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CS6501 INTERNET PROGRAMMING 3104

AIM
To explain Internet Programming concepts and related programming and scripting languages.
OBJECTIVES
• To describe basic Internet Protocols.
• Explain JAVA and HTML tools for Internet programming.
• Describe scripting languages – Java Script.
• Explain dynamic HTML programming.
• Explain Server Side Programming tools.

UNIT I BASIC NETWORK AND WEB CONCEPTS 9

Internet standards – TCP and UDP protocols – URLs – MIME – CGI – Introduction
to SGML.
UNIT II JAVA PROGRAMMING 9
Java basics – I/O streaming – files – Looking up Internet Address - Socket programming –
client/server programs – E-mail client – SMTP - POP3 programs – web page retrieval – protocol
handlers – content handlers - applets – image handling - Remote Method Invocation.
UNIT IIISCRIPTING LANGUAGES 9
HTML – forms – frames – tables – web page design - JavaScript introduction – control
structures – functions – arrays – objects – simple web applications
UNIT IVDYNAMIC HTML 9
Dynamic HTML – introduction – cascading style sheets – object model and collections –
event model – filters and transition – data binding – data control – ActiveX control – handling of
multimedia data
UNIT V SERVER SIDE PROGRAMMING 9
Servlets – deployment of simple servlets – web server (Java web server / Tomcat / Web logic)
– HTTP GET and POST requests – session tracking – cookies – JDBC – simple web applications –
multi-tier applications.

TEXT BOOKS
1. Deitel, Deitel and Nieto, ―Internet and World Wide Web – How to program‖,
Pearson
Education Publishers, 2000.

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2. Elliotte Rusty Harold, ―Java Network Programming‖, O‘Reilly Publishers, 2002

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REFERENCES
1. R. Krishnamoorthy & S. Prabhu, ―Internet and Java Programming‖, New Age International
Publishers, 2004.
2. Thomno A. Powell, ―The Complete Reference HTML and XHTML‖, fourth edition, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2003.
rd
3. Naughton, ―The Complete Reference – Java2‖, Tata McGraw-Hill, 3 edition, 1999.

UNIT I
BASIC NETWORK AND WEB CONCEPTS

Internet Standards
• While there are many standards organizations in the world, the two that produce most of other
standards relevant to network programming are Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

• The mission of the IETF is make the Internet work better by producing high quality, relevant
technical documents that influence the way people design, use, and manage the Internet.
• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and promotes Internet standards,
cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standards bodies and dealing in particular with
standards of the TCP/IP and Internet protocol suite.
• It is an open standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements.
All participants and managers are volunteers, though their work is usually funded by their
employers or sponsors
• Founded in 1986, the IETF is a non-membership, open, voluntary standards organization
dedicated to identifying problems and opportunities in IP data networks and proposing technical
solutions to the Internet community.
• The work of the IETF is done in working groups that are chartered to explore specific tasks.
• The groups are organized into areas, each with two directors. The directors, along with the IETF
Chair, form the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). The IESG charters working groups
and evaluates the proposals they develop.
• The IETF works under the auspices of the Internet Society, which provides a legal framework
and financial support.
• A small secretariat, provided by CNRI, supports the work of the IETF. The Internet Architecture
Board (IAB) is an IETF committee that provides architectural advice to the IETF and deals with
IETF relationships with other standards organizations.
• The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) is made up of research groups that explore new
technologies, some of which are later proposed to the IETF.
• The IETF is a large, open international community of network designers, operators, vendors and
researchers whose purpose is to coordinate the operation, management and evolution of the
Internet and to resolve short- and mid-range protocol and architectural issues.

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• It is a major source of proposals for protocol standards which are submitted to the Internet
Architecture Board (IAB) for final approval. The IETF meets three times a year and extensive
minutes are included in the IETF Proceedings.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the
World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3).
• The consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff for the
purpose of working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web.
• W3C was created to ensure compatibility and agreement among industry members in the
adoption of new standards.
• Prior to its creation, incompatible versions of HTML were offered by different vendors,
increasing the potential for inconsistency between web pages. The consortium was created to get
all those vendors to agree on a set of core principles and components which would be supported
by everyone.
• In accord with the W3C Process Document, a Recommendation progresses through five maturity
levels:
• Working Draft (WD)
• Last Call Working Draft
• Candidate Recommendation (CR)
• Proposed Recommendation (PR)
• W3C Recommendation (REC)
• A Recommendation may be updated by separately published Errata until enough substantial edits
accumulate, at which time a new edition of the Recommendation may be produced (e.g., XML is
now in its fifth edition). W3C also publishes various kinds of informative Notes which are not
intended to be treated as standards.
• W3C leaves it up to manufacturers to follow the Recommendations. Many of its standards define
levels of conformance, which the developers must follow if they wish to label their product W3C-
compliant. Like any standards of other organizations, W3C recommendations are sometimes
implemented partially. The Recommendations are under a royalty-free patent license, allowing
anyone to implement them.
• Unlike the ISOC and other international standards bodies, the W3C does not have a certification
program. A certification program is a process which has benefits and drawbacks; the W3C has
decided, for now, that it is not suitable to start such a program owing to the risk of creating more
drawbacks for the community than benefits.

TCP and UDP protocols

TCP
• TCP is a transport layer protocol used by applications that require guaranteed delivery.
• It is a sliding window protocol that provides handling for both timeouts and retransmissions.
• TCP establishes a full duplex virtual connection between two endpoints. Each endpoint is defined
by an IP address and a TCP port number.
• The operation of TCP is implemented as a finite state machine. The byte stream is transferred in
segments. The window size determines the number of bytes of data that can be sent before an
acknowledgement from the receiver is necessary.

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• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol
Suite. TCP is one of the two original components of the suite (the other being Internet Protocol,
or IP), so the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP.
• Whereas IP handles lower-level transmissions from computer to computer as a message makes its
way across the Internet, TCP operates at a higher level, concerned only with the two end systems,
for example a Web browser and a Web server.
• In particular, TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one
computer to another program on another computer.
• Besides the Web, other common applications of TCP include e-mail and file transfer. Among
other management tasks, TCP controls segment size, flow control, and data exchange rate.

• Source port (16 bits) – identifies the sending port

• Destination port (16 bits) – identifies the receiving port
• Sequence number (32 bits) – has a dual role:
• If the SYN flag is set, then this is the initial sequence number. The sequence number of the
actual first data byte (and the acknowledged number in the corresponding ACK) are then this
sequence number plus 1.
• If the SYN flag is clear, then this is the accumulated sequence number of the first data byte of
this packet for the current session.
• Acknowledgment number (32 bits) – if the ACK flag is set then the value of this field is the next
sequence number that the receiver is expecting. This acknowledges receipt of all prior bytes (if
any). The first ACK sent by each end acknowledges the other end's initial sequence number
itself, but no data.
• Data offset (4 bits) – specifies the size of the TCP header in 32-bit words. The minimum size
header is 5 words and the maximum is 15 words thus giving the minimum size of 20 bytes and

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maximum of 60 bytes, allowing for up to 40 bytes of options in the header. This field gets its
name from the fact that it is also the offset from the start of the TCP segment to the actual data.
• Reserved (4 bits) – for future use and should be set to zero
• Flags (8 bits) (aka Control bits) – contains 8 1-bit flags

• CWR (1 bit) – Congestion Window Reduced (CWR) flag is set by the sending host to
indicate that it received a TCP segment with the ECE flag set and had responded in
congestion control mechanism
• ECE (1 bit) – ECN-Echo indicates
• If the SYN flag is set, that the TCP peer is ECN capable.
• If the SYN flag is clear, that a packet with Congestion Experienced flag in IP header
set is received during normal transmission
• URG (1 bit) – indicates that the Urgent pointer field is significant
• ACK (1 bit) – indicates that the Acknowledgment field is significant. All packets after
the initial SYN packet sent by the client should have this flag set.
• PSH (1 bit) – Push function. Asks to push the buffered data to the receiving
application.
• RST (1 bit) – Reset the connection
• SYN (1 bit) – Synchronize sequence numbers. Only the first packet sent from each
end should have this flag set. Some other flags change meaning based on this flag, and
some are only valid for when it is set, and others when it is clear.
• FIN (1 bit) – No more data from sender

• Window (16 bits) – the size of the receive window, which specifies the number of bytes (beyond
the sequence number in the acknowledgment field) that the receiver is currently willing to receive
• Checksum (16 bits) – The 16-bit checksum field is used for error-checking of the header and data
• Urgent pointer (16 bits) – if the URG flag is set, then this 16-bit field is an offset from the
sequence number indicating the last urgent data byte
• Options (Variable 0-320 bits, divisible by 32) – The length of this field is determined by the data
offset field. Options 0 and 1 are a single byte (8 bits) in length. The remaining options indicate
the total length of the option (expressed in bytes) in the second byte

UDP
• The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the
set of network protocols used for the Internet.
• With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagram, to
other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set up
special transmission channels or data paths.
• UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol. The protocol was designed by David
P.
• UDP uses a simple transmission model without implicit hand-shaking dialogues for guaranteeing
reliability, ordering, or data integrity. Thus, UDP provides an unreliable service and datagram
may arrive out of order, appear duplicated, or go missing without notice.
• UDP assumes that error checking and correction is either not necessary or performed in the
application, avoiding the overhead of such processing at the network interface level.

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• Time-sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for
delayed packets, which may not be an option in a real-time system.

• Source port number

This field identifies the sender's port when meaningful and should be assumed to be the port
to reply to if needed. If not used, then it should be zero. If the source host is the client, the port
number is likely to be an ephemeral port number. If the source host is the server, the port number is
likely to be a well-known port number.
• Destination port number
This field identifies the receiver's port and is required. Similar to source port number, if the
client is the destination host then the port number will likely be an ephemeral port number and if the
destination host is the server then the port number will likely be a well-known port number.
• Length
A field that specifies the length in bytes of the entire datagram: header and data. The
minimum length is 8 bytes since that's the length of the header. The field size sets a theoretical limit
of 65,535 bytes (8 byte header + 65,527 bytes of data) for a UDP datagram. The practical limit for
the data length which is imposed by the underlying IPv4 protocol is 65,507 bytes (65,535 − 8 byte
UDP header − 20 byte IP header).
• Checksum
The checksum field is used for error-checking of the header and data. If the checksum
is omitted in IPv4, the field uses the value all-zeros

Differences:
TCP:
• Connection oriented transport protocol
• Sends data as a stream of bytes
• Guarantee of delivery
UDP:
• Connection less protocol
• Datagram service
• No guarantee of delivery

URL

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• Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that specifies where
an identified resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it.
• The best-known example of a URL is the "address" of a web page on the World Wide Web,
e.g. http://www.example.com

• Every URL consists of some of the following: the scheme name (commonly called protocol),
followed by a colon, then, depending on scheme, a hostname (alternatively, IP address), a port
number, the path of the resource to be fetched or the program to be run, then, for programs such
as Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts, a query string, and with HTML documents, an
anchor (optional) for where the page should start to be displayed.

• The combined syntax is

scheme://username:password@domain:port/path?query_string#anchor

• The scheme name, or resource type, defines its namespace, purpose, and the syntax of the
remaining part of the URL. Most Web-enabled programs will try to dereference a URL according
to the semantics of its scheme and a context. For example, a Web browser will usually
dereference the URL http://example.org:80 by performing an HTTP request to the host
example.org, at the port number 80. Dereferencing the URN mailto:bob@example.com will
usually start an e-mail composer with the address bob@example.com in the To field.
• Other examples of scheme names include https:, gopher:, wais:, ftp:. URLs that specify https as a
scheme (such as https://example.com/) denote a secure website.
• The registered domain name or IP address gives the destination location for the URL. The
domain google.com, or its IP address 72.14.207.99, is the address of Google's website.
• The hostname and domain name portion of a URL are case-insensitive since the DNS is specified
to ignore case. http://en.wikipedia.org/ and HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/ both open the same
page.
• The port number is optional; if omitted, the default for the scheme is used. For example, if
http://myvncserver.no-ip.org:5800 is typed into the address bar of a browser it will connect to
port 5800 of myvncserver.no-ip.org; this port is used by the VNC remote control program and
would set up a remote control session. If the port number is omitted a browser will connect to
port 80, the default HTTP port.
• The path is used to find the resource specified. It is case-sensitive, though it may be treated as
case-insensitive by some servers, especially those based on Microsoft Windows. If the server is
case sensitive and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL is correct,
http://en.wikipedia.org/WIKI/URL/ or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/url/ will display an HTTP 404
error page.

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• The query string contains data to be passed to web applications such as CGI programs. The query
string contains name/value pairs separated by ampersands, with names and values in each pair
being separated by equal signs, for example first_name=John&last_name=Doe.
• The anchor part when used with HTTP specifies a location on the page. For example
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL#Syntax addresses the beginning of the Syntax section of the
page.
• On some sites, the anchor may have other functions; see: fragment identifier.

Absolute URL
• It is the complete path including the domain - file name. Example:
http://www.ip.com/images/logo.gif specifies an image file (logo.gif) located in the images
directory, for the www.ip.com domain. This type of URL is what your must use when you
want to link (or load) a file that is on another server.
• Another example is the absolute URL of this page (which is also the Address / Location of
the file) = http://www.ip.com/help/path/index.php

Relative URL
• A relative URL points to a file/directory in relation to the present file/directory
• example on a web server (where the web root is
public_html) Root (public_html)
.......index.html
.......top.gif

....images
......ibdhost.gif

....help
......path
........index.php (this page)

• For this page, the current page is the index.php file inside the path directory - inside the
help directory. Therefore, the relative path to this page is
/help/path/index.php
• Then to load the ibdhost.gif image (top left of this page), the relative path to the image is
../../images/ibdhost.gif
Which means the ibdhost.gif image is in a directory two levels up from this index.php file -
then down into the 'images' directory.
• The two dots .. instruct the server to move up one directory. Therefore two sets of ../../ moves
up two levels to the root directory (public_html) - then opens the images directory and loads the
ibdhost.gif file.
• if the image had been in the help directory the relative path would be ../help/imagename.jpg

Constructing a URL from its component parts

• To build a URL from three strings specifying the protocol, the hostname, and the file: public
URL(String protocol, String hostname, String file) throws MalformedURLException

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• This constructor sets the port to -1 so the default port for the protocol will be used. The file
argument should begin with a slash, and include a path, a filename, and optionally a reference to
a named anchor. Forgetting the initial slash is a common mistake, and one that is not easy to spot.
Like all URL constructors, it can throw a MalformedURLException.
• Example
try {
URL u = new URL("http", "www.eff.org", "/blueribbon.html#intro");
}
catch (MalformedURLException e)
{ // All VMs should recognize http
}
• This creates a URL object that points to http://www.eff.org/blueribbon.html#intro, using the
default port for the HTTP protocol (port 80). The file specification includes a reference to a
named anchor. The code catches the exception that would be thrown if the virtual machine did
not support the HTTP protocol. However, this shouldn't happen in practice.
• For those rare occasions when the default port isn't correct, the next constructor lets specify the
port explicitly, as an int:

public URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file) throws MalformedURLException •
The other arguments are the same as for the URL(String protocol, String host,
String file) constructor and carry the same caveats.

