959 0.95874
total longitudinal MOI 7.77685
Height of SuperS = 2 Bearing =0.072
Height upto pier cap top = 10.3
Height upto CG of Girder = 11.372
Transverse ( From the Sheet Basics _EquilB )
component No width Length X-Area h I I+Ah^2
Pier Stem
Circular 1 2.5 2.454369 2.781 0.268 19.2434
rec 1 2.5 4.5 11.25 0 18.98 18.9844
Circular 1 2.5 2.454369 -2.781 0.268 19.2434
total Transverse MOI 57.4711
Longitudional Transverse
Econc = 31.18657 31.18657 GPa
MoI 7.776851 57.47109
L 10.3 11.372
x 10.3 10.3
F (as defined in SP 114)
665.8571 KN 4256.23 KN /mm
D ( Mass in KN ) 7461.5 7763.244

T ( Time Period ) 0.2117 0.085416
Soft Soft
Sa/g 2.5 2.5
Zone 0.36 0.36
RR Factor 3 1
Imp F 1.2 1.2
Ah = 0.18 0.54
Vertical Av= 0.12
TOTAL SEISMIC FORCE CALCULATION

Now, the seismic force calculations
Horizontal Vertical
Long Trans
SuperS DL 7461.48 1343.066 4029 895.4
SuperS LL 1508.82 0 163 36.21
Pier Cap 1312.5 236.25 708.8 157.5
Pier Stem 3554.922 639.886 1920 426.6
Pier Foundation 20250 3645 10935 2430
Total = 5864.202 17756 3946
Different load on pier
1 Unfactored reaction from Span
Lever Arm ( with repsect to center )
Transverse Lever Arm = Eccentricity for distribution factor
Dead load(KN)
Left Right L_Arm_LLL_Arm_LR L_Arms_TMomL MomT
Slab / Cross G
1391.18 1391.18 7.5 10.5 9 25041.24 25041.24
Girder 1674.56 1674.56 7.5 10.5 9 30142.08 30142.08
Railing 383.75 383.75 7.5 10.5 9 6907.5 6907.5
Surface 281.25 281.25 7.5 10.5 9 5062.5 5062.5
Live Loads
Class A1 Pmax Veh 1 173.94 438.23 7.5 10.5 2.45 5905.965 1499.817
Class A2 Pmax Veh 2 347.88 876.46 7.5 10.5 0.7 11811.93 857.038
Class A2 Bmax Veh 3 903.53 0 7.5 10.5 0.7 6776.475 632.471
70RW P Veh 4 215.6925 761.0425 7.5 10.5 1.155 9608.64 1128.129
70RW B Veh 5 908.155 66.6675 7.5 10.5 1.155 7511.171 1125.92
70RT P Veh 6 316.9337 389.2963 7.5 10.5 1.09 6464.614 769.7907
70RT B Veh 7 686.2625 0 7.5 10.5 1.09 5146.969 748.0261
70RB P Veh 8 309.5 408.5 7.5 10.5 1.09 6610.5 782.62
70RB B Veh 9 706 0 7.5 10.5 1.09 5295 769.54
Veh 10 0
Veh 11 0
Veh 12 0
Ped 142.24 142.24 7.5 10.5 2560.32 0
MaxP 347.88 876.46 7.5 10.5 11811.93 857.038

MaxML 347.88 876.46 7.5 10.5 11811.93 857.038
MaxMT 173.94 438.23 7.5 10.5 5905.965 1499.817
DUE TO SELF WEIGHT OF PIER
L_Arm_L L_Arm_T MomL MomT

Pier cap 1312.5 9 9 11812.5 11812.5
Pier stem (rect.) 2475 9 9 22275 22275
Pier stem(circular)
1079.922 9 9 9719.302 9719.3023
Pile cap 20250 9 9 182250 182250
3.0 Effect due to buoyancy (considered on stem only )

Height of pier at HFL from Stem Base 10.3 m
Submersed volume of pier 166.435 m3 MomL MomT
Reduction in weight of pier 1664.35 KN 14979.15 14979.15
(Line of action is assumed to be cg of pier itself)
4.0 Force due to water current
Intensity of pressure, P= 52KV2 kg/m2
where, (For circular/semi-circular end)
Constant, K= 0.66 (For parallel and Longitidinal)
K= 1.5 (For Transverse)
Velocity of water =12.6913 m/s from hydrology
Pt = 55.27891 KN/m2 Pl= 125.6339
Height of HFL frm pier8.8 base=
m
Width at HFL= 2.4 m or 4.5 m
Water current acts at 6.9 m from the base
P(KN/m2) F(KN) MomT MomL
1. Current parallel to pier (trans.) 55.27891 1167.491 1751.236
2. When current is at 20° a. Long. 42.96932 1701.585 2552.378
b.Trans. 51.94519 1097.082 724.07435
5.0 Forces due to longitudinal forces Lanes Factor

a. Due to Braking 2 0.2
Wt. of the class A = 554 KN
Braking load = 221.6 KN
Point of application of load
1.2 m= abv. deck
Height of deck including
2.072bearing
m =
LA = 16.072 m
Moment about base of pier =3561.555 KNm
b. Due to Temperature & Shrinkage

Temperature variation = 30 ˚C
Length= 40 m
strain due to shrinkage = 0.0002
Total elongation due to temp. and shrinkage= 0.0224 m
Ht. of bearing= 0.052 without plates
No of bearing = 4
Force on pier = 232.1846 KN MomL

LA = 12.8 m 2971.963 KNm
6.0 Seismic Forces
Long Tra Vert Ht ML MT Vert ML vert MT
SuperS DL 1343.066 4029.199
895.3776 13.872 18631.017 55893.05 8058.398 8058.398
SuperS LL 0 162.9526
36.21168 16.072 0 2618.974 325.9051 325.9051
Pier Cap 236.25 708.75 157.5 12.05 2846.8125 8540.438 1417.5 1417.5
Pier Stem 639.886 1919.658
426.5907 6.9 4415.2137 13245.64 3839.316 3839.316
Pier Foundation 3645 10935 2430 1.25 4556.25 13668.75 21870 21870
5864.202 17755.56
3945.68 30449.293 93966.85 35511.12 35511.12
Load Moment
Summary of Seismic Loads P HL HT ML MT
Longitudinal 0 5864.202 30449.29
Transverse 0 17755.56 93966.85
Vertical Up / Down 3945.68 35511.12 35511.12
Seismic cases
rl + 0.3rt + 0.3rv 1183.704 5864.202 5326.668 41102.629 38843.39 For Long.Effect
rl + 0.3rt - 0.3rv -1183.7 5864.202 5326.668 19795.957 17536.72
0.3 rl + rt +0.3rv 1183.704 1759.261 17755.56 19788.124 104620.2 For Tran.Effect
0.3 rl + rt -0.3rv -1183.7 1759.261 17755.56 -1518.548 83313.52
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt + rv 3945.68 1759.261 5326.668 44645.908 63701.18 For Vert.effect
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt - rv -3945.68 1759.261 5326.668 -26376.33 -7321.06 Neglect Restoring
Check Longitudinal UNFACTORED

Load P H OverT ResistM
1 Slab / Cross G
2782.36 25041.24
2 Girder 3349.12 30142.08
3 Railing 767.5 6907.5
4 Surface 562.5 5062.5
5 Live Loads
6 MaxP 1224.34 5905.965
7 MaxML 1224.34 11811.93
8 MaxMT 612.17 6776.475
9 Ped 284.48 2560.32
10 Pier
11 Pier cap 1312.5 11812.5
12 Pier stem (rect.)2475 0
13 Pier stem(circular)
1079.922 9719.302
14 Pile cap 20250 182250
15 Others
16 Bouyancy -1664.35 14979.151
17 WaterCurrent 1701.585 2552.3778
18 Braking 221.6 3561.555
19 Temperature 232.1846 2971.9631
20 Siesmic
21 Case 1 1183.704 5864.202 41102.629
22 Case 2 3945.68 1759.261 44645.908
Check Transverse UNFACTORED

P HT OverT ResistM
1 Slab / Cross G
2782.36 25041.24
2 Girder 3349.12 30142.08
3 Railing 767.5 6907.5
4 Surface 562.5 5062.5
5 Live Loads
6 MaxP 1224.34 11811.93
7 MaxML 1224.34 11811.93
8 MaxMT 612.17 5905.965
9 Ped 284.48 0
10 Pier
11 Pier cap 1312.5 11812.5
12 Pier stem (rect.)2475 22275
1079.922 9719.302
14 Pile cap 20250 182250
15 Others 0
16 Bouyancy -1664.35 14979.151
17 WaterCurrent 0 1167.491 1751.236
18 Braking
19 Temperature 0
20 Siesmic 0
21 Case 1 1183.704 17755.56 104620.19
22 Case 2 3945.68 5326.668 63701.176
Loads due to the 22 different cases
PZ HL HT MomR MomoT MomR/MOmoT

Case 1 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 2 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 3 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 4 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 5 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 6 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 7 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 8 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 9 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 10 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 11 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 12 18937.91 1167.491 6892.836 5.903976 133914.7 12569.51 10.65393077
Case 13 19772.87 13691.8 7196.735 0.525624 133914.7 105424.5 1.270242687
Case 14 21721.09 4924.784 7905.831 1.605315 133914.7 56888.52 2.353984738
Basic Bearing Pressure Of Pier
1.0 Unfactored Reactions from spans Lever Arm ( with repsect to center )
Dead load(KN) Left Right L_Arm_LL L_Arm_LR L_Arms_TMomL MomT

Slab / Cross G 1391.18 1391.18 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Girder 1674.56 1674.56 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Railing 383.75 383.75 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Surface 281.25 281.25 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Live Loads
Veh 1 173.94 438.23 -1.5 1.5 1 396.435 612.17
Veh 2 347.88 876.46 -1.5 1.5 0 792.87 0
Veh 3 903.53 0 -1.5 1.5 0 -1355.29 0
Veh 4 215.6925 761.0425 -1.5 1.5 0.3 818.025 293.0205
Veh 5 908.155 66.6675 -1.5 1.5 0.3 -1262.23 292.4468
Veh 6 316.93375 389.2963 -1.5 1.5 0.3 108.5438 211.869
Veh 7 686.2625 0 -1.5 1.5 0.3 -1029.39 205.8787
Veh 8 309.5 408.5 -1.5 1.5 0.3 148.5 215.4
Veh 9 706 0 -1.5 1.5 0.3 -1059 211.8
Veh 10 -1.5 1.5 0.3 0 0
Veh 11 -1.5 1.5 0.3 0 0
Veh 12 -1.5 1.5 0.3 0 0
Ped 142.24 142.24 -1.5 1.5 1 0 284.48
MaxP 347.88 876.46 -1.5 1.5 792.87 0

