Unit 1 Tourism Concepts

Tourism Management BBA 6th
Semester
Unit I:
Tourism Concepts
(Definitions and Historical development of Tourism, Distinction between
Tourist-Traveler-Visitor-Excursionist: Types and forms of Tourism, Tourism
System, nature, Characteristics, components of tourism and its
Characteristics)
Prepared by: Prem Kumar Danuwar Page 1

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Introduction to Tourism
Tourism is a composite of activities, services, and industries that delivers a travel experience;
transportation, accommodation, eating, drinking establishments, shops, entertainment, activity
facilities, and other hospitality services available for individuals or groups that are travelling
away from home. It encompasses all providers of visitors and visitors related services. Tourism
is the entire world industry of travel, hotels, transportation and all other components that,
including promotion, serve the needs and wants of travelers. Finally tourism is the sum total of
tourist expenditures with the borders of a nation or a political subdivision or a transportation-
centered economic area of nearby states or nations.
 The earning from tourism is very much helpful for economic development of a country.
 For our country which is underdeveloped it is the most important source for maximizing
Foreign exchange earnings.
 It contributes the most to increase Gross National Income.
 It also provides incentives to protect and promote the environmental and heritage of the
destinations.
 It generates financial means to safeguard nature, heritages sites, and monuments through
establishment of wildlife preservers, restoration of historical sites, and preservation of
environment.
 It also promotes culture, norms, values, and indigenous traditions.

Travel is the most common activity for most people. It includes any journey from one place to
another, over short or long distance from and one’s work during leisure and for any purpose
using any mode of transport by air, land or sea. We can say that all travel is not tourism.
Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and
outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major source of
income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in
some cases being of vital importance
CONCEPT -- meaning of Tourism
TGR (Origin) TRR TDR (Destination)

(Transit
)
The word “TOURIST “is believed to have been stemmed from Latin word “TORNUS” which
means a tool for describing a circle or a TURNER’s WHEEL. In the sense of the word of origin,
tourist is a person who undertakes a circular trip from TGR (Tourist Generating Region) to TDR

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(Tourist Destination Region) via TRR (Transit Route Region) ultimately comes back to the place
from where he/she sets his/her journey for recreation, pleasure, fun, VFR, etc.
Meaning and definition of tourism
It is derived from French word and originated in 19th century.
In Sanskrit literature it is defined in 3 terms with “anta”:-
Paryantan- going out for pleasure and knowledge.
Desantan- going out of the country for economic gain.
Tirthatan- going out to places for religious merits.
The actual meaning of tour is travelling and the action of travelling is tourism practices.
Tourism is the practices of travelling from one place to another to experience new things.
Tourism is related to travelling and travelling is naturally a human character. Man needs change
and travel provides that change. Travel has fascinated human beings. Man has been travelling
throughout the ages. During that time travel was there but ‘Tourism’ was not there. Because
travel was undertaken for the purpose of pleasure and their motive was not to seek holiday from
the routine work. The basic concept of ‘pleasure at leisure’ was not present. When people learnt
to differentiate between work and leisure the tourism industry started. When business agencies
were developed to sell travel related services the tourism industry started. Travelling is a human
character but tourism is a new phenomenon.
Tourism is related to broader economic and social issues including commoditization and
globalization of culture, hospitality, friendship, pleasure, and place and its attractions. Within
this realm, tourism is regarded as experience industry where travel experience is sold as a
commodity just like other households, recreation-oriented products.
Tourism is studied and understood from different perspectives.
We can define tourism with some perspectives which are discussed below:-
The Tourist: - The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experiences and satisfaction. The
nature of these will largely vary with the destination chosen and the activities enjoyed.

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Service provider business people: - Business people see tourism as an opportunity to make a
profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist markets demands.
The Government of the host country: - Politicians view tourism as wealth factor in the
economy .The perspective is related to the incomes their citizen can earn from their business.
They also consider the foreign exchange receipts from international tourism as a wealth to
nation. The government can play an important role in tourism policy, development, promotion
and implementation.
The Host Community: - Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment factor
of importance to this group.eg;-is the effect of the interaction between large number of
international visitors and residents
Tourism as a social system: - This approach studies tourism from social perspectives. Although
tourism is an individual experience, it is usually shared with other people. A tourist is a person
from another culture. She/he does not belong to the visiting society. They come in contact with
local people and social institution. It is a cultural interaction. The socialization process may be
short and informal to intense interpersonal interaction. Friendship may be formed or conflicts
may be created
Tourism as geographical phenomenon: - Tourism is studied as a relation between two places –

origin to destination. Travel from the origin to a destination is an inherent and distinctive
characteristic of tourism. For participation in tourism, a person must travel certain distance from
his/her normal place of residence. Tourism is of HERE and THERE nature.
According to HERMANN V. SCHULLARD in 1910
“The sum total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which is directly relate to the entry,
stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city, or region.”
According to SWISS PROFESSOR HUNZIKER AND KRAMPF in 1942
“Tourism is the totality of the relationship and phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of
stranger, provided does not imply the establishment of a permanent residence and is not
connected with a remunerative activity.”
According to UNITED NATION WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO) in 1994
“Tourism is defined as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in place outside their
usual environment for not more than one consecutive year, for leisure, business and other
purposes.”

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According to The Tourism Society In Britain in 1976
“Tourism is the short-term movement of people to destinations outside the place where they
normally live and work and their activities during the stay at these destinations, it includes
movement for all purpose, as well as day visitors and excursions”
Technical Definition
Tourism can be define in terms of one’s reason for travelling - either it be for leisure, family,
reasons, or business.
According to British tourists authority
..a tourist trip is defined as “a stay of one or more nights away from home for holidays, visits to
friends or relatives , business conferences or any other purpose, except …boarding education or
semi-permanent employment”
Five main characteristics of tourism may be identified from the definition
 Tourism arises from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations.
 There are two elements in all tourism: the journey to the destination and the stay
including activities at the destination.
 The journey and the stay take place outside the usual place of residence and work, so that
tourism gives rise to activities, which are distinct from those of the resident and the
working population of the places, through which the tourist travels and in which they
stay.
 The movement to destinations is of temporary, short-term character, with the intention of
returning to the usual environment within a few days, weeks or months.
 Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or
employment remunerated from within the places visited

The Definition incorporates the following three basic criteria.
1. A distance criterion that the person has travelled to a place outside his usual environment.
2. A time criterion that the person does not stay at the place visited for more than one
consecutive year.
3. An activity criterion that the purpose of travel should be leisure, business and other but
not migration and employment.

