Designation: C33/C33M − 16

Standard Specification for

Concrete Aggregates1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C33/C33M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification defines the requirements for grading 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
and quality of fine and coarse aggregate (other than lightweight C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
or heavyweight aggregate) for use in concrete.2 and Voids in Aggregate
C40 Test Method for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates
1.2 This specification is for use by a contractor, concrete for Concrete
supplier, or other purchaser as part of the purchase document C87 Test Method for Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine
describing the material to be furnished. Aggregate on Strength of Mortar
C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
NOTE 1—This specification is regarded as adequate to ensure satisfac-
tory materials for most concrete. It is recognized that, for certain work or Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
in certain regions, it may be either more or less restrictive than needed. For C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No. 200)
example, where aesthetics are important, more restrictive limits may be Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
considered regarding impurities that would stain the concrete surface. The C123 Test Method for Lightweight Particles in Aggregate
specifier should ascertain that aggregates specified are or can be made C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
available in the area of the work, with regard to grading, physical, or
gregates
chemical properties, or combination thereof.
C131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-
1.3 This specification is also for use in project specifications Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los

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to define the quality of aggregate, the nominal maximum size Angeles Machine
of the aggregate, and other specific grading requirements. C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Those responsible for selecting the proportions for the concrete Aggregates
mixture shall have the responsibility of determining the pro- C142 Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in
portions of fine and coarse aggregate and the addition of Aggregates
blending aggregate sizes if required or approved. C150 Specification for Portland Cement
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in C289 Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each Aggregates (Chemical Method) (Withdrawn 2016)4
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance crete Aggregates
with the standard. C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes Concrete
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
as requirements of this standard. C330 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Struc-
tural Concrete
C331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete
Masonry Units
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates.
3
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C33/C33M – 13. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/C0033_C0033M-16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
For lightweight aggregates, see Specifications C330, C331, and C332; for the ASTM website.
4
heavyweight aggregates see Specification C637 and Descriptive Nomenclature The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
C638. www.astm.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 C33/C33M − 16
C332 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulat- 3.2.1 aggregate, recycled, n—granular material that has
ing Concrete been diverted, separated, or removed from the solid waste
C342 Test Method for Potential Volume Change of Cement- stream, and processed for use in the form of raw materials or
Aggregate Combinations (Withdrawn 2001)4 products.
C441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground 3.2.1.1 Discussion—For manufactured fine or other re-
Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of cycled aggregate, if the material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200)
Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction sieve consists of the dust of fracture, essentially free of clay or
C535 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large- shale, this limit shall be 5.0% for concrete subject to abrasion,
Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los and 7% maximum for concrete not subject to abrasion.
Angeles Machine
C586 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Carbon- 4. Ordering and Specifying Information
ate Rocks as Concrete Aggregates (Rock-Cylinder 4.1 The direct purchaser of aggregates shall include the
Method) information in 4.2 in the purchase order as applicable. A project
C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements specifier shall include in the project documents information to
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined describe the aggregate to be used in the project from the
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete applicable items in 4.3.

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C637 Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding
4.2 Include in the purchase order for aggregates the follow-
Concrete
ing information, as applicable:
C638 Descriptive Nomenclature of Constituents of Aggre-
4.2.1 Reference to this specification, as C33____,
gates for Radiation-Shielding Concrete
4.2.2 Whether the order is for fine aggregate or for coarse
C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to
aggregate,
Rapid Freezing and Thawing
4.2.3 Quantity, in metric tons or tons,
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and
4.2.4 When the order is for fine aggregate:
Mortars
4.2.4.1 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 7.3
C1105 Test Method for Length Change of Concrete Due to
applies,
Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
4.2.4.2 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see 8.1)
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium sulfate
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious
or magnesium sulfate shall be used,
Mixtures
4.2.4.3 The appropriate limit for material finer than 75-µm
C1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Ag-
(No. 200) sieve (see Table 1). If not stated, the 3.0 % limit shall
gregates (Mortar-Bar Method)
apply,
C1293 Test Method for Determination of Length Change of
4.2.4.4 The appropriate limit for coal and lignite (see Table
Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
2). If not stated, the 1.0 % limit shall apply,
C1567 Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-
4.2.5 When the order is for coarse aggregate:
Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Mate-
4.2.5.1 The grading (size number) (see 10.1 and Table 3), or
rials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)
alternate grading as agreed between the purchaser and aggre-
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
gate supplier.
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (With-
4.2.5.2 The class designation (see 11.1 and Table 4),
drawn 2016)4
4.2.5.3 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 11.2
D2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and
applies,
Fine Aggregate
4.2.5.4 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see Table
D3665 Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Ma-
4), which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium
terials
sulfate or magnesium sulfate shall be used, and
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
2.2 Other Standards: TABLE 1 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate
AASHTO T 330 Method of Test for the Qualitative Detec- Sieve (Specification E11) Percent Passing
tion of Harmful Clays of the Smectite Group in Aggre- 9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.) 100
gates Using Methylene Blue5 4.75-mm (No. 4) 95 to 100
2.36-mm (No. 8) 80 to 100
1.18-mm (No. 16) 50 to 85
3. Terminology 600-µm (No. 30) 25 to 60
300-µm (No. 50) 5 to 30
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to 150-µm (No. 100) 0 to 10
Terminology C125. 75-µm (No. 200) 0 to 3.0A,B
A
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: For concrete not subject to abrasion, the limit for material finer than the 75-µm
(No. 200) sieve shall be 5.0 % maximum.
B
For manufactured fine aggregate, if the material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200)
sieve consists of dust of fracture, essentially free of clay or shale, this limit shall be
5
AASHTO Standard Specifications, Part 2B: Tests. Available from American 5.0 % maximum for concrete subject to abrasion, and 7.0 % maximum for concrete
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. not subject to abrasion.
Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.transportation.org.

