Designation: C33/C33M – 11a

Standard Specification for

Concrete Aggregates1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C33/C33M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification defines the requirements for grading 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
and quality of fine and coarse aggregate (other than lightweight C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
or heavyweight aggregate) for use in concrete.2 and Voids in Aggregate
1.2 This specification is for use by a contractor, concrete C40 Test Method for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates
supplier, or other purchaser as part of the purchase document for Concrete
describing the material to be furnished. C87 Test Method for Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine
NOTE 1—This specification is regarded as adequate to ensure satisfac-
Aggregate on Strength of Mortar
tory materials for most concrete. It is recognized that, for certain work or C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
in certain regions, it may be either more or less restrictive than needed. For Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
example, where aesthetics are important, more restrictive limits may be C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No. 200)
considered regarding impurities that would stain the concrete surface. The Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
specifier should ascertain that aggregates specified are or can be made C123 Test Method for Lightweight Particles in Aggregate
available in the area of the work, with regard to grading, physical, or C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
chemical properties, or combination thereof.
gregates
1.3 This specification is also for use in project specifications C131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-
to define the quality of aggregate, the nominal maximum size Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los
of the aggregate, and other specific grading requirements. Angeles Machine
Those responsible for selecting the proportions for the concrete C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
mixture shall have the responsibility of determining the pro- Aggregates
portions of fine and coarse aggregate and the addition of C142 Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in
blending aggregate sizes if required or approved. Aggregates
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units C150 Specification for Portland Cement
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining C289 Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance Aggregates (Chemical Method)
with the standard. C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes crete Aggregates
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered for Concrete
as requirements of this standard. C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
C330 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Struc-
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee tural Concrete
C09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C33/C33M–11. DOI:
3
10.1520/C0033_C0033M-11a. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
2
For lightweight aggregates, see Specifications C330, C331, and C332; for contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
heavyweight aggregates see Specification C637 and Descriptive Nomenclature Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
C638. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 C33/C33M – 11a
C331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Con- 3. Terminology
crete Masonry Units 3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
C332 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulat- Terminology C125.
ing Concrete
C342 Test Method for Potential Volume Change of Cement- 4. Ordering and Specifying Information
Aggregate Combinations4 4.1 The direct purchaser of aggregates shall include the
C441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or information in 4.2 in the purchase order as applicable. A project
Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Ex- specifier shall include in the project documents information to
pansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction describe the aggregate to be used in the project from the
C535 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large- applicable items in 4.3.
Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los 4.2 Include in the purchase order for aggregates the follow-
Angeles Machine ing information, as applicable:
C586 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Car- 4.2.1 Reference to this specification, as C33____,
bonate Rocks as Concrete Aggregates (Rock-Cylinder 4.2.2 Whether the order is for fine aggregate or for coarse
Method) aggregate,
C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements 4.2.3 Quantity, in metric tons or tons,
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined 4.2.4 When the order is for fine aggregate:
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete 4.2.4.1 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 7.3
C637 Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding applies,
Concrete 4.2.4.2 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see 8.1)
C638 Descriptive Nomenclature of Constituents of Aggre- which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium sulfate
gates for Radiation-Shielding Concrete or magnesium sulfate shall be used,
C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to 4.2.4.3 The appropriate limit for material finer than 75-µm
Rapid Freezing and Thawing (No. 200) sieve (see Table 1). If not stated, the 3.0 % limit shall
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete apply,
and Mortars 4.2.4.4 The appropriate limit for coal and lignite (see Table
2). If not stated, the 1.0 % limit shall apply,
C1105 Test Method for Length Change of Concrete Due to
4.2.5 When the order is for coarse aggregate:
Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
4.2.5.1 The grading (size number) (see 10.1 and Table 3), or
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement alternate grading as agreed between the purchaser and aggre-
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious gate supplier.
Mixtures 4.2.5.2 The class designation (see 11.1 and Table 4),
C1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Ag- 4.2.5.3 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 11.2
gregates (Mortar-Bar Method) applies,
C1293 Test Method for Determination of Length Change of 4.2.5.4 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see Table
Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction 4), which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium
C1567 Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali- sulfate or magnesium sulfate shall be used, and
Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Mate- 4.2.6 Any exceptions or additions to this specification (see
rials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method) Note 1).
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates 4.3 Include in project specifications for aggregates the
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils following information, as applicable:
D2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and 4.3.1 Reference to this specification, as C33____.
Fine Aggregate 4.3.2 When the aggregate being described is fine aggregate:
D3665 Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Ma-
terials
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test TABLE 1 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate
Sieves Sieve (Specification E11) Percent Passing

2.2 Other Standards: 9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.) 100

4.75-mm (No. 4) 95 to 100
AASHTO T 330 Method of Test for the Qualitative Detec- 2.36-mm (No. 8) 80 to 100
tion of Harmful Clays of the Smectite Group in Aggre- 1.18-mm (No. 16) 50 to 85
600-µm (No. 30) 25 to 60
gates Using Methylene Blue5 300-µm (No. 50) 5 to 30
150-µm (No. 100) 0 to 10
75-µm (No. 200) 0 to 3.0A,B
A
4
For concrete not subject to abrasion, the limit for material finer than the 75-µm
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced (No. 200) sieve shall be 5.0 % maximum.
on www.astm.org. B
For manufactured fine aggregate, if the material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200)
5
AASHTO Standard Specifications, Part 2B: Tests. Available from American sieve consists of dust of fracture, essentially free of clay or shale, this limit shall be
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. 5.0 % maximum for concrete subject to abrasion, and 7.0 % maximum for concrete
Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.transportation.org. not subject to abrasion.