Example 1:
try {
URL u = new URL("http", "lcsaxp.lcs.psu.edu", 1212, "/%3b&db=psu");
}
catch (MalformedURLException e) {
System.err.println(e);
}
This code creates a URL object that points to
http://lcsaxp.lcs.psu.edu:1212/%3b&db=psu,

Example 2:
The Parts of a URL

import java.net.*;
public class URLSplitter {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
try {
URL u = new URL(args[i]);
System.out.println("The URL is " + u);
System.out.println("The scheme is " + u.getProtocol( ));
System.out.println("The user info is " + u.getUserInfo( ));
String host = u.getHost( );

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if (host != null) {
int atSign = host.indexOf('@');
if (atSign != -1)
host = host.substring(atSign+1);
System.out.println("The host is " + host);
}
else {
System.out.println("The host is null.");
}
System.out.println("The port is " + u.getPort( ));
System.out.println("The path is " + u.getPath( ));
System.out.println("The ref is " + u.getRef( ));
System.out.println("The query string is " + u.getQuery( ));
} // end try
catch (MalformedURLException e) { System.err.println(args[i] +
" is not a URL I understand.");
}
System.out.println( );
} // end
for } // end main
} // end URLSplitter

% java URLSplitter \ http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/demoweb/html-

primer.html#A1.3.3.3 \
ftp://mp3:mp3@138.247.121.61:21000/c%3a/ \
http://www.oreilly.com \
http://metalab.unc.edu/nywc/compositions.phtml?category=Piano
\ http://admin@www.blackstar.com:8080/ \
The URL is http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/demoweb/html-
primer.html#A1.3.3.3 The scheme is http
The user info is null
The host is www.ncsa.uiuc.edu
The port is -1
The path is /demoweb/html-
primer.html The ref is A1.3.3.3
The query string is null
MIME
• MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an Internet standard for describes message
content types.
• MIME refers to an official Internet standard that specifies how messages must be formatted so
that they can be exchanged between different email systems.
• MIME permits the inclusion of virtually any type of file or document in an email message.
‖ Specifically, MIME messages can contain o text
o images

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o audio
o video
o application-specific data.


spreadsheets


word processing documents

MIME Features
• Support of character sets other than ASCII
• Content type labeling System
• Support of non-text content in e-mail messages
• Support for compound documents

Non-ASCII Character set support

• Message header
o content-type field


put in the header by the client program creating the e-mail for use by the client program used
to display the received message


charset= optional parameter
• if absent ASCII is assumed
• Content-Type: text/plain; charset="ISO-8859-1"
o ISO-8859-1 extends the basic character set of ASCII to include many of the accented
characters used in languages such as Spanish, French, and
German. o US-ASCII is the standard character set used in the US

Content Labeling
• a set of registered MIME Types that map to specific file types
• MIME Types consist of :


a primary type


a sub type separated by a / ( as text/html)
• Common Mime Types:
FileExtension MIME Type Description
.txt text/plain Plain text
.htm text/html Styled text in HTML format
.jpg image/jpeg Picture in JPEG format
.gif image/gif Picture in GIF format
.wav audio/x-wave Sound in WAVE format
.mp3 audio/mpeg Music in MP3 format
.mpg video/mpeg Video in MPEG format
.zip application/zip Compressed file in PK-ZIP format

Non-text Content
• To be sent through the e-mail system non-textual content must be converted (encoded) to
ASCII for transmission and unencode back to its original format for display upon receipt.
• originally done via uuencode MIME uses base 64 encoding (RFC 2045)

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binary to text encoding scheme


targets A-Z, a-z,0-9, +,/


scheme:
• take three byte of data, put into a 24 bit buffer
• extract 4 six bit values
• use each value as an index into:
o ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqr
stuvwxyz0123456789+/
• this yields 4 ASCII characters

CGI
• "CGI" stands for "Common Gateway Interface." CGI is one method by which a web server can
obtain data from (or send data to) databases, documents, and other programs, and presents that
data to viewers via the web. More simply, a CGI is a program intended to be run on the web. A
CGI program can be written in any programming language, but Perl is one of the most popular
languages
• CGI is a standard for interfacing external applications with information servers, such as HTTP or
Web servers
• This interface provides a means for browsers and the server where document resides to
communicate and pass information back and forth
• Primarily, this is done through the <FORM> tag, but there can be other ways to use CGI
effectively, like through Server Side Includes (SSI)
• CGI, permits interactivity between a client and a host operating system through the World Wide
Web via the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• CGI program can be written in C or C++, Perl, ASP, PHP, Python, TCL, shells, and many others
languages and scripts

Examples of uses for CGI:

• Forms
forms on web sites allow the user to enter information which is processed by CGI and
mailed to an administrator or logged
‖ On-the-Fly Pages web pages can be created dynamically (as needed) with up-to-date
nformation.

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• Database Interaction
an application of on-the-fly page creation. Web pages can be created using information
read from a database, or a web site form can allow a user to update database entries
• Logging / Counters
a log file can record traffic data updated with information on each visitor. A counter can
be included on the web page to advertise traffic.
• Animation
"server-push" programs can be used to feed the client successive images in an animated
sequence.
• Catalogs, Search engines

CGI programs
• Obtaining input from a user or from a data file.
• Storing that input in program variables.
• Manipulating those variables to achieve some desired purpose, and
• Sending the results to a file or video display.

EnvironmentVariables
• In order to pass data from the server to the script, the server uses command line arguments
along with environment variables.
• The Environment Variables are set when the server executes a CGI Script.
• Environment Variables allow the CGI Script to reference variables that might be wanted for
the Script output.
• There are two types of environment variables:
• Non-Request specific variables - those set for every request
• Request specific variables - those that are dependent on the request being fulfilled by the CGI
Script

Typical Environment Variables

SERVER_SOFTWARE = Apache/1.3.14
SERVER_NAME = www.ncsi.iisc.ernet.in
GATEWAY_INTERFACE = CGI/1.1
SERVER_PROTOCOL = HTTP/1.0
SERVER_PORT = 80
REQUEST_METHOD = GET
HTTP_ACCEPT = 'image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, */*'
SCRIPT_NAME = /cgi-bin/environment-example
QUERY_STRING =
REMOTE_HOST = ece.iisc.ernet.in
REMOTE_ADDR = 144.16.64.3
Features
‖ CGI is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with a Web server. It
has been widely used for implementing dynamic generated pages on the Web.

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‖ Advantages
• They are language independent .CGI programs can be written in any language that allows one
to write normal programs since they are executed in the same way as the normal programs.
• it's a very simple interface . It's not necessary to have any special library to create a CGI program, or
write programs using a particular API. Instead, CGI programs rely on the standard concepts of
standard input, standard output, and environment variables to communicate with the Web server.
Disadvantages
• CGI programs are slow since they need to fork a new process for every HTTP request and the
database connection must be reopened for the next instance of the program, which is quite costly

Differences between CGI and Servlets

The basic concept behind the CGI and Servlets is :
• CGI is a process based (Heavy weight) and Servlet is a Thread based (Light weight). CGI creates
a process for every execution. So this is a time taking process whereas servlet executes by using
threading so this is light weight process. Hence Servlets are in more powerful.
• A process is created for every client request or call in CGI. it increases memory space.
• Servlet classes can be moved from one Servlet compatible webserver to another very easily.
CGI programs or scripts on the other hand may be platform dependent need to be recompiled or
even web server dependent.

Example program:
myscript.html
<HTML>
<BODY>
<FORM METHOD="POST" ACTION="/cgi-
bin/myscript.cgi"> <PRE>
First Name <INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="fname" MAXLENGTH=15 SIZE=15>
Last Name <INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="lname" MAXLENGTH=20 SIZE=20>
E-Mail Addr <INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="email" MAXLENGTH=35 SIZE=35>
<INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="Send Mail!">
<INPUT TYPE="reset" value=" Clear-Form">
</PRE>
</FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>

myscript.cgi
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
read(STDIN,$temp,$ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'});
@pairs=split(/&/,$temp);
foreach $item(@pairs)
{
($key,$content)=split(/=/,$item,2);
$content=~tr/+/ /;
$content=~s/%(..)/pack("c",hex($1))/ge;

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$fields{$key}=$content;
}
print "Content-type:
text/html\n\n"; print "<HTML>\n";
print "<BODY BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF>\n";
print "<CENTER>\n";
print "THANK YOU<BR>\n";
print "$fields{fname} $fields{lname}</BR>";
print "I will write<BR>\n";
print "you at<BR>\n";
print "$fields{email}<BR>\n";
print "</CENTER>\n";
print "</BODY></HTML>";

Introduction to SGML
• Standard Generalized Markup Language
• Strictly descriptive
• Contains no means to mark up presentational aspects of documents
• Can be easily interfaced to external procedural markup systems and style sheets
• Like HTML, SGML is a computer language rather than a data format
• SGML files can be created manually, or through SGML editor software tools.
• SGML is a meta-language that defines only the syntax of a standard generalised markup
language, i.e. is prescribes how we should specify markup, but not what that markup is, nor what
it means.

SGML Parser
• Software that reads and analyzes an SGML document
• Validation or transformation
• Not much use by itself
• Part of a bigger SGML application system or browser
SGML History
• More than 10 years history of use and growth…
Widely used-
• publishing andaerospace, automotive, defense, software, semiconductor, pharmaceutical,
other industries
• ISO standard (ISO 8879) – adopted by several other standards bodies

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SGML: Key Features

• Descriptive markup
• Document types
• Data independence

Descriptive markup
• Use of markup codes (names) to categorize parts of a document
• Example: <para> to identify a paragraph
• Advantage: Same document can be processed by different software for different purposes

Document Type
• Notion of ‗document type‘ (hence DTD)
• Type of a document is formally defined by its constituent parts and their structure – expressed in
a tree structure
• Example: Report


Title, followed by author (optional), abstract, one or more paragraphs
• If title is absent, it is not a report
• If abstract follows paragraphs, it is not a report

Data Independence
• Document portability across different HW and SW environments
• How to handle character set differences
• Descriptive mapping for non-portable characters
• String substitution mechanism (entities): process time substitution of a particular string of
characters by other string of characters
Defining an SGML Application
• From SGML view, a document is a hierarchical structure of nested elements (chapters,
sections, paragraphs, etc.)
• SGML does not specify any presentational aspects of these elements
• SGML also does not convey any meaning or role of these elements – meaning is implied by the
application
• SGML specifies the contexts and levels of document hierarchy in which an element can or must
occur
• All documents that can be marked up with the same hierarchy of elements are said to belong to a
certain document type
• SGML defines the structure of a particular type of documents via the DTD (Document Type
Definition)
• Some general features of an SGML application are specified in another component called SGML
Declaration.
• SGML Syntax:
• SGML statements are enclosed in angle brackets (<>) and contain a keyword or name
followed by one or more parameters separated by spacesCharacter ‗!‘ is inserted between

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‗<‗ and the statement keyword

• Example: <!ELEMENT IMG – O EMPTY – Embedded image -->

• Comments within a <! Statement are enclosed in double hyphens (--)

Components of an SGML Document

• SGML Declaration:
• Character set, syntax (e.g. delimiters), optional features
• Usually a single declaration is used for all documents under a particular system
• Prolog:
• Usually a single document type definition (DTD)
• Contains rules to which any document of a given type must conform
• Document instance:
• The document itself marked up following the SGML usage conventions specified in the
SGML declaration and the DTD.
Advantages of SGML:
• Capable of dealing with any media type or linking protocol
• Extremely flexible
• Separates content from appearance
• Style sheets make content repurposing easy
• ISO standard - thus well supported with many tools available

Disadvantages of SGML:
• Creating DTD's requires exacting software engineering
• Linking tends to be complex
• Writing SGML software is extremely hard
• SGML tools tend to be expansive

UNIT II
JAVA PROGRAMMING

Java basics
• Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems.
Java applications are typically compiled to byte code (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture.
• It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere". Java is general-purpose,
concurrent, class-based, and object-oriented language.

Variables
• Local Variables


Similar to how an object stores its state in fields, a method will often store its temporary state
in local variables. The syntax for declaring a local variable is similar to declaring a field (for
example, int count = 0;).
‖ There is no special keyword designating a variable as local; that determination comes entirely

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from the location in which the variable is declared — which is between the opening and
closing braces of a method.


Local variables are only visible to the methods in which they are declared; they are not accessible from the
rest of the class.
• Instance Variables (Non-Static Fields)
Objects store their individual states in "non-static fields", that is, fields declared without the static keyword.


Non-static fields are also known as instance variables because their values are unique to each instance of a
class (to each object, in other words
• Class Variables (Static Fields)


A class variable is any field declared with the static modifier; this tells the compiler that there
is exactly one copy of this variable in existence, regardless of how many times the class has
been instantiated.
Operators
• Operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one, two, or three operands,
and then return a result.
• The closer to the top of the table an operator appears, the higher its precedence. Operators with
higher precedence are evaluated before operators with relatively lower precedence. Operators on
the same line have equal precedence. When operators of equal precedence appear in the same
expression, a rule must govern which is evaluated first.
• All binary operators except for the assignment operators are evaluated from left to right;
assignment operators are evaluated right to left.
Operator Precedence
Operators Precedence
postfix expr++ expr--
unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
multiplicative */%
additive +-
shift << >> >>>
relational < > <= >= instanceof
equality == !=
bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive OR ^
bitwise inclusive OR |
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
ternary ?:

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assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

• The assignment operator "=" is far more common than the unsigned right shift operator ">>>".
The signed left shift operator "<<" shifts a bit pattern to the left and the signed right shift
operator ">>" shifts a bit pattern to the right.
• The bit pattern is given by the left-hand operand and the number of positions to shift by the right-
hand operand. The unsigned right shift operator ">>>" shifts a zero into the leftmost position,
while the leftmost position after ">>" depends on sign extension.
• The instanceof operator compares an object to a specified type. You can use it to test if an object
is an instance of a class, an instance of a subclass, or an instance of a class that implements a
particular interface.
• The following program, InstanceofDemo, defines a parent class (named Parent), a simple
interface (named MyInterface), and a child class (named Child) that inherits from the parent and
implements the interface.

class InstanceofDemo {
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Parent obj1 = new Parent();
Parent obj2 = new Child();
System.out.println("obj1 instanceof Parent: " + (obj1 instanceof Parent));
System.out.println("obj1 instanceof Child: " + (obj1 instanceof Child));
System.out.println("obj1 instanceof MyInterface: "+(obj1 instanceof
MyInterface)); System.out.println("obj2 instanceof Parent: " + (obj2 instanceof
Parent)); System.out.println("obj2 instanceof Child: " + (obj2 instanceof Child));
System.out.println("obj2 instanceof MyInterface: "+(obj2 instanceof
MyInterface));
}
}
class Parent{}
class Child extends Parent implements
MyInterface{} interface MyInterface{}

Output:
obj1 instanceof Parent: true
obj1 instanceof Child: false
obj1 instanceof MyInterface:
false obj2 instanceof Parent: true
obj2 instanceof Child: true
obj2 instanceof MyInterface: true
When using the instanceof operator, keep in mind that null is not an instance of anything.

Control Flow Statements

‖ The statements inside source files are generally executed from top to bottom, in the order that

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• they appear.
‖ Control flow statements, however,
break up the flow of execution by
employing decision making,
looping, and branching, enabling
your program to conditionally
execute particular blocks of code.

• The Control Flow Statements are decision-making statements (if-then, if-then-else, switch), the
looping statements (for, while, do-while), and the branching statements (break, continue, return)
supported by the Java programming language.

I/O streaming
• A stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information. A stream is linked to a
physical device by the Java I/O system.
• Java 2 defines two types of streams: byte and character.
• Byte streams provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes. Byte streams are
used, for example, when reading or writing binary data. two abstract classes are InputStream and
OutputStream.
• Character streams provide a convenient means for handling input and output of characters. Two
abstract classes are Reader and Writer. These abstract classes handle Unicode character streams.
• The package needed is java.io

Byte Streams
• The byte stream classes provide a rich environment for handling byte-oriented I/O.
• A byte stream can be used with any type of object, including binary data. This versatility makes
byte streams important to many types of programs.

Input Streams
• Input streams read the bytes of data.
• Java's basic input class is java.io.InputStream

Methods
• public abstract int read( ) throws IOException
• public int read(byte[] input) throws IOException
• public int read(byte[] input, int offset, int length) throws IOException
• public long skip(long n) throws IOException
• public int available( ) throws IOException
• public void close( ) throws IOException

Output Streams
• Output streams write the bytes of data.
• Java's basic output class is java.io.OutputStream

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Methods
• public abstract void write(int b) throws IOException
• public void write(byte[] data) throws IOException
• public void write(byte[] data, int offset, int length) throws IOException
• public void flush( ) throws IOException
• public void close( ) throws IOException

FileInputStream
• The FileInputStream class creates an InputStream that you can use to read bytes from a file.

• Its two constructors are

FileInputStream (String filepath)
FileInputStream (File fileObj)
Either can throw a FileNotFoundException. The filepath is the full path name of a file, and
fileObj is a File object that describes the file.

Example

import java.io.*;
class FISDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{ int size;
InputStream f = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
System.out.println("Total Available Bytes: " +(size =
f.available())); int n = size;
for (int i=0; i < n; i++) {
System.out.print((char) f.read());
}
}
}

FileOutputStream
• FileOutputStream creates an OutputStream that you can use to write bytes to a file.
• Its constructors are
FileOutputStream (String filePath)
FileOutputStream (File fileObj)
• Creation of a FileOutputStream is not dependent on the file already existing.
FileOutputStream will create the file before opening it for output when you create the object.
In the case where you attempt to open a read-only file, an IOException will be thrown.

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Example

import java.io.*;
class FOSDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
String source = "This is the program to demonstrate file output
stream‖; byte buf[] = source.getBytes();
OutputStream f0 = new FileOutputStream
("file1.txt"); for (int i=0; i < buf.length; i += 2) {
f0.write (buf[i]);
}
f0.close ();
OutputStream f1 = new FileOutputStream
("file2.txt"); f1.write(buf);
f1.close();
}

ByteArrayInputStream
• ByteArrayInputStream is an implementation of an input stream that uses a byte array as the
source.
• This class has two constructors, each of which requires a byte array to provide the data source
ByteArrayInputStream(byte array[ ])
ByteArrayInputStream(byte array[ ], int start, int numBytes)

Example

import java.io.*;
class BAISDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{ String tmp = "abc";
byte b[] = tmp.getBytes();
ByteArrayInputStream in = new
ByteArrayInputStream(b); for (int i=0; i<2; i++) {
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1)
{ if (i == 0) {
System.out.print((char) c);
} else {
System.out.print(Character.toUpperCase((char) c));
}
}
System.out.println();
in.reset();
}

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}
}

• This example first reads each character from the stream and prints it as is, in lowercase. It then
resets the stream and begins reading again, this time converting each character to uppercase
before printing. The output is:
abc
ABC

ByteArrayOutputStream
• ByteArrayOutputStream is an implementation of an output stream that uses a byte array as the
destination.
• ByteArrayOutputStream has two constructors
ByteArrayOutputStream( )
ByteArrayOutputStream(int numBytes)
• In the first constructor, a buffer of 32 bytes is created. In the second, a buffer is created with a
size equal to that specified by numBytes.

