This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: C1140/C1140M − 11 (Reapproved 2019)

Standard Practice for

Preparing and Testing Specimens from Shotcrete Test
Panels1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1140/C1140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

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1. Scope* C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-

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1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing test panels gregates

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of dry-mix or wet-mix shotcrete and for testing specimens C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield,
sawed or cored from the panels. and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

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C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Concrete
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in C171 Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed

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system shall be used independently of the other. Combining Concrete by the Pressure Method

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values from the two systems may result in non-conformance C457/C457M Test Method for Microscopical Determination
with the standard. of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Con-
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes crete

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that provide explanatory materials (excluding those in tables C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,
and figures) that shall not be considered as requirements of the Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the
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standard. Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the C513/C513M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Speci-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the mens of Hardened Lightweight Insulating Concrete for
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responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Compressive Strength

priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- C642 Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in
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mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Hardened Concrete

1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- C995 Test Method for Time of Flow of Fiber-Reinforced
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Concrete Through Inverted Slump Cone (Withdrawn
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ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 2009)3

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Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- C1018 Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First-Crack
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Third-Point Loading) (Withdrawn 2006)3
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C1399/C1399M Test Method for Obtaining Average

2. Referenced Documents Residual-Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
3. Terminology
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C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled

3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
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Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete

C78/C78M Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete standard, refer to Terminology C125.
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(Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)

4. Significance and Use
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4.1 Specimens obtained in accordance with the procedure
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.46 section of this practice may be used for preconstruction studies
on Shotcrete. of shotcrete mixtures, to qualify nozzlemen and equipment, or
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally for quality control, or compressive or flexural strength testing,
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1140/C1140M–11.
during the progress of a project.
DOI: 10.1520/C1140_C1140M-11R19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 C1140/C1140M − 11 (2019)
5. Test Panels fabrication as is safe to prevent damage) with a sheet of
5.1 Forms for Panels: material meeting requirements of Specification C171 or stored
5.1.1 The form for receiving the shotcrete shall be either in a moist room meeting the requirements of Specification
wood or steel construction and sufficiently rigid to prevent C511. Field cured specimens shall be moved to the laboratory
dislodging of the shotcrete through vibration or deformation. just prior to testing.
The form shall have a minimum width and length of 610 mm 8.2 Latex admixed shotcrete panels shall be moist-cured for
[24 in.] and a minimum depth of 89 mm [31⁄2 in.] with either 24 h and then air-dried for the balance of the curing cycle.
square or sloped sides. Larger panels may be desirable for
qualifying nozzlemen, equipment, or mixture design. 9. Obtaining and Testing Specimens
5.1.1.1 Wood Forms—Wood forms shall have a back made

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from plywood at least 19 mm [3⁄4 in.] thick. Side pieces shall be 9.1 Specimens shall be obtained from panels by drilling

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made of lumber with a minimum thickness of 38 mm [11⁄2 in.]. cores or sawing beams in accordance with Test Method
5.1.1.2 Steel Forms—Steel forms shall be made using ma- C42/C42M, or by sawing cubes in accordance with Test
terial having a minimum thickness of 5 mm [3⁄16 in.]. Method C513/C513M. Samples to be cored or sawed shall be

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removed from the central portion of the specimen. Samples

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6. Materials shall not be taken from the shotcrete in the space equal to the
depth plus 25.4 mm [1 in.] from the outside edges. For 89 mm

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6.1 Dry-Mix Process—The test mixture shall be of the same
materials and proportions being used or proposed for use in the [31⁄2 in.] deep, 610 × 610 mm [24 × 24 in.] forms, this
structure. corresponds to 114 mm [41⁄2 in.] from the inside of the bottom
corner formed by the base of the form, resulting in a sample

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6.2 Wet-Mix Process—The test mixture shall be of the area of 381 × 381 mm [15 × 15 in.]. Cores and beams shall be
specified slump and have the specified air content and unit

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free from corrugations and striations caused by uneven sawing
weight, or, when fibers are used, the specified time of flow, air
or coring. It is recommended that all flat surfaces be sawed to
content, and unit weight as the mixture being used or proposed
ensure parallel and smooth surfaces. Cores shall be drilled and
for use in the structure. Determine the air content by Test