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 C33/C33M – 11a
TABLE 2 Limits for Deleterious Substances in Fine Aggregate 6.2 The fine aggregate shall have not more than 45 %
for Concrete passing any sieve and retained on the next consecutive sieve of
Mass Percent those shown in 6.1, and its fineness modulus shall be not less
Item of Total Sample,
max than 2.3 nor more than 3.1.
6.3 Fine aggregate failing to meet these grading require-
Clay lumps and friable particles 3.0
Coal and lignite: ments shall meet the requirements of this section provided that
Where surface appearance of concrete 0.5 the supplier can demonstrate to the purchaser or specifier that
is of importance
All other concrete 1.0
concrete of the class specified, made with fine aggregate under
consideration, will have relevant properties (see Note 5) at
least equal to those of concrete made with the same ingredi-
4.3.2.1 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 7.3 ents, with the exception that the reference fine aggregate shall
applies, be selected from a source having an acceptable performance
4.3.2.2 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see 8.1) record in similar concrete construction.
which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium sulfate NOTE 3—Manufactured fine aggregate having elevated proportions of
or magnesium sulfate shall be used. material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve may need further evaluation to
4.3.2.3 The appropriate limit for material finer than the ensure that material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve is essentially
75-µm (No. 200) sieve (see Table 1). If not stated, the 3.0 % composed of dust of fracture derived from the parent rock in the crushing
operation, and does not contain an appreciable level of clay minerals or
limit shall apply, and other deleterious constituents as described in Descriptive Nomenclature
4.3.2.4 The limit that applies with regard to coal and lignite C294. Because some of the dust of fracture may occur in the clay size
(Table 2). If not stated, the 1.0 % limit shall apply. range, defined here as material finer than 2 µm, care must be taken to
4.3.3 When the aggregate being described is coarse aggre- properly differentiate these clay-sized materials from clay minerals.
gate, include: Natural fine aggregate with elevated proportions of material passing the
4.3.3.1 The nominal maximum size or sizes permitted, 75-µm (No. 200) sieve may have higher potential for clay mineral content.
Various means are available for characterizing these fines, such as
based on thickness of section or spacing of reinforcing bars or
petrographic analysis (Guide C295), sand equivalent determination (Test
other criteria. In lieu of stating the nominal maximum size, the Method D2419), hydrometer analysis (Test Method D422), methylene
specifier shall designate an appropriate size number or numbers blue adsorption determination (AASHTO T 330) and X-ray diffraction
(see 10.1 and Table 3). Designation of a size number to indicate analysis. While these techniques are useful for investigative purposes, no
a nominal size shall not restrict the person responsible for specific limits have been established for prediction of performance of
selecting proportions from combining two or more gradings of these materials in concrete under various intended service conditions.
aggregate to obtain a desired grading, provided that the Methylene blue adsorption and hydrometer analyses are believed to be
two relatively quick and reliable tests for characterization of material
gradings are not otherwise restricted by the project specifier passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve to determine suitability for use in
and the nominal maximum size indicated by the size number is concrete. Research (6,7) has indicated that manufactured fine aggregate
not exceeded, with less than 4 % by mass finer than 2 µm, and with methylene blue
4.3.3.2 The class designation (see 11.1 and Table 4), adsorption values less than 5 mg/g generally is suitable for use in concrete.
4.3.3.3 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 11.2 Fine aggregate that exceeds these values also may be suitable for use
applies, provided that fresh and hardened concrete properties are shown to be
4.3.3.4 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see Table acceptable.
NOTE 4—Fine aggregate that conforms to the grading requirements of
4), which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium a specification, prepared by another organization such as a state transpor-
sulfate or magnesium sulfate shall be used, and tation agency, which is in general use in the area, should be considered as
4.3.4 The person responsible for selecting the concrete having a satisfactory service record with regard to those concrete
proportions if other than the concrete producer. properties affected by grading.
4.3.5 Any exceptions or additions to this specification (see NOTE 5—Relevant properties are those properties of the concrete that
Note 1). are important to the particular application being considered. STP 169D6
provides a discussion of important concrete properties.
FINE AGGREGATE 6.4 For continuing shipments of fine aggregate from a given
source, the fineness modulus shall not vary more than 0.20
5. General Characteristics
from the base fineness modulus. The base fineness modulus
5.1 Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, manufac- shall be that value that is typical of the source. The purchaser
tured sand, or a combination thereof. or specifier has the authority to approve a change in the base
fineness modulus.
6. Grading
6.1 Sieve Analysis—Fine aggregate, except as provided in NOTE 6—The base fineness modulus should be determined from
previous tests, or if no previous tests exist, from the average of the
6.2 and 6.3 shall be graded within the limits in Table 1. fineness modulus values for the first ten samples (or all preceding samples
NOTE 2—Concrete with fine aggregate gradings near the minimums for if less than ten) on the order. The proportioning of a concrete mixture may
percent passing the 300 µm (No.50) and 150 µm (No.100) sometimes have be dependent on the base fineness modulus of the fine aggregate to be
difficulties with workability, pumping or excessive bleeding. The addition
of entrained air, additional cement, or the addition of an approved mineral
admixture to supply the deficient fines, are methods used to alleviate such 6
Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete Making
difficulties. Materials, STP 169D, ASTM, 2006.