MaxML 215.6925 761.0425 -1.5 1.5 818.025 293.0205
MaxMT 173.94 438.23 -1.5 1.5 396.435 612.17
2.0 Total Load of Pier

No. of girder= 4 Ht of girder = 2
bearing= 0.072
Pier cap 1837.5 0 0 0 0
Pier stem (rect.) 2475 0 0 0 0
Pier stem(circular)
1079.92247 0 0 0 0
FdnPad 20250 0 0 0 0

Height of pier at HFL from Stem Base = 10.3 m
Submersed volume of pier = 166.435 m3
Reduction in weight of pier = 1664.35 KN
MomT MomL
0 0
Velocity of water =12.6913 m/s from hydrology
Pt = 55.2789136 KN/m2 Pl= 125.6339
Height of HFL frm pier base= 8.8 m
Width at HFL= 1.6 m or 7m
1. Current parallel to pier (trans.) 55.27891 778.3271 1167.491
b.Trans. 51.94519 731.3882 482.7162

Wt. of the class A = 554 KN
Point of application of load = 1.2 m above deck
Height of deck including bearing = 2.072 m
LA = 16.672 m
Moment about base of pier = 3694.515 KNm

Length= 40 m
No of bearing = 4

LA = 13.4 m 9153.411 KNm
6.0 Seismic Forces
Long Trans Vertical Ht ML MT
SuperS DL 1343.0664 4029.199 895.3776 14.472 19436.86 58310.57
SuperS LL 0 162.9526 36.21168 16.672 0 2716.745
Pier Cap 236.25 708.75 157.5 12.35 2917.688 8753.063
Pier Stem 639.886045 1919.658 426.5907 6.9 4415.214 13245.64
Pier Foundation 3645 10935 2430 1.25 4556.25 13668.75
5864.20245 17755.56 3945.68 31326.01 96694.77

Longitudinal 5864.202 31326.01
Transverse 17755.56 96694.77
Vertical Up / Down 3945.68 0 0
Seismic cases
rl + 0.3rt + 0.3rv 1183.704 5864.202 5326.668 31326.01 29008.43
rl + 0.3rt - 0.3rv -1183.704 5864.202 5326.668 31326.01 29008.43
0.3 rl + rt +0.3rv 1183.704 1759.261 17755.56 9397.802 96694.77
0.3 rl + rt -0.3rv -1183.704 1759.261 17755.56 9397.802 96694.77
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt + rv 3945.68 1759.261 5326.668 9397.802 29008.43
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt - rv -3945.68 1759.261 5326.668 9397.802 29008.43
Frinction coefficient = 0.36397 30 degree
Summary
Load P HL HT ML MT
1 Slab / Cross G 2782.36 0 0 0 0
2 Girder 3349.12 0 0 0 0
3 Railing 767.5 0 0 0 0
4 Surface 562.5 0 0 0 0
5 Live Loads 0 0 0 0 0
6 MaxP 1224.34 0 0 396.435 1499.817
7 MaxML 976.735 0 0 792.87 857.038
8 MaxMT 612.17 0 0 -1355.29 632.471
9 Ped 284.48 0 0 0 696.976
10 Pier 0 0 0 0 0
11 Pier cap 1312.5 0 0 0 0
12 Pier stem (rect.) 2475 0 0 0 0
1079.922 0 0 0 0
14 FdnPad 0 0 0 0 0
15 Others 0 0 0 0 0
16 Bouyancy -1664.35 0 0 0 0
17 WaterCurrent 0 0 0 0 0
18 TransV 0 0 1423.432 0 7330.675
19 Oblique 0 1363.159 239.5321 7020.268 1233.59
20 Braking 0 221.6 0 3007.555 0
21 Temperature 0 255.8769 0 2635.532 0
22 Siesmic Cases
Case 1 454.704 2219.202 2046.168 20345.04 18974.01
Case 2 -454.704 2219.202 2046.168 20345.04 18974.01
Case 3 454.704 665.7607 6820.56 6103.511 63246.7
Case 4 -454.704 665.7607 6820.56 6103.511 63246.7
Case 5 1515.68 665.7607 2046.168 6103.511 18974.01
Case 6 -1515.68 665.7607 2046.168 6103.511 18974.01
Basic Bearing Pressure of Pier

Load Cases Load(KN) in direction Moment(KNm) in direction
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 12173.3724 221.6 1423.432 3403.99 9527.467
Case 2 12173.3724 1584.759 239.5321 10424.26 3430.383
Case 3 11925.7674 221.6 1423.432 3800.425 8884.689
Case 4 11925.7674 1584.759 239.5321 10820.69 2787.604
Case 5 11561.2024 221.6 1423.432 1652.26 8660.122
Case 6 11561.2024 1584.759 239.5321 8672.528 2563.037
Case 7 12173.3724 1619.036 239.5321 10052.24 3430.383
Case 8 12173.3724 255.8769 1423.432 3031.967 9527.467
Case 9 11925.7674 1619.036 239.5321 10448.67 2787.604
Case 10 11925.7674 255.8769 1423.432 3428.402 8884.689
Case 11 11561.2024 1619.036 239.5321 8300.505 2563.037
Case 12 11561.2024 255.8769 1423.432 1280.237 8660.122
Case 13 11119.2564 2475.079 3469.6 22980.57 26304.69
Case 14 11119.2564 3838.238 2285.7 30000.84 20207.6
Case 15 10209.8484 2475.079 3469.6 22980.57 26304.69
Case 16 10209.8484 3838.238 2285.7 30000.84 20207.6
Case 17 11119.2564 921.6377 8243.992 8739.043 70577.38
Case 18 11119.2564 2284.796 7060.092 15759.31 64480.29
Case 19 10209.8484 921.6377 8243.992 8739.043 70577.38
Case 20 10209.8484 2284.796 7060.092 15759.31 64480.29
Case 21 12180.2324 921.6377 3469.6 8739.043 26304.69
Case 22 12180.2324 2284.796 2285.7 15759.31 20207.6
Case 23 9148.87243 921.6377 3469.6 8739.043 26304.69
Case 24 9148.87243 2284.796 2285.7 15759.31 20207.6
DESIGN OF PIER CAP
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 14333.1 562.689231 0 7477.9644 3295.189
Case 2 0 0 0 0 0
Case 3 13961.7 562.689231 0 8072.6169 2331.021
Case 4 0 0 0 0 0
Case 5 13414.85 562.689231 0 4850.3694 1994.17
Case 6 0 0 0 0 0
Case 7 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 8 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 9 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 10 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 11 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 12 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 13 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 14 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 15 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 16 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 17 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Case 18 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
For pier cap

For pier cap design load comb sall be useb by taking dead load live load baking and temp
Load Load Combination and its self weight
Basic Seismic
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
Girder 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
Railing 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
Surface 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
Live Loads 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
a. MaxP 1.5 0
b. MaxML 1.5 0
c. MaxMT 1.5 0
Ped 1.5 1.5 1.5
Pier cap 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
Braking 1.5 1.5 1.5 0
Temperature 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5
Load Cases in direction Moment in direction
Vertical Longitudonal Transverse LongitudonalTransverse
Case 1 14333.1 562.689231 0 7477.9644 3295.189
Case 2 13961.7 562.689231 0 8072.6169 2331.021
Case 3 13414.85 562.689231 0 4850.3694 1994.17
Case 4 12069.87 127.938462 0 1317.7662 0
Grade = M25 b= 3.5 m
fck = 25 N/mm2 D= 1.5 m
Mu = 8072.617 KNm d= 2.0375 m
Mulim = 0.133fck*bd^2
= 2.62E+10 Nmm
= 26184.38 KNm
Primary Reinforcement
Mu/bd^2 1.025094 fy = 500
from SP16 Table 13 pg 49
% of steel = 0.07
Astreqd = 3675 mm2
dia of bar = 16 mm
no. of bar = 45
Ast prov = 9047.787 mm2
provided %steel = 0.1723388 %
Distribution Reinforcement
Astreqd = 25% of primary 2261.94671 mm2
dia of bar = 1500% mm
no. of bar = 35
Ast prov = 6185.011 mm2
Tempreture reinforcement
= 6300 mm2
dia of bar = 20 mm
no. of bar = 45
Ast prov = 14137.17 mm2
Shear reinforcement
Ʈbd =Vu/(bd) 2.00990051 N/mm2
Ʈuc 0.29 N/mm2 from is456, T19 for % of steel prov=0.123% and M25
Ʈc,max 3 N/mm2 for M25
Since Ʈuc < Ʈbd < Ʈc, max, shear reinforcement is required.
dia = 20 Legged = 4
Asv = 1256.637
spacimg reqd 75.37127
=
Provide 20 mm 4 legged vertical stirrup@80mm as shear reinforcement
Different load cases combined with different factor of safety(rare,frequent and quasi permanent)
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 9736.385 1553.121 1441.216 14255.72 14616.3
Case 2 9463.562 255.8769 213.5148 1676.672 3231.889
Case 3 9408.695 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 14680.8
Case 4 9135.872 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3296.394
Case 5 9124.215 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 13983.82
Case 6 8851.392 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2599.418
Case 7 9437.099 2440.802 2259.683 22732.56 22047.78
Case 8 8982.395 255.8769 213.5148 2015.496 3073.771
Case 9 9191.331 2440.802 2259.683 23749.03 22096.16
Case 10 8736.627 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3122.15
Case 11 8523.267 221.6 213.5148 3403.99 2599.418
Case 12 8977.971 2475.079 2259.683 23377 21573.43
Case 13 9583.342 1553.121 1441.216 14594.54 14458.18
Case 14 9310.52 255.8769 213.5148 2015.496 3073.771
Case 15 9337.575 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 14506.56
Case 16 9064.752 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3122.15
Case 17 9124.215 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 13983.82
Case 18 8851.392 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2599.418
Case 19 8151.178 1331.201 1236.599 13305.45 12212.92
Case 20 7923.826 255.8769 213.5148 2760.908 2725.912
Case 21 8085.64 1331.201 1236.599 13576.51 12225.82
Case 22 7858.288 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2738.813
Case 23 7801.392 221.6 213.5148 3403.99 2599.418
Case 24 8028.744 1365.478 1236.599 13204.49 12086.42
Case 25 7766.244 1109.601 1023.084 10568.95 10986.82
1.0 Unfactored Reactions from spans Lever Arm ( with repsect to center )
Dead load(KN)
Left Right L_Arm_LLL_Arm_LR L_Arms_TMomL MomT
Slab / Cross G
1391.18 1391.18 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Girder 1674.56 1674.56 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Railing 383.75 383.75 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Surface 281.25 281.25 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Live Loads
Veh 1 173.94 438.23 -1.5 1.5 2.45 396.435 1499.8
Veh 2 347.88 876.46 -1.5 1.5 0.7 792.87 857.04
Veh 3 903.53 0 -1.5 1.5 0.7 -1355.29 632.47
Veh 4 215.6925 761.0425 -1.5 1.5 1.155 818.025 1128.1
Veh 5 908.155 66.6675 -1.5 1.5 1.155 -1262.23 1125.9
Veh 6 316.9337 389.29625 -1.5 1.5 1.09 108.5438 769.79
Veh 7 686.2625 0 -1.5 1.5 1.09 -1029.39 748.03
Veh 8 309.5 408.5 -1.5 1.5 1.09 148.5 782.62
Veh 9 706 0 -1.5 1.5 1.09 -1059 769.54
Veh 10 0 0 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Veh 11 0 0 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Veh 12 0 0 -1.5 1.5 0 0 0
Ped 142.24 142.24 -1.5 1.5 2.45 0 696.98
MaxP 347.88 876.46 -1.5 1.5 792.87 857.04
MaxML 215.6925 761.0425 -1.5 1.5 818.025 1128.1
MaxMT 173.94 438.23 -1.5 1.5 396.435 1499.8
2.0 Total Load of Pier

