This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: C233/C233M − 18

Standard Test Method for

Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C233/C233M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* C78/C78M Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete

1.1 This test method covers the testing of materials pro- (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
posed for use as air-entraining admixtures in the field. C136/C136M Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and
Coarse Aggregates
1.2 The text of this test method references notes and C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and Concrete
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
considered as requirements of the standard. C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in C172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Con-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each crete
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance Concrete by the Volumetric Method
with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice. Mortar
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci- C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for Specimens in the Laboratory
information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Concrete by the Pressure Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the C232/C232M Test Method for Bleeding of Concrete
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- C260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- for Concrete
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. C403/C403M Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- Mixtures by Penetration Resistance
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Rapid Freezing and Thawing
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical for Test Methods for Construction Materials
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. D75/D75M Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
2. Referenced Documents
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 Sieves
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin- Glass Electrode
drical Concrete Specimens 2.2 ACI Standards:
ACI 211.1 Recommended Practice for Selecting Proportions
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete3
Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.23 on Chemical Admixtures. 3. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2018. Published March 2019. Originally
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C233/C233M – 14. 3.1 This test method is used to develop data for comparison
DOI: 10.1520/C0233_C0233M-18. with the requirements of Specification C260/C260M. These
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on American Concrete Institute Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 1, pp. 211-1 to
the ASTM website. 211-38 (1993).