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 TABLE 3 Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregates
Amounts Finer than Each Laboratory Sieve (Square-Openings), Mass Percent
Nominal Size
Size Number (Sieves with 100 90 mm 75 mm 63 mm 50 mm 37.5 mm 25.0 mm 19.0 mm 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 300 µm
Square Openings) mm (31⁄2 in.) (3 in.) (21⁄2 in.) (2 in.) (11⁄2 in.) (1 in.) (3⁄4 in.) (1⁄2 in.) (3⁄8 in.) (No. 4) (No. 8) (No. 16) (No.50)
(4 in.)
1 90 to 37.5 mm 100 90 to 100 ... 25 to 60 ... 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
(31⁄2 to 11⁄2 in.)

2 63 to 37.5 mm ... ... 100 90 to 100 35 to 70 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
(21⁄2 to 11⁄2 in.)

3 50 to 25.0 mm ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 35 to 70 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ...
(2 to 1 in.)

357 50 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 35 to 70 ... 10 to 30 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(2 in. to No. 4)

4 37.5 to 19.0 mm ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ...
(11⁄2 to 3⁄4 in.)

467 37.5 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 35 to 70 ... 10 to 30 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(11⁄2 in. to No. 4)

5 25.0 to 12.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ... ... ...
(1 to 1⁄2 in.)

C33/C33M – 11a
56 25.0 to 9.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 40 to 85 10 to 40 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ... ...
This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

(1 to 3⁄8 in.)
4

57 25.0 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 25 to 60 ... 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ...
(1 in. to No. 4)

6 19.0 to 9.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(3⁄4 to 3⁄8 in.)

67 19.0 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 ... 20 to 55 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ...
(3⁄4 in. to No. 4)

7 12.5 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 40 to 70 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ...
(1⁄2 in. to No. 4)

8 9.5 to 2.36 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 85 to 100 10 to 30 0 to 10 0 to 5 ...
(3⁄8 in. to No. 8)

89 9.5 to 1.18 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 5 to 30 0 to 10 0 to 5
( 3⁄8 in. to No. 16)

9A 4.75 to 1.18 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 85 to 100 10 to 40 0 to 10 0 to 5
(No. 4 to No. 16)
A
Size number 9 aggregate is defined in Terminology C125 as a fine aggregate. It is included as a coarse aggregate when it is combined with a size number 8 material to create a size number 89, which is a coarse
aggregate as defined by Terminology C125.

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 TABLE 4 Limits for Deleterious Substances and Physical Property Requirements of Coarse Aggregate for Concrete
NOTE 1—See Fig. 1 for the location of the weathering regions and Note 10 for guidance in using the map. The weathering regions are defined as follows:
(S) Severe Weathering Region—A cold climate where concrete is exposed to deicing chemicals or other aggressive agents, or
where concrete may become saturated by continued contact with moisture or free water prior to repeated freezing and thawing.
(M) Moderate Weathering Region—A climate where occasional freezing is expected, but where concrete in outdoor service will not
be continually exposed to freezing and thawing in the presence of moisture or to deicing chemicals.
(N) Negligible Weathering Region—A climate where concrete is rarely exposed to freezing in the presence of moisture.
Maximum Allowable, %
Sum of Clay
Class Type or Location of Concrete Clay Lumps, Friable Magnesium
Chert (Less Material Finer
Designation Construction Lumps and Particles, and Coal and Sulfate
Than 2.40 sp Than 75-µm AbrasionA
Friable Par- Chert (Less Lignite Soundness
gr SSD) (No. 200) Sieve
ticles Than 2.40 sp (5 cycles)B
gr SSD)
Severe Weathering Regions
1S Footings, foundations, columns and 10.0 ... ... 1.0C 1.0 50 ...
beams not exposed to the weather, in-
terior floor slabs to be given coverings
2S Interior floors without coverings 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...
3S Foundation walls above grade, retaining 5.0 5.0 7.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
walls, abutments, piers, girders, and
beams exposed to the weather
4S Pavements, bridge decks, driveways 3.0 5.0 5.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
and curbs, walks, patios, garage floors,
exposed floors and porches, or water-

C33/C33M – 11a
front structures, subject to frequent
This standard is for EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

wetting
1.0C
5

5S Exposed architectural concrete 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.5 50 18