No. of girder= 4 Ht of girder = 2
Bearing= 0.072
Pier cap 1312.5 0 0 0 0
Pier stem (rect.) 2475 0 0 0 0
Pier stem(circular) 1079.922475 0 0 0 0

Height of pier at HFL from Stem Base = 10.3 m
Submersed volume of pier = 166.435 m3
Reduction in weight of pier = 1664.35 KN

Velocity of water = 12.6913 m/s from hydrology
P= 55.27891 KN/m2
Height of HFL frm pier base= 10.3 m
Width at HFL= 2.5 m or 7m
1. Current parallel to pier (trans.) 55.278914 1423.432 7330.675 0
b.Trans. 9.3022183 239.5321 1233.59

Wt. of the class A = 554 KN Class A
Point of application of load = 1.2 m above deck
Height of deck including bearing = 2.072 m
LA = 13.572 m or 10.3
Moment about base of pier = 3007.555 KNm

Length= 40 m
No of bearing = 6

LA = 10.3 m 2635.5 KNm
6.0 Seismic Forces
Long Trans Vertical ht ML MT

SuperS DL 1343.0664 4029.199 895.3776 11.372 15273.35 45820
SuperS LL 0 162.9526 36.21168 13.572 0 2211.6
Pier Cap 236.25 708.75 157.5 9.55 2256.188 6768.6
Pier Stem 639.8860454 1919.658 426.5907 4.4 2815.499 8446.5
2219.202445 6820.56 1515.68 20345.04 63247

Longitudinal 0 2219.2024 20345.04
Transverse 0 6820.56 63247
Vertical Up / Down 1515.68 0 0
Seismic cases
rl + 0.3rt + 0.3rv 454.70399 2219.202 2046.168 20345 18974.01
rl + 0.3rt - 0.3rv -454.704 2219.202 2046.168 20345 18974.01
0.3 rl + rt +0.3rv 454.70399 665.7607 6820.56 6103.5 63246.7
0.3 rl + rt -0.3rv -454.704 665.7607 6820.56 6103.5 63246.7
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt + rv 1515.68 665.7607 2046.168 6103.5 18974.01
0.3 rl + 0.3 rt - rv -1515.68 665.7607 2046.168 6103.5 18974.01
Friction coefficient= 0.3639702 30 degree
Summary
Load P HL HT ML MT
1 Slab / Cross G 2782.36 0 0
2 Girder 3349.12 0 0
3 Railing 767.5 0 0
4 Surface 562.5 0 0
5 Live Loads
6 MaxP 1224.34 396.435 1499.8
7 MaxML 976.735 792.87 857.04
8 MaxMT 612.17 -1355.29 632.47
18 Ped 284.48 0 696.98
pier
19 Pier cap 1312.5 0 0
20 Pier stem (rect.) 2475 0 0
21 Pier stem(circular)1079.922 0 0
Others
22 Bouyancy -1664.35 0 0
WaterCurrent
23 TransV 1423.432 7330.7
24 Oblique 1363.1588 239.5321 7020.268 1233.6
25 Braking 221.6 3007.555
26 Temperature 255.87692 2635.532
Siesmic
27 Case 1 454.704 2219.2024 2046.168 20345.04 18974
28 Case 2 -454.704 2219.2024 2046.168 20345.04 18974
29 Case 3 454.704 665.76073 6820.56 6103.511 63247
30 Case 4 -454.704 665.76073 6820.56 6103.511 63247
31 Case 5 1515.68 665.76073 2046.168 6103.511 18974
32 Case 6 -1515.68 665.76073 2046.168 6103.511 18974
ultimate factor stem
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 18882.6 562.6892 1423.432 7477.964 10625.86
Case 2 18882.6 1925.848 239.5321 14498.23 4528.779
Case 3 18511.19 562.6892 1423.432 8072.617 9661.696
Case 4 18511.19 1925.848 239.5321 15092.88 3564.611
Case 5 17964.34 562.6892 1423.432 4850.369 9324.845
Case 6 17964.34 1925.848 239.5321 11870.64 3227.761
Case 7 15886.72 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.69
Case 8 15886.72 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.61
Case 9 14522.61 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.69
Case 10 14522.61 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.61
Case 11 15886.72 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102200.7
Case 12 15886.72 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.65
Case 13 14522.61 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102200.7
Case 14 14522.61 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.65
Case 15 17478.19 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.69
Case 16 17478.19 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.61
Case 17 12931.15 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.69
Case 18 12931.15 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.61
Serviciality factor stem
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 9736.385 1553.121 1441.216 14255.72 14616.3
Case 2 9463.562 255.8769 213.5148 1676.672 3231.889
Case 3 9408.695 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 14680.8
Case 4 9135.872 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3296.394
Case 5 9124.215 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 13983.82
Case 6 8851.392 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2599.418
Case 7 9437.099 2440.802 2259.683 22732.56 22047.78
Case 8 8982.395 255.8769 213.5148 2015.496 3073.771
Case 9 9191.331 2440.802 2259.683 23749.03 22096.16
Case 10 8736.627 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3122.15
Case 11 8523.267 221.6 213.5148 3403.99 2599.418
Case 12 8977.971 2475.079 2259.683 23377 21573.43
Case 13 9583.342 1553.121 1441.216 14594.54 14458.18
Case 14 9310.52 255.8769 213.5148 2015.496 3073.771
Case 15 9337.575 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 14506.56
Case 16 9064.752 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3122.15
Case 17 9124.215 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 13983.82
Case 18 8851.392 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2599.418
Case 19 8151.178 1331.201 1236.599 13305.45 12212.92
Case 20 7923.826 255.8769 213.5148 2760.908 2725.912
Case 21 8085.64 1331.201 1236.599 13576.51 12225.82
Case 22 7858.288 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2738.813
Case 23 7801.392 221.6 213.5148 3403.99 2599.418
Case 24 8028.744 1365.478 1236.599 13204.49 12086.42
Case 25 7766.244 1109.601 1023.084 10568.95 10986.82
PM Interaction Diagram
Conc M 30 MPa Fcd = 13.4 MPa Ecu2 0.0035 7/7
Reinf Fe 500 MPa Fyd = 434.7826 MPa Ec2 0.002 4/7
Width / Dia = 2500 mm
Cover to bar cg = 50 mm
Dia of bar = 32 mm
No of bars = 40 Nos
Ac = 16158739 mm 2
As = 32169.91 mm2
PM Values at base
Longitudinal Transverse
No. M P M P ShearC
1 -5.4E-12 192953.3 -1.7E-11 192953.3 0
2 2277.498 191653.5 4531.454 191779 0
3 5577.472 188121.6 12237.23 188626.4 0
4 10410.09 182798.7 23840.39 183726.3 0
5 16778.58 175682.8 39403.09 177107.7 0
6 34136.91 156105 82469.59 158765.9 0
7 56353.07 120108.2 143658.9 121736.9 17415.8
8 64178.69 94944.19 162591.6 96396.92 17415.8
9 62774.85 66048.99 158771.9 65399.27 17415.8
10 56895.77 49913.94 141747.5 47535.61 17415.8
11 51390.7 39588.69 124849.1 35865.83 14597.5
12 46768.4 32546.62 110327.5 27718.37 13821.8
13 38253.13 21491.39 83270.46 15026.75 12613.6
14 32774.71 15371.96 65600.39 7852.491 11930.7
15 26361.07 8804.667 45517.09 471.0396 11228
250000.0
200000.0
150000.0
P(KN)
100000.0
50000.0
0.0
-10000 0 10000 20000 M(KNm)
30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
Longitudinal pm diagram
250000.0
200000.0
150000.0
P(KN)
100000.0
50000.0
0.0
-50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000
M(KNm)
Transverse PM Interaction Diagram
Load CasesLoad(KN) in direction Moment(KNM) in direction

Vertical LongitudinalTransverseLongitudinal
Transverse
Case 1 18882.6 562.6892 1423.432 7477.964 10625.9
Case 2 18882.6 1925.848 239.5321 14498.23 4528.78
Case 3 18511.19 562.6892 1423.432 8072.617 9661.7
Case 4 18511.19 1925.848 239.5321 15092.88 3564.61
Case 5 17964.34 562.6892 1423.432 4850.369 9324.85
Case 6 17964.34 1925.848 239.5321 11870.64 3227.76
Case 7 15886.72 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.7
Case 8 15886.72 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.6
Case 9 14522.61 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.7
Case 10 14522.61 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.6
Case 11 15886.72 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102201
Case 12 15886.72 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.6
Case 13 14522.61 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102201
Case 14 14522.61 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.6
Case 15 17478.19 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.7
Case 16 17478.19 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.6
Case 17 12931.15 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.7
Case 18 12931.15 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.6
Load CasesCapacities Load CasesMoment(KNM) in direction