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 C33/C33M − 16
TABLE 2 Limits for Deleterious Substances in Fine Aggregate for contained within this standard. Certain recycled aggregate sources may
Concrete contain materials and properties not addressed as part of the document
Mass Percent specifications, limits, or test methods. Recycled aggregates may require
Item of Total Sample, evaluation for environmental considerations (air quality, water quality,
max storage) using the appropriate local, state, and federal test methods in
Clay lumps and friable particles 3.0 effect at the time of use.
Coal and lignite:
Where surface appearance of concrete 0.5
is of importance
6. Grading
All other concrete 1.0
6.1 Sieve Analysis—Fine aggregate, except as provided in
6.2 and 6.3 shall be graded within the limits in Table 1.
NOTE 3—Concrete with fine aggregate gradings near the minimums for
4.2.6 Any exceptions or additions to this specification (see percent passing the 300 µm (No.50) and 150 µm (No.100) sometimes have
Note 1). difficulties with workability, pumping or excessive bleeding. The addition
4.3 Include in project specifications for aggregates the of entrained air, additional cement, or the addition of an approved mineral
admixture to supply the deficient fines, are methods used to alleviate such
following information, as applicable: difficulties.
4.3.1 Reference to this specification, as C33____.
4.3.2 When the aggregate being described is fine aggregate: 6.2 The fine aggregate shall have not more than 45 %
4.3.2.1 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 7.3 passing any sieve and retained on the next consecutive sieve of
applies, those shown in 6.1, and its fineness modulus shall be not less
4.3.2.2 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see 8.1) than 2.3 nor more than 3.1.
which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium sulfate
6.3 Fine aggregate failing to meet these grading require-
or magnesium sulfate shall be used.
4.3.2.3 The appropriate limit for material finer than the ments shall meet the requirements of this section provided that
75-µm (No. 200) sieve (see Table 1). If not stated, the 3.0 % the supplier can demonstrate to the purchaser or specifier that
limit shall apply, and concrete of the class specified, made with fine aggregate under
4.3.2.4 The limit that applies with regard to coal and lignite consideration, will have relevant properties (see Note 6) at
(Table 2). If not stated, the 1.0 % limit shall apply. least equal to those of concrete made with the same
4.3.3 When the aggregate being described is coarse ingredients, with the exception that the reference fine aggregate
aggregate, include: shall be selected from a source having an acceptable perfor-
4.3.3.1 The nominal maximum size or sizes permitted, mance record in similar concrete construction.
based on thickness of section or spacing of reinforcing bars or NOTE 4—Manufactured fine aggregate having elevated proportions of
other criteria. In lieu of stating the nominal maximum size, the material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve may need further evaluation to
specifier shall designate an appropriate size number or numbers ensure that material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve is essentially
(see 10.1 and Table 3). Designation of a size number to indicate composed of dust of fracture derived from the parent rock in the crushing
a nominal size shall not restrict the person responsible for operation, and does not contain an appreciable level of clay minerals or
selecting proportions from combining two or more gradings of other deleterious constituents as described in Descriptive Nomenclature
C294. Because some of the dust of fracture may occur in the clay size
aggregate to obtain a desired grading, provided that the range, defined here as material finer than 2 µm, care must be taken to
gradings are not otherwise restricted by the project specifier properly differentiate these clay-sized materials from clay minerals.
and the nominal maximum size indicated by the size number is Natural fine aggregate with elevated proportions of material passing the
not exceeded, 75-µm (No. 200) sieve may have higher potential for clay mineral content.
4.3.3.2 The class designation (see 11.1 and Table 4), Various means are available for characterizing these fines, such as
4.3.3.3 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 11.2 petrographic analysis (Guide C295), sand equivalent determination (Test
Method D2419), hydrometer analysis (Test Method D422), methylene
applies, blue adsorption determination (AASHTO T 330) and X-ray diffraction
4.3.3.4 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see Table analysis. While these techniques are useful for investigative purposes, no
4), which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium specific limits have been established for prediction of performance of
sulfate or magnesium sulfate shall be used, and these materials in concrete under various intended service conditions.
4.3.4 The person responsible for selecting the concrete Methylene blue adsorption and hydrometer analyses are believed to be
two relatively quick and reliable tests for characterization of material
proportions if other than the concrete producer.
passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve to determine suitability for use in
4.3.5 Any exceptions or additions to this specification (see concrete. Research (1,2) has indicated that manufactured fine aggregate
Note 1). with less than 4 % by mass finer than 2 µm, and with methylene blue
adsorption values less than 5 mg/g generally is suitable for use in concrete.
FINE AGGREGATE Fine aggregate that exceeds these values also may be suitable for use
provided that fresh and hardened concrete properties are shown to be
5. General Characteristics acceptable.
5.1 Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, manufac- NOTE 5—Fine aggregate that conforms to the grading requirements of
tured sand, or other recycled aggregate, or a combination a specification, prepared by another organization such as a state transpor-
tation agency, which is in general use in the area, should be considered as
thereof. having a satisfactory service record with regard to those concrete
NOTE 2—This standard only addresses properties of aggregates consid- properties affected by grading.
ered necessary for use in concrete and the associated test methods NOTE 6—Relevant properties are those properties of the concrete that
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TABLE 3 Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregates

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Amounts Finer than Each Laboratory Sieve (Square-Openings), Mass Percent
Nominal Size
Size Number (Sieves with 100 90 mm 75 mm 63 mm 50 mm 37.5 mm 25.0 mm 19.0 mm 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 300 µm
mm (31⁄2 in.) (3 in.) (21⁄2 in.) (2 in.) (11⁄2 in.) (1 in.) (3⁄4 in.) (1⁄2 in.) (3⁄8 in.) (No. 4) (No. 8) (No. 16) (No.50)

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Square Openings)
(4 in.)
1 90 to 37.5 mm 100 90 to 100 ... 25 to 60 ... 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
(31⁄2 to 11⁄2 in.)

2 63 to 37.5 mm ... ... 100 90 to 100 35 to 70 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ... ...

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(21⁄2 to 11⁄2 in.)

3 50 to 25.0 mm ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 35 to 70 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ...
(2 to 1 in.)

357 50 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 35 to 70 ... 10 to 30 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(2 in. to No. 4)

4 37.5 to 19.0 mm ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ...
(11⁄2 to 3⁄4 in.)

467 37.5 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 35 to 70 ... 10 to 30 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(11⁄2 in. to No. 4)

5 25.0 to 12.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ... ... ...
(1 to 1⁄2 in.)

56 25.0 to 9.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 40 to 85 10 to 40 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(1 to 3⁄8 in.)

57 25.0 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 25 to 60 ... 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ...
(1 in. to No. 4)
C33/C33M − 16

6 19.0 to 9.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(3⁄4 to 3⁄8 in.)

67 19.0 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 ... 20 to 55 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ...

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(3⁄4 in. to No. 4)

7 12.5 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 40 to 70 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ...
(1⁄2 in. to No. 4)

8 9.5 to 2.36 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 85 to 100 10 to 30 0 to 10 0 to 5 ...
(3⁄8 in. to No. 8)

89 9.5 to 1.18 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 5 to 30 0 to 10 0 to 5
( 3⁄8 in. to No. 16)

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9A 4.75 to 1.18 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 85 to 100 10 to 40 0 to 10 0 to 5
(No. 4 to No. 16)
A
Size number 9 aggregate is defined in Terminology C125 as a fine aggregate. It is included as a coarse aggregate when it is combined with a size number 8 material to create a size number 89, which is a coarse
aggregate as defined by Terminology C125.
 TABLE 4 Limits for Deleterious Substances and Physical Property Requirements of Coarse Aggregate for Concrete
NOTE 1—See Fig. 1 for the location of the weathering regions and Note 11 for guidance in using the map. The weathering regions are defined as follows:
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(S) Severe Weathering Region—A cold climate where concrete is exposed to deicing chemicals or other aggressive agents, or
where concrete may become saturated by continued contact with moisture or free water prior to repeated freezing and thawing.

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(M) Moderate Weathering Region—A climate where occasional freezing is expected, but where concrete in outdoor service will not
be continually exposed to freezing and thawing in the presence of moisture or to deicing chemicals.
(N) Negligible Weathering Region—A climate where concrete is rarely exposed to freezing in the presence of moisture.

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Maximum Allowable, %
Sum of Clay
Lumps, Fri-
Material
Class Type or Location of Concrete Clay able Magnesium
Chert (Less Finer
Designation Construction Lumps and Particles, Coal and Sulfate
Than 2.40 sp Than 75-µm AbrasionA

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Friable Par- and Lignite Soundness
gr SSD) (No. 200)
ticles Chert (Less (5 cycles)B
Sieve
Than 2.40 sp
gr SSD)
Severe Weathering Regions
1S Footings, foundations, columns and 10.0 ... ... 1.0C 1.0 50 ...
beams not exposed to the weather, in-
terior floor slabs to be given coverings
2S Interior floors without coverings 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...
3S Foundation walls above grade, retaining 5.0 5.0 7.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
walls, abutments, piers, girders, and
beams exposed to the weather
4S Pavements, bridge decks, driveways 3.0 5.0 5.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
and curbs, walks, patios, garage floors,
exposed floors and porches, or water-
front structures, subject to frequent
wetting
5S Exposed architectural 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
or decorative concrete
Moderate Weathering Regions
1M Footings, foundations, columns, and 10.0 ... ... 1.0C 1.0 50 ...
beams not exposed to the weather, in-
C33/C33M − 16

terior floor slabs to be given coverings

2M Interior floors without coverings 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...
3M Foundation walls above grade, retaining 5.0 8.0 10.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
walls, abutments, piers, girders, and
beams exposed to the weather

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4M Pavements, bridge decks, driveways 5.0 5.0 7.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
and curbs, walks, patios, garage floors, exposed floors
and porches, or water-
front structures subject to frequent wet-
ting
5M Exposed architectural 3.0 3.0 5.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
or decorative concrete
Negligible Weathering Regions
1N Slabs subject to traffic abrasion, bridge 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...
decks, floors, sidewalks, pavements
C