Moderate Weathering Regions
C
1M Footings, foundations, columns, and 10.0 ... ... 1.0 1.0 50 ...
beams not exposed to the weather, in-
terior floor slabs to be given coverings
2M Interior floors without coverings 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...
3M Foundation walls above grade, retaining 5.0 8.0 10.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
walls, abutments, piers, girders, and
beams exposed to the weather
4M Pavements, bridge decks, driveways 5.0 5.0 7.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
and curbs, walks, patios, garage floors, exposed floors
and porches, or water-
front structures subject to frequent wet-
ting
5M Exposed architectural concrete 3.0 3.0 5.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
Negligible Weathering Regions
1N Slabs subject to traffic abrasion, bridge 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...
decks, floors, sidewalks, pavements
C
2N All other classes of concrete 10.0 ... ... 1.0 1.0 50 ...
A
Crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag is excluded from the abrasion requirements. The rodded or jigged bulk density (unit weight) of crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag shall be not less than 1120 kg/m 3 [70 lb/ft3].
The grading of slag used in the bulk density (unit weight) test shall conform to the grading to be used in the concrete. Abrasion loss of gravel, crushed gravel, or crushed stone shall be determined on the test size or
sizes most nearly corresponding to the grading or gradings to be used in the concrete. When more than one grading is to be used, the limit on abrasion loss shall apply to each.
B
The allowable limits for soundness shall be 12 % if sodium sulfate is used.
C
This percentage under either of the following conditions: (1) is permitted to be increased to 1.5 if the material is essentially free of clay or shale; or (2) if the source of the fine aggregate to be used in the concrete
is known to contain less than the specified maximum amount passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve Table 1 the percentage limit (L) on the amount in the coarse aggregate is permitted to be increased to L = 1 + [(P)/(100 − P)]
(T − A), where P = percentage of sand in the concrete as a percent of total aggregate, T = the Table 1 limit for the amount permitted in the fine aggregate, and A = the actual amount in the fine aggregate. (This provides
a weighted calculation designed to limit the maximum mass of material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve in the concrete to that which would be obtained if both the fine and coarse aggregate were supplied at the
maximum tabulated percentage for each of these ingredients.)

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 C33/C33M – 11a
used. Therefore, when it appears that the base fineness modulus is hydraulic-cement concrete (see Note 7), or a combination
considerably different from the value used in the concrete mixture, a thereof, conforming to the requirements of this specification.
suitable adjustment in the mixture may be necessary.
NOTE 7—Although crushed hydraulic-cement concrete has been used
7. Deleterious Substances as an aggregate with reported satisfactory results, its use may require some
additional precautions. Mixing water requirements may be increased
7.1 The amount of deleterious substances in fine aggregate
because of the harshness of the aggregate. Partially deteriorated concrete,
shall not exceed the limits prescribed in Table 2. used as aggregate, may reduce freeze-thaw resistance, affect air void
7.2 Organic Impurities: properties or degrade during handling, mixing, or placing. Crushed
7.2.1 Fine aggregate shall be free of injurious amounts of concrete may have constituents that would be susceptible to alkali-
organic impurities. Except as herein provided, aggregates aggregate reactivity or sulfate attack in the new concrete or may bring
subjected to the test for organic impurities and producing a sulfates, chlorides, or organic material to the new concrete in its pore
color darker than the standard shall be rejected. structure.
7.2.2 Use of a fine aggregate failing in the test is not 10. Grading
prohibited, provided that the discoloration is due principally to
10.1 Coarse aggregates shall conform to the requirements
the presence of small quantities of coal, lignite, or similar
prescribed in Table 3 for the size number specified.
discrete particles.
7.2.3 Use of a fine aggregate failing in the test is not NOTE 8—The ranges shown in Table 3 are by necessity very wide in
prohibited, provided that, when tested for the effect of organic order to accommodate nationwide conditions. For quality control of any
impurities on strength of mortar, the relative strength at 7 days, specific operation, a producer should develop an average grading for the
particular source and production facilities, and should control the produc-
calculated in accordance with Test Method C87, is not less than
tion gradings within reasonable tolerances from this average. Where
95 %. coarse aggregate size numbers 357 or 467 are used, the aggregate should
7.3 Fine aggregate for use in concrete that will be subject to be furnished in at least two separate sizes.
wetting, extended exposure to humid atmosphere, or contact
with moist ground shall not contain any materials that are 11. Deleterious Substances
deleteriously reactive with the alkalies in the cement in an 11.1 Except for the provisions of 11.3, the limits given in
amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or Table 4 shall apply for the class of coarse aggregate designated
concrete, except that if such materials are present in injurious in the purchase order or other document (see Note 9 and Note
amounts, use of the fine aggregate is not prohibited when used 10). If the class is not specified, the requirements for Class 3S,
with a cement containing less than 0.60 % alkalies calculated 3M, or 1N shall apply in the severe, moderate, and negligible
as sodium oxide equivalent (Na2O + 0.658K2O), if there is a weathering regions, respectively (see Table 4 and Fig. 1).
satisfactory service record evaluation, or with the addition of a NOTE 9—The specifier of the aggregate should designate the class of
material that has been shown to prevent harmful expansion due coarse aggregate to be used in the work, based on weathering severity,
to the alkali-aggregate reaction. (See Appendix X1, X1.1.2, abrasion, and other factors of exposure (see Table 4 and Fig. 1) . The limits
X1.1.3) for coarse aggregate corresponding to each class designation are expected
to ensure satisfactory performance in concrete for the respective type and
8. Soundness location of construction. Selecting a class with unduly restrictive limits
may result in unnecessary cost if materials meeting those requirements are
8.1 Except as provided in 8.2 and 8.3, fine aggregate not locally available. Selecting a class with lenient limits may result in
subjected to five cycles of the soundness test shall have a unsatisfactory performance and premature deterioration of the concrete.
weighted average loss not greater than 10 % when sodium While concrete in different parts of a single structure may be adequately
sulfate is used or 15 % when magnesium sulfate is used. made with different classes of coarse aggregate, the specifier may wish to
8.2 Fine aggregate failing to meet the requirements of 8.1 require the coarse aggregate for all concrete to conform to the same more
shall be regarded as meeting the requirements of this section restrictive class to reduce the chance of furnishing concrete with the
wrong class of aggregate, especially on smaller projects.
provided that the supplier demonstrates to the purchaser or NOTE 10—For coarse aggregate in concrete exposed to weathering, the
specifier that concrete of comparable properties, made from map with the weathering regions shown in Fig. 1 is intended to serve only
similar aggregate from the same source, has given satisfactory as a guide to probable weathering severity. Those undertaking construc-
service when exposed to weathering similar to that to be tion, especially near the boundaries of weathering regions, should consult
encountered. local weather bureau records for amount of winter precipitation and
8.3 Fine aggregate not having a demonstrable service record number of freeze-thaw cycles to be expected, for determining the
and failing to meet the requirements of 8.1 shall be regarded as weathering severity for establishing test requirements of the coarse
aggregate. For construction at altitudes exceeding 1520 m [5000 ft] above
meeting the requirements of this section provided that the sea level, the likelihood of more severe weathering than indicated by the
supplier demonstrates to the purchaser or specifier it gives map should be considered. In arid areas, severity of weathering may be
satisfactory results in concrete subjected to freezing and less than that indicated. In either case, the definitions of weathering
thawing tests (see Test Method C666/C666M). severity in Table 4 would govern. If there is doubt in choosing between
two regions, select the more severe weathering region.
COARSE AGGREGATE 11.2 Coarse aggregate for use in concrete that will be
subject to wetting, extended exposure to humid atmosphere, or
9. General Characteristics contact with moist ground shall not contain any materials that
9.1 Coarse aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel, are deleteriously reactive with the alkalies in the cement in an
crushed stone, air-cooled blast furnace slag, or crushed amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or