Capacities ratio
Mrd,L Mrd,T Longitudinal
TransverseMrd,L Mrd,T
Case 1 35917.6 91490.67 Case 1 3446.163 4972.76 24842.4 61615.8 0.025756961
Case 2 35917.6 91490.67 Case 2 5343.469 3242.57 24842.4 61615.8 0.049035141
Case 3 35585.1 90698.88 Case 3 3121.581 4181.17 24432.1 60622.9 0.021080878
Case 4 35585.1 90698.88 Case 4 5018.887 2450.98 24432.1 60622.9 0.043832568
Case 5 35095.54 89533.06 Case 5 1934.621 3982.58 24194.6 59998.1 0.01079984
Case 6 35095.54 89533.06 Case 6 3831.926 2252.38 24194.6 59998.1 0.026493387
Case 7 33235.55 85103.83 Case 7 15430.89 16142.6 22975.9 57028.8 0.53118395
Case 8 33235.55 85103.83 Case 8 17328.19 14412.4 22975.9 57028.8 0.632668361
Case 9 31945.23 82028.78 Case 9 15430.89 16142.6 21962.2 54592.1 0.581097414
Case 10 31945.23 82028.78 Case 10 17328.19 14412.4 21962.2 54592.1 0.692218492
Case 11 33235.55 85103.83 Case 11 4932.268 48954.7 22975.9 57028.8 0.782969921
Case 12 33235.55 85103.83 Case 12 6829.573 47224.5 22975.9 57028.8 0.774076403
Case 13 31945.23 82028.78 Case 13 4932.268 48954.7 21962.2 54592.1 0.8545718
Case 14 31945.23 82028.78 Case 14 6829.573 47224.5 21962.2 54592.1 0.845001298
Case 15 34660.31 88496.64 Case 15 4932.268 16142.6 24146.5 59871.6 0.11441896
Case 16 34660.31 88496.64 Case 16 6829.573 14412.4 24146.5 59871.6 0.137944954
Case 17 30391 78109.03 Case 17 4932.268 16142.6 20779.5 51749.3 0.153646319
Case 18 30391 78109.03 Case 18 6829.573 14412.4 20779.5 51749.3 0.185587598
IRC 112 cl.8.3.2

Normal PM Check ( based on Ultimate Strength
(N)Ed/(N)Rd
) 0.1 0.7 1 (for rectangular
Alpha 1 1.5 2
Stem TypeC R or C Alpha= 2 (For circular and elliptical Section)
P capacity max
192953.3 KN Ac x Fck = 216527.1 KN
Over Strength factor 1.35
Moment and Shear Capacity Reqiured at BASE

P HL HT ML MT
18882.6 5510.659 10396.67 48493.8 91490.67
18882.6 5510.659 10396.67 48493.8 91490.67
18511.19 5459.407 10306.69 48042.79 90698.88
18511.19 5459.407 10306.69 48042.79 90698.88
17964.34 5384.069 10174.21 47379.81 89533.06
17964.34 5384.069 10174.21 47379.81 89533.06
15886.72 5098.635 9670.889 44867.99 85103.83
15886.72 5098.635 9670.889 44867.99 85103.83
14522.61 4900.689 9321.452 43126.06 82028.78
14522.61 4900.689 9321.452 43126.06 82028.78
15886.72 5098.635 9670.889 44867.99 85103.83
15886.72 5098.635 9670.889 44867.99 85103.83
14522.61 4900.689 9321.452 43126.06 82028.78
14522.61 4900.689 18642.9 43126.06 164057.6
17478.19 5317.212 30169.31 46791.46 265489.9
17478.19 5317.212 40225.75 46791.46 353986.6
12931.15 4662.256 44380.13 41027.85 390545.2
12931.15 4662.256 53256.16 41027.85 468654.2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
PM Interaction Diagram ( same as that of base of the Pier stem )
Conc M 30 Mpa Fcd = 13.4 Mpa
Reinf Fe 500 Mpa Fyd = 434.7826 Mpa
Ecu2 = 0.0035
Width / Dia = 2500 Ec2 = 0.002
The PM values are same as of Pier Stem Base
M P ShearC M P ShearC
1 -5.4E-12 192953.3 -1.7E-11 192953.3 0
2 2277.498 191653.5 4531.454 191779 0
3 5577.472 188121.6 12237.23 188626.4 0
4 10410.09 182798.7 23840.39 183726.3 0
5 16778.58 175682.8 39403.09 177107.7 0
6 34136.91 156105 82469.59 158765.9 0
7 56353.07 120108.2 143658.9 121736.9 13829.05
8 64178.69 94944.19 162591.6 96396.92 13829.05
9 62774.85 66048.99 158771.9 65399.27 13829.05
10 56895.77 49913.94 141747.5 47535.61 13829.05
11 51390.7 39588.69 124849.1 35865.83 11171.84
12 46768.4 32546.62 110327.5 27718.37 10268.47
13 38253.13 21491.39 83270.46 15026.75 8866.588
14 32774.71 15371.96 65600.39 7852.491 8061.585
15 26361.07 8804.667 45517.09 471.0396 7182.768
250,000.0 250,000.0
200,000.0 200,000.0
150,000.0 150,000.0
100,000.0 100,000.0
50,000.0 50,000.0
0.0 0.0
-20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 -50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000
Total H= 8.8 Weight of pier at 7.8 m from top

Forces at 1 from bottom area 16.15874
Volume= 16.15874
Weight 387.8097 KN
Reduced OS Forces Required at the heigth Capacity of the section

Vertical Longitudinal
TransverseML MT MoXL MoXT
Case 1 18359.05 4884.448 9215.228 42983.14 81094.01 35448.9 90374.54
Case 2 18359.05 4884.448 9215.228 42983.14 81094.01 35448.9 90374.54
Case 3 17987.65 4839.02 9135.476 42583.38 80392.18 35116.4 89582.743
Case 4 17987.65 4839.02 9135.476 42583.38 80392.18 35116.4 89582.743
Case 5 17440.8 4772.243 9018.051 41995.74 79358.85 34626.83 88416.928
Case 6 17440.8 4772.243 9018.051 41995.74 79358.85 34626.83 88416.928
Case 7 15363.18 4519.245 8571.925 39769.36 75432.94 32766.13 83987.693
Case 8 15363.18 4519.245 8571.925 39769.36 75432.94 32766.13 83987.693
Case 9 13999.07 4343.792 8262.196 38225.37 72707.33 31433.94 80739.302
Case 10 13999.07 4343.792 8262.196 38225.37 72707.33 31433.94 80739.302
Case 11 15363.18 4519.245 8571.925 39769.36 75432.94 32766.13 83987.693
Case 12 15363.18 4519.245 8571.925 39769.36 75432.94 32766.13 83987.693
Case 13 13999.07 4343.792 8262.196 38225.37 72707.33 31433.94 80739.302
Case 14 13999.07 4343.792 16524.39 38225.37 145414.7 31433.94 80739.302
Case 15 16954.65 4712.983 26740.98 41474.25 235320.6 34191.61 87380.508
Case 16 16954.65 4712.983 35654.64 41474.25 313760.8 34191.61 87380.508
Case 17 12407.61 4132.454 39336.94 36365.6 346165 29879.71 76819.555
Case 18 12407.61 4132.454 47204.32 36365.6 415398 29879.71 76819.555
Capacity Momentcheck at the height of 1m
Stem TypeC R or C from bottom
Nrd= 192953.3
Ned/Nrd Alpha ratio

0.095148 2 2.275414
0.095148 2 2.275414
0.093223 2 2.275823
0.093223 2 2.275823
0.090389 2 2.276507
0.090389 2 2.276507
0.079621 2 2.27981
0.079621 2 2.27981
0.072552 2 2.289724
0.072552 2 2.289724
0.079621 2 2.27981
0.079621 2 2.27981
0.072552 2 2.289724
0.072552 2 4.72253
0.087869 2 8.723909
0.087869 2 14.36478
0.064304 2 21.78718
0.064304 2 30.72179
Ductile Detailing for Pastic Hinge Zone

fcd= 13.4 Fyd = 434.7826
RhoL= 0.001991
Ac= 16158739
Acc= 15323893 Limiting Ned = 13857.73 KN
Area = 16.158739
Wwd= 0.12 Load F= 1.35
( Max = 0.12 )
Total D = 8.8 m
dia(mm) = 16 mm At h = 1 m frm bottom and 7.8 m from top
Asw = 804.2477
Asp= 402.1239 2
Ned at from Top Ned Ned/AcFck
width = 2500 mm 4.75 4.05 16292.15 0.075243
cover= 150 mm 4.5 4.3 16428.49 0.0758727
b= 2200 mm 4.25 4.55 16564.83 0.0765023
4 4.8 16701.17 0.077132
circular Rectangular 3.75 5.05 16837.51 0.0777617
SL = 75 0 mm 3.5 5.3 16973.84 0.0783913
Rhow= 0.071489 3.25 5.55 17110.18 0.079021
Wwd = 2.319555 3 5.8 17246.52 0.0796506
2.75 6.05 17382.86 0.0802803
for 0.064 2.5 6.3 17519.2 0.08091
Height = 0m 2.25 6.55 17655.54 0.0815396
from bottom 2 6.8 17791.88 0.0821693
1.75 7.05 17928.22 0.082799
1.5 7.3 18064.56 0.0834286
So spacing of the hoops = 98.84467 1.25 7.55 18200.9 0.0840583
1 7.8 18337.24 0.084688
0.75 8.05 18473.58 0.0853176
0.5 8.3 18609.92 0.0859473
0.25 8.55 18746.26 0.086577
Check for Foundation Bearing Pressure
e b/6 3
0 PZ HL HT ML MT echeck_L
echeck_Talong_L along_T
Case 1 12173 221.6 1423.4 3404 9527.5 0.2796 0.0233 ok ok
Case 2 12173 1585 239.53 10424 3430.4 0.8563 0.462 ok ok
Case 3 11926 221.6 1423.4 3800.4 8884.7 0.3187 0.0249 ok ok
Case 4 11926 1585 239.53 10821 2787.6 0.9073 0.5685 ok ok
Case 5 11561 221.6 1423.4 1652.3 8660.1 0.1429 0.0256 ok ok
Case 6 11561 1585 239.53 8672.5 2563 0.7501 0.6183 ok ok
Case 7 12173 1619 239.53 10052 3430.4 0.8258 0.472 ok ok
Case 8 12173 255.9 1423.4 3032 9527.5 0.2491 0.0269 ok ok
Case 9 11926 1619 239.53 10449 2787.6 0.8761 0.5808 ok ok
Case 10 11926 255.9 1423.4 3428.4 8884.7 0.2875 0.0288 ok ok
Case 11 11561 1619 239.53 8300.5 2563 0.718 0.6317 ok ok
Case 12 11561 255.9 1423.4 1280.2 8660.1 0.1107 0.0295 ok ok
Case 13 11119 2475 3469.6 22981 26305 2.0667 0.0941 ok ok
Case 14 11119 3838 2285.7 30001 20208 2.6981 0.1899 ok ok
Case 15 10210 2475 3469.6 22981 26305 2.2508 0.0941 ok ok
Case 16 10210 3838 2285.7 30001 20208 2.9384 0.1899 ok ok
Case 17 11119 921.6 8244 8739 70577 0.7859 0.0131 ok ok
Case 18 11119 2285 7060.1 15759 64480 1.4173 0.0354 ok ok
Case 19 10210 921.6 8244 8739 70577 0.8559 0.0131 ok ok
Case 20 10210 2285 7060.1 15759 64480 1.5435 0.0354 ok ok
Case 21 12180 921.6 3469.6 8739 26305 0.7175 0.035 ok ok
Case 22 12180 2285 2285.7 15759 20208 1.2938 0.1131 ok ok
Case 23 9148.9 921.6 3469.6 8739 26305 0.9552 0.035 ok ok
Case 24 9148.9 2285 2285.7 15759 20208 1.7225 0.1131 ok ok
minimummaximumminimummaximumallowable bearing pressure