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Importance of tourism
In modern age tourism has become a fundamental activity of human being. Governments of all
countries are involved in the development of this sector. Tourism is considered to be the superior
activities of modern man. Realizing the importance of this sector the 21st general assembly of
united nation declared the year 1967 as Tourism Year. It suggested that every country along with
its people and government should encourage and praise this activity.
It has become a medium of economic measurement of a country. It is considered an important

source of economic balance of our country. It creates economic and resource and promotes
international understanding. It teaches to respect different religion, beliefs, traditions, and
customs, at the same footings. It inspires and cultural harmony and tries to create peaceful
relationship among the nations of the world.
Some major importance of tourism are listed below:-

Contribution to national income
Development of infrastructure
Creation of jobs
Importance
Earning of foreign currency
Publicity of country Of Tourism
Preservation of art and culture Conservation of Natural Recourses
Support to secondary business
Beside above given importance we can also discuss some other importance of it which is enlisted
below:-

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 Educational importance: - While travelling all tourist are student whatever the purpose
is he is observing new places, experiencing new environmental things, gaining
knowledge, researches, tradition, custom etc of the place visited. Tourism widens his/her
thinking.
 Cultural Importance: - Tourism promotes cultural exchange among nations. Cultural
attraction lures the tourist for tourism activities. Art, craft, architecture, historical
monuments, festivals, tradition, culture etc.
 Political importance: - Head of states, Head of government, ambassadors, diplomats,
leaders of political parties often go visiting other countries officially or unofficially can
be considered as political tourism. This helps in promotion of mutual understanding.
 Social Importance:- Social interaction among the people and tourist which helps in
learning of habits, custom, tradition etc while he/she return to the respective countries.
 Environmental importance: - Tourism has close relationship with environment which is
naturally gifted. It includes different mountains, lakes, rivers, peaks, parks, wildlife etc.
 Economic Importance: - Job creation. Nearly about 10% of jobs are provided by the
same sector. GDP, NI (national Income), Balance of trade etc is its perspective.
Conclusion
We can say thus, tourism may be defined as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from
the relationship and the interaction among tourist, tourism suppliers, host government, host
communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of
visitors.
Nature of Tourism
Tourism is a complex subject to understand. It is due to service concept, business of ideology

and non-material object. Three basic character of tourism makes it different than other are “Here
and There” nature, service nature and joint effort nature.
1. Tourism is an intangible, non material product:- Tourism is related to service,

facility, pleasure, leisure etc and which is not possible to be visualized. It is not a
tangible good, but it is related to individual customer’s satisfaction. It may be
defended that mountains, rivers are visible, a hotel can be seen etc. but image,
friendliness, perception, helpfulness, security, trust etc cannot be visualized but only
can go through and enjoy experiences during the course of such travel. They have to
gain the services first and then learn about their quality.
2. Tourism is a combination of economic (measurable) and non economic
(immeasurable) goods:-Visitors use of airspace, train ticket, hotel beds, income etc
in a country can be measured but pleasure, leisure, comfort, relaxation, recreation
they acquire cannot be measured.

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3. A luxurious Concept: - Tourism product being leisure, pleasure, and comfort. It is

most luxurious concept, so it must be marketed. As tourism is economic activity it is
related with rich people. A poor man cannot afford to pay for service. So the
customers are from the influential society, advance, rich, and intellectual.
4. Ownership of tourism product is nontransferable: - In tourism buy and sale of a
product does not mean to buy the property as tangible products. It is an agreement to
sell or buy the service. For e.g. - in the sale of motorcar or house, the seller transfers
one’s ownership to the buyer and the buyer may use it oneself or resell it but tourism
products are non-transferrable.
5. Tourism business has unlimited possibilities:- As tourism is the creation of idea or
knowledge it has no limitation. Accommodations have limitations, attractions have
carrying capacity, and trekking or rafting company may have limited business
capacity but tourism as unlimited opportunities.
6. The raw materials of tourism are inexhaustible:- In other industries, raw materials
are consumed for extracting product, in this process the material is transformed from
one form of input to another form of output. The process of hospitality keeps the
material intact. Example:- in rafting we do use water but do not consume it. We do
enjoy view of mountains but do not transform it into something else.
7. Tourism is assembled product:- Total travel service is impossible to be provided by
a single enterprise. Each of the components of tourism service is highly specialized
and together makes the final product.
8. Tourism product does not move: - Tourism product cannot be transported. The
customer needs to move to the product, or visit the point of service delivery (POSD).
For example we cannot export trekking of Nepal, hotel rooms, attractions, culture etc.
Tourist needs to be at the place to get the experience.
9. The demand of the tourism product is very unstable:-It is very sensitive business.
Its demand is influenced by different factors such as seasons, economic, political,
religion and other special events etc.
10. Tourism products are perishable: - Service production is typically fixed to time and
space. A service ‘Dies’ if not sold within a given time. It cannot be stored. If they are
not sold on a particular day/time the potential revenue they are supposed to earn on
that day/time is lost and cannot be recovered. For e.g., if the seats of an aircraft are
vacant, these cannot be filled once it is airborne. The airline loses the revenue that it
could have earned, had these seats been sold off to passengers.
11. Pay here get there, pay now get later: - Tourism products are bought at one place,
consumed at other place and paid in advance and get later. For e.g. trekking tour is
bought in USA and is used in NEPAL. It’s buying process, consumption and delivery
mechanism and after sales service is different, so its salesmanship and after sales
services are also different.

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12. No tourism attraction can be regarded as less dis-utility:- Distance, remoteness,

isolation are not regarded as problem in tourism because not all tourists’ distance
minimize.
13. Customers of tourism products are Heterogeneous people: - They can be rich,
poor, always in hurry, whimsical, very slow, very old, little children etc. so they may
have different needs and wants to be satisfied by the tourism marketers, they must try
to understand the specific needs of each and every tourist in a group and make effort
to satisfy those needs to the maximum possible extent.
14. People-oriented: - The tourism industries rely entirely upon people. The interaction
between the staff and the customer determines the perceived product quality. Unlike
tangible products where the customer buys certain features, production quality,
durability etc. the holiday quality results from personal interactions starting with the
information and booking process over the stay up to the journey home.
15. Greater significance of word-of-mouth advertising: - Because there are few
sampling or testing opportunities in our industry, customers have to rely on the advice
of others, including friends, relatives, and business associates. That is why, positive
“word-of-mouth” information is crucial to the success of most hospitality and travel
organization. Providing a consistent quality of service and associated facilities is a
key ingredient in getting “good word-of-mouth”. It is also the basic fundamental of
marketing.
Features of Travel and Tourism Industry
1. Perishability: - Perishability is one of the most important characteristics of the tourism

industry. The products/services in the tourism and travel industry are consumed as they
are produced. Hotel rooms and cable car seats cannot be warehoused for futures sales.
When a hotel room is not booked tonight, you cannot take ‘tonight’ and sell it tomorrow.
Once the train left the station, unused capacity cannot be sold afterwards – provided that
it was no time-traveling train. As an uncertainty in customer demand leverages this issue,
hotels and travel agencies tend to overbook available rooms and seats. Finding an
alternative product for the customer and living with the consequences of overbooking is
statistically more economical.
2. Inconsistency: - Products of the tourism industry always differ. Even the same hotel
room in the same week with the same weather can be perceived differently due to the
mood of the chef. It is always about the experience that the customer makes. Rational
product attributes like price, nights of stay, and additional services can only be compared
to a minor degree. It is challenging to deal with the customer perception of the product
(the perceived quality) as it is highly affected by numerous uninfluenced able aspects
such as weather, construction sites, other customers etc. Hence, the product is very
inconsistent and cannot be standardized