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 C33/C33M – 11a

FIG. 1 Location of Weathering Regions

concrete except that if such materials are present in injurious 200) sieve. The use of separated sizes from the sieve analysis
amounts, the coarse aggregate is not prohibited when used with is acceptable for soundness or abrasion tests, however, addi-
a cement containing less than 0.60 % alkalies calculated as tional test specimen preparation is required (see Note 11). For
sodium oxide equivalent (Na2O + 0.658K2O), if there is a other test procedures and the evaluation of potential alkali
satisfactory service record evaluation, or with the addition of a reactivity, when required, use independent test specimens.
material that has been shown to prevent harmful expansion due NOTE 11—The material used for the soundness test requires resieving to
to the alkali-aggregate reaction. (See Appendix X1, X1.1.2, allow proper test specimen preparation as specified in Test Method C88.
X1.1.3)
11.3 Coarse aggregate having test results exceeding the 12.1.1 Sampling—Practice D75 and Practice D3665.
limits specified in Table 4 shall be regarded as meeting the 12.1.2 Grading and Fineness Modulus—Test Method C136.
requirements of this section provided the supplier demonstrates 12.1.3 Amount of Material Finer than 75-µm (No. 200)
to the purchaser or specifier that concrete made with similar Sieve—Test Method C117.
aggregate from the same source has given satisfactory service 12.1.4 Organic Impurities—Test Method C40.
when exposed in a similar manner to that to be encountered; or, 12.1.5 Effect of Organic Impurities on Strength—Test
in the absence of a demonstrable service record, provided that Method C87.
the aggregate produces concrete having satisfactory relevant 12.1.6 Soundness—Test Method C88.
properties (see Note 5). 12.1.7 Clay Lumps and Friable Particles— Test Method
C142.
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING 12.1.8 Coal and Lignite—Test Method C123, using a liquid
of 2.0 specific gravity to remove the particles of coal and
12. Methods of Sampling and Testing lignite. Only material that is brownish-black, or black, shall be
12.1 Sample and test the aggregates in accordance with the considered coal or lignite. Coke shall not be classed as coal or
following methods, except as otherwise provided in this lignite.
specification. Make the required tests on test specimens that 12.1.9 Bulk Density (Unit Weight) of Slag—Test Method
comply with requirements of the designated test methods. It is C29/C29M.
not prohibited to use the same test specimen for sieve analysis 12.1.10 Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate—Test Method C131
and for determination of material finer than the 75-µm (No. or Test Method C535.

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 C33/C33M – 11a
12.1.11 Reactive Aggregates—See Appendix X1. gravity, and Guide C295 to identify which of the particles in
12.1.12 Freezing and Thawing—Procedures for making the light fraction are chert.
freezing and thawing tests of concrete are described in Test
Method C666/C666M. 13. Keywords
12.1.13 Chert—Test Method C123 is used to identify par- 13.1 aggregates; coarse aggregate; concrete aggregates; fine
ticles in a sample of coarse aggregate lighter than 2.40 specific aggregate

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. METHODS FOR EVALUATING POTENTIAL FOR DELETERIOUS EXPANSION DUE TO ALKALI REACTIVITY OF AN
AGGREGATE