Case 1 -3349.1 3459 -9886.6 9893 330 check
Case 2 -10369 10479 -3557.6 3564 ok ok
Case 3 -3746.6 3854 -9219.4 9225.7 ok ok
Case 4 -10767 10875 -2890.5 2896.8 ok ok
Case 5 -1600.1 1704 -8986.4 8992.5 ok ok
Case 6 -8620.4 8725 -2657.5 2663.6 ok ok
Case 7 -9997.3 10107 -3557.6 3564 495 ok ok
Case 8 -2977 3087 -9886.6 9893 ok ok
Case 9 -10395 10502 -2890.5 2896.8 ok ok
Case 10 -3374.6 3482 -9219.4 9225.7 ok ok
Case 11 -8248.3 8353 -2657.5 2663.6 ok ok
Case 12 -1228.1 1332 -8986.4 8992.5 ok ok
Case 13 -22930 23031 -27302 27308 ok ok
Case 14 -29951 30051 -20973 20979 ok ok
Case 15 -22934 23027 -27302 27308 ok ok
Case 16 -29955 30047 -20973 20979 ok ok
Case 17 -8688.9 8789 -73259 73264 ok ok
Case 18 -15709 15809 -66930 66935 ok ok
Case 19 -8693 8785 -73259 73264 495 ok ok
Case 20 -15713 15805 -66930 66935 ok ok
Case 21 -8684.1 8794 -27302 27308 ok ok
Case 22 -15704 15814 -20973 20979 ok ok
Case 23 -8697.8 8780 -27303 27307 ok ok
Case 24 -15718 15801 -20974 20979 ok ok
-15718 15801 -20974 20979 ok ok
Check for foundation stability
Grade of concrete= M25 Characteristic strength(fck)= 30 N/mm2
Reinforcement= Fe500 Yield stress of steel(fy)= 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2010:
Concrete (cement-Reinforced) 25 kN/m3
Backfill 20 kN/m3
0 PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 14333.1 562.6892 0 7477.964 3295.2
Case 2 0 0 0 0 0
Case 3 13961.7 562.6892 0 8072.617 2331
Case 4 0 0 0 0 0
Case 5 13414.85 562.6892 0 4850.369 1994.2
Case 6 0 0 0 0 0
Case 7 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 8 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 9 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 10 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 11 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 12 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 13 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 14 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 15 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 16 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 17 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
Case 18 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0
DESiGN OF Footing
Moment = 8072.6
Fe= 500
Fck= 30
Design BM=8072.617 0.416Xu=379.7036 mm

Xu= 912.8148 0.446fck= 13.38 N/mm2
M= 30 clear cover= 75
D= 2500 cover eff= 112.5 mm
B1= 0.80952 d= 2387.5 mm
B2= 0.41597 bw= 1000 mm
cg from steel
2007.796
level=mm
C= 9887.041 KN Mu,lim= 19851.17 KNm -11779
Main Reinforcement
Fyd= 434.7826
Ast= 22740.2 35 mm area= 962.1128
Required 35 mm dia= 962.1128 42.3089 Spacing

Provide 35 mm dia= 30 mm C/c
Steel provide= 32070.43

20 % of main reinforcement= 6414.085

using 20 mm bar; 314.1593 spacing 48.98
provided 24 mm bar; spacing 45
Ast Provided 6981.317
Tensile Steel as per Code
1.Min Area of steel required

0.26 Fctm= 2.500618
Fyk = 500
0.26*Fctm/Fyk= 0.0013
Minimum AS.min= 0.0013
Minimum area of steel=3104.517 mm2
2. Maximum area of steel =
Ac= 2500000 mm2

Max. area of
0.025
steel=
Ac = 62500 mm2
Area = 324
Longitudinal
Transverse
MOI 8748 8748
Z 243 243
For Shear Force

0 PZ HL HT ML MT stress min strss max stress minstrss max
Case 1 14333.1 562.6892 0 7477.964 3295.2 13.46446 15.29714 30.678 57.7984
Case 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Case 3 13961.7 562.6892 0 8072.617 2331 9.871007 11.32937 33.499 52.6843
Case 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Case 5 13414.85 562.6892 0 4850.369 1994.2 21.44348 9.943158 33.197 49.6103
Case 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Case 7 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 8 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 9 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 10 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 11 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 12 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 13 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 14 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 15 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 16 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 17 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
Case 18 12069.87 127.9385 0 1317.766 0 31.82979 0.394872 37.253 37.2527
15.29714 57.7984
Fck= 30 N/mm2 d= 2387.5

Ast= 3104.517 bw = 1000
K= 1.28943 <2 ρ1 = 0.0013 <=0.02
sigma cp= 0
K= 1.28943 ρ1 = 0.0013
vRd,c= 537809.9 VRd,c= 537.8099
VRd,c,min= 593.5568
The max shear resistance of the foundation is 593.5568 KN
Shear Design Not Required