Example
import java.io.*;
class ByteArrayOutputStreamDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
ByteArrayOutputStream f = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
String s = "This should end up in the array";
byte buf[] = s.getBytes();
f.write(buf);
System.out.println("Buffer as a string");
System.out.println(f.toString());
System.out.println("Into array");
byte b[] = f.toByteArray(); for
(int i=0; i<b.length; i++) {
System.out.print((char) b[i]);
}
System.out.println("\nTo an OutputStream()");
OutputStream f2 = new FileOutputStream
("test.txt"); f.writeTo(f2);
f2.close ();
System.out.println("Doing a
reset"); f.reset();
for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
f.write('X');
System.out.println(f.toString());
}
}

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• When you run the program, you will create the following output. Notice how after the call to reset (
), the three X’s end up at the beginning.
Buffer as a string
This should end up in the
array Into array
This should end up in the
array To an OutputStream ()
Doing a reset
XXX

Buffered Byte Streams

• For the byte-oriented streams, a buffered stream extends a filtered stream class by attaching a
memory buffer to the I/O streams.
• This buffer allows Java to do I/O operations on more than a byte at a time, hence increasing
performance. Because the buffer is available, skipping, marking, and resetting of the stream
become possible.
• The buffered byte stream classes are BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream.
PushbackInputStream also implements a buffered stream.

Character Streams
• While the byte stream classes provide sufficient functionality to handle any type of I/O operation,
they cannot work directly with Unicode characters.
• Since one of the main purposes of Java is to support the ―write once, run anywhere‖
philosophy, it was necessary to include direct I/O support for characters.

Reader
• Reader is an abstract class that defines Java‘s model of streaming character input.

Methods
• abstract void close( ) Closes the input source. Further read attempts will generate an IOException.
• void mark(int numChars) Places a mark at the current point in the input stream that will remain
valid until numChars characters are read.
• boolean markSupported( ) Returns true if mark( )/reset( ) are supported on this stream.
• int read( ) Returns an integer representation of the next available character from the invoking
input stream. –1 is returned when the end of the file is encountered.
• int read(char buffer[ ]) Attempts to read up to buffer.length characters into buffer and returns the
actual number of characters that were successfully read. –1 is returned when the end of the file is
encountered.
• abstract int read(char buffer[ ], int offset, int numChars) Attempts to read up to numChars
characters into buffer starting at buffer[offset], returning the number of characters successfully
read. –1 is returned when the end of the file is encountered.
• boolean ready( ) Returns true if the next input request will not wait. Otherwise, it returns false.
• void reset( ) Resets the input pointer to the previously set mark.

• long skip(long numChars) Skips over numChars characters of input, returning the number of

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characters actually skipped.

Writer
• Writer is an abstract class that defines streaming character output.

Methods
• abstract void close ( ) Closes the output stream. Further write attempts will generate an
IOException.
• abstract void flush ( ) Finalizes the output state so that any buffers are cleared. That is, it flushes
the output buffers.
• void write(int ch) Writes a single character to the invoking output stream. Note that the parameter
is an int, which allows you to call write with expressions without having to cast them back to
char.
• void write(char buffer[ ]) Writes a complete array of characters to the invoking output stream.
• abstract void write(char buffer[ ], int offset, int numChars) Writes a subrange of numChars
characters from the array buffer, beginning at buffer[offset] to the invoking output stream.
• void write(String str) Writes str to the invoking output stream.
• void write(String str, int offset, int numChars) Writes a subrange of numChars characters from
the array str, beginning at the specified offset.

FileReader
• The FileReader class creates a Reader that you can use to read the contents of a file.
• Its constructors are
FileReader (String filePath)
FileReader (File fileObj)
• Either can throw a FileNotFoundException. Here, filePath is the full path name of a file, and
fileObj is a File object that describes the file.

Example
import java.io.*;
class FileReaderDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
FileReader fr = new FileReader("FileReaderDemo.java");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);
String s;
while((s = br.readLine()) != null)
{ System.out.println(s);
}
fr.close();
}
}

FileWriter
• FileWriter creates a Writer that you can use to write to a file.

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• Its constructors are FileWriter(String filePath)

FileWriter (String filePath, boolean
append) FileWriter (File fileObj)
FileWriter (File fileObj, boolean append)
• They can throw an IOException. Here, filePath is the full path name of a file, and fileObj is a File
object that describes the file. If append is true, then output is appended to the end of the file.

Example
import java.io.*;
class FileWriterDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
String source = "Now is the time for all good men\n"
+ " to come to the aid of their country\n"
+ " and pay their due taxes.";
char buffer[] = new char[source.length()];
source.getChars(0, source.length(), buffer, 0);
FileWriter f0 = new FileWriter("file1.txt"); for
(int i=0; i < buffer.length; i += 2) {
f0.write(buffer[i]);
}
f0.close();

FileWriter f1 = new
FileWriter("file2.txt"); f1.write(buffer);
f1.close();
FileWriter f2 = new FileWriter("file3.txt");
f2.write(buffer,buffer.length-
buffer.length/4,buffer.length/4); f2.close();
}
}

• This example creates a sample buffer of characters by first making a String and then using the
getChars( ) method to extract the character array equivalent. It then creates three files.
• The first, file1.txt, will contain every other character from the sample. The second, file2.txt, will
contain the entire set of characters. Finally, the third, file3.txt, will contain only the last quarter.

CharArrayReader
• CharArrayReader is an implementation of an input stream that uses a character array as the
source.
• This class has two constructors, each of which requires a character array to provide the data
source:
CharArrayReader (char array [ ])
CharArrayReader (char array [ ], int start, int numChars)
• Here, array is the input source. The second constructor creates a Reader from a subset of your
character array that begins with the character at the index specified by start and is numChars long.

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Example
import java.io.*;
public class CharArrayReaderDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{ String tmp = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
int length = tmp.length();
char c[] = new char[length];
tmp.getChars(0, length, c, 0);
CharArrayReader input1 = new CharArrayReader(c);
CharArrayReader input2 = new CharArrayReader(c, 0,
5); int i;
System.out.println("input1 is:");
while((i = input1.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char)i);
}
System.out.println();
System.out.println("input2 is:");
while((i = input2.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char)i);
}
System.out.println();
}

• The input1 object is constructed using the entire lowercase alphabet, while input2 contains only
the first five letters. Here is the output:
input1 is:
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
input2 is:
abcde

CharArrayWriter
• CharArrayWriter is an implementation of an output stream that uses an array as the destination.
• CharArrayWriter has two constructors,
CharArrayWriter ( )
CharArrayWriter (int numChars)
• In the first form, a buffer with a default size is created. In the second, a buffer is created with a
size equal to that specified by numChars. The buffer is held in the buf field of CharArrayWriter.
The buffer size will be increased automatically, if needed.

Example

import java.io.*;

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class CharArrayWriterDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{ CharArrayWriter f = new CharArrayWriter ();
String s = "This should end up in the array";
char buf[] = new
char[s.length()]; s.getChars(0,
s.length(), buf, 0); f.write(buf);
System.out.println ("Buffer as a string");
System.out.println (f.toString());
System.out.println ("Into array");
char c[] = f.toCharArray(); for
(int i=0; i<c.length; i++) {
System.out.print(c[i]);
}
System.out.println ("\nTo a FileWriter ()");
FileWriter f2 = new FileWriter ("test.txt");
f.writeTo(f2);
f2.close();
System.out.println ("Doing a
reset"); f.reset();
for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
f.write('X');
System.out.println(f.toString());
}
}

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Files
• A File object is used to obtain or manipulate the information associated with a disk file, such as
the permissions, time, date, and directory path, and to navigate subdirectory hierarchies.
• constructors used to create File objects:
File(String directoryPath)
File(String directoryPath, String filename)
File(File dirObj, String filename)
File(URI uriObj)

Example:
import java.io.File;
class FileDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
File f1 = new File("/ip/test");
System.out.println ("File Name: " + f1.getName());
System.out.println ("Path: " + f1.getPath());
System.out.println ("Abs Path: " + f1.getAbsolutePath());
System.out.println ("Parent: " + f1.getParent());
System.out.println (f1.exists() ? "exists" : "does not exist");
System.out.println (f1.canWrite() ? "is writeable" : "is not writeable");
System.out.println (f1.canRead() ? "is readable" : "is not readable");
System.out.println ("is " + (f1.isDirectory() ? "" : "not" + " a directory"));
System.out.println (f1.isFile() ? "is normal file" : "might be a named
pipe"); System.out.println (f1.isAbsolute() ? "is absolute" : "is not
absolute"); System.out.println ("File last modified: " + f1.lastModified());
System.out.println ("File size: " + f1.length() + " Bytes");
}
}

File Name: test

Path: /ip/test Abs
Path: /ip/test
Parent: /ip
exists
is writeable
is readable
is not a directory
is normal file
is absolute
File last modified: 812465204000
File size: 695 Bytes
• getName( ) returns the name of the file, getParent( ) returns the name of the parent directory, and
exists( ) returns true if the file exists, false if it does not.

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Looking up Internet Address

• Devices connected to the Internet are called nodes. Nodes that are computers are called hosts.
Each node or host is identified by at least one unique 32-bit number called an Internet address, an
IP address, or a host address, depending on who you talk to. This takes up exactly four bytes of
memory.
• An IP address is normally written as four unsigned bytes, each ranging from to 255, with the
most significant byte first. Bytes are separated by periods for the convenience of human eyes. For
example, the address for hermes.oit.unc.edu is 152.2.21.1. This is called the dotted quad format.
• IP addresses are great for computers, but they are a problem for humans, who have a hard time
remembering long numbers. In the 1950s, it was discovered that most people could remember
about seven digits per number; some can remember as many as nine, while others remember as
few as five.
• This is why phone numbers are broken into three- and four-digit pieces with three-digit area
codes. Obviously an IP address, which can have as many as 12 decimal digits, is beyond the
capacity of most humans to remember.

Domain Name System (DNS)

• To avoid the need to carry around Rolodexes full of IP addresses, the designers of the Internet
invented the Domain Name System (DNS).
• DNS associates hostnames that humans can remember (like hermes.oit.unc.edu) with IP
addresses that computers can remember (such as 152.2.21.1).[2] Most hosts have at least one
hostname. An exception is made for computers that don't have a permanent IP address (like many
PCs); since these computers don't have a permanent address, they can't be used as servers and
therefore don't need a name, since nobody will need to refer to them.
• Every computer connected to the Internet should have access to a machine called a domain name
server.
• Unix box running special DNS software that knows the mappings between different hostnames
and IP addresses.
• Most domain name servers know the addresses of only the hosts on their local network, plus the
addresses of a few domain name servers at other sites. If a client asks for the address of a
machine outside the local domain, then the local domain name server asks a domain name server
at the remote location and relays the answer to the requester.
• Some machines have multiple names. For instance, www.oreilly.com and helio.ora.com are really
the same SPARCstation in California. The name www.oreilly.com really refers to a web site
rather than a particular machine. In the past, when this web site has moved from one machine to
another, the name has been reassigned to the new machine so that it always points to the site's
current server. This way, URLs around the Web don't need to be updated just because the site has
moved to a new host. Some common names like www and news are often aliases for the
machines providing those services. For example, news.cloud9.net is an alias for my ISP's news
server. Since the server may change over time, the alias can move with the service.
• On occasion, one name maps to multiple IP addresses. It is then the responsibility of the DNS
server to randomly choose machines to respond to each request. This feature is most frequently
used for very high traffic web sites, where it splits the load across multiple systems.

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InetAddress Class

• The java.net.InetAddress class is Java's encapsulation of an IP address. It is used by most of the

other networking classes, including Socket, ServerSocket, URL, DatagramSocket,
DatagramPacket, and more.
public final class InetAddress extends Object implements Serializable
• There are no public constructors in the InetAddress class. However, InetAddress has three static
methods that return suitably initialized InetAddress objects, given a little information. They are:
public static InetAddress InetAddress.getByName(String hostName)
throws UnknownHostException
public static InetAddress[] InetAddress.getAllByName(String hostName)
throws UnknownHostException
public static InetAddress InetAddress.getLocalHost( )
throws UnknownHostException

Example
1. Program that prints the address of www.oreilly.com

import java.net.*;
public class OReillyByName {
public static void main (String[] args)
{ try {
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("www.oreilly.com");
System.out.println(address);
}
catch (UnknownHostException e) { System.out.println("Could
not find www.oreilly.com");
}
}
}

% java OReillyByName
www.oreilly.com/204.148.40.9

2. Program that prints the address of 204.148.40.9

import java.net.*;
public class OReillyByAddress {
public static void main (String[] args)
{ try {
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("204.148.40.9");
System.out.println (address);
}
catch (UnknownHostException e) {
System.out.println ("Could not find 204.148.40.9");
}}}

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% java OReillyByAddress
helio.ora.com/204.148.40.9

3. Program that prints all the addresses of www.microsoft.com

import java.net.*;
public class AllAddressesOfMicrosoft { public
static void main (String[] args) {
try {
InetAddress[] addresses =
InetAddress.getAllByName("www.microsoft.com");
for (int i = 0; i < addresses.length; i++) {
System.out.println(addresses[i]);
}
}
catch (UnknownHostException e) {
System.out.println("Could not find www.microsoft.com");
}
}
}

% java AllAddressesOfMicrosoft
www.microsoft.com/207.46.131.15
www.microsoft.com/207.46.131.137
www.microsoft.com/207.46.130.14
www.microsoft.com/207.46.130.149
www.microsoft.com/207.46.130.150
www.microsoft.com/207.46.131.13

4. Find the address of the local machine

import java.net.*;
public class MyAddress {
public static void main (String[] args)
{ try {
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getLocalHost( );
System.out.println(address);
}
catch (UnknownHostException e) {
System.out.println("Could not find this computer's address.");
}
}
}
if ran the program on titan.oit.unc.edu:

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% java MyAddress
titan.oit.unc.edu/152.2.22.14

Socket programming
Sockets for Clients
A socket is a connection between two hosts.

Operations
• The program creates a new socket with a Socket ( ) constructor.
• The socket attempts to connect to the remote host.
• Once the connection is established, the local and remote hosts get input and output
streams from the socket and use those streams to send data to each other. This connection
is full-duplex; both hosts can send and receive data simultaneously.
• When the transmission of data is complete, one or both sides close the connection.

Constructors
1. public Socket (String host, int port) throws UnknownHostException, IOException
This constructor creates a TCP socket to the specified port on the specified host
and attempts to connect to the remote host.

2. public Socket(InetAddress host, int port) throws IOException

This constructor creates a TCP socket to the specified port on the specified host and tries to
connect. It differs by using an InetAddress object to specify the host rather than a hostname.

Example: Find out which of the Ports at or Above 1,024 Seem to Be Hosting TCP Server

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class PortScanner {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String host = "localhost";
if (args.length > 0) {
host = args[0];
}
try {
InetAddress theAddress = InetAddress.getByName(host);
for (int i = 1024; i < 65536; i++) {
try {
Socket theSocket = new Socket(theAddress, i);
System.out.println("There is a server on port "
+ i + " of " + host);
}
catch (IOException e) {
// must not be a server on this port }} // end for

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} // end try
catch (UnknownHostException e)
{ System.err.println(e);
}
} // end main
} // end PortScanner

Example: Echo Client

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class EchoClient {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String hostname = "localhost";
if (args.length > 0) {
hostname = args[0];
}
PrintWriter out = null;
BufferedReader br =
null; try {
Socket s= new Socket (hostname, 7);
br= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream( )));
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in)); out = new PrintWriter(s.getOutputStream( ));
System.out.println ("Connected to echo
server"); while (true) {
String theLine = in.readLine( );
if (theLine.equals(".")) break;
out.println(theLine);
out.flush( );
System.out.println(networkIn.readLine( ));
}
} // end try
catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println (e);
}
} // end main
} // end EchoClient

Sockets for Servers

• A ServerSocket runs on the server and listens for incoming TCP connections. Each ServerSocket
listens on a particular port on the server machine. When a client Socket on a remote host attempts to
connect to that port, the server wakes up, negotiates the connection between the client and the server,
and opens a regular Socket between the two hosts.
Operations
• A new ServerSocket is created on a particular port using a ServerSocket( )

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constructor.
• The ServerSocket listens for incoming connection attempts on that port using its accept( )
method. accept( ) blocks until a client attempts to make a connection, at which point
accept( ) returns a Socket object connecting the client and the server.
• Depending on the type of server, either the Socket's getInputStream( ) method,
getOutputStream( ) method, or both are called to get input and output streams that
communicate with the client.
• The server and the client interact according to an agreed-upon protocol until it is time to
close the connection.
• The server, the client, or both close the connection.
• The server returns to step 2 and waits for the next connection.