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3. Investment and immobility: - Talking about hotels and other accommodations there is
usually a big capital lockup in the assets. Hotels have furniture, restaurants, TV-sets,
laundry-service, pools, and saunas etc. – invested capital that has to pay off.
4. And that’s not all – all those investments are attached to one locality which means that
those tourism companies are to a huge extent dependent on the attractiveness of the
region, the country, its surroundings and so forth.
5. Inseparability: - Most travel products are first sold and the produced and consumed at
the same time. This is an aspect which clearly sets tourism apart from tangible products.
When you buy a new computer it is produced and shipped before you see it on the
website or at the retailer’s premise. The consumption of that computer – using it – takes
place after purchase at your home. You cannot take the hotel room home – only the small
bottles of shampoo and toothpaste. And you cannot enjoy the alpine sleigh ride in your
living room. Tourism products can only be consumed at the supplier’s premise.
6. Intangibility:-Tourism products are intangible. A night in a hotel, a day in a ski-resort,
the calm flight with the nice attendant, and the smiling tour-guide taking you to the peak
of an alpine mountain – all this cannot be touched. Tourism is all about the time spent
and the experience made. The products sold by tourism companies both can’t be
reproduced and reused. Nor can the feeling of consumption be captured to its full extent.
There are merely attempts with photographs and video cameras. Probably everybody was
already in the situation where you showed your holiday pictures to your family or friends
and said “Well, it looked better when I was there. The picture cannot really reproduce the
sentiment)… Tourism is a subjective picture planted into the customers’ minds.
7. Heterogeneity. - This means that every service performance is unique to each customer.
8. Seasonality and demand fluctuations:- It is a characteristic of most leisure tourism
markets that demand fluctuates greatly between seasons of the year. As a result, the
occupancies in many tourism businesses increase to 90 to 100 per cent in the high season
but drops to 30 per cent or less in the low season. In addition, seasonal closure of many
leisure tourism businesses is common as well. These demand variations in tourism is
more important because of perishability. That is why, generating demand when there is
less demand, is always the major preoccupation for marketing managers.
9. Interdependence of tourism products: - The fortunes of tourism attractions in a
destination are linked. Since a vacationer chooses attractions at a destination together
with the products of accommodation, transport, catering etc., all organizations should
function in coordination.
10. High fixed costs of service operations: - In the travel and tourism industry, it is
generally the case that the operations have high fixed costs and relatively low variable
costs. This fact focuses all service operators’ attention on the need to generate extra
demand. Since most large scale businesses are obliged to operate on a very narrow
margin between total cost and total revenue because of intense competition, plus or minus

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one percentage point in average load factors makes the difference between profit and
loss.
11. More use of emotional appeals in promotions: - Because of the intangible nature of
services, customers tend to make more use of emotional appeals when they buy. It is not
enough to talk about the number of guest rooms etc., it must be given a distinctive
personality to the product.
Basic components of tourism
Seven A’s of Tourism • Awareness • Activities • Amenities • Ability • Affinity • Actors • Acts
1. Attractions: - Attraction is any element and object that attracts people to travel. It motivates
people to leave regular job and participate in travel and become tourist. Attractions are those
elements which determine the choice of the tourist to visit one destination. Attractions are often
the lure for tourist to travel to a destination. Accommodations, transport and restaurants are
considered ancillary services and in most cases are not the primary motivations for travel.
Attractions can be either packaged into a tour or sold as a standalone product. They are quiet
varied. Some are free while others are not. Some are government owned while some are
commercial. It is considered as the most important basic component of tourism. Attraction means
anything that creates a desire in any person to travel in a specific tourist destination or attraction.
Locale is another basic component of tourism. The locale may be used to include the holiday
destination and what it offers to the tourist. The holiday destination may offer natural attractions.
It is considered as the most important basic component of tourism.
Heritage attraction: - such as historic sites and pre-historic and archeological sites,
inspires to learn more about contemporary and long-Vanished civilization.
Recreation attraction:- Maintains and provide access to indoor and outdoor facilities
where people can participate in sports and other recreational activities, E.g. swimming
pools, ice skating, golf course, bicycle paths etc.
Commercial attraction: - are retail operating dealing in gifts, handcrafted goods, art,
souvenirs that attracts tourists. Recent surveys have showed that shopping is the number
one activity participated in by both domestic and international visitors.
Natural attractions: - The natural resources of a region are assets for its tourism
attractions. The natural attractions include :-
Climate Natural Beauty,Landscape,Mountain,Water,Flora and fauna,Wildlife,Spas
Scenic attractions etc.
Man-made Attraction:- Attraction: - These are the sites developed and modified by the
people. All kinds of attractions created, developed and modified are included under these
headings. Which includes:-
Artistic and cultural heritage:- Temple, church, art and music etc

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Entertainment:- children park, swimming pool, race course, sports, cinemas theater,
discos, pubs etc.
Transport and rides:-ballooning, gliding, light craft etc.
2. Accessibility: - Accessibility means reach ability to the place of destination through various
means of transportation. Transportation should be regular, comfortable, economical and safe.
Various means of transportation are like airlines, railways, road and water. People travel to the
places nearer and easily reachable though other destination farther may offer better things. More
people of Europe prefer to go to Austria to view mountains whereas Himalayan countries offer
far better experiences. So, nearer to the tourist generating countries, more chances of getting
tourists to the destination. On the other hand, destination near to the transportation hub has
greater advantages. For example, being near to Singapore (a big air traffic hub), Bali has
advantage of getting lots of tourists.
Road Transport: - Road or motor transport plays an important role in the field of tourism. Up to
the beginning of the 20th century, tourist travelled almost exclusively by rail and steamship. The
invention and development of automobile technology during the world war tremendously
changed the transport system as well as travel pattern of the people. The growth of private car
and luxury coaches caused decline in the use of railways.
Road transport is dominated by the automobiles. Car is the most perfect means of transport for
providing door to door service, providing an easy means of transport for the short and single day
family trip. Improvements in roads transport facilities stimulated tourism in many European
countries.
Rail Transport: - Invention of rail transport was the milestone in the development of tourism. The
first passenger train was run over newly completed train track between Liverpool Manchester in
England in 1830. However the concept of organized rail transport came in the year 1841. This
revolution in transport technology produced an immediate expansion in European tourism.
The great technological development brought revolution in the travel pattern. Long distance
travel could now be undertaken in comfort and with pleasure. The introduction of railways thus
vastly increased the opportunities for escape from the city life. The railways can be considered as
one of the most powerful motives for mass travel in modern world. Millions of passengers are
carried all over the world by railways every day. The advent of high speed train in the late 20th
century revolutionized the rail transport.
Sea Transport: - Travel by sea or marine transport is one of the oldest forms of transport. Travel
by ship was the only means to travel overseas till the middle of the 20th century. It is divided
into two parts: - Short ferry transport and Ocean going cruises. Sea transport made significant
contribution to the travel during 19th century. While steamship crossed the boundaries and made
intercontinental travel possible. The shipping technology made a number of innovations in the
19th century. Superior quality sailing ship and deep-sea shipping were developed in Europe and