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tested for compressive strength perpendicular to the surface of
Method C231/C231M, the unit weight by Test Method C138/
the panel. Cubes and beams may be tested either perpendicular
C138M, slump by Test Method C143/C143M and time of flow
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or parallel to the surface of the panel. The direction of testing
by Test Method C995 prior to shooting the panels.
can influence the results and shall be specified. Proper handling
of freshly applied specimens requires they be protected from
7. Procedure
damage due to extremes of temperature and vibrating
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7.1 Number of Panels—A separate panel shall be shot for movements, shaking, or shock during the hydration process.
each mixture representing each admixture type or dosage, fiber
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Beams shall be tested in accordance with Test Method C78/

type or fiber volume and each shooting position anticipated in C78M except that beams of fiber-reinforced concrete shall be
the structure (that is, slab, slopes, vertical, and overhead). tested in accordance with Test Method C1018 or Test Method
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7.2 The admixture, if one is used, shall be added in the same C1399/C1399M.
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manner and dosage as proposed for use or used in the structure. 9.1.1 Age—Specimens shall be obtained from panels and
7.3 Reinforcing bars shall be included in test specimens tested at designated ages. Unless moisture conditioning is
used for bar encapsulation studies and qualification of specified, the specimens shall be obtained from panels no more
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personnel, equipment, and application techniques. Reinforcing than 2 h before being tested.
bars should be excluded from samples prepared for 9.1.2 Conditioning—When moisture conditioning is
compressive, flexural, and tensile tests. If fibers are added to specified, it shall be in accordance with the provisions of Test
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the shotcrete, they should be included in the respective test Method C42/C42M unless otherwise specified by the pur-
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samples. chaser.
7.4 Shotcreting: 9.2 The density, absorption, and voids shall be determined
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7.4.1 Equipment—Shotcrete shall be applied using the in accordance with the provisions of Test Method C642. Data
equipment, water pressure, and air pressure to be used on the obtained in flexural tests shall be treated in accordance with
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structure. Test Methods C78/C78M, C1018 or C1399/C1399M.

7.4.2 Personnel—The operating personnel (nozzlemen and
gun operator) shall be those to be used on the structure. NOTE 1—If the purchaser requests it, the air content of the hardened
7.4.3 Application of Shotcrete—Apply the shotcrete to the shotcrete may be determined by Test Method C457/C457M.
panel forms in the manner as proposed for use or as is being
done in the structure. Dampen wood forms just prior to 10. Calculation
shotcreting. 10.1 The length to diameter correction factor found in Test
Method C42/C42M shall be applied to compressive strengths.
8. Curing For sawed cubes, compressive strengths shall be multiplied by
8.1 To prevent evaporation of water from the panels, the a correction factor of 0.85 to obtain equivalent strength of
panels shall be covered and tightly wrapped (as soon after drilled cores.

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 C1140/C1140M − 11 (2019)
11. Report 11.1.7 Direction of testing relative to panel surface.
11.1 The report shall include the following data pertinent to 11.1.8 Unit weight, air content, absorption and voids,
the variables or combinations of variables studied in the tests: slump, and time of flow, if applicable.
11.1.9 Strength and other mechanical properties evaluated
11.1.1 Type and proportions of cement and admixture, fine
and test methods used, and correction factors applied.
and coarse aggregate including maximum size and grading,
free water content, in the case of wet-mix shotcrete, and 12. Precision and Bias
temperature.
12.1 The precision and bias of tests conducted on specimens
11.1.2 Type and proportion of any fibers used. prepared according to this practice will be that of the refer-
11.1.3 Position of panel as shot. enced test methods.
11.1.4 Type of shotcrete, that is, wet or dry.

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11.1.5 Name of nozzleman and gun operator.
11.1.6 Specimen size and moisture conditioning. 13.1 beams; cores; cubes; shotcrete; test panels

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SUMMARY OF CHANGES

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Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this practice since the last issue, C1140–03a,
that may impact the use of this practice. (Approved December 1, 2011)

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(1) Revised the standard as a dual units practice.
(2) Replaced old Section 3 with a Terminology Section includ-
ing reference to C125.

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