CHECK FOR CRACK
BM= 10000 20000

Steel provide = 32 mm
spacing = 40
Ast provided= 20106.19
Lever Arm = 2007.796
d= 2387.5
Bw= 1000
H= 2500
X= 912.8148
Hcr = 281.25
529.0617
1250
281.25
Acr = 281250
Actual Stress(σsc) = 247.714
Es = 200000 MPa ( N/mm2 )
Kt= 0.5
fcm= fck+10 = 40
Fct,eff= 2.500618
Ecm = 31186.57
ρ1,eff= 0.071489
αe= 6.413016
εsm - εcm = 0.001111 > 0.6 σsc/Es7.43142E-05
=
εsm - εcm = 0.001111
c= 50
Srmax= 246.096
Crack width = 0.27342 IRC 12.1 table
OK
ANNEX G
DESIGN OF PILE
FOUNDATION
Load at the base of the pile cap(including pile and pile cap load)
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 9736.385 1553.121 1441.216 14255.72 14616.3
Case 2 9463.562 255.8769 213.5148 1676.672 3231.889
Case 3 9408.695 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 14680.8
Case 4 9135.872 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3296.394
Case 5 9124.215 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 13983.82
Case 6 8851.392 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2599.418
Case 7 9437.099 2440.802 2259.683 22732.56 22047.78
Case 8 8982.395 255.8769 213.5148 2015.496 3073.771
Case 9 9191.331 2440.802 2259.683 23749.03 22096.16
Case 10 8736.627 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3122.15
Case 11 8523.267 221.6 213.5148 3403.99 2599.418
Case 12 8977.971 2475.079 2259.683 23377 21573.43
Case 13 9583.342 1553.121 1441.216 14594.54 14458.18
Case 14 9310.52 255.8769 213.5148 2015.496 3073.771
Case 15 9337.575 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 14506.56
Case 16 9064.752 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3122.15
Case 17 9124.215 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 13983.82
Case 18 8851.392 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2599.418
Case 19 8151.178 1331.201 1236.599 13305.45 12212.92
Case 20 7923.826 255.8769 213.5148 2760.908 2725.912
Case 21 8085.64 1331.201 1236.599 13576.51 12225.82
Case 22 7858.288 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2738.813
Case 23 7801.392 221.6 213.5148 3403.99 2599.418
Case 24 8028.744 1365.478 1236.599 13204.49 12086.42
Load at the base of the pile stem
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 10223.79 221.6 742.9486 4190.476 4008.594
Case 2 10223.79 899.209 125.0218 6087.781 2278.399
Case 3 10158.45 221.6 742.9486 6386.551 3480.867
Case 4 10158.45 899.209 125.0218 8283.856 1750.672
Case 5 9721.19 221.6 742.9486 4687.382 3348.471
Case 6 9721.19 899.209 125.0218 6584.687 1618.276
Case 7 10223.79 794.886 125.0218 4750.132 2278.399
Case 8 10223.79 117.2769 742.9486 2852.826 4008.594
Case 9 10158.45 794.886 125.0218 6946.207 1750.672
Case 10 10158.45 117.2769 742.9486 5048.902 3480.867
Case 11 9721.19 794.886 125.0218 5247.038 1618.276
Case 12 9721.19 117.2769 742.9486 3349.733 3348.471
Case 13 9293.501 1867.786 2360.192 10655.44 11455.14
Case 14 9293.501 2545.395 1742.266 12552.74 9724.948
Case 15 8574.726 1867.786 2360.192 10655.44 11455.14
Case 16 8574.726 2545.395 1742.266 12552.74 9724.948
Case 17 9293.501 642.4297 6133.761 3656.357 33329.88
Case 18 9293.501 1320.039 5515.834 5553.662 31599.68
Case 19 8574.726 642.4297 6133.761 3656.357 33329.88
Case 20 8574.726 1320.039 5515.834 5553.662 31599.68
Case 21 10132.07 642.4297 2360.192 3656.357 11455.14
Case 22 10132.07 1320.039 1742.266 5553.662 9724.948
Case 23 7736.155 642.4297 2360.192 3656.357 11455.14
Case 24 7736.155 1320.039 1742.266 5553.662 9724.948
2.5
18
Pile diameter = 1m
No. of Pile = 25
wt of Pile cap= 20250 KN factor = 1.35
Pile weight = 441.7865 KN
Factored pile and cap 27933.91 KN
18 1 4 8 4 1
1
20
18.0
4
y 4
18.0 4
4
1
1
18
27951.9
PileN X Y X2 Y2
1 -8 -8 64 64
2 -8 -4 64 16
3 -8 0 64 0
4 -8 4 64 16
5 -8 8 64 64
6 -4 -8 16 64
7 -4 -4 16 16
8 -4 0 16 0
9 -4 4 16 16
10 -4 8 16 64
11 0 -8 0 64
12 0 -4 0 16
13 0 0 0 0
14 0 4 0 16
15 0 8 0 64
16 4 -8 16 64
17 4 -4 16 16
18 4 0 16 0
19 4 4 16 16
20 4 8 16 64
21 8 -8 64 64
22 8 -4 64 16
23 8 0 64 0
24 8 4 64 16
25 8 8 64 64
sum = 800 800
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 9736.385 1553.121 1441.216 14255.72 14616.3
PileN X Y X2 Y2 Axial H Due to M Total
1 -8 -8 64 64 389.4554 62.12486 -288.72 100.7353
25 8 8 64 64 389.4554 62.12486 288.7201 678.1755
Case 2 PZ HL HT ML MT
9463.562 255.8769 213.5148 1676.672 3231.889
1 -8 -8 64 64 378.5425 10.23508 -49.0856 329.4569
25 8 8 64 64 378.5425 10.23508 49.08561 427.6281
9408.695 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 14680.8
1 -8 -8 64 64 376.3478 62.12486 -302.918 73.42966
25 8 8 64 64 376.3478 62.12486 302.9181 679.2659
9135.872 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3296.394
1 -8 -8 64 64 365.4349 10.23508 -63.2836 302.1513
25 8 8 64 64 365.4349 10.23508 63.28361 428.7185
9124.215 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 13983.82
1 -8 -8 64 64 364.9686 62.12486 -295.948 69.02022
25 8 8 64 64 364.9686 62.12486 295.9484 660.917
8851.392 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2599.418
1 -8 -8 64 64 354.0557 10.23508 -56.3139 297.7418
25 8 8 64 64 354.0557 10.23508 56.31385 410.3695
9437.099 2440.802 2259.683 22732.56 22047.78
1 -8 -8 64 64 377.484 97.6321 -447.803 -70.3194
25 8 8 64 64 377.484 97.6321 447.8034 825.2873
8982.395 255.8769 213.5148 2015.496 3073.771
1 -8 -8 64 64 359.2958 10.23508 -32.3555 326.9403
25 8 8 64 64 359.2958 10.23508 32.35551 391.6513
9191.331 2440.802 2259.683 23749.03 22096.16
1 -8 -8 64 64 367.6533 97.6321 -458.452 -90.7986
25 8 8 64 64 367.6533 97.6321 458.4519 826.1051
8736.627 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3122.15
1 -8 -8 64 64 349.4651 10.23508 -61.5412 287.9239
25 8 8 64 64 349.4651 10.23508 61.54117 411.0063
8523.267 221.6 213.5148 3403.99 2599.418
1 -8 -8 64 64 340.9307 8.864 -60.0341 280.8966
25 8 8 64 64 340.9307 8.864 60.03408 400.9648
8977.971 2475.079 2259.683 23377 21573.43
1 -8 -8 64 64 359.1189 99.00317 -449.504 -90.3855
25 8 8 64 64 359.1189 99.00317 449.5043 808.6232
9583.342 1553.121 1441.216 14594.54 14458.18
1 -8 -8 64 64 383.3337 62.12486 -290.527 92.8065
25 8 8 64 64 383.3337 62.12486 290.5272 673.8609
9310.52 255.8769 213.5148 2015.496 3073.771
1 -8 -8 64 64 372.4208 10.23508 -50.8927 321.5281
25 8 8 64 64 372.4208 10.23508 50.89267 423.3135
9337.575 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 14506.56
1 -8 -8 64 64 373.503 62.12486 -301.176 72.3273
25 8 8 64 64 373.503 62.12486 301.1757 674.6787
Case16 PZ HL HT ML MT
9064.752 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 3122.15
1 -8 -8 64 64 362.5901 10.23508 -61.5412 301.0489
25 8 8 64 64 362.5901 10.23508 61.54117 424.1313
9124.215 1553.121 1441.216 15611.01 13983.82
1 -8 -8 64 64 364.9686 62.12486 -295.948 69.02022
25 8 8 64 64 364.9686 62.12486 295.9484 660.917
8851.392 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2599.418
1 -8 -8 64 64 354.0557 10.23508 -56.3139 297.7418
25 8 8 64 64 354.0557 10.23508 56.31385 410.3695
8151.178 1331.201 1236.599 13305.45 12212.92
1 -8 -8 64 64 326.0471 53.24805 -255.184 70.86346
25 8 8 64 64 326.0471 53.24805 255.1837 581.2308
7923.826 255.8769 213.5148 2760.908 2725.912
1 -8 -8 64 64 316.9531 10.23508 -54.8682 262.0849
25 8 8 64 64 316.9531 10.23508 54.8682 371.8213
8085.64 1331.201 1236.599 13576.51 12225.82
1 -8 -8 64 64 323.4256 53.24805 -258.023 65.40234
25 8 8 64 64 323.4256 53.24805 258.0233 581.4489
7858.288 255.8769 213.5148 3031.967 2738.813
1 -8 -8 64 64 314.3315 10.23508 -57.7078 256.6237
25 8 8 64 64 314.3315 10.23508 57.7078 372.0393
7801.392 221.6 213.5148 3403.99 2599.418
1 -8 -8 64 64 312.0557 8.864 -60.0341 252.0216
25 8 8 64 64 312.0557 8.864 60.03408 372.0898
8028.744 1365.478 1236.599 13204.49 12086.42
1 -8 -8 64 64 321.1498 54.61913 -252.909 68.24068
25 8 8 64 64 321.1498 54.61913 252.9091 574.0589

Horizontal Load = 99.00317 KN
Combination1 - temp 679.2659 KN
Combination1+temp 826.1051 KN
Combination 2 674.6787 KN
Sub Soil Parameter
( Considering normally loaded clay / loose sand) IS 2911
Medium stiff Clay 14 MN/m/m2 hh
Total pile length = 22.5 m

Pile dia = 1m
Scour depth = 12
Lf Length of fixity
Remaining depth of pile = 10.50 m
For conventional Analysis
Pile Dia 1m MoI= 0.049087

Concrete M 30 E= 31186.57 MN/m2
T= 2.557184 m
Fixed head normal 2T = 5.114367 m
L1/T Lf/T 4T= 10.22873 m
0 2.2
2 1.95 Proposed length of the pile = 22.5 > 4T
4 1.87 Scour Depth ( L1) = e = 12
6 1.84 L1 / T = 4.69266269
8 1.825 Lf/T = 1.86211
10 1.82 Lf=Zf= 4.76175712
Loads from pier / pile cap base Deflection = 0.02537984 m

Horizontal Load
99.00317
= KN Moment 829.733585 KNm
( Considering fixed head )
Conventional Calculation of pile capacity

Bending to be resisted = 829.7336 KNm Self Load of the Pile = 441.7865 KN
H force to be resisted = 99.00317 KN Unit wt. of soil= 20 KN/m3
Ka= 0.297
Vertical load to be resisted
Com1-temp
= 1121.052 KN
Com1+temp1267.892 KN
Comb2 1116.465 KN
FoS 2 Frictional coefficient = 0.45

Assuming friction is utilized before end bearing
Only the load exceeding the friction capacity is taken by the end bearing
Depth fromDepth
base of
from
pileOverburden
Scour
cap Level(d)
di-d(i-1)\
pressure(P)=ka*Ys*d
Friction(KN)
0 0 0 0 0 L1 = 12 m
0.5 0 0 0 0 (acts as a reference pt) for friction capacity
1 0 0 0 0
1.5 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
2.5 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0
3.5 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0
4.5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
5.5 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0
6.5 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0
7.5 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0
8.5 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0
9.5 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0
10.5 0 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0
11.5 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0
12.5 0.5 2.97 0.5 2.332633
13 1 5.94 0.5 6.997898
13.5 1.5 8.91 0.5 11.66316
14 2 11.88 0.5 16.32843
14.5 2.5 14.85 0.5 20.99369
15 3 17.82 0.5 25.65896
15.5 3.5 20.79 0.5 30.32422
16 4 23.76 0.5 34.98949
16.5 4.5 26.73 0.5 39.65475
17 5 29.7 0.5 44.32002
17.5 5.5 32.67 0.5 48.98528
18 6 35.64 0.5 53.65055
18.5 6.5 38.61 0.5 58.31581
19 7 41.58 0.5 62.98108
19.5 7.5 44.55 0.5 67.64634
20 8 47.52 0.5 72.31161
20.5 8.5 50.49 0.5 76.97687
21 9 53.46 0.5 81.64214
21.5 9.5 56.43 0.5 86.3074
22 10 59.4 0.5 90.97267
22.5 10.5 62.37 0.5 95.63793
sum= 1028.691 KN
Allowable bearing capacity 250 KN/m2
Load taken by the end bearing 196.3495 KN
pile capacity 1225.04
Capacity 2253.731 KN
Allowable 1126.866 KN
Combination (i) -Temp 1126.866 KN SAFE
Combination (i) withTemp 1295.896 KN SAFE
Combination (ii) and iii 1408.582 KN SAFE
Conclusion
Pile diameter = 1m
No. of Pile = 25 no.
Pile length = 22.5 m
Punching shear calculation for pier pilecap
Load at the base of the pile cap
Load CasesLoad(KN) in direction Moment(KNm) in direction
Vertical LongitudinalTransverse LongitudinalTransverse
Case 1 46816.51 562.6892 1423.432 7477.964 10625.86
Case 2 46816.51 1925.848 239.5321 14498.23 4528.779
Case 3 46445.1 562.6892 1423.432 8072.617 9661.696
Case 4 46445.1 1925.848 239.5321 15092.88 3564.611
Case 5 45898.25 562.6892 1423.432 4850.369 9324.845
Case 6 45898.25 1925.848 239.5321 11870.64 3227.761
Case 7 43820.64 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.69
Case 8 43820.64 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.61
Case 9 42456.52 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.69
Case 10 42456.52 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.61
Case 11 43820.64 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102200.7
Case 12 43820.64 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.65
Case 13 42456.52 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102200.7
Case 14 42456.52 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.65
Case 15 45412.1 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.69
Case 16 45412.1 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.61
Case 17 40865.06 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.69
Case 18 40865.06 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.61
Load at the base of the peir stem