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 C233/C233M − 18
tests are based on arbitrary stipulations permitting highly Maximum
standardized testing in the laboratory, and are not intended to Specification C33/C33M, variation
No. 57 from
simulate actual job conditions. Percent average/
Sieve Passing passing
4. Materials 37.5 mm (11⁄2 in.) 100 00
25.0 mm (1.00 in.) 95 to 100 1.0
4.1 Cement—The cement used in any series of tests shall be 12.5 mm (1⁄2 in.) 25 to 60 4.0
4.75 mm (No. 4) 0 to 10 4.0
either the cement proposed for specific work in accordance 2.36 mm (No. 8) 0 to 5 1.0
with 4.4, a Type I or Type II cement conforming to Specifica-
tion C150/C150M, or a blend of two or more cements, in equal NOTE 4—All of the results required for demonstrating compliance
under this specification are dependent on the uniformity of the aggregate
parts. Each cement of the blend shall conform to the require- samples prepared and used. Careful, skilled and well-supervised work is
ments of either Type I or Type II, Specification C150/C150M. essential.
If a blend of cements is used, it shall be a combination which 4.3 Reference Admixture—For this test method, unless oth-
produces an air content of less than 10 % when tested in erwise requested by the purchaser, the reference admixture
accordance with Test Method C185 (Note 5). used in the concrete mixture specified in Section 4 shall be
4.2 Aggregates—Except when tests are made in accordance “neutralized Vinsol resin.”5
with 4.4, using the aggregates proposed for specific work, the 4.4 Materials for Tests for Specific Uses—When it is desired
fine and coarse aggregates used in any series of tests shall come to test an air-entraining admixture for use in specific work, the
from single lots of well-graded, sound materials that conform cement and aggregates used shall be representative of those
to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M, except that the proposed for use in the work, and the concrete mixtures shall
grading of the aggregates shall conform to the following be designed to have the cement content specified for use in the
requirements: work (Note 5). If the maximum size of coarse aggregate is
4.2.1 Fine Aggregate Grading—The fine aggregate shall greater than 25.0 mm [1 in.], the freshly mixed concrete shall
meet the requirements for the fine aggregate in Specification be screened over a 25.0-mm (1-in.) sieve prior to fabricating
C33/C33M. the test specimens in accordance with the wet sieving proce-
4.2.2 Coarse Aggregate Grading—The coarse aggregate dure described in Practice C172/C172M.
grading shall meet the Size 57 grading requirements of
Specification C33/C33M. 4.5 Preparation and Weighing—All materials shall be pre-
pared and all weighings shall be made as prescribed in Practice
NOTE 2—Take care in loading and delivery to avoid segregation. C192/C192M.
4.2.3 The coarse aggregate used for the reference concrete
NOTE 5—It is recommended that whenever practicable, tests be made in
and test concretes shall be essentially the same. Provide accordance with 4.4 using the cement and pozzolanic or chemical
sufficient coarse aggregate for the reference concrete, the test admixtures, if any, proposed for specific work.
concrete, and for the grading analysis. Concrete consists of one
reference concrete and as many test admixture-containing 5. Concrete Mixtures
concretes as are intended to be compared. 5.1 Proportions—Using ACI 211.1, all concrete shall be
4.2.3.1 Prepare required quantities of coarse aggregate as proportioned to conform to the following requirements:
follows: Fill tared containers, one for sieve analysis, one for a 5.1.1 The cement content shall be 307 6 3 kg/m3 [517 6 5
batch of reference concrete, and one for a batch of test lb/yd3] except when tests are being made for specific uses (see
concrete, to the required mass from the aggregate stockpile 4.4).
(See Note 3). Accomplish this by placing equal quantities into 5.1.2 The first trial mixture shall contain the amount of
each container, successively, and repeat the procedure until all coarse aggregate shown in Table 6.3.6 of ACI 211.1 for the
the containers have their required mass (See Note 3). maximum size of aggregate and for the fineness modulus of the
sand being used.
NOTE 3—See the Appendix of Practice D75/D75M, Sampling from
Stockpiles, and the section on Sampling Aggregates in the Manual of NOTE 6—The volumes of coarse aggregate recommended in ACI 211.1
Aggregate and Concrete Testing4 for guidance on procedures for sampling are intended to ensure workable mixtures with the least favorable
from stockpiles. combinations of aggregate likely to be used. It is suggested, therefore, that
4.2.4 Perform sieve analysis on the coarse aggregate sample for a closer approximation of the proportions required for this test, the
recommended values in ACI 211.1 be multiplied by 1.07 for the first trial
prepared in 4.2.3.1 by Test Method C136/C136M. Discard any mixture.
set for which the sample does not comply with Size 57.
Average test results for samples that comply with Size 57 for 5.1.3 The air content used in the computation of proportions
each sieve size. Discard any set for which the sample deviates for all concrete shall be 5.5 % except where the admixture
from this average by more than the amount shown in column
5
3. Continue the process of preparation, testing and averaging The sole source of supply of Vinsol resin known to the committee at this time
is Hercules Inc., Wilmington, DE. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please
until sufficient sets of aggregate within tolerance are obtained. provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will
receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1
which you may attend. Neutralization may be accomplished by treating 100 parts of
the Vinsol resin with 9 to 15 parts of NaOH by weight. In an aqueous solution, the
4
Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM ratio of reagent water (See Specification D1193) to the resinate shall not exceed 12:1
Standards, Vol 04.02. by weight.
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 C233/C233M − 18
under test is for use in specific work (see 4.4). In this case the 7.1.2 Air Content—Test Method C231/C231M. When light-
air content used in selecting proportions shall be the median of weight aggregates, air-cooled blast furnace slag, or aggregates
the range to be permitted in the work. If lightweight aggregates of high porosity, for which the aggregate correction factor
are to be used in specific work, the unit weight of concrete used defined in Test Method C231/C231M exceeds 0.5 %, are used
in selecting proportions shall be the median of the range under the provisions of 4.4, use Test Method C173/C173M.
permitted in the work. 7.1.3 Bleeding—Test Methods C232/C232M.
5.1.4 The water content and sand content shall be adjusted 7.1.4 Time of Setting—Test Method C403/C403M, except
to obtain a slump of 90 6 15 mm [31⁄2 6 1⁄2 in.]. The that the temperature of each of the ingredients of the concrete
workability of the concrete mixture shall be suitable for mixtures, just prior to mixing, and the temperature at which the
consolidation by hand rodding and the concrete mixture shall time of setting specimens are stored during the test period shall
have the minimum water content possible. These conditions be 23.0 6 2 °C [73.5 6 3.5 °F].
shall be achieved by final adjustments in the proportion of fine
8. Preparation of Test Specimens
aggregate to total aggregate, in the amount of total aggregate,
or both, while maintaining the yield and slump in the required 8.1 Specimens for test of hardened concrete, representing
ranges. each test and age of test and each condition of concrete being
compared, shall be made from at least three separate batches,
5.2 Conditions—Concrete mixtures shall be prepared both
and the minimum number of specimens shall be as prescribed
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with the air-entraining admixture under test and with the