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2N All other classes of concrete 10.0 ... ... 1.0 1.0 50 ...
A
Crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag is excluded from the abrasion requirements. The rodded or jigged bulk density (unit weight) of crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag shall be not less than 1120 kg/m3 [70 lb/ft3].
The grading of slag used in the bulk density (unit weight) test shall conform to the grading to be used in the concrete. Abrasion loss of gravel, crushed gravel, or crushed stone shall be determined on the test size or
sizes most nearly corresponding to the grading or gradings to be used in the concrete. When more than one grading is to be used, the limit on abrasion loss shall apply to each.
B
The allowable limits for soundness shall be 12 % if sodium sulfate is used.
C
This percentage under either of the following conditions: (1) is permitted to be increased to 1.5 if the material is essentially free of clay or shale; or (2) if the source of the fine aggregate to be used in the concrete is
known to contain less than the specified maximum amount passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve Table 1 the percentage limit (L) on the amount in the coarse aggregate is permitted to be increased to L = 1 + [(P)/(100 − P)]
(T − A), where P = percentage of sand in the concrete as a percent of total aggregate, T = the Table 1 limit for the amount permitted in the fine aggregate, and A = the actual amount in the fine aggregate. (This provides
a weighted calculation designed to limit the maximum mass of material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve in the concrete to that which would be obtained if both the fine and coarse aggregate were supplied at the
maximum tabulated percentage for each of these ingredients.)
 C33/C33M − 16
are important to the particular application being considered. STP 169D6 provided that the supplier demonstrates to the purchaser or
provides a discussion of important concrete properties. specifier that concrete of comparable properties, made from
6.4 For continuing shipments of fine aggregate from a given similar aggregate from the same source, has given satisfactory
source, the fineness modulus shall not vary more than 0.20 service when exposed to weathering similar to that to be
from the base fineness modulus. The base fineness modulus encountered.
shall be that value that is typical of the source. The purchaser 8.3 Fine aggregate not having a demonstrable service record
or specifier has the authority to approve a change in the base and failing to meet the requirements of 8.1 shall be regarded as
fineness modulus. meeting the requirements of this section provided that the
NOTE 7—The base fineness modulus should be determined from supplier demonstrates to the purchaser or specifier it gives
previous tests, or if no previous tests exist, from the average of the satisfactory results in concrete subjected to freezing and
fineness modulus values for the first ten samples (or all preceding samples thawing tests (see Test Method C666/C666M).
if less than ten) on the order. The proportioning of a concrete mixture may
be dependent on the base fineness modulus of the fine aggregate to be COARSE AGGREGATE
used. Therefore, when it appears that the base fineness modulus is
considerably different from the value used in the concrete mixture, a
suitable adjustment in the mixture may be necessary.
9. General Characteristics
9.1 Coarse aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel,

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7. Deleterious Substances crushed stone, air-cooled blast furnace slag, or crushed
7.1 The amount of deleterious substances in fine aggregate hydraulic-cement concrete (see Note 8), or other recycled
shall not exceed the limits prescribed in Table 2. aggregate (see Note 2), or a combination thereof, conforming
to the requirements of this specification.
7.2 Organic Impurities:
7.2.1 Fine aggregate shall be free of injurious amounts of NOTE 8—Although crushed hydraulic-cement concrete has been used as
organic impurities. Except as herein provided, aggregates an aggregate with reported satisfactory results, its use may require some
subjected to the test for organic impurities and producing a additional precautions. Mixing water requirements may be increased
because of the harshness of the aggregate. Partially deteriorated concrete,
color darker than the standard shall be rejected. used as aggregate, may reduce freeze-thaw resistance, affect air void
7.2.2 Use of a fine aggregate failing in the test is not properties or degrade during handling, mixing, or placing. Crushed
prohibited, provided that the discoloration is due principally to concrete may have constituents that would be susceptible to alkali-
the presence of small quantities of coal, lignite, or similar aggregate reactivity or sulfate attack in the new concrete or may bring
sulfates, chlorides, or organic material to the new concrete in its pore
discrete particles. structure.
7.2.3 Use of a fine aggregate failing in the test is not
prohibited, provided that, when tested for the effect of organic 10. Grading
impurities on strength of mortar, the relative strength at 7 days,
10.1 Coarse aggregates shall conform to the requirements
calculated in accordance with Test Method C87, is not less than
prescribed in Table 3 for the size number specified.
95 %.
NOTE 9—The ranges shown in Table 3 are by necessity very wide in
7.3 Fine aggregate for use in concrete that will be subject to order to accommodate nationwide conditions. For quality control of any
wetting, extended exposure to humid atmosphere, or contact specific operation, a producer should develop an average grading for the
with moist ground shall not contain any materials that are particular source and production facilities, and should control the produc-
deleteriously reactive with the alkalies in the cement in an tion gradings within reasonable tolerances from this average. Where
amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or coarse aggregate size numbers 357 or 467 are used, the aggregate should
be furnished in at least two separate sizes.
concrete, except that if such materials are present in injurious
amounts, use of the fine aggregate is not prohibited when used 11. Deleterious Substances
with a cement containing less than 0.60 % alkalies calculated
11.1 Except for the provisions of 11.3, the limits given in
as sodium oxide equivalent (Na2O + 0.658K2O), if there is a
Table 4 shall apply for the class of coarse aggregate designated
satisfactory service record evaluation, or with the addition of a
in the purchase order or other document (see Note 10 and Note
material that has been shown to prevent harmful expansion due
11). If the class is not specified, the requirements for Class 3S,
to the alkali-aggregate reaction. (See Appendix X1, X1.1.2,
3M, or 1N shall apply in the severe, moderate, and negligible
X1.1.3)
weathering regions, respectively (see Table 4 and Fig. 1).
8. Soundness NOTE 10—The specifier of the aggregate should designate the class of
8.1 Except as provided in 8.2 and 8.3, fine aggregate coarse aggregate to be used in the work, based on weathering severity,
abrasion, and other factors of exposure (see Table 4 and Fig. 1) . The limits
subjected to five cycles of the soundness test shall have a for coarse aggregate corresponding to each class designation are expected
weighted average loss not greater than 10 % when sodium to ensure satisfactory performance in concrete for the respective type and
sulfate is used or 15 % when magnesium sulfate is used. location of construction. Selecting a class with unduly restrictive limits
may result in unnecessary cost if materials meeting those requirements are
8.2 Fine aggregate failing to meet the requirements of 8.1 not locally available. Selecting a class with lenient limits may result in
shall be regarded as meeting the requirements of this section unsatisfactory performance and premature deterioration of the concrete.
While concrete in different parts of a single structure may be adequately
made with different classes of coarse aggregate, the specifier may wish to
6
Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete Making require the coarse aggregate for all concrete to conform to the same more
Materials, STP 169D, ASTM, 2006. restrictive class to reduce the chance of furnishing concrete with the