Constructors
1. public ServerSocket(int port) throws IOException, BindException
2. public ServerSocket(int port, int queueLength) throws IOException, BindException
3. public ServerSocket(int port, int queueLength, InetAddress bindAddress)
throws IOException

Example: Look for Local Ports

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class LocalPortScanner {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int port = 1; port <= 65535; port++)
{ try {
// the next line will fail and drop into the catch block if
// there is already a server running on the port
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port);
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("There is a server on port " + port + ".");
} // end try
} // end for
}
}

The program checks for ports on the local machine by attempting to create ServerSocket
objects on them and seeing on which ports that fails.
Datagram Packet
UDP datagram is represented by an instance of the DatagramPacket
class public final class DatagramPacket extends Object
Constructors
Receiving datagram

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1. public DatagramPacket(byte[] buffer, int length)

When a socket receives a datagram, it stores the datagram's data part in buffer beginning at
buffer[0] and continuing until the packet is completely stored or until length bytes have been written
into the buffer.

2. public DatagramPacket(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length)

When a socket receives a datagram, it stores the datagram's data part in buffer beginning at
buffer[offset] and continuing until the packet is completely stored or until length bytes have been
written into the buffer.

Sending datagram
1. public DatagramPacket(byte[] data, int length, InetAddress destination, int port)
2. public DatagramPacket(byte[] data, int offset, int length, InetAddress destination, int port)
Each constructor creates a new DatagramPacket to be sent to another host. The packet is filled
with length bytes of the data array starting at offset or if offset is not used. If you try to construct a
DatagramPacket with a length that is greater than data.length, the constructor throws an
IllegalArgumentException.

Datagram Socket
To send or receive a Datagram Packet, need to open a datagram socket.

Constructors
1. public DatagramSocket( ) throws SocketException
This constructor creates a socket that is bound to an anonymous port.

2. public DatagramSocket(int port) throws SocketException

This constructor creates a socket that listens for incoming data grams on a specific
port, specified by the port argument.

Sending and Receiving Data grams

1. public void send(DatagramPacket dp) throws IOException
Once a DatagramPacket is created and a DatagramSocket is constructed,
send the packet by passing it to the socket's send( ) method.
2. public void receive(DatagramPacket dp) throws IOException
This method receives a single UDP datagram from the network and stores it in
the pre-existing DatagramPacket object

Client /server programs

Example: 1
A java program establishes socket connection between two hosts. The connection is
maintained through the mentioned port number to implement client server communication.

TCPServer.java
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

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public class TCPServer

{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket
(2500); System.out.println ("Waiting for
Client"); Socket clientSocket = ss.accept ();
System.out.println ("");
PrintWriter pw= new PrintWriter (s.getOutputStream ( ));
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System. in));
System.out.println (―Connection established …. Start
typing‖); String readData;
while (readData = br.readLine ( ) != null)
{
pw println (readData);
}
clientSocket.close
(); ss.close ( );
}
}

TCPClient import
java.io.*; import
java.net.*;
public class TCPClient
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
Socket s = new Socket (InetAddress.getLocalHost(),1500);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (S.getInputStream ( ) )
); String getData ;
while (getData = br.readLine ( )!= null)
{
System.out.println (get Data);
}}
}

Example: 2
• The program opens a DatagramSocket on that port and creates a DatagramPacket with a 65,507-
byte buffer—large enough to receive any possible packet.
• Then the server enters an infinite loop that receives packets and prints the contents and the
originating host on the console.

UDP Client
import java.net.*;

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import java.io.*;
public class UDPClient {
public static void main(String[] args)
{ String hostname;
int port = 9;
if (args.length > 0) {
hostname = args[0];
}
else {
hostname = "localhost";
}
try {
InetAddress server = InetAddress.getByName(hostname);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
DatagramSocket theSocket = new DatagramSocket( );
while (true) {
String theLine = userInput.readLine( );
if (theLine.equals(".")) break;
byte[] data = theLine.getBytes( );
DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, server,
port); theSocket.send(theOutput);
} // end while
} // end try
catch (UnknownHostException e) {
System.err.println(e);
}
catch (SocketException se) {
System.err.println(se);
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println(e);
}
} // end main
}
UDPServer
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class UDPServer {
public static void main(String[] args)
{ int port = 9;
byte[] buffer = new
byte[65507]; try {
DatagramSocket server = new DatagramSocket(port);
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer,
buffer.length); while (true) {

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try {
server.receive(packet);
String s = new String(packet.getData(), 0,packet.getLength( ));
System.out.println(packet.getAddress( ) + " at port " + packet.getPort( ) + "
says + s);
// reset the length for the next packet
packet.setLength(buffer.length);
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println(e);
}
} // end
while } // end try
catch (SocketException se) {
System.err.println(se);
} // end catch
} // end main
}

E-mail Client
• An email client, email reader, or more formally mail user agent (MUA), is a computer program
used to manage email.
• The term email client may refer to any agent acting as a client toward an email server, regardless
of it being a mail user agent, a relaying server, or a human typing on a terminal.
• A web application providing message management, composition, and reception functionality is
sometimes considered an email client.
Retrieving messages from a mailbox
• Like most client programs, an MUA is only active when a user runs it. Messages arrive on the
Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) server.
• Unless the MUA has access to the server's disk, messages are stored on a remote server and the
MUA has to request them on behalf of the user.
• In the first case, shared disk, a user logs on a server and runs an MUA on that machine. The
MUA reads messages from a conventionally formatted storage, typically mbox, within the user's
HOME directory.
• The MTA uses a suitable mail delivery agent (MDA) to add messages to that storage, possibly in
concurrence with the MUA. This is the default setting on many UNIX systems. Web mail
applications running on the relevant server can also benefit from direct disk access to the mail
storage.
• For personal computing, and whenever messages are stored on a remote system, a mail user agent
connects to a remote mailbox to retrieve messages.
• Access to remote mailboxes comes in two flavors. On the one hand, the Post Office Protocol
(POP) allows the client to download messages one at a time and only delete them from the server
after they have been successfully saved on local storage. It is possible to leave messages on the
server in order to let another client download them. However, there is no provision for flagging a

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specific message as seen, answered, or forwarded, thus POP is not convenient for users who
access the same mail from different machines or clients.
• On the other hand, the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) allows users to keep messages
on the server, flagging them as appropriate. IMAP provides sub-folders. Typically, the Sent,
Drafts, and Trash folders are created by default.
• Both POP and IMAP clients can be configured to access more mailboxes at the same time, as
well as to check each mailbox every given number of minutes. IMAP features an idle extension
for real time updates, providing faster notification than polling where long lasting connections are
feasible.
• Client settings require the server's name or IP address, and the user name and password for each
remote incoming mailbox.

Formatting messages
• Mail user agents usually have built-in the ability to display and edit text. Editing HTML text is a
popular feature. Invoking an external editor may be an alternative.
• MUAs responsibilities include proper formatting according to RFC 5322 for headers and body,
and MIME for non-textual content and attachments.
• Headers include the destination fields, To, Cc, and Bcc, and the originator fields from which is
the message's author(s), Sender in case there are more authors and Reply-To in case responses
should be addressed to a different mailbox.
• To better assist the user with destination fields, many clients maintain one or more address books
and/or are able to connect to an LDAP directory server. For originator fields, clients may support
different identities.
• Client settings require the user's real name and email address for each user's identity, and possibly
a list of LDAP servers.
Submitting messages to a server
• An MUA is able to introduce new messages in the transport system. Typically, it does so by
connecting to either an MSA or an MTA, two variations of the SMTP protocol.
• The client needs to put a message quickly without worrying about where the message eventually
will be delivered: that's why a transport system exists. Thus it always connects to the same
preferred server, however, how does that server know that it should accept and relay submissions
from that client.
• There are two ways. The older method recognizes the client's IP address, e.g. because the client is
on the same machine and uses internal address 127.0.0.1, or because the client's IP address is
controlled by the same internet service provider that provides both internet access and mail
services.
• The newer method, since the SMTP protocol has an authentication extension, is to authenticate.
The latter method eases modularity and nomadic computing.
• Client settings require the name or IP address of the preferred outgoing mail server, the port
number (25 for MTA, 587 for MSA), and the user name and password for the authentication, if
any.
• There is a non-standard port 465 for SSL encrypted SMTP sessions, that many clients and servers
support for backward compatibility. Transport Layer Security encryption can be configured for
the standard ports, if both the client and the server support it.

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Encryption
• Email encryption enables to safeguard privacy by encrypting the mail sessions, the body of the
message, or both.
• Without it, anyone (examples: the government (warrantless wiretapping, great firewall of China),
fellow wireless network users such as at an Internet cafe or other public network, whether the
network is open or not) with network access and the right tools can monitor email and obtain
login passwords.

Encryption of mail sessions

• All relevant email protocols have an option to encrypt the whole session. Remarkably, those
options prevent a user's name and password from being sniffed, therefore they are recommended
for nomadic users and whenever the internet access provider is not trusted.
• On sending mail, users can only control encryption at the hop from a client to its configured
outgoing mail server. At any further hop, messages may be transmitted with or without
encryption, depending solely on the general configuration of the transmitting server and the
capabilities of the receiving one.
• Encrypted mail sessions deliver messages in their original format, i.e. plain text or encrypted
body, on a user's local mailbox and on the destination server's. The latter server is operated by an
email hosting service provider, possibly a different entity than the internet access provider
currently at hand.
Encryption of the message body
• There are two models for managing cryptographic keys. S/MIME employs a model based on a
trusted certificate authority (CA) that signs users' public keys.
• OpenPGP employs a somewhat more flexible web of trust mechanism that allows users to sign
one another's public keys. OpenPGP is also more flexible in the format of the messages, in that it
still supports plain message encryption and signing as they used to work before MIME
standardization.
• In both cases, only the message body is encrypted. Headers, including originator, recipients, and
subject, remain in plain text.
Standards
• While popular protocols for retrieving mail include POP3 and IMAP4, sending mail is usually
done using the SMTP protocol.
• Another important standard supported by most email clients is MIME, which is used to send
binary file email attachments. Attachments are files that are not part of the email proper, but are
sent with the email.
• Most email clients use an X-Mailer header to identify the software used to send the message.
According to RFC 2076, this is a common but non-standard header.
• RFC 4409, Message Submission for Mail, details the role of the Mail submission agent.
• RFC 5068, Email Submission Operations: Access and Accountability Requirements, provides a
survey of the concepts of MTA, MSA, MDA, and MUA. It mentions that "Access Providers
MUST NOT block users from accessing the external Internet using the SUBMISSION port 587"
and that "MUAs SHOULD use the SUBMISSION port for message submission."

Port numbers

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• Email servers and client use the following TCP port numbers by default, unless configured for
specialized installations:

protocol use plain text or plain text encrypt

encrypt sessions sessions only sessions only
POP3 incoming mail 110 995

IMAP4 incoming mail 143 993

SMTP outgoing mail 25 465

MSA outgoing mail 587

HTTP web mail 80 443

• An application that runs on a personal computer or workstation and enables you to send, receive
and organize e-mail. It's called a client because e-mail systems are based on a client-server
architecture. Mail is sent from many clients to a central server, which re-routes the mail to its
intended destination.
SMTP
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers or
between a mail client and a server.
• Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server
to another; the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client using either POP or IMAP.
• It works on port 25.
• SMTP is a text-based protocol, in which a mail sender communicates with a mail receiver by
issuing command strings and supplying necessary data over a reliable ordered data stream
channel, typically a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection.
• An SMTP session consists of commands originated by an SMTP client (the initiating agent,
sender, or transmitter) and corresponding responses from the SMTP server (the listening agent, or
receiver) so that the session is opened, and session parameters are exchanged. A session may
include zero or more SMTP transactions.
• An SMTP transaction consists of three command/reply sequences. They are:
1. MAIL command, to establish the return address, a.k.a. Return-Path, 5321.From, mfrom, or
envelope sender. This is the address for bounce messages.
2. RCPT command, to establish a recipient of this message. This command can be issued
multiple times, one for each recipient. These addresses are also part of the envelope.
3. DATA to send the message text. This is the content of the message, as opposed to its envelope.
It consists of a message header and a message body separated by an empty line. DATA is actually
a group of commands, and the server replies twice: once to the DATA command proper, to
acknowledge that it is ready to receive the text, and the second time after the end-of-data
sequence, to either accept or reject the entire message.

SMTP transport example

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• A typical example of sending a message via SMTP to two mailboxes (alice and theboss) located
in the same mail domain (example.com) is reproduced in the following session exchange.
• The protocol exchanges are prefixed for the server (S:) and the client (C:). After the message
sender (SMTP client) establishes a reliable communications channel to the message receiver
(SMTP server), the session is opened with a greeting by the server, usually containing its fully
qualified domain name (FQDN), in this case smtp.example.com.
• The client initiates its dialog by responding with a HELO command identifying itself in the
command's parameter with its FQDN (or an address literal if none is available)
S: 220 smtp.example.com ESMTP
Postfix C: HELO relay.example.org
S: 250 Hello relay.example.org, I am glad to meet
you C: MAIL FROM:<bob@example.org>
S: 250 Ok
C: RCPT TO:<alice@example.com>
S: 250 Ok
C: RCPT TO:<theboss@example.com>
S: 250 Ok
C: DATA
S: 354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF> C:
From: "Bob Example" <bob@example.org> C:
To: "Alice Example" <alice@example.com> C:
Cc: theboss@example.com
C: Date: Tue, 15 Jan 2008 16:02:43 -0500
C: Subject: Test message
C:
C: Hello Alice.
C: This is a test message with 5 header fields and 4 lines in the message
body. C: Your friend,
C: Bob
C: .
S: 250 Ok: queued as 12345
C: QUIT
S: 221 Bye
{The server closes the connection}
• The client notifies the receiver of the originating email address of the message in a MAIL FROM
command. In this example, the email message is sent to two mailboxes on the same SMTP
server: one each for each recipient listed in the To and Cc header fields.
• The corresponding SMTP command is RCPT TO. Each successful reception and execution of a
command is acknowledged by the server with a result code and response message (e.g., 250 Ok).
• The transmission of the body of the mail message is initiated with a DATA command after which
it is transmitted verbatim line by line and is terminated with an end-of-data sequence. This
consists of a new-line (<CR><LF>), a single full stop (period), followed by another new-line.
• Since a message body can contain a line with just a period as part of the text, the client sends two
periods every time a line starts with a period; correspondingly, the server replaces every sequence

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of two periods at the beginning of a line with a single one. Such escaping method is called dot-
stuffing.
• The server's positive reply to the end-of-data, as exemplified, implies that the server has taken the
responsibility of delivering the message. A message can be doubled if there is a communication
failure at this time, e.g. due to a power shortage: Until the sender has not received that 250 reply,
it must assume the message was not delivered.
• After the receiver has decided to accept the message, it must assume the message has been
delivered to it. Thus, during this time span, both agents have active copies of the message that
they will try to deliver.
• The probability that a communication failure occurs exactly at this step is directly proportional to
the amount of filtering that the server performs on the message body, most often for anti-spam
purposes. The limiting timeout is specified to be 10 minutes.
• The QUIT command ends the session. If the second recipient were located elsewhere, the client
would QUIT and connect to the appropriate SMTP server after the first message had been
queued. The information that the client sends in the HELO and MAIL FROM commands are
added (not seen in example code) as additional header fields to the message by the receiving
server. It adds a Received and Return-Path header field, respectively.

POP3 programs
• POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-
mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet
server.
• Periodically, client e-mail receiver checks your mail-box on the server and downloads any mail,
probably using POP3.
• This standard protocol is built into most popular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook
Express. It's also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers.
• POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However,
some implementations allow users or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period
of time. POP can be thought of as a "store-and-forward" service.

Steps to read a remote mailbox

• Set up the properties use for the connection.
• Construct the Authenticator use for the connection.
• Get a Session object with Session.getDefaultInstance( ).
• Use the session's getStore( ) method to return a Store.
• Connect to the store.
• Get the INBOX folder from the store with the getFolder( ) method.
• Open the INBOX folder.
• Open the folder inside the INBOX folder. Repeat as many times as necessary to reach the
folder you're seeking.
• Get the messages from the folder as an array of Message objects.
• Iterate
Message
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• Close the folder.

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• Close the store.