X1.1 Introduction X1.2 Background

X1.1.1 Laboratory Methods—Many test methods for evalu- X1.2.1 Background information on alkali-aggregate reac-
ating the potential for deleterious expansion due to alkali tion can be found in Ref (1)7, Descriptive Nomenclature C294,
reactivity of an aggregate have been proposed and some have and Guide C295 as discussed as follows. Additional discussion
been adopted as ASTM standards. However, there is no general is included in Refs (2) (3). These references address both
agreement on the relation between the results of these tests and alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate rock reaction.
the amount of expansion to be expected or tolerated in service. X1.2.1.1 Descriptive Nomenclature C294 for Constituents
Therefore, evaluation of the suitability of an aggregate should of Concrete Aggregates—This nomenclature provides descrip-
be based upon judgment, interpretation of test data, and results tions of constituents of mineral aggregates and includes dis-
of examinations of concrete structures containing the same cussion of which have been associated with deleterious expan-
aggregates and similar cementitious materials having similar sion due to alkali reaction.
levels of alkalies. Results of the tests referred to in this X1.2.1.2 Guide C295 (Petrographic Examination of
appendix may assist in making the evaluation. When interpret- Aggregates)—This guide outlines the procedures for examin-
ing expansion of laboratory specimens, consideration should ing an aggregate sample or a sample from a potential aggregate
be given not only to expansion values at specific ages, but also source to determine whether substances that are potentially
to the shape of the expansion curve, which may indicate deleteriously reactive are present; and, if so, in what amounts.
whether the expansion is leveling off or continuing at a X1.2.1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction—Certain materials are
constant or accelerating rate. known to be potentially deleteriously alkali-silica reactive.
X1.1.2 Service Record Evaluation—Valid, comparable con- These include forms of silica such as opal, chalcedony,
crete service record data, if available, should take precedence tridymite, and cristobalite; cryptocrystalline and microcrystal-
over laboratory test results in most cases. To be considered line, strained, or highly fractured quartz; and intermediate to
valid, a record of satisfactory service should be available for at acid (silica-rich) volcanic glass such as is likely to occur in
least 10 years for aggregates, cementitious materials, and rhyolite, andesite, or dacite. Determination of the presence and
exposures sufficiently similar to those in which an aggregate is quantities of these materials by petrographic examination is
being considered for future use. Longer periods of documented helpful in evaluating potential alkali reactivity. An aggregate
service may be required for proposed work designed for a can be potentially deleteriously reactive when some of these
particularly long service life in moist conditions, or if labora- materials, such as opal, are present in very small quantities (for
tory test results show that the aggregate may be deleteriously example, 1 %).
reactive. X1.2.1.4 Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction—The reaction of
X1.1.3 Mitigation of Alkali-Aggregate Reaction—If an ag- dolomite in certain carbonate rocks with alkalies has been
gregate has been judged to be potentially deleteriously reactive associated with deleterious expansion of concrete containing
in concrete either through laboratory or service record evalu- such rocks as coarse aggregate. The most rapidly reactive
ation, use of the aggregate should be considered with measures carbonate rocks possess a characteristic texture in which
known to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali-aggregate relatively large crystals of dolomite are scattered in a finer-
reaction. See the mitigation sections in this appendix under grained matrix of calcite and clay. These rocks also have a
X1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction and X1.4 Alkali-Carbonate Rock
Reaction and References cited for discussion of prevention 7
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
strategies for new concrete. this standard.