in Table 1. On a given day at least one specimen shall be made
reference admixture. For the reference mixture, the reference
for each test and age of test from each condition of concrete
admixture shall be added in amounts necessary to produce an
except that at least two specimens for the freezing and thawing
average air content of 5.5 6 0.5 %, or within the range
test shall be made from each condition of concrete. The
permitted for the specific work in accordance with 5.1.3. For
preparation of all specimens shall be completed in three days of
the test mixture, the test admixture shall be added in amounts
mixing.
necessary to produce an average air content within 0.5 % of the
average air content of the reference mixture. 8.2 Manifestly Faulty Specimens—Each group of specimens
representing a given test or a given age of test, including tests
NOTE 7—As an example, if three batches of the reference mixture have of freshly mixed concrete, shall be examined visually before or
air contents of 5.2, 5.3, and 5.2 %, and three batches of the test mixture
have air contents of 5.6, 5.9, and 5.7 %, the reference and test mixtures during the test, or both, whichever is appropriate. Discard any
would be in compliance with Section 5.2 because the average air content specimen found to be manifestly faulty by such examination
of the reference mixture, 5.2 %, falls between 5.5 6 0.5 %, and the without testing. Visually examine all specimens representing a
average air content of the test mixture, 5.7 %, is within 0.5 % of the given test at a given age after testing, and should any specimen
average air content of the reference mixture.
be found to be manifestly faulty, the test results thereof shall be
6. Mixing disregarded. Should more than one specimen representing a
given test at a given age be found manifestly faulty, either
6.1 Machine mix the concrete as prescribed in Practice before or after testing, the entire test shall be disregarded and
C192/C192M. repeated. The test result reported shall be the average of the
individual test results of the specimens tested or, in the event
7. Tests and Properties of Freshly Mixed Concrete
that one specimen or one result has been discarded, it shall be
7.1 Test samples of freshly mixed concrete from at least the average of the test results of the remaining specimens.
three separate batches for each condition of concrete in
accordance with the following methods and the minimum 9. Test Specimens of Hardened Concrete
number of tests shall be as prescribed in Table 1. 9.1 Number of Specimens—Make six or more test speci-
7.1.1 Slump—Test Method C143/C143M. mens for the freezing and thawing test and three or more test

TABLE 1 Types and Minimum Number of Specimens and Tests

Number of Number of Minimum
Number of
Test Types of Conditions of Number of
Test Ages
SpecimensA ConcreteB Specimens
C
Slump 1 1 2
C
Air content 1 1 2
Bleeding 1 1 2 6
D
Time of setting 1 2 6
Compressive strength 1 3 2 18
Flexural strengthE 1 3 2 18
Freezing and thawing 1 1 2 12F
Length changeE 1 1 2 6
A
See Section 7 and 9.2.
B
See 4.2.
C
Determined on each batch of concrete mixed.
D
See 7.1.4.
E
Optional tests, see 10.1.5.
F
Specimens for duplicate tests from each batch.