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America during this period. The period before the First World War can be considered the golden
age for steamship services.
Since 1960’s airlines seriously hit the ship service. The shipping companies were badly hit by the
air competition and the rising price; they started abandoning the traditional inner route. The
passenger shipping industry shifted its emphasis from line voyages to cruises. Nowadays, cruises
are becoming increasingly popular as more and more people want to enjoy the delights of life on
the seas.
Air Transport: - The role of the air transport in the development of the international tourism is
becoming very important. Air transport has certainly been a key factor in the growth of modern
international tourism. Air transport is known as the baby of all the means of transport. Majority
of the tourist prefer to travel by air, especially for long distance journeys. Due to the higher
speed and wider access around the world, attractions to air transport are remarkably increasing. It
not only saves the time but also increases status and prestige in the society.
Although air travel was developed during the First World War period, commercial air travel took
place only after the Second World War. After the wars speed, comfort and the capacity of
aircraft greatly increased. The larger capacity of the new aircraft lowered the air fare. The steady
fall in the airfare increase the volume of tourist.
3. Accommodation: - This means that tourists have a place to stay upon reaching the destination
and a way to get food. Much like accessibility, accommodation also needs to be economical, safe
and comfortable. The type of accommodation also varies according to the location. It is a place
where tourists can find food and shelter provided. They can feel comfortable if the place can be
affordable from their pocket. By this place they decide their living duration according to the
facility they have provided. There are various types of accommodation from a seven star deluxe
hotel to a normal budget class hotel.
It plays a central role in tourism. Every tourist needs a place to stay and relax. Tourist looks for
clean, hygienic, and well maintained accommodation with a comfortable bed, cleanliness, and
sanitary facilities with adequate hot and cold water supply. A wide range of accommodation
options exists at most destinations ranging from tourist lodges to five star deluxe hotels.
Serviced Accommodations: - Hotels, guesthouse, boarding house etc. includes in fully serviced
accommodation. Such provide all the services and facilities like staying/ resting, food and
entertainment to the tourists. Such type of accommodations is also called hotel accommodation.
Hotels a place which supplies boarding and lodging on a place for the entertainment of the
travelers. Hotel provides accommodation, meals; refreshments for regular periods of time for
those who may reserve their accommodation wither in advance or on the premises.
 International Hotels: - they are the modern western style hotels in almost all
metropolitan and other large cities as well as principal tourist centre. These hotels are

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luxury hotels and are classified on the basis of internationally accepted system of
classification. The hotels are star categorized.
 Resorts Hotel: - They carter to the needs of holiday maker. They are mainly located in
nearby the sea, mountain and other areas abounding in natural beauty. It mainly focuses
on providing maximum recreational facilities and special services to the visitors in an
informal atmosphere.
Supplementary Accommodations: - Although hotels have been and still are the principal form
of accommodation, there has been a growth and development of some other forms of
accommodation over the year. These forms of accommodation are properly known as
supplementary accommodations. It may be considered as premises which offer accommodations
but not all the services of hotels. All the establishments under the heading are designed to offer
accommodations in the board sense of the term, namely the possibility of stay overnight and
meals in return of cash payments per day and on the basis of service provided. The
supplementary accommodation as compared to the hotel accommodation is moderately priced.
 Youth hostel: - It can be defined as a building which offers clean, moderate and
inexpensive shelter to young people exploring their own country or others countries and
travelling independently or in a group on holidays or for educational purpose.
 Pension: - It is very popular in European countries. It is also described as private hotel, a
guest house or a boarding house. Mostly managed by family and is much cheaper than
hotel accommodation.
 Motel: - it is for local motorists and foreign tourist travelling by road. It serves the
function of a transit hotel except that they are geared to accommodate motor travelling
guest for overnight stay. It provides services as parking, accommodations, restaurants
facilities, fueling facilities etc.
4. Amenities:-The meaning of amenities in tourism is the services that need for tourist during
their visit in destination. They include public toilet, signage, retail shopping, restaurant and cafes,
visitor centers, telecommunication and emergency services. It refers to the facilities available at
the destinations which help in meeting the needs and want of tourists. Tourist amenities include
food and beverage facilities, drinking water, good communication network, local transport,
automatic teller machine (ATM), proper garbage and sewage disposal system, medical facilities
etc. Electricity supply with minimum power cuts and adequate water supply are crucial facilities
which must be available at any destinations.
Restroom and Shower Facility, Bike Wash Station, Water Filling Station, Night Vision Signage,
Types of amenities
From the tourism viewpoint the amenities can be divided into two classes.

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Natural: seashores, sea bath, fishing, rock climbing, expedition, trekking, sightseeing, sunrise or
sunset observation, cataract, river, close connection with hills, etc. are natural amenities.
Manmade: Different entertaining programs and facilities presented to the tourist for their
pleasure and entertainment like dance, music, drama cinema, documentary, cultural programs,
feasts and festivals procession, swimming pool, sport materials and ground, newspapers internet,
telephone, Email ,etc. are included in manmade amenity.
5. Activities: - People take a break because they want t o see and to do different things. Some
like an active holiday and would like to go for water sports, fishing, natural trails etc. While
some would rather just sit back and relax. A number of activities may be available at the
destination to suit various age groups and social backgrounds. Tourist may be attracted to a
destination for any one or more of the above activities or attraction located there.
Activities can be classified into Indoor/Passive/Home based
Activities also can be classified into Outdoor/Active/ Home away
In addition to this, there are certain elements which are also crucial to tourism.
Affinity. -----It refers to the better relationship or sound relation between tourist and host
country.
Administration-----Different organization involve in the tourism organization and governing

bodies.
Actors---Leaders, directors, decision makers, planners of tourism industry.
Agents---National, international agents, middleman’s.
Types of Tourism
TOURIMS TYPOLOGY
Tourism is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting,
accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be
international, or within the traveler's country. The World Tourism Organization defines tourism
more generally, in terms which go "beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited
to holiday activity only ", as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".