Example
A program that downloads and prints out the contents of a specified POP mailbox. Messages
are simply dumped on System.out in the default encoding. The servers, usernames, and so forth are
all hard coded.

import javax.mail.*;
import javax.mail.internet.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class POP3Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Properties props = new Properties( );
String host = "utopia.poly.edu";
String username = "myuser";
String password =
"mypwd"; String provider =
"pop3"; try {
// Connect to the POP3 server
Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props,
null); Store store = session.getStore(provider);
store.connect(host, username, password);

// Open the folder

Folder inbox = store.getFolder("INBOX");
if (inbox == null) {
System.out.println("No
INBOX"); System.exit(1);
}
inbox.open(Folder.READ_ONLY);

// Get the messages from the server Message[]

messages = inbox.getMessages( ); for (int i =
0; i < messages.length; i++) {
System.out.println("------- Message " + (i+1) + " ---------
"); messages[i].writeTo(System.out);
}
// Close the connection
// but don't remove the messages from the
server inbox.close(false);
store.close( );
}
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace(

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);}

}
}

• The first is to set up the properties for the mail session. Properties you might want to set include
mail.host, mail.store.protocol, mail.user, mail.pop3.user, and mail.pop3.host. However, you don't
absolutely need to set any of these. If the Session will be used only to retrieve mail, then an empty
Properties object will be enough.
• To create an instance of the javax.mail.Authenticator class (more properly, an instance of a
concrete subclass of the abstract Authenticator class) that can ask the user for her password. For now,
we'll simply hardcode those values and pass null instead of an actual Authenticator.
• Use Properties and Authenticator objects to get a Session instance.
• Now the store is connected and ready to open a folder in the store.
• The Message class provides many methods for working with individual messages. It has methods
to get the various header fields of the message, to get the content of the message, to reply to the
message, and more. Now print each message on System.out using the message's writeTo( ) method:

Web page retrieval

• To locate and retrieve data from the network is to use the URL class.

Example: Download a Web Page

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class RetrieveWebpage {
public static void main (String[] args)
{ if (args.length > 0) {
try {
//Open the URL for reading
URL u = new URL(args[0]);
InputStream in = u.openStream( );
// buffer the input to increase performance
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(in);
// chain the InputStream to a Reader
Reader r = new
InputStreamReader(bis); int c;
while ((c = r.read( )) != -1) {
System.out.print((char) c);
}
}
catch (MalformedURLException e) { System.err.println(args[0]
+ " is not a parseable URL");
}
catch (IOException e) {

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System.err.println(e);
}
} // end if

} // end main
} // end RetrieveWebpage

• The program reads a URL from the command line, opens an InputStream from that URL, chains
the resulting InputStream to an InputStreamReader using the default encoding.
• Then uses InputStreamReader's read ( ) method to read successive characters from the file, each
of which is printed on System.out. That is, it prints the raw data located at the URL:
• If the URL references an HTML file, the program's output is raw HTML.

Protocol handlers
• Handling a protocol means taking care of the interaction between a client and a server: generating
requests in the correct format, interpreting the headers that come back with the data,
acknowledging that the data has been received.
• Java divides the task of handling protocols into a number of pieces. As a result, there is no single
class called Protocol Handler. Instead, pieces of the protocol handler mechanism are
implemented by four different class es in the java.net package: URL, URLStreamHandler,
URLConnection, and URLStreamHandlerFactory. URL is the only concrete class in this group.
• URLStreamHandler and URLConnection are both abstract classes, and
URLStreamHandlerFactory is an interface. Therefore, if you are going to implement a new
protocol handler, you have to write concrete subclasses for the URLStreamHandler and the
URLConnection. To use these classes, you may also have to write a class that implements the
URLStreamHandlerFactory interface.

The sequence of events:

1. The program constructs a URL object.
2. The constructor uses the arguments it's passed to determine the protocol
part of the URL, e.g., http.
3. The URL( ) constructor tries to find a URLStreamHandler for the
given protocol like this:
a. If the protocol has been used before, then the URLStreamHandler object is
retrieved from a cache.
b. Otherwise, if a URLStreamHandlerFactory has been set, then the protocol string
is passed to the factory's createURLStreamHandler( ) method.
c. If the protocol hasn't been seen before and there's no URlStream HandlerFactory,
then the constructor attempts to instantiate a URLStreamHandler object named
protocol.Handler in one of the packages listed in the java.protocol.handler.pkgs
property.
d. Failing that, the constructor attempts to instantiate a URLStreamHandler
object named protocol.Handler in the sun.net.www.protocol package.
e. If any of these attempts succeed in retrieving a URLStreamHandler object, the
URL constructor sets the URL object's handler field. If none of the attempts

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f. succeed, the constructor throws a MalformedURLException.

4. The program calls the URL object's openConnection( ) method.
The URL object asks the URLStreamHandler to return a URLConnection object appropriate for this
URL. If there's any problem, an IOException is thrown. Otherwise, a URLConnection object is
returned
6. The program uses the methods of the URLConnection class to interact with the
remote resource.
Instead of calling openConnection( ) in step 4, the program can call getContent( ) or
getInputStream( ). In this case, the URLStreamHandler still instantiates a URLConnection object of
the appropriate class. However, instead of returning the URLConnection object itself, the
URLStreamHandler returns the result of URLConnection's getContent( ) or getInputStream( )
method.

URLStreamHandler Class
• The abstract URLStreamHandler class is a superclass for classes that handle specific protocols—
for example, HTTP. We rarely call the methods of the URLStreamHandler class directly; they are
called by other methods in the URL and URLConnection classes.
• By overriding the URLStreamHandler methods in our own subclass, we teach the URL class how
to handle new protocols. Therefore, we'll focus on overriding the methods of URLStreamHandler
rather than on calling the methods.

Methods for Parsing URLs

• The first responsibility of an URLStreamHandler is to split a string representation of a URL into
its component parts and use those parts to set the various fields of the URL object.
• The parseURL( ) method splits the URL into parts, possibly using setURL( ) to assign values to
the URL's fields. It is very difficult to imagine a situation in which we would call parseURL( )
directly; instead, we override it to change the behavior of the URL class.

Protected void parseURL(URL u, String spec, int start, int limit)

• This method parses a string spec into a URL u. All characters in the spec string before start
should already have been parsed into the URL u. Characters after limit are ignored.
• The protocol will have already been parsed and stored in u before this method is invoked, and
start will be adjusted so that it starts with the character after the colon that delimits the protocol.
• The task of parseURL( ) is to set the URL u's protocol, host, port, file, and ref fields. It can
assume that any parts of the String that are before start and after limit have already been parsed or
can be ignored. The parseURL( ) method that Java supplies assumes that the URL looks more or
less like an http URL:
protocol://www.host.com:port/directory/another_directory/file#ref
• This works for ftp and gopher URLs. It does not work for mailto or news URLs and may not be
appropriate for any new URL types you define.
• If your protocol handler uses URLs that fit this form, you don't have to override parseURL( ) at
all; the method inherited from URLStreamHandler will work just fine. If your URLs are
completely different, you must supply a parseURL( ) method that parses the URL completely.
However, there's often a middle ground that can make your task easier.

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• If your URL looks somewhat like a standard URL, you can implement a parseURL( ) method
that handles the nonstandard portion of your URL and then calls super.parseURL( ) to do the rest of
the work, setting the offset and limit arguments to indicate the portion of the URL that you didn't
parse.

• For example, a mailto URL looks like mailto:elharo@metalab.unc.edu. First, you need to
figure out how to map this into the URL class's protocol, host, port, file, and ref fields. The protocol
is clearly mailto. Everything after the @ can be the host. The hard question is what to do with the

username. Since a mailto URL really doesn't have a file portion, we will use the URL class's file
field to hold the username. The ref can be set to the empty string or null. The parseURL( )
method that follows implements this scheme:

public void parseURL(URL u, String spec, int start, int limit)

{ String protocol = u.getProtocol( );
String host = "";
int port = u.getPort( );
String file = ""; // really
username String ref = null;
if( start < limit) {
String address = spec.substring(start,
limit); int atSign = address.indexOf('@');
if (atSign >= 0) {
host = address.substring(atSign+1);
file = address.substring(0, atSign);
}
}
this.setURL(u, protocol, host, port, file, ref);
}

• Rather than borrowing an unused field from the URL object, it's possibly a better idea to store
protocol-specific parts of the URL, such as the username, in fields of the URLStreamHandler
subclass.
• The disadvantage of this approach is that such fields can be seen only by your own code; in this
example, you couldn't use the getFile( ) method in the URL class to retrieve the username. Here's
a version of parseURL( ) that stores the username in a field of the Handler subclass.
• When the connection is opened, the username can be copied into the Mailto URLConnection
object that results. That class would provide some sort of getUserName( ) method:

String username = "";

public void parseURL(URL u, String spec, int start, int limit)
{ String protocol = u.getProtocol( );
String host = "";
int port = u.getPort( );
String file = "";

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String ref = null;

if( start < limit) {
String address = spec.substring(start,
limit); int atSign = address.indexOf('@');
if (atSign >= 0) {
host = address.substring(atSign+1);
this.username = address.substring(0, atSign);
}
}
this.setURL(u, protocol, host, port, file, ref);

Method for Connecting

The second responsibility of a URLStreamHandler is to create a URLConnection
object appropriate to the URL. This is done by the abstract openConnection( ) method.

Protected abstract URLConnection openConnection(URL u) throws IOException

• This method must be overridden in each subclass of URLConnection. It takes a single argument
u, which is the URL to connect to. It returns an unopened URLConnection, directed at the
resource u points to.
• Each subclass of URLStreamHandler should know how to find the right subclass of
URLConnection for the protocol it handles. The openConnection( ) method is protected, so you
usually do not call it directly; it is called by the openConnection( ) method of a URL class.
• The URL u that is passed as an argument is the URL that needs a connection. You override this
method in your subclasses to handle a specific protocol. Your subclass's openConnection( )
method is usually extremely simple; in most cases, it just calls the constructor for the appropriate
subclass of URLConnection.
For example, URLStreamHandler for the mailto protocol might have an openConnection( )
method that looks like this:
protected URLConnection openConnection(URL u) throws IOException {
return new com.macfaq.net.www.protocol.MailtoURLConnection(u);
}

Example
A mailto URLStreamHandler
package com.macfaq.net.www.protocol.mailto;
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Handler extends URLStreamHandler {
protected URLConnection openConnection(URL u) throws IOException
{ return new MailtoURLConnection(u);
}
public void parseURL(URL u, String spec, int start, int limit)
{ String protocol = u.getProtocol( );

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String host = "";

int port = u.getPort( );
String file = ""; // really
username String userInfo = null;
String authority =
null; String query =
null; String ref = null;
if( start < limit) {
String address = spec.substring(start,
limit); int atSign = address.indexOf('@');
if (atSign >= 0) {

host = address.substring(atSign+1);
file = address.substring(0, atSign);
}
}
// For Java 1.2 comment out this next line
this.setURL(u, protocol, host, port,
authority, userInfo, file, query, ref);
// In Java 1.2 and earlier uncomment the following line:
// this.setURL(u, protocol, host, port, file, ref);
}
protected String toExternalForm(URL u) {
return "mailto:" + u.getFile() + "@" + u.getHost( );;
}
}

Content handlers
• Handling the content means converting the raw data into a format Java understands, for example,
an InputStream or an AudioClip. A content handler is an instance of a subclass of
java.net.ContentHandler:
public abstract class ContentHandler extends Object
• Java can already download classes from the Internet. Thus, there isn't much magic to getting it to
download a class that can understand a new content type.
• A content handler is just a .class file like any other. The magic is all inside the web browser,
which knows when and where to request a .class file to view a new content type. Of course, some
browsers are more magical than others.
• The only way to make this work in a browser is in conjunction with an applet that knows how to
request the content handler explicitly.
• A content handler reads data from a URLConnection and constructs an object appropriate for the
content type from the data. Each subclass of ContentHandler handles a specific MIME type and
subtype, such as text/plain or image/gif. Thus, an image/gif content handler returns a
URLImageSource object (a class that implements the ImageProducer interface), while a text/plain
content handler returns a String. A database content handler might return a java.sql.ResultSet
object.

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The sequence of events:

1. A URL object is created that points at some Internet resource.
2. The URL's getContent( ) method is called to return an object representing
the contents of the resource.
3. The getContent( ) method of the URL calls the getContent( ) method of
its underlying URLConnection.
4. The URLConnectiongetContent( ) method calls the nonpublic method
getContentHandler( ) to find a content handler for the MIME type and subtype.
5. getContentHandler( ) checks to see whether it already has a handler for this type in
its cache. If it does, that handler is returned to getContent( ). Thus, browsers won't
download content handlers for common types, such as text/html, every time the
user goes to a new web page.

6. If there wasn't an appropriate ContentHandler in the cache and the

ContentHandlerFactory isn't null, getContentHandler( ) calls the
ContentHandlerFactory's createContentHandler( ) method to instantiate a
new ContentHandler. If this is successful, the ContentHandler object is
returned to getContent( ).
7. If the ContentHandlerFactory is null or createContentHandler( ) fails to instantiate a
new ContentHandler, then Java looks for a content handler class named
type.subtype, where type is the MIME type of the content and subtype is the MIME
subtype in one of the packages named in the java.content.handler.pkgs system
property. If a content handler is found, it is returned. Otherwise . . .
8. Java looks for a content handler class named sun.net.www.content.type.subtype. If
it's found, it's returned. Otherwise, createContentHandler( ) returns null.
9. If the ContentHandler object is not null, then this ContentHandler's getContent( )
method is called. This method returns an object appropriate for the content type.
If the ContentHandler is null, an IOException is thrown.
10. Either the returned object or the exception is passed up the call chain, eventually reaching
the method that invoked getContent( ).

Example
The full package-qualified name is com.macfaq.net.www.content.text.tab_separated_values. This
unusual class name follows the naming convention for a content handler for the MIME type text/tab-
separated-values. Since MIME types often contain hyphens, as in this example, a convention exists to
replace these with the underscore (_). Thus text/tab-separated-values becomes
text.tab_separated_values. To install this content handler, all that's needed is to put the compiled
.class file somewhere the class loader can find it and set the java.content.handler.pkgs property to
com.macfaq.net.www.content.

package com.macfaq.net.www.content.text;
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import com.macfaq.io.SafeBufferedReader;

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private String[] lineToArray(String line) {

public class tab_separated_values extends ContentHandler {
public Object getContent(URLConnection uc) throws IOException
{ String theLine;
Vector v = new Vector( );
InputStreamReader isr = new
InputStreamReader(uc.getInputStream( ));
SafeBufferedReader in = new SafeBufferedReader(isr);
while ((theLine = in.readLine( )) != null) {
String[] linearray = lineToArray(theLine);
v.addElement(linearray);
}
return v;
}

int numFields = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < line.length( ); i++) {
if (line.charAt(i) == '\t') numFields++;
}
String[] fields = new
String[numFields]; int position = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer( );
while (position < line.length( ) && line.charAt(position) !='\t')
{ buffer.append(line.charAt(position));
position++;
}
fields[i] = buffer.toString( );
position++;
}
return fields;
}
}

Applets
• An applet is a program written in the Java programming language that can be included in an
HTML page, much in the same way an image is included in a page.
• When you use a Java technology-enabled browser to view a page that contains an applet, the
applet's code is transferred to your system and executed by the browser's Java Virtual Machine
(JVM).

Life Cycle
• Applet runs in the browser and its lifecycle method are called by JVM when it is loaded
and destroyed. Here are the lifecycle methods of an Applet:

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init(): This method is called to initialized an applet

start(): This method is called after the initialization of the applet.
stop(): This method can be called multiple times in the life cycle of an Applet.
destroy(): This method is called only once in the life cycle of the applet when applet is destroyed.

init () method:
• The life cycle of an applet is begin on that time when the applet is first loaded into the browser
and called the init() method.
• The init() method is called only one time in the life cycle on an applet. The init() method is
basically called to read the PARAM tag in the html file. The init () method retrieve the passed
parameter through the PARAM tag of html file using get Parameter() method
• All the initialization such as initialization of variables and the objects like image, sound file are
loaded in the init () method .After the initialization of the init() method user can interact with
the Applet and mostly applet contains the init() method.

Start () method:

• The start method of an applet is called after the initialization method init().
• This method may be called multiples time when the Applet needs to be started or restarted. For
Example if the user wants to return to the Applet, in this situation the start Method() of an
Applet will be called by the web browser and the user will be back on the applet.
• In the start method user can interact within the applet.

Stop () method:
• The stop() method can be called multiple times in the life cycle of applet like the start () method.
Or should be called at least one time.
• There is only miner difference between the start() method and stop () method. Example the stop()
method is called by the web browser on that time When the user leaves one applet to go another
applet and the start() method is called on that time when the user wants to go back into the first
program or Applet.

destroy() method:
• The destroy() method is called only one time in the life cycle of Applet like init() method.
• This method is called only on that time when the browser needs to Shut down.