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 C33/C33M − 16

FIG. 1 Location of Weathering Regions

wrong class of aggregate, especially on smaller projects. 11.3 Coarse aggregate having test results exceeding the
NOTE 11—For coarse aggregate in concrete exposed to weathering, the limits specified in Table 4 shall be regarded as meeting the
map with the weathering regions shown in Fig. 1 is intended to serve only
as a guide to probable weathering severity. Those undertaking
requirements of this section provided the supplier demonstrates
construction, especially near the boundaries of weathering regions, should to the purchaser or specifier that concrete made with similar
consult local weather bureau records for amount of winter precipitation aggregate from the same source has given satisfactory service
and number of freeze-thaw cycles to be expected, for determining the when exposed in a similar manner to that to be encountered; or,
weathering severity for establishing test requirements of the coarse in the absence of a demonstrable service record, provided that
aggregate. For construction at altitudes exceeding 1520 m [5000 ft] above
sea level, the likelihood of more severe weathering than indicated by the the aggregate produces concrete having satisfactory relevant
map should be considered. In arid areas, severity of weathering may be properties (see Note 6).
less than that indicated. In either case, the definitions of weathering
severity in Table 4 would govern. If there is doubt in choosing between METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING
two regions, select the more severe weathering region.
12. Methods of Sampling and Testing
11.2 Coarse aggregate for use in concrete that will be
subject to wetting, extended exposure to humid atmosphere, or 12.1 Sample and test the aggregates in accordance with the
contact with moist ground shall not contain any materials that following methods, except as otherwise provided in this
are deleteriously reactive with the alkalies in the cement in an specification. Make the required tests on test specimens that
amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or comply with requirements of the designated test methods. It is
concrete except that if such materials are present in injurious not prohibited to use the same test specimen for sieve analysis
amounts, the coarse aggregate is not prohibited when used with and for determination of material finer than the 75-µm (No.
a cement containing less than 0.60 % alkalies calculated as 200) sieve. The use of separated sizes from the sieve analysis
sodium oxide equivalent (Na2O + 0.658K2O), if there is a is acceptable for soundness or abrasion tests, however, addi-
satisfactory service record evaluation, or with the addition of a tional test specimen preparation is required (see Note 12). For
material that has been shown to prevent harmful expansion due other test procedures and the evaluation of potential alkali
to the alkali-aggregate reaction. (See Appendix X1, X1.1.2, reactivity, when required, use independent test specimens.
X1.1.3) NOTE 12—The material used for the soundness test requires resieving to
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 C33/C33M − 16
allow proper test specimen preparation as specified in Test Method C88. 12.1.9 Bulk Density (Unit Weight) of Slag—Test Method
12.1.1 Sampling—Practice D75 and Practice D3665. C29/C29M.
12.1.2 Grading and Fineness Modulus—Test Method C136. 12.1.10 Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate—Test Method C131
12.1.3 Amount of Material Finer than 75-µm (No. 200) or Test Method C535.
Sieve—Test Method C117. 12.1.11 Reactive Aggregates—See Appendix X1.
12.1.4 Organic Impurities—Test Method C40. 12.1.12 Freezing and Thawing—Procedures for making
12.1.5 Effect of Organic Impurities on Strength—Test freezing and thawing tests of concrete are described in Test
Method C87. Method C666/C666M.
12.1.6 Soundness—Test Method C88. 12.1.13 Chert—Test Method C123 is used to identify par-
12.1.7 Clay Lumps and Friable Particles— Test Method ticles in a sample of coarse aggregate lighter than 2.40 specific
C142. gravity, and Guide C295 to identify which of the particles in
12.1.8 Coal and Lignite—Test Method C123, using a liquid the light fraction are chert.
of 2.0 specific gravity to remove the particles of coal and
lignite. Only material that is brownish-black, or black, shall be 13. Keywords
considered coal or lignite. Coke shall not be classed as coal or 13.1 aggregates; coarse aggregate; concrete aggregates; fine
lignite. aggregate

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. METHODS FOR EVALUATING POTENTIAL FOR DELETERIOUS EXPANSION DUE TO ALKALI REACTIVITY OF AN
AGGREGATE