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 C33/C33M – 11a
composition in which the carbonate portion consists of sub- are similar to the provisions of Test Method C441 discussed as
stantial amounts of both dolomite and calcite, and the acid- follows for mineral admixtures and ground slag.
insoluble residue contains a significant amount of clay. Certain X1.3.3 Test Method C342 (Mortar Bars Subjected to
purely dolomitic rocks also may produce slow expansion in Changes in Moisture and Temperature)—This withdrawn test
concrete. method was intended for research concerning the potential
X1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction expansion of cement-aggregate combinations involving se-
lected aggregates found in parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Ne-
X1.3.1 Test Method C289 (Chemical Method)—The results braska, and Iowa. Due to the specimen conditioning proce-
of the test are values for the quantities of dissolved silica (Sc) dures, the expansion of mortar bars in this test method may not
and reduction in alkalinity (Rc) for each of the three test be related to alkali-silica reaction under normal-temperature
portions from the prepared aggregate test sample. Aggregates conditioning. Data on the use of this test method are given in
represented by plotted points (Sc, Rc), which lie on the the references cited in a footnote in the test method. It is
deleterious side of the solid curve of Fig. X1.1 of Test Method indicated that cement-aggregate combinations tested by this
C289 usually should be considered potentially reactive. Three procedure in which expansion equals or exceeds 0.20 % at an
regions are delineated in the figure: (1) aggregates considered
age of 1 year may be considered unsatisfactory for use in
innocuous; (2) aggregates considered potentially deleterious;
concrete exposed to wide variations of temperature and degree
and (3) aggregates considered deleterious. Aggregates repre-
of saturation with water. This test method is not recommended
sented by points lying in the potentially deleterious region
for use in regions other than previously cited.
above the dashed line in Fig. X1.1 of Test Method C289 may
give relatively low expansions in mortar or concrete even X1.3.4 Test Method C1260 (Mortar-Bar Method for Poten-
though they are extremely reactive with alkalies. The test can tial Alkali Reactivity of Aggregate)—This test method is an
be made quickly and can provide helpful information, except accelerated screening technique developed for the detection of
for slowly reactive rocks such as some granitic gneiss and materials that develop deleterious expansions slowly over a
quartzite. Also, as pointed out in the appendix to Test Method long period of time. Some aggregates that perform well in the
C289, the results may not be correct for aggregates containing field have been shown to fail this test (4, 5). Results of this test
carbonates or magnesium silicates, such as antigorite (serpen- method should not be used for rejection of aggregates unless it
tine), or constituents producing late-slow reactivity. See the has been established using the sources of supplementary
appendix to Test Method C289 for a discussion of the inter- information cited in the test method that the detected expansion
pretation of results and applicable references. If test results is actually due to alkali-silica reaction. There is good agree-
indicate deleterious or potentially deleterious character, the ment in the published literature cited in the test method for the
aggregates should be tested in accordance with Test Methods expansion limits: (1) expansions of less than 0.10 % at 16 days
C227 or C1293 to verify the potential for expansion in after casting are indicative of innocuous behavior in most
concrete. cases; (2) expansions of more than 0.20 % at 16 days are
X1.3.2 Test Method C227 (Mortar-Bar Method for Cement- indicative of potentially deleterious expansion; and (3) expan-
Aggregate Combinations)—The results of this test method, sions between 0.10 and 0.20 % at 16 days include both
when a high-alkali cement is used, furnish information on the aggregates that are known to be innocuous and deleterious in
likelihood of potentially deleterious expansion occurring. The field performance. If test results indicate expansion greater
alkali content of the portland cement should be at least 0.8 %, than 0.10 % at 16 days, the aggregate should be tested in
expressed as percent sodium oxide equivalent (%Na2O + 0.658 accordance with Test Method C1293 unless appropriate field
3 %K2O). Combinations of aggregate and cementitious ma- experience demonstrates that it does not cause deleterious
terials that have produced excessive expansions in this test expansion in concrete. (See X1.3.6.)
method should be considered potentially reactive. While the X1.3.5 Test Method C1293 (Concrete Prism Method for
line of demarcation between innocuous and potentially delete- Alkali-Silica Reactivity)—The test method evaluates the aggre-
rious combinations is not clearly defined, expansion is gener- gates independently, or combinations of aggregate with cemen-
ally considered to be excessive if it exceeds 0.05 % at 3 months titious materials composted of hydraulic cement and pozzolan
or 0.10 % at 6 months. Expansions greater than 0.05 % at 3 or ground granulated blast-furnace slag for potential alkali-
months should not be considered excessive when the 6-month silica reaction expansion using concrete prisms. The test
expansion remains below 0.10 %. Data for the 3-month tests method is accelerated by using an elevated alkali content and
should be considered only when 6-month results are not Test Method C227 exposure conditions. The appendix to Test
available. The limits may not be conservative for slowly Method C1293 provides guidance on interpretation of the
reactive aggregates. Test Method C227 is not suitable for results. When evaluating aggregates independently, those with
slowly reactive aggregates, and its use for this purpose is not expansions equal to or greater than 0.04 % at one year are
advised (1, 2). Aggregates suspected of being slowly reactive considered potentially deleteriously reactive. When evaluating
should be evaluated using Test Method C1260 or Test Method combinations of hydraulic cement and pozzolan or ground
C1293. Test Method C227 is also used with a specific reactive granulated blast-furnace slag, the test is extended to two years
glass aggregate to verify the mitigation effectiveness of using the 0.04 % expansion limit. This test method is consid-
blended cements meeting Specification C595, with the Table 2 ered to be the most reliable procedure among ASTM Test
optional mortar expansion requirement, and meeting Perfor- Methods for the evaluation of aggregates for alkali-silica
mance Specification C1157 with Option R. These procedures reaction.