Load CasesLoad(KN) in direction Moment(KNM) in direction
Vertical LongitudinalTransverse LongitudinalTransverse
Case 1 18882.6 562.6892 1423.432 7477.964 10625.86
Case 2 18882.6 1925.848 239.5321 14498.23 4528.779
Case 3 18511.19 562.6892 1423.432 8072.617 9661.696
Case 4 18511.19 1925.848 239.5321 15092.88 3564.611
Case 5 17964.34 562.6892 1423.432 4850.369 9324.845
Case 6 17964.34 1925.848 239.5321 11870.64 3227.761
Case 7 15886.72 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.69
Case 8 15886.72 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.61
Case 9 14522.61 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.69
Case 10 14522.61 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.61
Case 11 15886.72 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102200.7
Case 12 15886.72 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.65
Case 13 14522.61 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102200.7
Case 14 14522.61 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.65
Case 15 17478.19 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.69
Case 16 17478.19 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.61
Case 17 12931.15 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.69
Case 18 12931.15 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.61
2.5
Pile diameter = 1m
No. of Pile = 25
Pile cap weight = 20250 KN
Pile weight = 441.7865 KN
Factored pile and cap 27933.91 KN
18 Factor = 1.35
18
18 1 4 8 4 1
1
20
18.0
4
y 4
18.0 4
4
1
1
18
27951.9
PileN X Y X2 Y2
1 -8 -8 64 64
2 -8 -4 64 16
3 -8 0 64 0
4 -8 4 64 16
5 -8 8 64 64
6 -4 -8 16 64
7 -4 -4 16 16
8 -4 0 16 0
9 -4 4 16 16
10 -4 8 16 64
11 0 -8 0 64
12 0 -4 0 16
13 0 0 0 0
14 0 4 0 16
15 0 8 0 64
16 4 -8 16 64
17 4 -4 16 16
18 4 0 16 0
19 4 4 16 16
20 4 8 16 64
21 8 -8 64 64
22 8 -4 64 16
23 8 0 64 0
24 8 4 64 16
25 8 8 64 64
sum = 800 800
PZ HL HT ML MT
Case 1 46816.51 562.6892 1423.432 7477.964 10625.86
Pile no. X Y X2 Y2 Axial H
1 -8 -8 64 64 1872.66 22.50757
25 8 8 64 64 1872.66 22.50757
46816.51 1925.848 239.5321 14498.23 4528.779
1 -8 -8 64 64 1872.66 77.03392
25 8 8 64 64 1872.66 77.03392
46445.1 562.6892 1423.432 8072.617 9661.696
1 -8 -8 64 64 1857.804 22.50757
25 8 8 64 64 1857.804 22.50757
46445.1 1925.848 239.5321 15092.88 3564.611
1 -8 -8 64 64 1857.804 77.03392
25 8 8 64 64 1857.804 77.03392
45898.25 562.6892 1423.432 4850.369 9324.845
1 -8 -8 64 64 1835.93 22.50757
25 8 8 64 64 1835.93 22.50757
45898.25 1925.848 239.5321 11870.64 3227.761
1 -8 -8 64 64 1835.93 77.03392
25 8 8 64 64 1835.93 77.03392
43820.64 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.69
1 -8 -8 64 64 1752.825 138.2697
25 8 8 64 64 1752.825 138.2697
43820.64 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.61
1 -8 -8 64 64 1752.825 192.796
25 8 8 64 64 1752.825 192.796
42456.52 3456.742 4492.684 31835.32 35791.69
1 -8 -8 64 64 1698.261 138.2697
25 8 8 64 64 1698.261 138.2697
42456.52 4819.901 3308.784 38855.59 29694.61
1 -8 -8 64 64 1698.261 192.796
25 8 8 64 64 1698.261 192.796
43820.64 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102200.7
1 -8 -8 64 64 1752.825 45.06318
25 8 8 64 64 1752.825 45.06318
43820.64 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.65
1 -8 -8 64 64 1752.825 99.58953
25 8 8 64 64 1752.825 99.58953
42456.52 1126.58 11654.27 10473.03 102200.7
1 -8 -8 64 64 1698.261 45.06318
25 8 8 64 64 1698.261 45.06318
42456.52 2489.738 10470.37 17493.3 96103.65
1 -8 -8 64 64 1698.261 99.58953
25 8 8 64 64 1698.261 99.58953
45412.1 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.69
1 -8 -8 64 64 1816.484 45.06318
25 8 8 64 64 1816.484 45.06318
Case16 PZ HL HT ML MT
45412.1 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.61
1 -8 -8 64 64 1816.484 99.58953
25 8 8 64 64 1816.484 99.58953
40865.06 1126.58 4492.684 10473.03 35791.69
1 -8 -8 64 64 1634.602 45.06318
25 8 8 64 64 1634.602 45.06318
40865.06 2489.738 3308.784 17493.3 29694.61
1 -8 -8 64 64 1634.602 99.58953
25 8 8 64 64 1634.602 99.58953

Horizontal Load = 192.796 KN
Axial Load Basic Combination 1872.66 KN
Seismic Combination 1816.484 KN
Design Values
Axial = 1872.66 KN
Horizontal = 192.796 KN
Deflected Length = 0.04942 m
Moment = 235.715 KNm
Here,
Dia of pile(D) = 1m
dist from pile face to face of cap(d)= 1m
C1 = C2, so, K = 0.6
e = Med/Ved = 0.12587 m
u1/W1 = pi()/(D + 2d) 1.0472
B = 1 + k*(Med/Ved)*(u1/W1)
= 1 + 0.6*e*(u1/W1) 1.07909
control Perimeter(u1) = pi()*(D + 2d) = 9.42478
Now,
Overall depth of pier cap = 2.5 m
Assuming clear cover = 0.07 m
Assuming cover = 0.08 m
Effective Depth of element (d') = 2.42 m
Shear Stress on control perimeter(ved) = B*Ved/(u1*d)
= 88.5991 KN/m2
= 0.0886 Mpa
1 1
2.5 m
bw = 18000 m
D= 2500 mm Clear cover = 70 mm
d '= 2420 mm
Assuming
Ast = 20 314.159 200 mmc/c spacing
Ast = 20985.8 mm2
Grade of Material = M 30
fck = 30 MPa
vrdmax = 0.134fck(1-fck/310) 3.63097 MPa
Here,
ved<vrdmax, ok
Now,
vrdc = 0.12*K*(80*ρ*fck)^(1/3)*2d'/a >=vmin*2d'/a
Here
Yc = 1.5
K = 1 + sqrt(200/d'(mm)) <=2.0 1.28748 <=2.0
ρ = sqrt(ρy*ρz) <=0.02 0.00048 <=0.02
ρy = 0.00048
ρz = 0.00048
vrmin = 0.031*K^(3/2)*fck^(1/2) = 0.24805 MPa
d' = 2.42 m
a= 1m
vrdc = 0.78484
Check,
ved<= vrdc = 0.12*K*(80*ρ*fck)^(1/2)*2d'/a >=vmin
Here,
ved = 0.0886 MPa <vrdc, ok
vrdc = 0.78484 MPa >vrmin
vrmin 0.24805 MPa
To calculate Reinforcement of pile
a) Longitudinal reinforcement calculation
Length of pile(Z) = 22.5 m

Dia. of individual pile(D) = 1m
Ratio of length with diameter(Z/D) = 16 > 12
Hence, the pile is designed as long column
Reduction coefficient=(1.25-Z/48D) = 0.916667
Safe permissible stress in concrete(σcc) = 3.75 N/mm2
Safe permissible stress in steel(σsc) = 142.5 N/mm2
Load carrying capacity of individual pile(W1) is expressed as (IS:456-78)
W1=σcc x Acc+σsc x Asc
Asc=(W1-σcc x Ap)/(σsc-σcc) = 2361.106 mm2
Thus according to IRC 78-1983:

for piles with length less than 30 times the least
width/diameter(30x1=30m),the minimum reinforcement adopted is
Asc=1.25% of (π x D^2/4) = 9817.477 mm2 > 2361.106 mm2
provide 23no. Of 25mm bars giving area of steel= 11287.97 mm2 > 9817.477
and spacing provide 125 mm c/c
b)Lateral reinforcement
In the body of pile, the lateral reinforcement should not be less than 0.2% of the gross volume
Using ties of dia = 10 mm
Volume of tie(V)=area of tie x perimeter
V=area of tie x (π x (D-2 x clear cover) = 226915.3 mm3
Volume of pile per pitch length(V1)

V1=(π x D^2/4) x P; = 785250 X P mm3
As V=0.2% of V1; P= 144.486 mm 130 mm
Thus ties of 10 mm dia are arranged 130 mm spacing
Reinforcement requirement for each pile

CL 6.11 IS 2911
longitudinal Reinforement =0.4%
3141.593
of pile
mm2shaft area=
Ast provided= 11287.97 mm2
Provide 23 no of 25mm dia bars @125mm spacing c/c in longitudinal direction
Lateral reinforcement
10mm dia @ 130 mm spacing c/c
ANNEX H
DRAWINGS
N
A B
2200
40000 40000
Road lvl : 70.152m
Bridge Level =67.68 m
HFL=66.48 m
NWL=64.646m
LBL =62.73 m
Abutment Top level : 57.332m Pier Top lvl : 57.38m Normal scour lvl : 57.328m
Bridge alignment in River X -section
PROJECT MEMBERS CONTENT SHEET NO.

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 BRIDGE ALIGNMENT IN RIVER X -SECTION
DETAIL DESIGN AND AVISHEK DANGAL 075BCE021 PROJECT SUPERVISOR
1
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Er.SAKHIL
LIBALI, BHAKTAPUR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BINOD SHRESTHA 075BCE025
PRESTRESSED BRIDGE HASAN SHRESTHA 075BCE032 MANANDHAR
NIRUTA KC 075BCE048 Er.AMIT PRAJAPATI
SCALE: 1:350
CL CL
OF BEARING
A B C
OF BEARING
N
750
DRAINGAE SPOUT
RCC RAILING POST
1700 1500
500
2500
10000
2500
2500
5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
40000
A B C 0 1.5 3 4.5m
Plan of the Bridge 1500 1500 1500
scale 1:150
10000 10000
1250 7500 1250 1250 7500 1250
1000
1000
275
275
400
400
80
80
250
250
1 1
Fillet 450*150 Fillet 450 x 150
600
600
2000
2000
2 2
1860
1860
450 300 300
450 300 300

3 3
4 5 4 5
185 380 185 185 380 185

750 750
2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500
7500 7500
SECTION AT B-B SECTION AT A-A

0 0.6 1.2 1.8 m 0 0.6 1.2 1.8 m
scale 1:60 scale 1:60
600 600 600 600 600 600

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 PLAN AND SECTION OF BRIDGE
2
SCALE: AS SHOWN ABOVE
10000
1250 7500 1250 N
1000
275
400
80
250
Fillet 450*150
1350
2000
1
360
150
2
150 180
350
300 185 190 190 185
3 750 750
4 5
SECTION AT C-C
0 0.5 1 1.5 m
scale 1:50
500 500 500
CL CL
CL
OF BEARING
OF BEARING Ø12@125mm c/c Ø12@200mm c/c Ø12@125mm c/c Ø12@200mm c/c

OF BEARING
750
2500
1750
750
8250
2500
1750
750
2500
1750
750
5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

1700 1500 33600 1500
40000 1700
Half top sectional plan Half bottom sectional plan
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF DECK SLAB