Semester
Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and
outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major source of
income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in
some cases being of vital importance.
The Tourism Typologies are:-
1. Responsible tourism: - Tourism that maximizes the benefits to local communities,

minimizes negative social or environmental impacts, and helps local people conserve
fragile cultures, habitats and species. Responsible tourism complies with the principles
of social and economic justice and exerts full respect towards the environment and its
cultures. It recognizes the centrality of the local host community and its right to act as a
protagonist in developing a sustainable and responsible tourism. Responsible tourism
actuates to foster a positive interaction between the tourist industry, the local
communities and the travelers”, defined by AITR‘s members in 2005.
Responsible Tourism is about “making better places for people to live in and better places
for people to visit.” Responsible Tourism requires that operators, hoteliers, governments,
local people and tourists take responsibility, take action to make tourism more
sustainable.
The Cape Town Declaration recognizes that Responsible Tourism takes a variety of
forms, it is characterized by travel and tourism which:
Minimizes negative economic, environmental and social impacts;
Generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well-being of host
communities, improves working conditions and access to the industry;
Involves local people in decisions that affect their lives and life changes;
Makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, to the
maintenance of the world’s diversity; Provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists
through more meaningful connections with local people, and a greater understanding of
local cultural, social and environmental issues; Provide access for people with disabilities
and the disadvantaged; Is culturally sensitive, engenders respect between tourists and
hosts, and builds local pride and confidence.
2. Sustainable tourism: - Is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make
only a positive impact on the environment, society and economy. Sustainable tourism is
sensitive to these dangers and seeks to protect tourist destinations, and to protect tourism
as an industry. Sustainable tourists can reduce the impact of tourism in many ways:
Informing themselves of the culture, politics, and economy of the communities visited.
Anticipating and respecting local cultures, expectations and assumptions.
Supporting the integrity of local cultures by favoring businesses which conserve cultural
heritage and traditional values. Supporting local economies by purchasing local goods
and participating with small, local businesses. Conserving resources by seeking out

Semester
businesses that are environmentally conscious, and by using the least possible amount
of non-renewable resources.
3. Ecotourism: - It is one of the most popular alternative forms. It advocates believe that it
engenders a sense of need for environmental protection among local population once the
later realize conservation does not mean loss of economic opportunity. Tourists of this
kind enjoy traveling to natural areas. They will minimize their impact on the environment
as well as protect the natural resources during their travel. Therefore, eco-tourism is
characterized as a force for conservation and preservation of nature. For eco-tourism, the
managing authority of wildlife areas (e.g. national parks) will spend most of the income
from tourists (e.g. entrance fees and donations, etc.) on the conservation work in the area.
In some areas, the authority may offer tour guides to educate tourists and modify their
behavior so that they will cause less impact on the environment.
4. Pro-poor tourism: Tourism that results in increased net benefit for the poor people. Pro-
poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has been
receiving increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue has been
addressed through small-scale projects in local communities and through attempts by
Ministries of Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists.
5. Recreational Tourism: - It is often associated with sand, sea, sun and sex and is usually
promoted by beautiful colors picture that makes you want to be there on the ski slopes,
the palm fringed beaches, sunning in deck chair that attracts tourist who want to relax or
commune with nature. Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary
time. The "need to do something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology
and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement,
or pleasure and are considered to be "fun". Outdoor recreation activities have been
defined as those activities that:are undertaken outside the confines of buildings (ie, in the
outdoors); and can be undertaken without the existence of any built facility or
infrastructure; and
May require large areas of land, water and/or air; and May require outdoor areas of
predominantly unmodified natural landscape.
6. The Environmental Tourism: - It is often ancillary to ethnic tourism attracting tourist
elites to remote areas such as Nepal Himalayan regions to experience a truly alien scene.
This type of tourism is primarily geographic so that they can gain firsthand experience of
man-land relationship.
7. Cultural Tourism:- Cultural tourism is related to the transmission of knowledge and
ideas of the destination area or host community. As tourists are curious about different
kinds of experiences and cultures in various parts of the world, they travel to learn and
experience the culture of a tourist destination. This becomes the prime motivational force
for their travel. This kind of tourist likes to visit different types of cultural attractions,
ranging from concrete attractions such as museums and monuments, cultural

Semester
performances to other cultural manifestations, such as the consumption of the way of life
of certain cultures.
Cultural Tourism (or culture tourism) is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or
region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the
history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped
shape their way of life. Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas, particularly
historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It can
also include tourism in rural areas showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural
communities (i.e. festivals, rituals), and their values and lifestyle.
Cultural tourism has been defined as 'the movement of persons to cultural attractions
away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information
and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs'. These cultural needs can include the
solidification of one's own cultural identity, by observing the exotic "other".
8. Study Tourism:- Students travel to overseas learning or training centers, such as
universities, for short or vacation courses. There is an increasing number of local study
tours ranging from half-a-day to a week.
9. Religious Tourism: - People are motivated by their religious beliefs. The demand for
this kind of tourism is quite stable. The destinations of religious pilgrimages usually have
a long tradition, such as Muslims to Mecca and Christians to Jerusalem. It is also known
as pilgrimage or spiritual tourism. The evolution of tourism could also be attributed to
journeys undertaken since the ancient time to place considered as holy. It is journey
undertaken for the sake of worship and or to pay respect to a site of special religious
significance. Many people when living under conditions of stress turn to spirituality. The
Eastern world is considered to be very spiritual with many of the new age Gurus and their
hermitages. This takes the form of another tourism product, that is, spiritual tourism.
Tourists visit places to attend spiritual discourses and meditation workshops. For
example, The Osho Foundation, Art of Living Foundation which have centre’s all over
the world, Buddhist Monasteries and Ashrams
10. Sports Tourism:-Today’s sports tourism is considered as one of the most wanted leisure
experiences. Sports and travel share a symbiotic relation, whereby people are attracted to
a particular destination for active or passive participation. Many tourists travel for sports.
They may: - participate in sports, such as skiing or mountaineering; - watch sports, such
as attending the Olympic Games or World Cup Soccer. For example, the International
Rugby-Sevens Competition in Hong Kong attracts both sport players and spectators.
11. Adventure tourism is another type of tourism that is catered for those who want to do
more than just visit regular tourist sites. These kinds of trips involve challenging
activities like rock climbing, mountain climbing and wild water rafting. It is more
challenging because it takes the tourist into regions which are less frequently visited and
may not have easy access. These regions may offer minimal facilities and comforts. It is a
package of recreation, enjoyment, education, and the thrills of participating in an