Image handling
• The basic manner of displaying an Image in an applet/application is to call the drawImage()
method of the Graphics class in the paint() method of the component to display the image.
• There are six varieties of the method that deal with scaling and background colors for transparent
images. The basic manner of calling is as follows:
g.drawImage(image, xPosition, yPosition, this);
• The last argument is what's called an ImageObserver and helps deal with the asynchronous
loading of image data. Generally speaking, you just pass a reference to the applet as the image
observer so that as more data is loaded the applet (the observer) is notified and redraws itself.
‖ To make matters simpler for an applet, allowing you to move an applet between hosts without

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• having to hardcode where the images come from, you can use a second variety of the method:
Image image = getImage(baseURL, file);
• Provide the base URL and filename separately. The two are combined to form the specific URL
to get the image file from. The getDocumentBase() method allows you to start with a base URL
of where the HTML file is located. And, the getCodeBase() method allows you to start with a
base URL of where the .class file is located. Using one of the two you can find an image in the
same directory as either with something like this:
Image image = getImage(getDocumentBase(), "image.jpg");

public Image getImage(URL u)

• This method retrieves the image data at the specified URL and puts it in a
java.awt.Image object.
• For example:
Image myLogo = getImage(new URL("http://metalab.unc.edu/java/cup.gif"));
The getImage( ) method relies on the AppletContext (provided by the web browser or applet viewer)
to retrieve and interpret the image. Thus this method can get images only in formats understood by
the AppletContext in which the applet is running. Currently, all contexts that run in a graphical
environment understand the GIF format.

• Most contexts also understand JPEG though JPEG support was omitted from some vendors' early
alpha and beta releases. The applet that loads and displays the image referenced by the IMAGE
parameter, which comes from a <PARAM> tag in the HTML file.

Example:Display an Image via a

URL import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.net.*;
public class ImageView extends Applet
{ Image picture;
public void init( )
{ try {
URL u = new URL(this.getCodeBase( ),
this.getParameter("IMAGE")); this.picture = this.getImage(u);
System.out.println(u);
}
catch (MalformedURLException e) {
// shouldn't happen, the codebase is never malformed
}
}
public void paint (Graphics g) {
g.drawImage(this.picture, 0, 0, this);
}
}

public Image getImage(URL path, String filename)

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• This is similar to the previous method, except that it uses the path argument (a URL) to find the
image's directory and the filename argument (a String) to get the name of the image file. For
example:
Image logo = this.getImage(new URL("http://metalab.unc.edu/java/"),"cup.gif");
• This version of getImage( ) is frequently used with getCodeBase( ) or
getDocumentBase( ). You would use getCodeBase ( ) in an applet that might be used on many
different web servers but whose images would always be in the same directory as the applet.
• For example:
Image logo = this.getImage(this.getCodeBase( ), "logo.gif"));
If the applet exists on only one web server but is embedded on many different pages, each of
which loads different images, you would use getDocumentBase( ) to locate the images:
Image logo = this.getImage( this.getDocumentBase( ), "logo.gif"));
• This technique would be useful in an animator applet; the applet would probably read the names
of some image files from parameters included in the HTML. You can use the filename argument
to add to the path you get from the URL component. For example, if the pictures are in a
directory called images, which is in the same directory as the HTML page, you would load the
file logo.gif like this:
Image logo = this.getImage(this.getDocumentBase( ), "images/logo.gif"));

Remote Method Invocation ( RMI )

• RMI is a distributed object system that enables you to easily develop distributed Java
applications. Developing distributed applications in RMI is simpler than developing with sockets
since there is no need to design a protocol, which is an error-prone task.
• In RMI, the developer has the illusion of calling a local method from a local class file, when in
fact the arguments are shipped to the remote target and interpreted, and the results are sent back
to the callers.

The Genesis of an RMI Application

Developing a distributed application using RMI involves the following steps:
1. Define a remote interface
2. Implement the remote interface
3. Develop the server
4. Develop a client
5. Generate Stubs and Skeletons, start the RMI registry, server, and client

Example: File Transfer Application

This application allows a client to transfer (or download) any type of file (plain text or binary)
from a remote machine. The first step is to define a remote interface that specifies the signatures of
the methods to be provided by the server and invoked by clients.

1. Define a remote interface

The interface FileInterface provides one method downloadFile that takes a String argument
(the name of the file) and returns the data of the file as an array of bytes.

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FileInterface.java import
java.rmi.Remote;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;

public interface FileInterface extends Remote {

public byte[] downloadFile(String fileName)
throws RemoteException;
}

Note the following characteristics about the FileInterface:

• It must be declared public, in order for clients to be able to load remote objects which
implement the remote interface.
• It must extend the Remote interface, to fulfill the requirement for making the object a
remote one.
• Each method in the interface must throw a java.rmi.RemoteException.

2. Implement the remote interface

In addition to implementing the FileInterface, the FileImpl class is extending the
UnicastRemoteObject. This indicates that the FileImpl class is used to create a single, non-replicated,
remote object that uses RMI's default TCP-based transport for communication.

FileImpl.java

import java.io.*;
import java.rmi.*;
import java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject;

public class FileImpl extends UnicastRemoteObject implements FileInterface {

private String name;
public FileImpl(String s) throws
RemoteException{ super();
name = s;
}

public byte[] downloadFile(String

fileName){ try {
File file = new File(fileName);
byte buffer[] = new byte[(int)file.length()];
BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(fileName));
in.read(buffer,0,buffer.length);
in.close();
return(buffer);
} catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("FileImpl:
"+e.getMessage()); e.printStackTrace();
return(null);

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}
}
}

3. Develop the server

The third step is to develop a server. There are three things that the server needs to do:
• Create an instance of the RMISecurityManager and install it
• Create an instance of the remote object (FileImpl in this case)
• Register the object created with the RMI registry.

FileServer.java
import java.io.*;
import java.rmi.*;

public class FileServer {

public static void main(String argv[]) {
if(System.getSecurityManager() == null) {
System.setSecurityManager(new RMISecurityManager());
}
try {
FileInterface fi = new FileImpl("FileServer");
Naming.rebind("//127.0.0.1/FileServer", fi);
} catch(Exception e) {

System.out.println("FileServer:
"+e.getMessage()); e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

The statement Naming.rebind("//127.0.0.1/FileServer", fi) assumes that the RMI registry is

running on the default port number, which is 1099. However, if you run the RMI registry on a
different port number it must be specified in that statement. For example, if the RMI registry is
running on port 4500, then the statement becomes: Naming.rebind ("//127.0.0.1:4500/FileServer", fi)
. Also, it is important to note here that we assume the rmi registry and the server will be running on
the same machine. If they are not, then simply change the address in the rebind method.

4. Develop a client
The client remotely invokes any methods specified in the remote interface (FileInterface). To
do so however, the client must first obtain a reference to the remote object from the RMI registry.
Once a reference is obtained, the downloadFile method is invoked. In this implementation, the client
accepts two arguments at the command line: the first one is the name of the file to be downloaded
and the second one is the address of the machine from which the file is to be downloaded, which is
the machine that is running the file server.
FileClient.java

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Running the Application

• To generate stubs and skeletons, use the rmic compiler:
prompt> rmic FileImpl
This will generate two files: FileImpl_Stub.class and FileImpl_Skel.class. The stub is a client proxy
and the skeleton is a server skeleton.
• To compile the server and the client. Use the javac compiler to do this. Note however, if the
server and client are developed on two different machines, in order to compile the client you need a
copy of the interface (FileInterface).
• To start the RMI registry and run the server and client. To start the RMI registry on the default
port number, use the command rmiregistry or start rmiregistry on Windows. To start the RMI
registry on a different port number, provide the port number as an argument to the RMI registry:
prompt> rmiregistry portNumber
Once the RMI registry is running, you can start the server FileServer. However, since the RMI
security manager is being used in the server application, you need a security policy to go with it.
Here is a sample security policy:
grant {
permission java.security.AllPermission "", "";
};

• To start the server you need a copy of all the classes (including stubs and skeletons) except the
client class (FileClient.class). To start the server use the following command, assuming that the
security policy is in a file named policy.txt:
prompt> java -Djava.security.policy=policy.txt FileServer
• To start the client on a different machine, you need a copy of the remote interface
(FileInterface.class) and stub (FileImpl_Stub.class). To start the client use the command:
prompt> java FileClient fileName machineName
where fileName is the file to be downloaded and machineName is the machine where the file is
located (the same machine runs the file server
• To run the client we mentioned that you need a copy of the interface and stub. A more
appropriate way to do this is to use RMI dynamic class loading. The idea is you do not need copies of
the interface and the stub. Instead, they can be located in a shared directory for the server and the
client, and whenever a stub or a skeleton is needed, it is downloaded automatically by the RMI class
loader. To do this you run the client, for example, using the following command:
java -Djava.rmi.server.codebase=http://hostname/locationOfClasses FileClient
fileName machineName.

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UNIT-III
SCRIPTING ELEMENTS
HTML
HTML is a language for describing web pages.
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
• A markup language is a set of markup tags
• HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags
• HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents
and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to
interpret the content of the page.

Examples:
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First
Heading</h1> <p>My first
paragraph.</p> </body>
</html>

1. HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6>
tags. <h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
2. HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p>
tag. <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another
paragraph.</p> 3. HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.
<a href="http://www.internetprogramming.com">This is a
link</a> 4. HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
<img src="ip.jpg" width="154" height="182" />

Forms
• HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.

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• A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons
and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.
The <form> tag is used to create an HTML
form: <form>
.
input elements
.
</form>

Input Element

• The input element is used to select user information. An input element can vary in many ways,
depending on the type attribute.
• An input element can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and
more.

Text Fields
<input type="text" /> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:

<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br
/> Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>

The HTML code above looks in a browser:

First name:
Last name:
Note: The default width of a text field is 20 characters.

Password Field
<input type="password" /> defines a password field:

<form>
Password: <input type="password" name="pwd"
/> </form>

The HTML code above looks in a browser:

Password:
Note: The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).

Radio Buttons
<input type="radio" /> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE of
a limited number of choices:

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<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male<br
/> <input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" />
Female </form>

The HTML code above looks in a browser:

Male
Female

Checkboxes

<input type="checkbox" /> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ONE or
MORE options of a limited number of choices.

<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike" /> I have a bike<br
/> <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" /> I have a car
</form>

The HTML code above looks in a browser:

I have a bike
I have a car

Submit Button
<input type="submit" /> defines a submit button. A submit button is used to send form data to
a server. The data is sent to the page specified in the form's action attribute. The file defined in the
action attribute usually does something with the received input:

<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp"

method="get"> Username: <input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit"
/> </form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Username:

Frames
With frames, we can display more than one HTML document in the same browser
window. Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.

Frameset Tag
• The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames
• Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns

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• The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each row/column
will occupy
Frame Tag
• The <frame> tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame

In the example below we have a frameset with two columns. The first column is set to 25% of the
width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window.
The HTML document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first column, and the HTML document
"frame_b.htm" is put into the second column:
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm">
<frame src="frame_b.htm">
</frameset>
Note:
• The frameset column size value can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one of
the columns can be set to use the remaining space (cols="25%,*").
• You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the <frameset></frameset> tags!

The disadvantages of using frames are:

• The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents
• It is difficult to print the entire page

Tables
• Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
• A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the
<td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain
text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Border Attribute
• If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders. Sometimes
this can be useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show.
• To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute:
<table border="1">

Table Headers
Header information in a table is defined with the <th> tag.

Example:

<table
border="1"> <tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>

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<td>row 1, cell
1</td> <td>row 1,
cell 2</td> </tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell
1</td> <td>row 2,
cell 2</td> </tr>
</table>

Header 1 Header 2
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

JavaScript

• JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages

• JavaScript is a scripting language
• A scripting language is a lightweight programming language
• JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
• JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without
preliminary compilation)
• Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license

Purpose
• JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not
programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone
can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages
• JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this:
document.write("<h1>" + name + "</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page
• JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like
when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element
• JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content of
an HTML element
• JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it
is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing
• JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the
visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for
that browser
• JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve
information on the visitor's computer

Example
<html>
<body>

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<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h1>Hello
World!</h1>"); </script>
</body>
</html>

Control Structures
Conditional Statements
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:
• if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true
• if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if the condition is true and
another code if the condition is false
• if...else if....else statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed

• switch statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed

Example:

<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
else if (time>10 && time<16)
{
document.write("<b>Good day</b>");
}
else
{
document.write("<b>Hello World!</b>");
}
</script>

Switch Statement
Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.

Example:

<script type="text/javascript">
//You will receive a different greeting
based //on what day it is. Note that
Sunday=0, //Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.

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var d=new Date();

theDay=d.getDay();
switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
document.write("Finally
Friday"); break;
case 6:
document.write("Super
Saturday"); break;
case 0:
document.write("Sleepy
Sunday"); break;
default:
document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!");

}
</script>

Functions
• To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, put script into a function. A
function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to the function.
• You may call a function from anywhere within a page (or even from other pages if the function is
embedded in an external .js file).
• Functions can be defined both in the <head> and in the <body> section of a document. However,
to assure that a function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put
functions in the <head> section.
Syntax
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}
Note: The word function must be written in lowercase letters, otherwise a JavaScript error occurs!
Also note that call a function with the exact same capitals as in the function name.

Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function displaymsg()
{
alert("Hello World!");
}
</script>
</head>

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<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click me!" onclick="displaymsg()"
/> </form>
</body>
</html>

Arrays
Declaring and Allocating Arrays
• Arrays occupy space in memory. An array in JavaScript is an Array object. The programmer uses
operator new to allocate dynamically the number of elements required by each array.
• The process of creating new objects is also known as creating an instance, or instantiating an
object, and operator new is known as the dynamic memory allocation operator. Array objects are
allocated with new because arrays are considered to be objects, and all objects must be created
with new. To allocate 12 elements for integer array c, use the statement
var c = new Array( 12 );

• When arrays are allocated, the elements are not initialized.

Examples Using Arrays

<head>
<title>Initializing an
Array</title> <script type =
"text/javascript"> <!--
// this function is called when the <body> element's
// onload event occurs
function initializeArrays()
{
var n1 = new Array( 5 ); // allocate 5-element Array
var n2 = new Array(); // allocate empty Array
// assign values to each element of Array
n1 for ( var i = 0; i < n1.length; ++i )
n1[ i ] = i;
// create and initialize five-elements in Array
n2 for ( i = 0; i < 5; ++i )
n2[ i ] = i;
outputArray( "Array n1 contains", n1 );
outputArray( "Array n2 contains", n2 );
}
// output "header" followed by a two-column table
// containing subscripts and elements of "theArray"
function outputArray( header, theArray )
{
document.writeln( "<h2>" + header + "</h2>" );

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document.writeln( "<table border = \"1\" width =" + "\"100%\">" );

document.writeln( "<thead><th width = \"100\"" + "align = \"left\">Subscript</th>"
+ "<th align = \"left\">Value</th></thead><tbody>" );
for ( var i = 0; i < theArray.length; i++ )
document.writeln( "<tr><td>" + i + "</td><td>" +
theArray[ i ] + "</td></tr>" );
document.writeln( "</tbody></table>" );
}
// -->
</script>
</head><body onload =
"initializeArrays()"></body> </html>

Passing Arrays to Functions

• To pass an array argument to a function, specify the name of the array (a reference to the
array) without brackets. For example, if array hourlyTemperatures has been declared as
var hourlyTemperatures = new Array( 24 );
then the function call
modifyArray( hourlyTemperatures );
passes array hourlyTemperatures to function modifyArray.
• In JavaScript, every array object ―knows‖ its own size (via the length attribute). Thus, when we
pass an array object into a function, we do not pass the size of the array separately as an
argument.
• Although entire arrays are passed by using call-by-reference, individual numeric and boolean
array elements are passed by call-by-value exactly as simple numeric and Boolean variables are
passed (the objects referred to by individual elements of an Array of objects are still passed by
call-by-reference). Such simple single pieces of data are called scalars, or scalar quantities. To
pass an array element to a function, use the subscripted name of the element as an argument in the
function call.

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays
‖ Multiple-subscripted arrays with two subscripts often are used to represent tables of values

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• consisting of information arranged in rows and columns.

• To identify a particular table element, we must specify the two subscripts; by convention, the first
identifies the element‘s row, and the second identifies the element‘s column. Arrays that require
two subscripts to identify a particular element are called double-subscripted arrays (also called
two-dimensional arrays).
• Multiple-subscripted arrays can have more than two subscripts. JavaScript does not support
multiple-subscripted arrays directly, but does allow the programmer to specify single-subscripted
arrays whose elements are also single-subscripted arrays, thus achieving the same effect.
• Every element in array a is identified by an element name of the form a[i][j]; a is the name of the
array, and i and j are the subscripts that uniquely identify the row and column, respectively, of
each element in a.

• The names of the elements in the first row all have a first subscript of 0; the names of the
elements in the fourth column all have a second subscript of 3. Multiple-subscripted arrays can be
initialized in declarations like a single-subscripted array. Array b with two rows and two columns
could be declared and initialized with the statement
var b = [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 3, 4 ] ];
• The values are grouped by row in square brackets. So, 1 and 2 initialize b[0][0] and b[0][1], and 3
and 4 initialize b[1][0] and b[1][1]. The interpreter determines the number of rows by counting
the number of sub-initializer lists (represented by sets of square brackets) in the main initializer
list. The interpreter determines the number of columns in each row by counting the number of
initializer values in the sub-initializer list for that row. Multiple-subscripted arrays are maintained
as arrays of arrays. The declaration
var b = [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 3, 4, 5 ] ];
creates array b with row 0 containing two elements (1 and 2) and row 1 containing
three elements (3, 4 and 5).