X1.1 Introduction evaluation, use of the aggregate should be considered with

measures known to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali-
X1.1.1 Laboratory Methods—Many test methods for evalu-
aggregate reaction. See the mitigation sections in this appendix
ating the potential for deleterious expansion due to alkali
under X1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction and X1.4 Alkali-Carbonate
reactivity of an aggregate have been proposed and some have
Rock Reaction and References cited for discussion of preven-
been adopted as ASTM standards. However, there is no general
tion strategies for new concrete.
agreement on the relation between the results of these tests and
the amount of expansion to be expected or tolerated in service. X1.2 Background
Therefore, evaluation of the suitability of an aggregate should
be based upon judgment, interpretation of test data, and results X1.2.1 Background information on alkali-aggregate reac-
of examinations of concrete structures containing the same tion can be found in Ref (3)7, Descriptive Nomenclature C294,
aggregates and similar cementitious materials having similar and Guide C295 as discussed as follows. Additional discussion
levels of alkalies. Results of the tests referred to in this is included in Refs (4) (5). These references address both
appendix may assist in making the evaluation. When interpret- alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate rock reaction.
ing expansion of laboratory specimens, consideration should X1.2.1.1 Descriptive Nomenclature C294 for Constituents
be given not only to expansion values at specific ages, but also of Concrete Aggregates—This nomenclature provides descrip-
to the shape of the expansion curve, which may indicate tions of constituents of mineral aggregates and includes dis-
whether the expansion is leveling off or continuing at a cussion of which have been associated with deleterious expan-
constant or accelerating rate. sion due to alkali reaction.
X1.2.1.2 Guide C295 (Petrographic Examination of
X1.1.2 Service Record Evaluation—Valid, comparable con- Aggregates)—This guide outlines the procedures for examin-
crete service record data, if available, should take precedence ing an aggregate sample or a sample from a potential aggregate
over laboratory test results in most cases. To be considered source to determine whether substances that are potentially
valid, a record of satisfactory service should be available for at deleteriously reactive are present; and, if so, in what amounts.
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least 10 years for aggregates, cementitious materials, and X1.2.1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction—Certain materials are
exposures sufficiently similar to those in which an aggregate is known to be potentially deleteriously alkali-silica reactive.
being considered for future use. Longer periods of documented These include forms of silica such as opal, chalcedony,
service may be required for proposed work designed for a tridymite, and cristobalite; cryptocrystalline and
particularly long service life in moist conditions, or if labora- microcrystalline, strained, or highly fractured quartz; and
tory test results show that the aggregate may be deleteriously intermediate to acid (silica-rich) volcanic glass such as is likely
reactive. to occur in rhyolite, andesite, or dacite. Determination of the
X1.1.3 Mitigation of Alkali-Aggregate Reaction—If an ag-
gregate has been judged to be potentially deleteriously reactive 7
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
in concrete either through laboratory or service record this standard.