Semester
adventure. Young people are more attracted to this form of travel because of the
excitement and risk involved. The forms of adventure tourisms can be on land, water,
airborne etc.
12. Mass Tourism:- Is a form of tourism that involves tens of thousands of people going to
the same resort often at the same time of year. It is the most popular form of tourism as it
is often the cheapest way to holiday, and is often sold as a package deal.
13. Special Interest tourism:- Special interest tourism has evolved from a search for new
avenues, which are likely to attract and add value to conventional tourism. The tourism
industry has a felt the need to expand the destination experience beyond pleasure tourism
and give the tourism a completely unique experience in an area, which is of special
interest to the tourist. The special interest tourist looks for the unusual and not for the
routine itineraries, which include attraction, which cater to the needs of the mass tourist.
It can be defined as people travelling to a particular destination with the purpose of
fulfilling a particular interest, which can be pursued only at that destination. The term
‘special interest tourism’ has traditionally been used for those forms of tourism which
focus on activities which attract a small number of highly dedicated visitors. These may
be relatively unusual hobbies or activities which are practiced by only a few people.
Learning, enjoying and partaking in something unique lets us expand our capabilities as
well as increasing our level of understanding of a particular subject or location. That’s
why special interest holidays are ideal for those of us who prefer to spend our hard earned
time off doing something worthwhile and meaningful in order to replenish our mind,
body and soul.
14. Rural Tourism:- Tourist nowadays are shifting their interest of travel to see new
destinations to explore and experience the destinations and have first-hand knowledge of
local people, their cuisine and actual way of living. Any form of tourism that showcases
the rural life, art, culture and heritage at rural locations, thereby, benefiting the local
community economically and socially as well as enabling interaction between the tourists
and the locals for amore enriching tourism experience an be termed as rural tourism. It is
multifaceted and may entail farm/agricultural tourism, cultural tourism, nature tourism,
adventure tourism, and eco- tourism. The stresses of urban lifestyles have lead to this
counter- urbanization approach to tourism. There are various factors that have lead to this
changing trend towards rural tourism like increasing levels of awareness, growing interest
in heritage and culture and improved accessibility and environmental consciousness,
Tourists like to visit villages to experience and live a relaxed and healthy lifestyle.
15. Ethnic Tourism: - it Involves travel for the purpose of observing the cultural expressions
of lifestyles and customs of the indigenous and exotic people. This type of tourism
focuses directly on the local people. It involves direct intimate contact with the authentic
culture of the indigenous people. The tourist visits local homes, observe, and participates
in their traditional rituals, ceremonies, dances, festivals etc. This type of tourism is also
referred to as a combination of cultures and nature tourism. Ethnic tourism is "travel

Semester
motivated by search for the first hand, authentic and sometimes intimate contact with
people whose ethnic and /or cultural background is different from the tourists". Ethnic
tourists are driven by the desire to see something different where curiosity is the ultimate
factor. The travelers choose to experience firsthand practices of another culture, and may
involve performances, presentations and attractions portraying or presented by
indigenous communities. In a broader perspective, it includes cultural, heritage,
anthropological, tribal, village and similar forms of tourism. Ethnic tourism, if properly
planned and managed, can be promoted as sustainable form of tourism and can be
utilized as a tool for the preservation and conservation of culture and heritage as well as
poverty alleviation.
16. Educational tourism is developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and
learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of classroom
environment. Educational tourism describes the event in which people travel across
international borders to acquire intellectual services. In educational tourism, the main
focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the
culture, study tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different
environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program. The motivations
for this type of tourism activity includes cultural altruism, language learning desire,
image of host country, Job prospects, political instability, quality, reputation, language of
instruction, safety and level of discrimination.
TOURIST TYPOLOGY
The word tour is derived from the Latin word “Tornate” and the Greek, “Tornos” which means
circle. A tourist is a person who does the act of tour and to different places, mostly target for
various places within the country of outside the country for enjoyments, education purpose, and
scenario views and for pleasure during their leisure period.
In other ways, a tourist is the temporary traveler travelling in search of pleasure from the novelty
and change experienced during their trip. Tourist as a visitors stay at least 24 hours but no longer
than one year in a country where they visit for pleasure, holiday sports, recreation and also came
for business, visiting friend etc.
Characteristics of Tourist
Characteristic of tourist refers to the nature and identifications of tourist. As tourist behavior is
judged by age, sex, culture, nationality, religion etc. their reasons describes the character of
tourist. Here are some characters of tourist below:
 Visitors should spend at least on one night in the country visited.

 He is a guest but distant guest.

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 His activities should be of economic in nature.

 Must not involve in any employment or earning purpose.
 A tourist as a person is who travel and stay in a different destination.
 He may be a domestic or international tourist.
 The movement should take place outside the usual environment or away from the home

According to MR. Valen .L. Smith “A tourist is a temporally leisured person who visits
different places.”
In short,
 Tourist is that visitor who seeks to visit different places away from their home for a
change.
 Tourist must undertake tour during leisure for pleasure.
 Activities of the tourist must vary from that of the locals.
 Tourist is those people who are able to receive the tourist activities/amenities and should
have an ability to pay for the target trip.
 Tourist is those who should spend a minimum of 24 hours and not more than 24 hours in
the destination visited and should not exceed 1 year.
 Tourist is an important mass of people who generate economy of a country
VALENE SMITH classification of tourist
1. Explorers: - This type of tourists arranges their trips alone. They try to go somewhere
unusual, but still look for comfortable sleeping places and reliable means of transportation. They
retain some of the basic routines and comforts of their native way of life. They try to mix with
the people they visit and also try to speak their language. The explorers dare to leave their
“environmental bubble” more readily than the organized mass tourists and individual mass
tourists, but they are still careful about their ventures.
 arrange their trips alone

 go somewhere unusual
 look for comfortable accommodation and reliable transportation
 hang on to some of the basic routines and comforts of their native way of life
 try to mix with local people and speak their language
 Have the courage to leave their “environmental bubble” .
2. Elite Tourist
 Willing to spend a great deal of money on a vacation.

 Elite tourists usually will pay for the best accommodations and food.

Semester
 They may also like going to interesting locations.

 Elite are the group of people in the community, who are very rich, powerful and have a
lot of influence.
 Tourist of such types move from one place to another for the pleasure and entertainment
they want to maintain their influence at the destinations also elite and individually
motivated tourists.
 This tourist seeks for traditional culture and visit exotic places.
3. Off beat: - Offbeat tourist is that tourist where the desire is to get away from the crowds or
enhance the excitement of their vacation by doing something beyond the norm. These types of
tourists include those who visit to see the funerals, trekking in Himalayan reason, hiking etc.
4. Unusual Tourist: - They visit with irregular activities such as physical danger or isolation.
The group tends to be interested in the prehistoric culture but is much happier with the “safe”
launch box and bottled water which they have brought from their home. This tourist approaches
the strong links between visitor expectations, motivations and the structure of destination areas.
5. Mass tourist: - A tourist who visits in large number in tourism industry than it is called as a
mass tourist. As they visit different places for pleasure, enjoyments. These types of tourist are
from middle-class income and values, and the impact of absolute numbers is high.
6. Drifter: - This type of tourists goes further away from the “environmental bubble” and from
the habituated ways of life in their home countries. They keep away from any kind of connection
with the tourism establishment, such as hotels and tour coaches. The drifters have no fixed
itinerary or timetable. They tend to make their trips wholly on their own, live with the local
people and often take odd-jobs to keep themselves going. They try to live the way the locals live,
and to share their houses, food, and habits.
 go further away from the “environmental bubble”

 keep away from the habituated ways of life in home countries
 no fixed itinerary
 plan trips wholly on their own
 live with local people
7. Incipient mass:- Tourist visit places for different activities wherein these types, tourist visits
in a small group who share the same kind of services from host country but payment is made
separate by the visitors.