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 C233/C233M − 18
specimens for each other type of test and age of test specified liquid admixtures shall be prepared in solution to determine
in Table 1 for each condition of concrete to be compared. pH. Unless there is reason to do otherwise, dissolve the
9.2 Types of Specimens—Prepare specimens made from material in reagent water in the proportions specified for job
concrete with and without the air-entraining admixture under use as shown on the package or in other manufacturer’s
test in accordance with the following: instructions.
9.2.1 Compressive Strength—Make and cure test specimens 11.1.2 Air Content of Mortar—Using the same amounts of
in accordance with Practice C192/C192M. successive lots of air-entraining admixtures with the same
9.2.2 Flexural Strength—Make and cure test specimens in cement, determine the air contents of mortars in accordance
accordance with Practice C192/C192M. with Test Method C185. The air-entraining admixture shall be
9.2.3 Resistance to Freezing and Thawing—Test specimens combined with the mixing water prior to the start of the mixing
shall consist of prisms made and cured in accordance with the procedure. The determinations for both the check test sample
applicable requirement of Practice C192/C192M. Test speci- and acceptance sample shall be made on the same day.
men dimensions shall be as required by Test Method C666/ 12. Residue Content
C666M. Make one set of specimens from the concrete mixture
containing the air-entraining admixture under test and from the 12.1 Determine the residue content by either the oven
reference concrete mixture, the air content of each mixture drying (12.2) or halogen lamp-based method (12.3).
being as specified in 5.2. 12.2 Oven Drying Method (Reference Test Method):
9.2.4 Length Change—Make and cure test specimens in 12.2.1 Determine the mass of an aluminum dish (about 60
accordance with Test Method C157/C157M. The moist-curing mm diameter, 15 mm height, and about 1 g in mass) to the
period, including the period in the molds, shall be 14 days. nearest 0.0001 g. Using a pipet, evenly distribute 1 mL of the
liquid air entraining admixture in the dish, and weigh to the
10. Tests on Hardened Concrete nearest 0.0001 g. Place the weighing dish in a drying oven
10.1 Test specimens of hardened concrete in accordance (12.2.2). Dry for 25 6 2 min at 125 6 1 °C. At the end of the
with the following test methods: drying period transfer the weighing dish to a desiccator, cool to
10.1.1 Compressive Strength—Test Method C39/C39M. room temperature, and weigh to the nearest 0.0001 g.
Test specimens at ages of 3, 7, and 28 days. Calculate the 12.2.2 The drying oven shall be either a forced circulation
compressive strength of the concrete containing the admixture type or one with provision for free access of air. There shall be
under test as a percentage of the compressive strength of the control of temperature and time of drying so that the degree of
reference concrete as follows: volatilization of the material other than water from sample to
10.1.1.1 Divide the average compressive strength of the sample will not vary.
specimens made from the concrete containing the admixture 12.2.3 Calculation:
under test at a given age of test by the average compressive 12.2.3.1 Record the following quantities:
strength of the specimens made from the reference concrete at
M1 = mass of weighing dish and admixture prior to heating,
the same age of test and multiply the quotient by 100.
M2 = mass of empty weighing dish,
10.1.2 Flexural Strength—Test Method C78/C78M. Test M3 = M1 − M2 = mass of sample,
specimens at ages 3, 7, and 28 days. Calculate the flexural M4 = mass of weighing dish and dried residue, and
strength of the concrete containing the admixture under test as M5 = M4 − M2 = mass of dried residue.
a percentage of the flexural strength of the reference concrete
as follows: 12.2.3.2 Calculate the residue by oven drying using the
10.1.2.1 Divide the average flexural strength of the speci- following equation:
mens made from the concrete containing the admixture under Residue by oven drying ~ % by mass! 5 ~ M 5 3 100! /M 3 (1)
test at a given age of test by the average flexural strength of the 12.3 Halogen Lamp-Based Test Method (Alternative Test
specimens made from the reference concrete at the same age of Method):
test, and multiply the quotient by 100. 12.3.1 Automated devices are commercially available that
10.1.3 Resistance to Freezing and Thawing—Procedure A use a halogen lamp-based heat source for drying the sample,
of Test Method C666/C666M. Place specimens under test at and an automated weighing system for measuring mass loss.
the age of 14 days. Samples using the halogen lamp-based heating devices shall be
10.1.4 Length Change—Test Method C157/C157M. The heated at 125 °C 6 1 °C; the dried state can be demonstrated
drying period shall be 14 days. by the heated sample having a mass loss less than 2 mg/min.
10.1.5 The flexural strength and length change tests are Halogen lamp-based heating devices are permitted if it is