Objects
The built-in objects available in java script are,
String object
The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text.
Example:
1. var txt="Hello world!";
document.write(txt.length);

output: 12

2. var txt="Hello world!";

document.write(txt.toUpperCase());

output: HELLO WORLD!

Date Object
The Date object is used to work with dates and times. Date objects are created with the
Date() constructor. There are four ways of instantiating a date:

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new Date() // current date and time

new Date(milliseconds) //milliseconds since
1970/01/01 new Date(dateString)
new Date(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds)

Example:
today = new Date()
d1 = new Date("October 13, 1975 11:13:00")
d2 = new Date(79,5,24)
d3 = new Date(79,5,24,11,33,0)

Compare Two Dates

The Date object is also used to compare two dates. The following example compares
today's date with the 15th August 2012:

var myDate=new Date();

myDate.setFullYear(2012,7,15);
var today = new Date();
if (myDate>today)
{
alert("Today is before 15th August 2012");
}
else
{
alert("Today is after 15th August 2012");
}

Array Object
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value, at a time. An array can be
defined in three ways. The following code creates an Array object called myCars:
1. var myCars=new Array(); // regular array (add an optional integer
myCars[0]="Saab"; // argument to control array's size)
myCars[1]="Volvo";
myCars[2]="BMW";
2. var myCars=new Array("Saab","Volvo","BMW"); // condensed array
3. var myCars=["Saab","Volvo","BMW"]; // literal array

Math Object
The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks. The Math object includes
several mathematical constants and methods.

Syntax output
var sqrt_value=Math.sqrt(16); 4
document.write(Math.round(8.7)); 9

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UNIT IV
DYNAMIC HTML
Dynamic HTML – introduction – cascading style sheets – object model and collections –
event model – filters and transition – data binding – data control – ActiveX control – handling
of multimedia data

Cascading style sheets

• Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allows document authors to specify the presentation of elements
on a Web page (spacing, margins, etc.) separately from the structure of the document (section
headers, body text, links, etc.).
• This separation of structure from presentation simplifies maintaining and modifying a document‘s
layout.
Inline Styles
• Inline styles that declare an individual element‘s format using attribute style. Inline styles to
p elements to alter their font size and color.
<head>
<title>Inline
Styles</title> </head>
<body>
<p>This text does not have any style applied to it.</p>
<!--style attribute allows declaring inline styles. Separate multiple styles with semicolon--
> <p style = "font-size: 20pt">This text has the
<em>font-size</em> style applied to it, making it
20pt.</p> <p style = "font-size: 20pt; color: #0000ff">
This text has the <em>font-size</em> and
<em>color</em> styles applied to it, making it 20pt. and
blue.</p> </body>
</html>

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• Attribute style specifies the style for an element. Each CSS property (the font-size property in this
case) is followed by a colon and a value. We declare the p element to have 20-point text size.
• Element em to ―emphasize‖ text, which most browsers do by making the font italic. The two
properties, font-size and color are separated by a semicolon. Set the text‘s color to blue, using the
hexadecimal code #0000ff.Color names may be used in place of hexadecimal codes.

Embedded Style Sheets

• Embedded style sheets enable a Web-page author to embed an entire CSS document in an
XHTML document‘s head
section. <head>
<title>Style Sheets</title>
<style type = "text/css">
em { background-color: #8000ff;

color: white }
h1 { font-family: arial, sans-serif
} p { font-size: 14pt }
.special { color: blue
} </style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class = "special">Deitel & Associates, Inc.</h1>
<p>Deitel & Associates, Inc. is an internationally recognized corporate training and publishing
organization specializing in programming languages, Internet/World Wide Web technology
and object technology education. Deitel & Associates, Inc. is a member of the World Wide
Web Consortium. The company provides courses on Java, C++, Visual Basic, C, Internet
and World Wide Web programming, and Object Technology.</p>
<h1>Clients</h1>
<p class = "special"> The company's clients include many
<em>Fortune 1000 companies</em>, government agencies, branches of the military and business
organizations. Through its publishing partnership with Prentice Hall, Deitel & Associates, Inc.
publishes leading-edge programming textbooks, professional books, interactive CD-ROM-based
multimedia Cyber Classrooms, satellite courses and World Wide Web courses.</p>
</body>
</html>

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Collections all and children

• Included arrays of related objects on a page The Dynamic HTML Object Model, includes a
special collection, all. The all collection is a collection of all the XHTML elements in a
document, in the order in which they appear. This provides an easy way of referring to any
specific element, especially if it does not have an id.
• The script in iterates through the all collection and displays the list of XHTML elements on the
page by writing to the innerHTML property of a p element.

Dynamic Styles
• An element‘s style can be changed dynamically. Often such a change is made in response to user
events. We refer to the background color as document. body.style.backgroundColor—the body
property of the document object refers to the body element.
• Then use the style object (a property of most XHTML elements) to set the background-color CSS
property. (This is referred to as backgroundColor in JavaScript, to avoid confusion with the
subtraction (-) operator. This naming convention is consistent for most of the CSS properties.

Dynamic Positioning
• XHTML elements can be positioned with scripting. This is done by declaring an element‘s CSS
position property to be either absolute or relative, and then moving the element by manipulating
any of the top, left, right or bottom CSS properties.
• vary the position of the element on the page by accessing its CSS left attribute, we use scripting
to vary the color, fontFamily and fontSize attributes, and we use the element‘s innerHTML
property to alter the content of the element.

Event model
Event onclick

<head>
<title>DHTML Event Model - onclick</title>
<!-- The for attribute declares the script for -->
<!-- a certain element, and the event for a -->
<!-- certain event. -->
<script type = "text/javascript" for =
"para" event = "onclick">
<!--
alert( "Hi there" ;
</script></head><body>
<!-- The id attribute gives a unique identifier -->
<p id = "para">Click on this text!</p>
<!-- You can specify event handlers inline
--> <input type = "button" value =
"Click Me!" onclick = "alert( 'Hi again' )" />
</body></html>

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Event onload
• The onload event fires whenever an element finishes loading successfully.
• Frequently, this event is used in the body element to initiate a script after the page loads into the
client.
• The script called by the onload event, updates a timer that indicates how many seconds have
elapsed since the document has been loaded.

onmousemove
<head>
<title>DHTML Event Model - onmousemove
event</title> <script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function updateMouseCoordinates()
{
coordinates.innerText = event.srcElement.tagName
+ " (" + event.offsetX + ", " + event.offsetY + ")";
}
// -->
</script>
</head>
<body style = "back-groundcolor: wheat"
onmousemove = "updateMouseCoordinates()">
<span id = "coordinates">(0, 0)</span><br />
<img src = "deitel.gif" style = "position:

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</html> absolute; top: 100; left: 100" alt =

"Deitel" />
</body>

More Form Processing with onsubmit and

onreset <head>
<title>
DHTML Event Model - onsubmit and onreset
events </title>
<script type =
"text/javascript"> <!--
var helpArray =
[ "Enter your name in this input box.",
"Enter your email address in this input box, "
+ "in the format user@domain.",
"Check this box if you liked our site.",
"In this box, enter any comments you would "
+ "like us to read.",
"This button submits the form to the " +

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"server-side script",
"This button clears the form",

"This textarea provides context-sensitive " + "help. Click on any input field or use the Tab " +
"key to get more information about " +

"the input field." ];

function helpText( messageNum )
{
myForm.helpBox.value = helpArray[ messageNum ];
}
function formSubmit() {
window.event.returnValue = false;
if ( confirm ( "Are you sure you want to submit?" )
) window.event.returnValue = true;
}
function formReset()
{
window.event.returnValue = false;
if ( confirm( "Are you sure you want to reset?" )
) window.event.returnValue = true;
}
// -->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form id = "myForm" onsubmit = "formSubmit()" onreset = "formReset()" action =
""> Name: <input type = "text" name = "name" onfocus = "helpText(0)"
onblur = "helpText(6)" /><br />
Email: <input type = "text" name = "email" onfocus =
"helpText(1)" onblur = "helpText(6)" /><br />
Click here if you like this site
<input type = "checkbox" name = "like" onfocus = "helpText(2)"
onblur = "helpText(6)" /><hr />
Any comments?<br />
<textarea name = "comments" rows = "5" cols = "45" onfocus = "helpText(3)"
onblur = "helpText(6)">
</textarea><br />
<input type = "submit" value = "Submit" onfocus = "helpText(4)"
onblur = "helpText(6)" />
<input type = "reset" value = "Reset" onfocus = "helpText(5)"
onblur = "helpText(6)" />
<textarea name = "helpBox" style = "position: absolute;
right:0; top: 0" rows = "4" cols = "45">
This textarea provides context-sensitive help. Click on any input field or use the Tab key to
get more information about the input field. </textarea></form></body></html>

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Filters
Flip filters: flipv and fliph

<head>
<title>The flip filter</title>
<style type = "text/css">
body { background-color: #CCFFCC
} table { font-size: 3em;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #FFCCCC;
border-style: ridge ; border-
collapse: collapse }
td { border-style:
groove; padding: 1ex }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<tr>
<!-- Filters are applied in style declarations --
> <td style = "filter: fliph">Text</td>
<td>Text</td>
</tr>
<tr>

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<!-- More than one filter can be applied at once --> <td style = "filter: flipv fliph">Text</td>

<td style = "filter: flipv">Text</td>

</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Creating Image masks

<head>
<title>Mask
Filter</title> </head>
<body>
<h1>Mask Filter</h1>
<!-- Filter parameters are specified in parentheses, . --> <!-
- in the form param1 = value1, param2 = value2, etc. -->
<div style = "position: absolute; top: 125; left: 20; filter: mask( color = #CCFFFF
)"> <h1 style = "font-family: Courier, monospace">
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJj<br
/> KkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTt
</h1>
</div>
<img src = "gradient.gif" width = "400" height = "200" alt = "Image with Gradient Effect"
/> </body>
</html>

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Image filters: invert, gray and xray

<head>
<title>Misc. Image filters</title>
<style type = "text/css">
.cap { font-weight: bold;
background-color: #DDDDAA;
text-align: center }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table class =
"cap"> <tr>
<td>Normal</td>
<td>Grayscale</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src = "hc.jpg" alt = "normal scenic view" /></td>
<td><img src = "hc.jpg" style = "filter: gray" alt = "gray scenic
view"/> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Xray</td>
<td>Invert</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src = "hc.jpg" style = "filter: xray" alt = "xray scenic
view"/> </td>
<td><img src = "hc.jpg" style = "filter: invert" alt = "inverted scenic
view"/> </td>
</tr>

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</table>
</body>
</html>

Transitions
Filter blendTrans

<head>
<title>Using blendTrans</title>

<script type =
"text/javascript"> <!--
function blendOut()
{
textInput.filters( "blendTrans" ).apply();
textInput.style.visibility = "hidden";
textInput.filters( "blendTrans" ).play();
}
// -->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id = "textInput" onclick = "blendOut()" style
= "width: 300; filter: blendTrans( duration = 3 )">
<h1>Some fading text</h1>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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Data binding and control

• With data binding, data need no longer reside exclusively on the server. The data can be
maintained on the client and in a manner that distinguishes that data from the XHTML markup on
the page.
• Data are sent to the client and then all subsequent manipulations take place on that data directly
on the client, thus eliminating server activity and network delays.
• To bind external data to XHTML elements, Internet Explorer employs software capable of
connecting the browser to live data sources. These are known as Data Source Objects (DSOs).
There are several DSOs available. The most popular DSO is the Tabular Data Control (TDC).

Simple Data Binding

• The Tabular Data Control (TDC) is an ActiveX control that is added to a page with the object
element. Data are stored in a separate file and not embedded into the XHTML document.
<?xml version = "1.0"?>
<!-- Simple data binding and recordset manipulation -->
<html> <head>
<title>Intro to Data Binding</title>
<object id = "Colors" classid = "CLSID:333C7BC4-460F-11D0-BC04-0080C7055A83">
<param name = "DataURL" value = 19 "HTMLStandardColors.txt" />
<param name = "UseHeader" value = "TRUE"
/> <param name = "TextQualifier" value = "@"
/> <param name = "FieldDelim" value = "|" />
</object>
<script type =
"text/javascript"> <!--
var recordSet = Colors.recordset;

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function reNumber()
{
if ( !recordSet.EOF )
recordNumber.innerText =
recordSet.absolutePosition; else
recordNumber.innerText = " ";
}
function forward()
{
recordSet.MoveNext();
if ( recordSet.EOF )
recordSet.MoveFirst();
colorSample.style.backgroundColor = 46
colorRGB.innerText; reNumber();
}
// -->
</script>
</head>
<body onload = "reNumber()" onclick =
"forward()"> <h1>XHTML Color Table</h1>
<h3>Click to move forward in the recordset.</h3>
<p><strong>Color Name: </strong>
<span id = "colorId" style = "font-family: monospace"
datasrc = "#Colors" datafld = "ColorName"></span><br
/> <strong>Color RGB Value: </strong>
<span id = "colorRGB" style = "font-family: monospace" datasrc = "#Colors" datafld =
"ColorHexRGBValue">
</span><br />
Currently viewing record number
<span id = "recordNumber" style = "font-weight: 900">
</span><br />
<span id = "colorSample" style = "background-color:
aqua; color: 888888; font-size: 30pt">Color Sample
</span></p>
</body>
</html>
• Data in each field is enclosed in text qualifiers (@) and each field is separated with a field
delimiter (|).
• The object element here inserts the Tabular Data Control is one of the Microsoft ActiveX controls
built into Internet Explorer 5.5.
• Attribute classid specifies the ActiveX control to add to the Web page—here we use the classid
of the Tabular Data Control.
• The param tag specifies parameters for the object in the object element. Attribute name is the
parameter name and attribute value is the value. Parameter DataURL is the URL of the data

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source (HTMLStandardColors.txt). Parameter UseHeader, when set to true, specifies that the first
line of our data file has a header row.
• The datasrc attribute refers to the id of the TDC object (Colors, in this case) preceded with a hash
mark (#), and the datafld attribute specifies the name of the field to bind it to (ColorName, in this
case). This place the data contained in the first record (i.e., row) of the ColorName column into
the span element.
• MoveNext method moves the current recordset forward by one row, automatically updating the
span to which we bound our data.

Binding to an img
Many different types of XHTML elements can be bound to data sources. One of the
more interesting elements in which to bind data is the img element.

<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<!-- Binding data to an image -->
<html xmlns =
"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head>
<title>Binding to a img</title>
<object id = "Images" 13 classid = "CLSID:333C7BC4-460F-11D0-BC04-
0080C7055A83"> <param name = "DataURL" value = "images.txt" />
<param name = "UseHeader" value = "True"
/> </object>
<script type =
"text/javascript"> <!--
recordSet = Images.recordset;
function move( whereTo )
{
switch( whereTo )
{ case "first":
recordSet.MoveFirst();
break;
case "previous":
recordSet.MovePrevious();
if ( recordSet.BOF )
recordSet.MoveLast();
break;
case "next": recordSet.MoveNext();
if ( recordSet.EOF )

recordSet.MoveFirst();
break;
case "last": recordSet.MoveLast();
break;

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}
}
// -->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<img datasrc = "#Images" datafld = "image" alt = "Image" style = "position: relative; left:
45px" /><br />
<input type = "button" value = "First" onclick = "move( 'first' );" />
<input type = "button" value = "Previous" onclick = "move( 'previous' );" />
<input type = "button" value = "Next" onclick = "move( 'next' );" />
<input type = "button" value = "Last" onclick = "move( 'last' );" />
</body>

Binding to a table
Binding data to a table element is perhaps the most important feature of data binding.

<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<!-- Using Data Binding with tables -->
<html xmlns =
"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head>
<title>Data Binding and Tables</title>
<object id = "Colors" classid = "CLSID:333C7BC4-460F-11D0-BC04-0080C7055A83">
<param name = "DataURL" value = "HTMLStandardColors.txt" />
<param name = "UseHeader" value = "TRUE"
/> <param name = "TextQualifier" value = "@"
/> <param name = "FieldDelim" value = "|" />
</object>
</head>
<body style = "background-color: darkseagreen">
<h1>Binding Data to a <code>table</code></h1>
<table datasrc = "#Colors" style = "border-style: ridge; border-color: darkseagreen;
background-color: lightcyan">
<thead>
<tr style = "background-color:
mediumslateblue"> <th>Color Name</th>
<th>Color RGB
Value</th> </tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style = "background-color: lightsteelblue">
<td><span datafld = "ColorName"></span></td>
<td><span datafld = "ColorHexRGBValue" style = "font-family: monospace"></span></td>

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</tr>

</tbody>
• Bind the table by adding the datasrc attribute to the opening table tag. We complete the data
binding by adding the datafld attribute to span tags that reside in the table cells.