Semester
GRAY (1970) classification of tourist
6. Wanderlust:- It is defined as the desire to exchange the known for the unknown. People’s
motivation to travel is to go from facilities environment to unfamiliar. To leave things, place to
go and see different palaces, people and culture or architecture of the past.
 May visit several countries

 More interest in foreign travel
 Travel is an essential component throughout the visit
 Usually have an interest in educational programs
 Interested in artificial physical attributes (Climate is unimportant)
 Searches for different cultures, institutions, and authentic cuisine.

7. Sun lust: - Sun lust in tourism refers to adventure travelers. Their activities are conducted
outdoors. They enjoy the sun and the sand. The motivation factors may be further elaborated as
the following; - physical motive, pleasure, relaxation, rest, recreation, health, participation in
sports, festival participation etc.
 Usually visit only one country at a time.

 More interest in domestic travel
 Travel is a major component after ones’ arrival at the destination.
 More interested either in rest and relaxation or being extremely active
 More interested in nature-made attributes (climate is important)
 Seeks domestic amenities and lodging facilities.

DORDEN (1979) classification of tourist
8. Budget Tourist: - Who travels with limited budget.
9. Adventure Tourist: - Adventure travel is a type of niche tourism, involving exploration of

travel in an “unusual, interesting, remote, or wilderness destination.”. Travelers are highly
engaged in involvement with activities that include perceived (and possibly actual) risk, and
potentially requiring specialized skills and physical effort. Adventure travel may be any tourist
activity that includes the following three components: a physical activity, a cultural exchange
and connection with nature.
10. Homebody Tourist: - One whose interests center on the home, A person who likes to stay at
home, especially one who is perceived as unadventurous.
11. Vacationer: - A vacation holiday is a leave of absence from a regular occupation, or a

specific trip or journey, usually for the purpose of recreation or tourism. People often take a
vacation during specific holiday observances, or for specific festivals or celebration. Vacations

Semester
are often spent with friends or family. A person may take a longer break from work, such as
a time off, gap year, or career break.
Plog (1977) classification of tourist
12. Psychocentric:- Psychocentric are more conservatively oriented. They tend to be shy and
non-adventuresome. They prefer to return to familiar travel destinations where they can relax and
know what types of food and activity to expect. Psychocentric prefer to drive to destinations,
stay in typical tourist accommodations, and eat at family-type restaurants. When arranging a
package tour, psychocentric would prefer a heavily structured itinerary so that they know what to
expect. Safety and security are very important to this group. • Conservative, inhibited and
unadventurous • return to familiar destinations • want to relax • expect the type of food and
activity • prefer heavily structured itinerary • safety and security are important
13. Allocentric:- An allocentric tourist is a person who seeks new experiences and adventure in
a variety of activities. This person is outgoing and self-confident in behavior. An allocentric
person prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas before others do so. Allocentrics
enjoy meeting people from foreign or different cultures. They prefer good hotels and food, but
not necessarily modern or chain-type hotels. For a tour package, an allocentric would like to
have the basics such as transportation and hotels, but not committed to a structured itinerary.
They would rather have the freedom to explore an area, make their own arrangements and
choose a variety of activities and tourist attractions.
 seek new experiences and adventure

 outgoing and self-confident
 enjoy meeting people from different cultures
 explore an area
 make own travel arrangements
 choose activities and tourist attractions
14 Mid-centric Type: - There is a large number of people falling between the allocentric and the
psychocentric types of tourists. This type of tourists is called mid-centrics. Mid-centric tourists
are not particularly adventurous, but they are open to new experience. Individual within such
segment tend to view a travel experience as a means to relax and get pleasure.
COHEN (1972) classification of tourist
14. Recreational Tourist:- Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary

time. The "need to do something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and
psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and
are considered to be "fun".

Semester
15. Experimental Tourist: - Experiential tourist is an outgrowth of a global movement

toward experiential learning, whereby people create meaning through direct experience.
16. Diversionary Tourist:- The diversionary tourist also can be related to the experiential
tourist, who tries to find fulfillment in someone else's center.
17. Organized Mass Tourist • least adventurous • spend most of their time in their comfortable
“environmental bubble” throughout their trip • the itinerary is decided in advance • attractions
are guided and well-fixed • tourists have no decision on their trip
18. Full-time drifters:-
Outward oriented: The “adventurer” the original individual drifter.
Inward oriented: The “Itinerant Hippie” the travelling dropout, on his way to some drug
sanctuary in Europe or Asia or drifting aimlessly from one hippie's community to another.
19. Part time drifters
Outward oriented: The mass drifter usually the college youth, who spends a limited amount of
time to see the world, meet people and “have experienced”, but tends to attach to the drifter
tourist establishment of cheap lodgings and eating places and cut-rate fare.
Inward oriented: In this the youth who associates with the “hippies” or other drop outs, and
models their behavior in these roles, but remains marginal to the hippies' subculture. They
frequently visits the pop discotheques and boutiques, dresses in style, “visits the “hippies”
communities for short periods of time , but after completing his trip he returns back to his
ordinary places.
20- Individual Mass Tourist:- This type of tourists is similar to the organized mass tourist,
except that the tour is not entirely fixed. The tourist has a certain amount of control over his/her
time and itinerary, and is not bound to a group. However, all the major arrangements are still
made through a tour agency. The tour does not bring them much further afield than the organized
mass tourists do. They are still confined by their “environmental bubble”.
Distinction between Traveler, Visitor, Tourist, Excursionist
The Traveller: The appellation traveller is generic in the sense that it is relevant to any form of
movement of a person irrespective of the distance travelled i.e., ranging from a small distance of
only few kilometers to an immigrant going for long-haul travel with the purpose of seeking
employment or even to move to the place visited. That is, the term refers to a person travelling
from place to place without any consideration of his motive, duration of stay, the remunerative