applicable only when specifically required by the purchaser. demonstrated that maximum sample temperatures used in the
procedure do not exceed 126 °C or fall below 109 °C. The
11. Check Tests for Uniformity halogen lamp-based device shall be capable of analyzing a
11.1 The check tests enumerated in Specification C260/ sample mass of 1.5 to 2.0 g for each analysis. When using an
C260M in the section on Optional Uniformity Requirements automated halogen lamp-based device, follow manufacturer’s
shall be determined as follows: recommendations for installation and operation. The perfor-
11.1.1 pH—The pH of liquid air-entraining admixtures shall mance of the device shall be verified once annually in
be determined in accordance with Test Method E70. Non- accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.
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13. Report 6.14 % and 6.04 % is 0.10 % the results are within the acceptable range.
13.1 Report the following information: 14.1.2 The multilaboratory coefficient of variation of resi-
13.1.1 Results of the tests specified in this method, due by oven drying has been found to be 2.35 %. Therefore, the
13.1.2 Brand name, manufacturer’s name and lot number, results of two properly conducted tests on the same material in
character of the material, and quantity represented by the different laboratories are not expected to differ by more than
sample of the admixture under test, 6.65 % of their average.7
13.1.3 Brand name, manufacturer’s name, and other data on 14.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
the reference admixture, suitable for determining the bias of this test method, no
13.1.4 Brand name, manufacturer’s name, type, and test statement on bias is made.
data on the portland cement or cements used,
13.1.5 Description of, and test data on the fine and coarse 15. Precision and Bias of Halogen Lamp-Based Method8
aggregates used, 15.1 Precision:
13.1.6 Detailed data on the concrete mixtures used, includ- 15.1.1 The single-operator coefficient of variation of residue
ing amounts and proportions of admixtures used, actual cement by the halogen lamp-based method has been found to be
factors, water-cement ratios, ratios of fine to total aggregate, 0.64 %. Therefore, the results of two properly conducted tests
consistency, and air content. on the same material by the same operator are not expected to
13.1.7 In reporting on check tests for uniformity, report both differ by more than 1.8 % of their average.7
the initial and current air contents of mortar for the acceptance 15.1.2 The multilaboratory coefficient of variation of resi-
sample, and the air content of the check test sample, all as due by the halogen drying lamp-based method has been found
determined by Test Method C185. to be 1.32 %. Therefore, the results of two properly conducted
13.1.8 Report the results and the test method used to tests on the same material in different laboratories are not
determine the percentage residue content. expected to differ by more than 3.7 % of their average.7
14. Precision and Bias of Oven Drying Method6 15.2 Bias—Because there is no accepted reference material
suitable for determining the bias of this test method, no
14.1 Precision: statement on bias is made.
14.1.1 The single-operator coefficient of variation of residue
by oven drying has been found to be 0.79 %. Therefore, the 16. Precision and Bias of Other Test Methods
results of two properly conducted tests on the same material by 16.1 For other test methods, refer to the precision and bias
the same operator are not expected to differ by more than statements for the referenced test methods listed in Section 2.
2.24 % of their average.7 These documents are to be referred to for their respective
NOTE 8—As an example, two tests conducted on the same material precision statements.
yield residues by oven drying of 6.14 % and 6.04 %, respectively. The
17. Keywords

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average of these two measurements is 6.09 %. The acceptable range of
results is then 2.24 % of 6.09 % or 60.136 %. As the difference between 17.1 air content; air-entraining admixture; cement; concrete;
pH; residue
6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
8
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1005. Contact ASTM Customer Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
Service at service@astm.org. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1053. Contact ASTM Customer
7
These numbers represent the (d2s %) limits as defined in Practice C670. Service at service@astm.org.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,
C233/C233M – 14, that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved Dec. 15, 2018.)

(1) Added 12.3 to describe halogen lamp-based method as an (3) Added Section 16 for precision of other test methods.
alternative to oven drying for measuring residue content.
(2) Added Section 15 to provide precision of halogen lamp-
based test method.

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 C233/C233M − 18
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