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 C33/C33M – 11a
X1.3.6 Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction—Normally if an age conditions described in Test Method C1260. Because
aggregate is shown to be nonreactive or innocuous by produc- mortar specimens are stored in 1N NaOH solution, the test may
ing little or no expansion in Test Method C1260 or Test Method underestimate the effectiveness of cementitious materials that
C1293, no mitigation is necessary. Similarly, if the aggregate rely to a significant degree on low alkali content for mitigation.
has a long satisfactory service record with similar cementitious In general, expansions less than 0.10 % at 16 days are
materials having similar or higher alkali levels, no mitigation is considered to indicate effective control of potential ASR-
necessary. On the other hand, use of aggregates judged to be related expansion of the aggregate by the specific combination
potentially deleteriously alkali-silica reactive should be con- of cementitious materials.
sidered with the use of measures known to prevent excessive X1.3.9 The use of Test Method C1293 to evaluate the
expansion. These include measures such as: low-alkali cement mitigation of potentially reactive aggregates is discussed in
(Specification C150 with the low-alkali option); blended ce- X1.3.5.
ments (Specification C595 with the Table 2 optional mortar
expansion requirement or Performance Specification C1157 X1.4 Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
with Option R); pozzolanic materials (meeting the optional
physical requirement on effectiveness in controlling alkali- X1.4.1 Test Method C586 (Rock Cylinders Method for
silica reaction in Specification C618 or reactivity with cement Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction)—Rocks that are capable of
alkalies in Specification C1240 for silica fume); or ground slag potentially deleterious carbonate rock reaction are relatively
(shown to be effective in preventing excessive expansion of infrequent and seldom constitute a significant proportion of a
concrete due to alkali-aggregate reaction as discussed in deposit of rock being considered for use in making aggregate
Appendix X3 of Specification C989). The effectiveness of the for concrete. Test Method C586 has been successfully used in
cementitious materials or admixtures, or both, chosen to research and in preliminary screening of aggregate sources to
mitigate a potentially reactive aggregate should be demon- indicate the presence of material with a potential for deleteri-
strated through tests of the individual materials, or tests of the ous expansions when used in concrete.
proposed combination in concrete. X1.4.2 Test Method C1105 (Concrete-Prism Method for
X1.3.7 Test Method C441 (Mortar-Bar Method for Effec- Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction)—This test method is in-
tiveness of Mineral Admixtures or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag tended to evaluate specific combinations of materials in con-
in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the crete when the aggregate is regarded as susceptible to delete-
Alkali-Silica Reaction)—This test method evaluates cementi- rious expansion in service due to the alkali-carbonate rock
tious materials in mortar bars as in Test Method C227 using reaction. The appendix to Test Method C1105 provides general
highly-reactive borosilicate glass as the aggregate. Specifica- information and references concerning the interpretation of
tion C618 provides a criterion for its use as applied to fly ash results. A cement-aggregate combination might reasonably be
and raw or calcined natural pozzolans when sampled and tested classified as potentially deleteriously reactive if the average
in accordance with Test Methods C311 by comparison with a expansion of six concrete specimens is equal to or greater than:
control mortar made with low-alkali cement. Specification 0.015 % at 3 months; 0.025 % at 6 months; or 0.030 % at 1
C1240 provides criteria for the use of Test Method C441 to year. Data for later ages are preferred.
evaluate silica fume for controlling expansion. Appendix X3 to X1.4.3 Mitigation of Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction—
Specification C989 describes its use for ground granulated Normally, if a carbonate rock does not show the characteristic
blast-furnace slag. Project specific materials can be evaluated texture and composition associated with this type of reaction,
by proportioning the mortars according to the Job Mixture or if it does not produce expansion in rock cylinders (Test
clause. In evaluating the results of this test, it should be Method C586) or concrete prisms (Test Method C1105), no
recognized that borosilicate glass is more reactive than most mitigation is necessary for alkali-carbonate rock reaction.
construction aggregates; therefore, the amount of a given Similarly, if the aggregate has a long satisfactory service record
pozzolan or ground slag necessary to control expansion with a with similar materials and conditions, no mitigation is neces-
portland cement of given alkali content may be higher than sary. On the other hand, use of aggregates judged to be
needed to avoid deleterious expansion with a particular con- potentially deleteriously alkali-carbonate reactive in concrete is
struction aggregate. not recommended unless it can be shown that mitigation
X1.3.8 Test Method C1567 (Accelerated Mortar-Bar methods will be effective. Pozzolans generally have not been
Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity found to control alkali-carbonate rock reaction. Measures
of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate)— suggested for mitigation includes: avoiding reactive carbonate
This test method evaluates specific combinations of aggregate rocks; selective quarrying; diluting reactive rock to less than
with cementitious materials composed of hydraulic cement and 20 % of the aggregate in the concrete; use of smaller maximum
pozzolans or ground granulated blast-furnace slag under stor- size; and the use of very low alkali cement.

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 C33/C33M – 11a
REFERENCES

(1) Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete- for Detecting Alkali-Reactive Aggregates,” Proceedings of Eighth
Making Materials, Klieger, Paul and Lamond, Joseph F., Eds, ASTM International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Kyoto, 1989,
STP 169C, 1994, 623 pages. See Chapter 31 on “Petrographic pp. 439–444.
Evaluation of Concrete Aggregates,” by Richard C. Mielenz, Chapter (5) Fournier, B., and Berube, M.A.,“ Application of the NBRI Accelerated
32 on “Alkali-Silica Reactions in Concrete” by David Stark, and Mortar Bar Test to Siliceous Carbonate Aggregates Produced in the St.
Chapter 33 on “Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction” by Michael A. Ozol. Lawrence Lowlands, Part 2: Proposed Limits, Rates of Expansion, and
(2) “State-of-the-Art Report on Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity” by ACI Microstructure of Reaction Products,” Cement and Concrete Re-
Committee 221 on Aggregates, ACI 221.1R-98, American Concrete search, Vol 21, 1991, pp. 1069–1082.
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1998, 31 pages. (6) Ahn, N. and Fowler, D. W., “An Experimental Study on the Guidelines
(3) Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Berube, M. A., Fournier, B., for Using Higher Contents of Aggregate Microfines in Portland
and Durand, Eds, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference, Cement Concrete,” ICAR Research Report 102-1F, International
Quebec City, Canada, June 2000, 1402 pages. (Note—This conference Center for Aggregates Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX,
and proceedings includes information on ASR and ACR in concrete by 2001, 435 pp. (http://www.icar.utexas.edu/publications/101_2F/
researchers and experts from all over the world. Copies of the volume 101_2Cvr.pdf)
can be obtained from the International Centre for Sustainable Devel- (7) Norvell, J.K., Stewart, J.G., Juenger, M.C.G and Fowler, D.W.,
opment of Cement and Concrete, 405 Rochester Street, Ottawa, “Influence of Clay and Clay-Sized Particles on Concrete Performance”
Ontario, Canada, K1A 0G1.) Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 19, No. 12,
(4) Hooton, R.D., and Rogers, C.A., “Evaluation of Rapid Test Methods December 2007, pp. 1053-1059.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
C33/C33M–11, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved August 1, 2011)

(1) Revised 4.2.4.3 and 4.3.2.3 to reflect revised location of (3) Revised 6.3 to add new Note 3 providing guidance on
75-µm (No. 200) sieve limits. characterization of material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve.
(2) Moved 75-µm (No. 200) sieve limits and associated notes Renumbered subsequent notes.
from Table 2 to new Table 1 and renumbered subsequent (4) Inserted additional references from new Note 3 into
tables. References section.

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
C33/C33M–08, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved January 1, 2011)

(1) Inserted service record provisions in 7.3 and 11.2.

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