Semester
activity involved or not or return to the place of origin.
The Visitor: A visitor is also a traveller who sojourns a place or country ordinarily outside his
typical beat area for non-immigration and non-remunerative purposes, whose movement is of pro
tern nature as finally he comes round again to the place of origin i.e., the place from where he at
first embarked upon his trip.
The Tourist: A tourist is a visitor who is motivated to travel put side his ‘beat area’ for
recreation, pleasure, health, study, sports, business, family and so forth; stays for at least 24
hours at the place of visit, does not involve in any remunerative activity and in due time returns
to his place of domicile. It implies that all tourists are travellers/ visitors but all travellers/visitors
are not tourists. On top of tha\ it is a fact that all visitors are firstly travellers but the vice-versa
may not hold good.
The Excursionist: An excursionist is different from a tourist in terms of duration of stay at the
destination as his period of stay at the place of visit is less than 24 hours. However, it is also true
that an excursionist is essentially a traveller and a visitor.
History and evolution of Tourism.
Concept arises
 People travel for basic needs (fulfillment of food, clothes and for shelter.)
 Travel was not declared for the leisure and refreshment but they travel for hunting,
fishing and colleting wild plants.
 Hunting age started and helps for movement of people here and there in a huge group.
 By 10,000 B.C people learnt how to grow plants and started to domesticated many wild
animals such as horse, donkey, ox, cow and dog and were used for means of transport.
 Trade started from 5, 000 B.c and people stared to develop water transport.
 The development of wheel around 3,000 B.c developed the travel of people even for long
distances.
 Civilization started and industrialized era started where people mostly spend their time
for working and earning money.
 Religious travel was also started from country to country.
 Lodging facilities were provided in church for the pilgrims during the middle age and
operate the first chain hotels.
 The development of sea voyages and sails started to explore new places in 1,400 to 1,500
AD.
 Steam engine were invented in 1,700 A.D
 During first Phase of tourism development people travel for:-


Semester
a. Trade and business

b. Pilgrimage purpose
c. To explore new places
 Tourism gets developed in second phase due to Thomas cook known as father of modern
tourism and organized travel agency.
 He introduced the concept of travel by booking train seats for 570 people from Leicester
to Liverpool city.
 Tourism or the hospitality industry introduced from 1840s from London after providing
tourist category hotels and hospitality facilities.
 The third phase of tourism started after the end of 2nd world war where people started
to travel internationally for safety and due to harassment by means of air transport which
were made during war.
 New practices in tourism introduced and travel for pleasure, leisure and adventure
activities started from 1950s onwards.
 People travel for sun, sex and sea attraction.
 Responsible tourism practices started by practicing responsible and sustainable tourism
practices.

Evolution and growth of travel and tourism industry:-
First Phase:
 It is referred to as the tourism before railways which represent the period before 1840
A.D. where traveling was primarily under taken for the purpose of trade and pilgrimage.
 Medieval period is in between 12th to 17th century. The Europeans had different nations
of traveling, if not traveled then those person were highly neglected in the society.
 In 18th century motive for traveling has been changed. During this period people starts to
traveled to 'SPA' for care of some fatal diseases.
 Travels for religious purpose, trade, explore and other day to day activities were
encouraged.
Second Phase:
It makes the onset of industrial evolution & during this phase development has been take place.
 Introduction of Railway Transportation.

 It was linked between Liverpool to Manchester city in England. In the year 1830 A.D.
father of modern tourism, Thomas Cook, organized rail travel and the concept of tourism
in the year 1841 A.D. about 570 pax/number of people at a time by train from Leicester
to Loughbourge.

Semester
 Introduction of Steam Engine

 It was introduced by James Watt then after many big ships were invented, which carry
huge mass of people at a time
 Industrial Revolution.
 After industrial revolution people thought of some relief in the work and also increase
income, help to fulfill their desire and for it a largest number of accommodation units,
reserve places have been developed for those who urge to travel for the purpose of rest
and relaxation.
Third Phase:
 After Second World War the living standard has been raised & travel becomes a part of
the life span. Travel for safety and better opportunity encouraged. It has been primarily
expanded in advance developed in industrial countries.
 Tourism helps to publicize the country in different parts of the world. It helps to
familiarize the local arts skill, natural beauties, landscape, culture, and its people and
hospitalized of the local.
 Tourism for nature based activities increased with relax and recreational purpose.
 Tourism is not affected by foreign restriction, foreign competition and limited market.
Hence, increase of travel trade with in national boundaries widens due to tourism. It is
because every tourist is consumers and exporter of the local products.
 Tourism is also a valuable source of public revenue in term of tax, visa fee, airport tax,
mountaineering royalty.
 Responsible travel for sustainability e.g. responsible travel, ecofriendly, sustainable travel
for long lasting tourism.
 Development of modern Transport , Communication system
 Formation of international organization like , UNWTO , IATA , UFTTA, ICAO

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Tourism Management BBA 6th

Prepared by: Prem Kumar Danuwar Page 1

CONCEPT -- meaning of Tourism

TGR (Origin) TRR TDR (Destination)

Prepared by: Prem Kumar Danuwar Page 2

Meaning and definition of tourism

It is derived from French word and originated in 19th century.

In Sanskrit literature it is defined in 3 terms with “anta”:-

Paryantan- going out for pleasure and knowledge.

Desantan- going out of the country for economic gain.

Tirthatan- going out to places for religious merits.

Tourism is studied and understood from different perspectives.

Prepared by: Prem Kumar Danuwar Page 3

Tourism as geographical phenomenon: - Tourism is studied as a relation between two places –

According to HERMANN V. SCHULLARD in 1910

According to SWISS PROFESSOR HUNZIKER AND KRAMPF in 1942

According to UNITED NATION WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO) in 1994

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According to The Tourism Society In Britain in 1976

According to British tourists authority

Five main characteristics of tourism may be identified from the definition

The Definition incorporates the following three basic criteria.

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It has become a medium of economic measurement of a country. It is considered an important

Some major importance of tourism are listed below:-

Preservation of art and culture Conservation of Natural Recourses

Support to secondary business

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Tourism is a complex subject to understand. It is due to service concept, business of ideology

1. Tourism is an intangible, non material product:- Tourism is related to service,

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3. A luxurious Concept: - Tourism product being leisure, pleasure, and comfort. It is

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12. No tourism attraction can be regarded as less dis-utility:- Distance, remoteness,

Features of Travel and Tourism Industry

1. Perishability: - Perishability is one of the most important characteristics of the tourism

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Basic components of tourism

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Activities can be classified into Indoor/Passive/Home based

Activities also can be classified into Outdoor/Active/ Home away

Administration-----Different organization involve in the tourism organization and governing

Actors---Leaders, directors, decision makers, planners of tourism industry.

Agents---National, international agents, middleman’s.

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The Tourism Typologies are:-

1. Responsible tourism: - Tourism that maximizes the benefits to local communities,

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 Visitors should spend at least on one night in the country visited.

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 His activities should be of economic in nature.

VALENE SMITH classification of tourist