0 1.5 3 4.5m
scale 1:150
1500 1500 1500

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 SECTION AT C-C & REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF
3
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Er.SAKHIL DECK SLAB
N
RCC Railing Post 150 x 150
Ø12@200mm c/c
Ø12@125mm c/c + Ø10@200mm c/c

Ø12@200mm c/c Ø10@200mm c/c Ø12@ 300 c/c
Ø12@125mm c/c
12Ø200 mm c/c Ø12@200 c/c

Ø12@300 c/c
Ø12@125mm c/c
Ø12@200mm c/c
Ø32@300 mm c/c
2legged - Ø10@140mm c/c

Stirrups
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF WEB AND

SLAB AT A-A
0 0.5 1 1.5 m
scale 1:50
500 500 500
RCC Railing Post 150 x 150
Ø12@200mm c/c
Ø12@125mm c/c + Ø10@200mm c/c

Ø12@200mm c/c Ø10@200mm c/c Ø12@125mm c/c Ø12@ 300 c/c
Ø12@300mm c/c Ø12@200 c/c

Ø12@300 c/c
Ø12@200mm c/c
32Ø@300 mm c/c Ø12@125mm c/c
2Legged-10Ø@140mm c/c
Stirrups
Ø32@300 c/c
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF WEB AND

SLAB AT C-C
0 0.5 1 1.5 m
scale 1:50
500 500 500

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF WEB AND SLAB AT
4
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Er.SAKHIL A-A & C-C
N
10000 10000
1250 7500 1250 1250 7500 1250
1000
1000
275
275
400
400
80
80
250
250
1 1
Fillet 450*150 Fillet 450*150
600
600
2000
2000
2 2
1860
1860
450 300 300

450 300 300
3 3
4 5 4 5
185 380 185 185 380 185

750
2500 2500 2500 750 2500 2500 2500
7500 7500
SECTION AT A-A
SCALE 1:60 SECTION AT B-B
SCALE 1:60
520 420
80 80 200 80 80
80 80 100 80 80
0
90
255
110
65
55
65
118
83
83
118
65
1170
55 55
1212
65
640
65
40 35 35 40
200
110
110 65 70 70 65 110
640
65
60 60
50 160 110 110 160 50
47 55
65
50
355
65
105
260
160
200
110
60
70
65
50
55
MESH AT A-A MESH AT B-B

SCALE 1:20 SCALE 1:20

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 REINFORCEMENT MESHING ON PRESTRESSING
5
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Er.SAKHIL CABLE AT A-A & B-B
N
CLOF BEARING CLOF BEARING
40000
5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 200
250
1125
2000
150
350
200
600
1700 1500 33600 1500 1700
ELEVATION OF THE BRIDGE
CL CL
OF BEARING OF BEARING
750
1700 1500
500
2500
2500
2500
5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
40000
Sectional Plan
0 1.5 3 4.5m
scale 1:150
1500 1500 1500

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 ELEVATION AND SECTIONAL PLAN OF BRIDGE
6
SCALE: 1:150
N
CL OF SPAN &
CL CL
AXIS OF SYMMETRY
OF BEARING
40000 OF BEARING
5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
350
300 600
2000
300
450
Cable profile
CL river flow CL
OF BEARING CL OF SPAN & OF BEARING
AXIS OF SYMMETRY
5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
1700 1500
4 4
1 2 3 X X 3 2 1
5 5
Z(L) Z(L)
4 4
1 2 3 3 2 1
5 5
4 4
1 2 3 3 2 1
5 5
Z(L) Z(L)
4 4
1 2 3 X X 3 2 1
5 5
CABLE PLAN
0 1.5 3 4.5m
scale 1:150
1500 1500 1500

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 PRESTRESSING CABLE PLAN AND PROFILE
7
SCALE: 1:150
H
N
4 nos. of 32Ø (CG-2A) 4 nos. of 32Ø (CG-2A)
10Ø@300mm c/c(CG-4A)
2L-12Ø@2000mm c/c (CG-3A)
10Ø@300c/c (CG4B)
2l-12Ø@200 mm c/c (CG3A)
4 nos. of 32Ø (CG-1A) 4 nos. of 32Ø (CG-1A)
X - SECTION OF CROSS GIRDER AT H-H

H
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF CROSS GIRDER AT SUPPORT
3 nos. of 32Ø (CG-2B) 3 nos. of 32Ø (CG-2B)
I
10Ø@300mm c/c(CG-4B
2L-12Ø@200mm c/c(CG-3B)
)
10Ø@300c/c (CG4B)
2l-12Ø@200 mm c/c (CG3B)
3 nos. of 32Ø (CG-1B)
3 nos. of 32Ø (CG-1B) X - SECTION OF INTERMEDIATE CROSS GIRDER AT I-I

I
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF CROSS GIRDER AT MID

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 CROSS SECTION OF CROSS GIRDER
8
SCALE: 1:40
N
18000
4000
4000
Ø1000
3500
18000
10000
1500
500 500
1500
8800
1500 1500
12800
7750 2500 7750
8800
35300
5500 7000 5500
2500
18000
35300
2500
18000
PILE
22500
22500
0 1.5 3 4.5m 0 1.5 3 4.5m

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 CONCRETE OUTLINE OF PIER
9
SCALE: NOT IN SCALE
N
10000
3500 Ø15mm@35 no.+Ø20mm@45 no.

Ø16mm@45 no.
Ø15mm@35 no.+Ø20mm@45 no. Ø16mm@45 no.
1500
1500 Ø20mm 4 legged@80mm c/c Ø20mm 4 legged@80mm c/c
1500 7000 1500 500 500
8800
8800
12800
7750 2500 7750

5500 7000 5500
35300
35300
2500
18000
2500
18000
Ø20mm@200mm c/c
Ø35mm@30mm c/c
Ø35mm@30mm c/c Ø20mm@200mm c/c

Ø24mm @45 mm c/c
Ø10mm 150 PITCH
Ø24mm @45 mm c/c
Ø10mm 150 PITCH
225000
22500
15000
0 1.5 3 4.5m 0 1.5 3 4.5m

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF PIER
10
SCALE:1:150
N
Ø12@150MM C/C(B5)
5-Ø12(B6)
Ø10@200MM C/C(B1)
2000
Ø10@300MM C/C(B2)
Ø16@150C/C(C2)
500
Ø12@200MM C/C(B3)
Ø16@150MM C/C(C1)
Ø22@200mm
Ø30@100MM C/C (A2)
Ø25@200MM C/C(A1)
8500
Ø16@175MM C/C(A4)
Ø25@160MM C/C(F2)
Ø10@500 mm C/C
1500
link Bar (F5)
Ø20@100MM C/C(F1) Ø10@500MM C/C transverse direct

5500 2000 (F3/F4) 3500 5500 2000 3500
11000 11000

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 DETAILING OF ABUTMENT
11
SCALE: NOT IN SCALE
N
A A
10
450
10
10
72
4
350 Section at A-A
Plan of Bearing

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 PLAN AND SECTION OF BEARING
12
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ER. SAKHIL
NIRUTA KC 075BCE048 ER. AMIT PRAJAPATI
SCALE: NOT IN SCALE
N
200 1650 200 200 1650 200
END POST 4 Nos.- 12 Ø (R1) INTERMEDIATE POST INTERMEDIATE POST 4 Nos.- 12 Ø (R1) END POST
300
300
450
450
50 Ø GI PIPE RAILING 50 Ø GI PIPE RAILING
1500
1500
8 Ø STIRRUPS @ 200 C/C (R2) 8 Ø STIRRUPS @ 200 C/C (R2)
450
450
A A
300
300
300 300 300 300
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF RAILING POST

SCALE 1:30
4 Nos.- 12 Ø BAR (R1)
25x25 FILLET
8 Ø STIRRUPS @ 200 C/C (R3)

200
200
SECTION A-A
RCC POST DETAILS
SCALE 1:10

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 RAILING POST DETAILING
13
N
12000 R500mm
12000
1000
1500
2500
2500
1 1
12000
2500
2500
Section at 1-1
1000
2500 2500 2500 2500
1000 1000
Plan view of pile under abutment

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY PROJECT TITLE ASHMITA ADHIKARI 075BCE020 PILE FOUNDATION UNDER ABUTMENT
14
SCALE:1:150

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(An undertaking of Bhaktapur Municipality)

KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards Department of Civil

River name: - Tinau River

Figure 1:Bridge site location

1.2. Task Assigned

Following task were assigned:

• To Obtain the Hydrological and Meteorological data.

2.1. Acquisition of data

2.1.1. Desk study

2.1.2. Site selection survey

2.1.3. Topographic survey

2.1.4. Geotechnical Investigation

2.2. Design discharge

2.2.1. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)/DHM Method

2.2.2. Modified Dicken Method

2.2.3. Gumbel Method

2.2.4. Log Pearson Type III Method

σz = √[Σ(Z - Zavg)² / (N-1)]

Cs = [NΣ(Z - Zavg)³ / ((N-1)(N-2)(σz)²)]^(1/3)

Next, the variable w is calculated as w = √ln(1/p^2)

Using the value of w, the variable z is calculated as z = w - [(2.51557 + 0.80285w +

Finally, the frequency factor Kz is calculated as Kz = z + [(z^2 - 1)Cs/6] + [(z^3 -

2.2.5. Rational formula

2.2.6. Log Normal Method

2.3. Loading IRC loads for the bridge design

IRC 70R loading

Figure 2:IRC class 70R loading

Figure 3:IRC class AA loading

Figure 4:IRC class A loading

Figure 6:Class A and B loading

Figure 7: COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

2.5.1. Fixed Bearing

2.5.2. Expansion Bearing

2.6.3.1. Shallow Foundation

2.7. Appurtenances and site related structure.

2.7.1. Embankment and slope protection structure

2.7.2. Approach slab

2.7.3. River training structure

2.8. TYPE OF BRIDGE

Among the different types of bridges, we considered prestressed bridge to design.

2.8.1. Prestressed Bridge:

The principle of prestressing is based on the fact that concrete is strong in

2.8.2. ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS

Figure 8:Anchorage System

2.8.4. Types of prestressing

Mono Multi Bars

2.8.5. Types of prestressing wire

2.8.6. Requirement of grade of concrete

2.9. DESIGN METHOD OF BRIDGE

2.9.2. Limit State Method (LSM)

2.9.3. Finite Element Analysis

2.9.4. Approximate Analysis

2.10.1. One-way spanning slab

2.10.2. Two-way spanning slab

Figure 10: dispersion of wheel load through deck slab

Figure 11:Ecentric Loading Condition

2.10.3. Design of T-girder

Figure 13:live load positions for Courbon's Method