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 C33/C33M − 16
presence and quantities of these materials by petrographic months should not be considered excessive when the 6-month
examination is helpful in evaluating potential alkali reactivity. expansion remains below 0.10 %. Data for the 3-month tests
An aggregate can be potentially deleteriously reactive when should be considered only when 6-month results are not
some of these materials, such as opal, are present in very small available. The limits may not be conservative for slowly
quantities (for example, 1 %). reactive aggregates. Test Method C227 is not suitable for
X1.2.1.4 Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction—The reaction of slowly reactive aggregates, and its use for this purpose is not
dolomite in certain carbonate rocks with alkalies has been advised (3, 4). Aggregates suspected of being slowly reactive
associated with deleterious expansion of concrete containing should be evaluated using Test Method C1260 or Test Method
such rocks as coarse aggregate. The most rapidly reactive C1293. Test Method C227 is also used with a specific reactive
carbonate rocks possess a characteristic texture in which glass aggregate to verify the mitigation effectiveness of
relatively large crystals of dolomite are scattered in a finer- blended cements meeting Specification C595, with the Table 2
grained matrix of calcite and clay. These rocks also have a optional mortar expansion requirement, and meeting Perfor-
composition in which the carbonate portion consists of sub- mance Specification C1157 with Option R. These procedures
stantial amounts of both dolomite and calcite, and the acid- are similar to the provisions of Test Method C441 discussed as
insoluble residue contains a significant amount of clay. Certain follows for mineral admixtures and ground slag.
purely dolomitic rocks also may produce slow expansion in
concrete. X1.3.3 Test Method C342 (Mortar Bars Subjected to
Changes in Moisture and Temperature)—This withdrawn test
X1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction method was intended for research concerning the potential
expansion of cement-aggregate combinations involving se-
X1.3.1 Test Method C289 (Chemical Method)—The results lected aggregates found in parts of Oklahoma, Kansas,
of the test are values for the quantities of dissolved silica (Sc) Nebraska, and Iowa. Due to the specimen conditioning
and reduction in alkalinity (Rc) for each of the three test procedures, the expansion of mortar bars in this test method
portions from the prepared aggregate test sample. Aggregates may not be related to alkali-silica reaction under normal-
represented by plotted points (Sc, Rc), which lie on the temperature conditioning. Data on the use of this test method
deleterious side of the solid curve of Fig. X1.1 of Test Method are given in the references cited in a footnote in the test
C289 usually should be considered potentially reactive. Three method. It is indicated that cement-aggregate combinations
regions are delineated in the figure: (1) aggregates considered tested by this procedure in which expansion equals or exceeds
innocuous; (2) aggregates considered potentially deleterious; 0.20 % at an age of 1 year may be considered unsatisfactory for
and (3) aggregates considered deleterious. Aggregates repre- use in concrete exposed to wide variations of temperature and
sented by points lying in the potentially deleterious region degree of saturation with water. This test method is not
above the dashed line in Fig. X1.1 of Test Method C289 may recommended for use in regions other than previously cited.
give relatively low expansions in mortar or concrete even
though they are extremely reactive with alkalies. The test can X1.3.4 Test Method C1260 (Mortar-Bar Method for Poten-
be made quickly and can provide helpful information, except tial Alkali Reactivity of Aggregate)—This test method is an
for slowly reactive rocks such as some granitic gneiss and accelerated screening technique developed for the detection of
quartzite. Also, as pointed out in the appendix to Test Method materials that develop deleterious expansions slowly over a
C289, the results may not be correct for aggregates containing long period of time. Some aggregates that perform well in the
carbonates or magnesium silicates, such as antigorite field have been shown to fail this test (6, 7). Results of this test
(serpentine), or constituents producing late-slow reactivity. See method should not be used for rejection of aggregates unless it
the appendix to Test Method C289 for a discussion of the has been established using the sources of supplementary
interpretation of results and applicable references. If test results information cited in the test method that the detected expansion
indicate deleterious or potentially deleterious character, the is actually due to alkali-silica reaction. There is good agree-
aggregates should be tested in accordance with Test Methods ment in the published literature cited in the test method for the
C227 or C1293 to verify the potential for expansion in expansion limits: (1) expansions of less than 0.10 % at 16 days
concrete. after casting are indicative of innocuous behavior in most
cases; (2) expansions of more than 0.20 % at 16 days are
X1.3.2 Test Method C227 (Mortar-Bar Method for Cement-
indicative of potentially deleterious expansion; and (3) expan-
Aggregate Combinations)—The results of this test method,
sions between 0.10 and 0.20 % at 16 days include both
when a high-alkali cement is used, furnish information on the
aggregates that are known to be innocuous and deleterious in
likelihood of potentially deleterious expansion occurring. The
field performance. If test results indicate expansion greater
alkali content of the portland cement should be at least 0.8 %,
than 0.10 % at 16 days, the aggregate should be tested in
expressed as percent sodium oxide equivalent (%Na2O + 0.658
accordance with Test Method C1293 unless appropriate field
× %K2O). Combinations of aggregate and cementitious mate-
experience demonstrates that it does not cause deleterious
rials that have produced excessive expansions in this test
expansion in concrete. (See X1.3.6.)
method should be considered potentially reactive. While the
line of demarcation between innocuous and potentially delete- X1.3.5 Test Method C1293 (Concrete Prism Method for
rious combinations is not clearly defined, expansion is gener- Alkali-Silica Reactivity)—The test method evaluates the aggre-
ally considered to be excessive if it exceeds 0.05 % at 3 months gates independently, or combinations of aggregate with cemen-
or 0.10 % at 6 months. Expansions greater than 0.05 % at 3 titious materials composted of hydraulic cement and pozzolan
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 C33/C33M − 16
or ground granulated blast-furnace slag for potential alkali- portland cement of given alkali content may be higher than
silica reaction expansion using concrete prisms. The test needed to avoid deleterious expansion with a particular con-
method is accelerated by using an elevated alkali content and struction aggregate.
Test Method C227 exposure conditions. The appendix to Test X1.3.8 Test Method C1567 (Accelerated Mortar-Bar
Method C1293 provides guidance on interpretation of the Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity
results. When evaluating aggregates independently, those with of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate)—
expansions equal to or greater than 0.04 % at one year are This test method evaluates specific combinations of aggregate
considered potentially deleteriously reactive. When evaluating with cementitious materials composed of hydraulic cement and
combinations of hydraulic cement and pozzolan or ground pozzolans or ground granulated blast-furnace slag under stor-
granulated blast-furnace slag, the test is extended to two years age conditions described in Test Method C1260. Because
using the 0.04 % expansion limit. This test method is consid- mortar specimens are stored in 1N NaOH solution, the test may
ered to be the most reliable procedure among ASTM Test underestimate the effectiveness of cementitious materials that
Methods for the evaluation of aggregates for alkali-silica rely to a significant degree on low alkali content for mitigation.
reaction. In general, expansions less than 0.10 % at 16 days are
X1.3.6 Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction—Normally if an considered to indicate effective control of potential ASR-
aggregate is shown to be nonreactive or innocuous by produc- related expansion of the aggregate by the specific combination
of cementitious materials.
ing little or no expansion in Test Method C1260 or Test Method
C1293, no mitigation is necessary. Similarly, if the aggregate X1.3.9 The use of Test Method C1293 to evaluate the
has a long satisfactory service record with similar cementitious mitigation of potentially reactive aggregates is discussed in
materials having similar or higher alkali levels, no mitigation is X1.3.5.
necessary. On the other hand, use of aggregates judged to be
potentially deleteriously alkali-silica reactive should be con- X1.4 Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
sidered with the use of measures known to prevent excessive X1.4.1 Test Method C586 (Rock Cylinders Method for
expansion. These include measures such as: low-alkali cement Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction)—Rocks that are capable of
(Specification C150 with the low-alkali option); blended ce- potentially deleterious carbonate rock reaction are relatively
ments (Specification C595 with the Table 2 optional mortar infrequent and seldom constitute a significant proportion of a
expansion requirement or Performance Specification C1157 deposit of rock being considered for use in making aggregate
with Option R); pozzolanic materials (meeting the optional for concrete. Test Method C586 has been successfully used in
physical requirement on effectiveness in controlling alkali- research and in preliminary screening of aggregate sources to
silica reaction in Specification C618 or reactivity with cement indicate the presence of material with a potential for deleteri-
alkalies in Specification C1240 for silica fume); or ground slag ous expansions when used in concrete.
(shown to be effective in preventing excessive expansion of X1.4.2 Test Method C1105 (Concrete-Prism Method for
concrete due to alkali-aggregate reaction as discussed in Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction)—This test method is in-
Appendix X3 of Specification C989). The effectiveness of the tended to evaluate specific combinations of materials in con-
cementitious materials or admixtures, or both, chosen to crete when the aggregate is regarded as susceptible to delete-
mitigate a potentially reactive aggregate should be demon- rious expansion in service due to the alkali-carbonate rock
strated through tests of the individual materials, or tests of the reaction. The appendix to Test Method C1105 provides general
proposed combination in concrete. information and references concerning the interpretation of
X1.3.7 Test Method C441 (Mortar-Bar Method for Effec- results. A cement-aggregate combination might reasonably be
tiveness of Mineral Admixtures or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag classified as potentially deleteriously reactive if the average
in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the expansion of six concrete specimens is equal to or greater than:
Alkali-Silica Reaction)—This test method evaluates cementi- 0.015 % at 3 months; 0.025 % at 6 months; or 0.030 % at 1
tious materials in mortar bars as in Test Method C227 using year. Data for later ages are preferred.
highly-reactive borosilicate glass as the aggregate. Specifica- X1.4.3 Mitigation of Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction—
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tion C618 provides a criterion for its use as applied to fly ash Normally, if a carbonate rock does not show the characteristic
and raw or calcined natural pozzolans when sampled and tested texture and composition associated with this type of reaction,
in accordance with Test Methods C311 by comparison with a or if it does not produce expansion in rock cylinders (Test
control mortar made with low-alkali cement. Specification Method C586) or concrete prisms (Test Method C1105), no
C1240 provides criteria for the use of Test Method C441 to mitigation is necessary for alkali-carbonate rock reaction.
evaluate silica fume for controlling expansion. Appendix X3 to Similarly, if the aggregate has a long satisfactory service record
Specification C989 describes its use for ground granulated with similar materials and conditions, no mitigation is neces-
blast-furnace slag. Project specific materials can be evaluated sary. On the other hand, use of aggregates judged to be
by proportioning the mortars according to the Job Mixture potentially deleteriously alkali-carbonate reactive in concrete is
clause. In evaluating the results of this test, it should be not recommended unless it can be shown that mitigation
recognized that borosilicate glass is more reactive than most methods will be effective. Pozzolans generally have not been
construction aggregates; therefore, the amount of a given found to control alkali-carbonate rock reaction. Measures
pozzolan or ground slag necessary to control expansion with a suggested for mitigation includes: avoiding reactive carbonate

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 C33/C33M − 16
rocks; selective quarrying; diluting reactive rock to less than
20 % of the aggregate in the concrete; use of smaller maximum
size; and the use of very low alkali cement.

REFERENCES

(1) Ahn, N. and Fowler, D. W., “An Experimental Study on the Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1998 , 31 pages.
Guidelines for Using Higher Contents of Aggregate Microfines in (5) Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Berube, M. A., Fournier, B.,
Portland Cement Concrete,” ICAR Research Report 102-1F, Interna- and Durand, Eds, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference,
tional Center for Aggregates Research, University of Texas, Austin, Quebec City, Canada, June 2000, 1402 pages. (Note—This confer-
TX, 2001, 435 pp. (http://www.icar.utexas.edu/publications/101_2F/ ence and proceedings includes information on ASR and ACR in
101_2Cvr.pdf) concrete by researchers and experts from all over the world. Copies of
(2) Norvell, J.K., Stewart, J.G., Juenger, M.C.G and Fowler, D.W., the volume can be obtained from the International Centre for
“Influence of Clay and Clay-Sized Particles on Concrete Performance, Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete, 405 Rochester
”Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol 19, No. 12,
Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0G1.)
December 2007, pp. 1053–1059.
(6) Hooton, R.D., and Rogers, C.A., “Evaluation of Rapid Test Methods
(3) Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-
Making Materials, Klieger, Paul and Lamond, Joseph F., Eds, ASTM for Detecting Alkali-Reactive Aggregates,” Proceedings of Eighth
STP 169C, 1994, 623 pages. See Chapter 31 on “Petrographic International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Kyoto, 1989,
Evaluation of Concrete Aggregates,” by Richard C. Mielenz, Chapter pp. 439–444.
32 on “Alkali-Silica Reactions in Concrete” by David Stark, and (7) Fournier, B., and Berube, M.A., “Application of the NBRI Acceler-
Chapter 33 on “Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction” by Michael A. ated Mortar Bar Test to Siliceous Carbonate Aggregates Produced in
Ozol. the St. Lawrence Lowlands, Part 2: Proposed Limits, Rates of
(4) “State-of-the-Art Report on Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity” by ACI Expansion, and Microstructure of Reaction Products,” Cement and
Committee 221 on Aggregates, ACI 221.1R-98, American Concrete Concrete Research, Vol 21, 1991, pp. 1069–1082.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

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Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
C33/C33M – 13, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved Feb. 1, 2016.)

(1) Added 3.2 and Note 2. (2) Revised 5.1 and 9.1.

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