ActiveX control
• ActiveX controls are small program building blocks that can serve to create distributed
applications that work over the internet through web browsers.
• An ActiveX control can be automatically downloaded and executed by a web browser. ActiveX is
not a programming language, but rather a set of rules for how applications should share
information. Programmers can develop ActiveX controls in a variety of languages including C,
C++, visual basic, and java.
• Examples include customized applications for gathering data, viewing certain kinds of files, and
displaying animation.
• An ActiveX control is similar to a Java applet. Unlike Java applets, however, ActiveX controls
have full access to the Windows operating system. This gives them much more power than Java
applets, but with this power comes a certain risk that the applet may damage software or data on
your machine.
• To control this risk, Microsoft developed a registration system so that browsers can identify and
authenticate an ActiveX control before downloading it.
• Another difference between Java applets and ActiveX controls is that Java applets can be written
to run on all platforms, whereas ActiveX controls are currently limited to Windows
environments.

UNIT V
SERVER SIDE PROGRAMMING

Though it is technically feasible to implement almost any business logic using client side
programs, logically or functionally it carries no ground when it comes to enterprise applications
(e.g. banking, air ticketing, e-shopping etc.). To further explain, going by the client side
programming logic; a bank having 10,000 customers would mean that each customer should have a
copy of the program(s) in his or her PC which translates to 10,000 programs! In addition, there are
issues like security, resource pooling, concurrent access and manipulations to the database which
simply cannot be handled by client side programs. The answer to most of the issues cited above is –
―Server Side Programming‖.

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Advantages of Server Side programs.

1. All programs reside in one machine called the Server. Any number of remote machines (called
clients) can access the server programs.
2. New functionalities to existing programs can be added at the server side which the clients‘ can
advantage without having to change anything from their side.
3. Migrating to newer versions, architectures, design patterns, adding patches, switching to new
databases can be done at the server side without having to bother about clients‘ hardware or
software capabilities.
4. Issues relating to enterprise applications like resource management, concurrency, session
management, security and performance are managed by service side applications.
5. They are portable and possess the capability to generate dynamic and user-based content (e.g.
displaying transaction information of credit card or debit card depending on user‘s choice).
Types of Server Side Programs
1. Active Server Pages (ASP)
2. Java Servlets
3. Java Server Pages (JSPs)
4. Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs)
5. PHP
Servlets
• A Java program which resides and executes on a server to provide functionality to the server
or processing of data on the server.
Lifecycle:
• The life cycle of a servlet is controlled by the container in which the servlet has been
deployed. When a request is mapped to a servlet, the container performs the following steps.
1. If an instance of the servlet does not exist, the Web container
a. Loads the servlet class.
b. Creates an instance of the servlet class.
c. Initializes the servlet instance by calling the init method. Initialization is
covered in Initializing a Servlet.
2. Invokes the service method, passing a request and response object. Service methods
are discussed in the section Writing Service Methods.
3. If the container needs to remove the servlet, it finalizes the servlet by calling
the servlet's destroy method. Finalization is discussed in Finalizing a Servlet.

Example: import
java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class HelloWorld extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException
{
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
pw.println("Hello World");

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}
}
Servlet API (refer java complete ref)
Two packages contain the classes and interfaces that are required to build servlets. These are
javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http. They constitute the Servlet API. Keep in mind that these
packages are not part of the Java core packages. Instead, they are standard extensions. Therefore,
they are not included in the Java Software Development Kit. You must download Tomcat to obtain
their functionality.
The Servlet API has been in a process of ongoing development and enhancement. The
current servlet specification is version is 2.3 and that is the one used in this book. However, because
changes happen fast in the world of Java, you will want to check for any additions or alterations.
This chapter discusses the core of the Servlet API, which will be available to most readers.
The javax.servlet package contains a number of interfaces and classes that establish
the framework in which servlets operate. The following table summarizes the core interfaces that are
provided in this package. The most significant of these is Servlet. All servlets must implement this
interface or extend a class that implements the interface. The ServletRequest and ServletResponse
interfaces are also very important.
Interface Description
• Servlet Declares life cycle methods for a servlet.
• ServletConfig Allows servlets to get initialization parameters.
• ServletContext Enables servlets to log events and access
information about their environment.
• ServletRequest Used to read data from a client request.
• ServletResponse Used to write data to a client response.
• SingleThreadModel Indicates that the servlet is thread safe.

The following table summarizes the core classes that are provided in the javax.servlet package.
Class Description
• GenericServlet Implements the Servlet and ServletConfig
interfaces.
• ServletInputStream Provides an input stream for reading requests from
a client.
• ServletOutputStream Provides an output stream for writing responses to
a client.
• ServletException Indicates a servlet error occurred.

• UnavailableException Indicates a servlet is unavailable.

Deployment
• Write the servlet class.
• Compile the Servlet class.

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• Extract the HTML form parameters from HttpServletRequest.

• web.xml deployment descriptor file.
• Create the war (web application archive) file.
• Deploy and run the sample web application in tomcat web container.

Define servlet in deployment descriptor (web.xml) :

A servlet must be defined into web.xml deployment descriptor. Copy the following code
into web.xml file and save it under WEB-INF directory.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-

1"?> <!DOCTYPE web-app
PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.2//EN"
"http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/web-app_2.2.dtd">
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name> welcomeServlet </servlet-name> <servlet-class>
jsptube.tutorials.servletexample.WelcomeServlet
</servlet-class>
</servlet> <servlet-
mapping>
<servlet-name> welcomeServlet </servlet-name>
<url-pattern> welcomeServlet </url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>/ welcomeServlet </welcome-
file> </welcome-file-list>
</web-app>

Deploy form processing servlet application to tomcat server

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• You just need to create war file of our web application and copy it to webapp directory under
your tomcat installation to deploy application to tomcat. Open command prompt and go to root
directory of our application (welcomeServlet). Create a war file using following command.
jar -cvf welcomeservlet.war *
• It will create formexample.war file under FormExample directory. Copy the war file to
webapp directory under tomcat installation.

Web Server
• A web server is a computer programs that delivers (serves) content, such as web pages, using the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), over the World Wide Web.
• The term web server can also refer to the computer or virtual machine running the program.
• Apache Tomcat (or Jakarta Tomcat or simply Tomcat) is an open source servlet container
developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and
the JavaServer Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a "pure Java"
HTTP web server environment for Java code to run.
• One of the slickest pieces of software to come from JavaSoft recently is the Java Web Server
(formerly known as Jeeves). While the Java Web Server can be used for serving up Web sites just
like any other Web server (using SSL, CGI scripts, authentication and more), its ability to use
Java servlets is what makes it stand out from other Web servers.
• For the developer that dabbles in Java programming, servlets can be used to turn the Java Web
Server into their own personal Web processor.
• BEA Systems' WebLogic is a server software application that runs on a middle tier, between
back-end databases and related applications and browser-based thin clients.
• WebLogic is a leading e-commerce online transaction processing (OLTP) platform, developed to
connect users in a distributed computing environment and to facilitate the integration of
mainframe applications with distributed corporate data and applications.
• WebLogic server is based on Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), the standard platform
used to create Java-based multi-tier enterprise applications.
• J2EE platform technologies were developed through the efforts of BEA Systems and other
vendors in collaboration with the main developer, Sun Microsystems. Because J2EE applications
are standardized modules, WebLogic can automate many system-level tasks that would otherwise
have demanded programming time.

HTTP GET and POST requests

• In HTML, one can specify two different submission methods for a form. The method is specified
inside a FORM element, using the METHOD attribute.
• The difference between METHOD="GET" (the default) and METHOD="POST" is primarily
defined in terms of form data encoding. The official recommendations say that "GET" should be
used if and only if the form processing is idempotent, which typically means a pure query form.
Generally it is advisable to do so.
• Problems related to long URLs and non-ASCII character repertoires which can make it necessary
to use "POST" even for idempotent processing.

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GET
• The Get is one the simplest Http method. Its main job is to ask the server for the resource.

• If the resource is available then it will given back to the user on your browser. That resource may
be a HTML page, a sound file, a picture file (JPEG) etc.
• We can say that get method is for getting something from the server. It doesn't mean that you
can't send parameters to the server. But the total amount of characters in a GET is really limited.
• In get method the data we send get appended to the URL so whatever you will send will be seen
by other user so can say that it is not even secure.

POST
• The Post method is more powerful request. By using Post we can request as well as send some
data to the server.
• We use post method when we have to send a big chunk of data to the server, like when we have
to send a long enquiry form then we can send it by using the post method.

Example
<html>
<head><title>Using Post Method in
Form.</title></head> <body>
<form method="post">
Enter your name: <input type="text‖ size="20" name="txtName" />
<input type="submit" name="B1" value="Submit"
/> <input type="reset" name="B2" value="Reset" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Session Tracking
A Session refers to the entire request that a single client makes to a server. A session is
specific to the user and for each user a new session is created to track all the request from that user.
Every user has a separate session and separate session variable is associated with that session.
HTTP is stateless protocol and it does not maintain the client state. But there exist a
mechanism called "Session Tracking" which helps the servers to maintain the state to track the series
of requests from the same user across some period of time.
A session ID is an unique identification string usually a long, random and alpha-numeric
string, that is transmitted between the client and the server. Session IDs are usually stored in the
cookies, URLs (in case url rewriting) and hidden fields of Web pages.

The Need for Session Tracking

HTTP is a ―stateless‖ protocol: each time a client retrieves a Web page, the client opens a
separate connection to the Web server and the server does not automatically maintain contextual
information about the client. Even with servers that support persistent (keep-alive) HTTP connections
and keep sockets open for multiple client requests that occur in rapid succession, there is no built-in
support for maintaining contextual information. This lack of context causes a number of difficulties.

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For example, when clients at an online store add an item to their shopping carts, how does the
server know what‘s already in the carts? Similarly, when clients decide to proceed to checkout, how
can the server determine which previously created shopping carts are theirs?
There are three typical solutions to this problem:

• cookies,
• URL rewriting
• Hidden form fields.
• User Authorization

Session Tracking Basics

1. Accessing the session object associated with the current request.
Call request.getSession to get an HttpSession object, which is a simple hash table for
storing user-specific data.
2. Looking up information associated with a session.
Call getAttribute on the HttpSession object, cast the return value to the appropriate type,
and check whether the result is null.
3. Storing information in a session.
Use setAttribute with a key and a value.
4. Discarding session data.
Call removeAttribute to discard a specific value. Call invalidate to discard an entire
session. Call logout to log the client out of the Web server and invalidate all sessions associated
with that user.

public interface HttpSession

Provides a way to identify a user across more than one page request or visit to a Web site and
to store information about that user.
The servlet container uses this interface to create a session between an HTTP client and an
HTTP server. The session persists for a specified time period, across more than one connection or
page request from the user. A session usually corresponds to one user, who may visit a site many
times. The server can maintain a session in many ways such as using cookies or rewriting URLs.

This interface allows servlets to

• View and manipulate information about a session, such as the session identifier, creation
time, and last accessed time
• Bind objects to sessions, allowing user information to persist across multiple user connections

Obtaining a Session
The getSession method of the HttpServletRequest object returns a user's session. When you
call the method with its create argument as true, the implementation creates a session if necessary.
The Duke's Bookstore example uses session tracking to keep track of the books in the user's
shopping cart. Here is an example of theCatalogServlet obtaining a session for a user:

public class CatalogServlet extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet (HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

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response) throws ServletException, IOException

{
// Get the user's session and shopping cart
HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);
...
out = response.getWriter();

...
}
}

Storing and Getting Data from a Session

The HttpSession interface provides methods that store and return

• Standard session properties, such as a session identifier

• Application data, which is stored as a name-value pair, where the name is a String and the value is
an object in the Java programming language. (This is like java.util.Dictionary.) Because multiple
servlets have access to a user's session, it should adopt a naming convention for
organizing the names associated with application data. The Duke's Bookstore example
uses session tracking to keep track of the books in the user's shopping cart.
Here is an example of theCatalogServlet getting a user's session identifier, and getting and setting
the application data associated with the user's session:

public class CatalogServlet extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet (HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException
{
// Get the user's session and shopping cart
HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);
ShoppingCart cart = (ShoppingCart)session.getValue(session.getId());

// If the user has no cart, create a new one

if (cart == null) {
cart = new ShoppingCart();
session.putValue(session.getId(), cart);
}
...
}
}
Because an object can be associated with a session, the Duke's Bookstore example keeps track of the
books that a user has ordered within an object. The object is type ShoppingCart and each book that a
user orders is stored in the shopping cart as a ShoppingCartItem object. For example, the following
comes from further down in the doGet method of the CatalogServlet:

public void doGet (HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response) throws ServletException, IOException

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HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);

ShoppingCart cart = (ShoppingCart)session.getValue(session.getId());

...

// Check for pending adds to the shopping cart String bookId = request.getParameter("Buy");

//If the user wants to add a book, add it and print the
result String bookToAdd = request.getParameter("Buy");
if (bookToAdd != null) {
BookDetails book = database.getBookDetails(bookToAdd);

cart.add(bookToAdd, book);
out.println("<p><h3>" + ...);
}
}

Invalidating the Session

A user's session can be invalidated manually or, depending on where the servlet is running,
automatically. (For example, the Java Web Server automatically invalidates a session when there
have been no page requests in some period of time, 30 minutes by default.) To invalidate a session
means to remove the HttpSession object and its values from the system.To manually invalidate a
session, use the session's invalidate method.
public class ReceiptServlet extends HttpServlet {

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response) throws ServletException, IOException {

...
scart = (ShoppingCart)session.getValue(session.getId());
...
// Clear out shopping cart by invalidating the
session session.invalidate();

// set content type header before accessing the

Writer response.setContentType("text/html");
out = response.getWriter();
...
}
}

Methods
1. public void setAttribute(java.lang.String name, java.lang.Object value)

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Binds an object to this session, using the name specified. If an object of the same name is
already bound to the session, the object is replaced.

2. public java.lang.Object getAttribute(java.lang.String name)

Returns the object bound with the specified name in this session, or null if no object is bound
under the name

3. public java.util.Enumeration getAttributeNames()

An Enumeration of String objects containing the names of all the objects bound to this
session.

4. public void removeAttribute(java.lang.String name)

Removes the object bound with the specified name from this session. If the session does not
have an object bound with the specified name, this method does nothing.

5. public long getCreationTime()

Returns the time when this session was created, measured in milliseconds

6. public long getLastAccessedTime()

Returns the last time the client sent a request associated with this session, as the number of
milliseconds since midnight January 1, 1970 GMT, and marked by the time the container recieved
the request.
7. public int getMaxInactiveInterval()
Returns the maximum time interval, in seconds, that the servlet container will keep this
session open between client accesses. After this interval, the servlet container will invalidate the
session. A negative time indicates the session should never timeout.

8. public void setMaxInactiveInterval(int interval)

Specifies the time, in seconds, between client requests before the servlet container will
invalidate this session. A negative time indicates the session should never timeout

9. public void invalidate()

Invalidates this session then unbinds any objects bound to it.

10. public java.lang.String getId()

Returns a string containing the unique identifier assigned to this session. The identifier is
assigned by the servlet container.

Example:
Orderform.html
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Order
Form</TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY >

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<H1>Order Form</H1>
<FORM ACTION="show-items" METHOD="POST">
New Item to Order:
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="newItem" VALUE="CompleteRef"><P>
<INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" VALUE="Order and Show All Purchases">
</FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>

ShowItems.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.util.*;

public class ShowItems extends HttpServlet {

public void doPost (HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException {

HttpSession session = request.getSession();

ArrayList previousItems = (ArrayList)session.getAttribute("Items"); if
(previousItems == null) {
previousItems = new ArrayList();
}
String itemsVal = request.getParameter("newItem"); if
(itemsVal != null) {
previousItems.add(items);
}
session.setAttribute("Items", previousItems);

response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

out.println("<HTML>\n" +
"<HEAD><TITLE>" + title + "</TITLE></HEAD>\n"
+ "<BODY BGCOLOR=\"#FDF5E6\">\n" );
if (previousItems.size() == 0) {
out.println("<I>No items</I>");
} else {
out.println("<UL>");
Enumeration e = Collections.enumeration(previousItems);
while(e.hasMoreElements())
out.println(e.nextElement());
out.println("</UL>");
}

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out.println("</BODY></HTML>");
}
}

Session-tracking to keep per-client access

counts import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.util.*;

public class ShowSession extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
HttpSession session =
request.getSession(); String heading;
Integer accessCount =
(Integer)session.getAttribute("Count"); if (accessCount ==
null) {
accessCount = new Integer(0);
heading = "Welcome, Newcomer";
} else {
heading = "Welcome Back";
accessCount = new Integer(accessCount.intValue() + 1);
}
session.setAttribute("Count",
accessCount); PrintWriter out =
response.getWriter(); String title = "Session
Tracking Example"; String docType
="<HTML>\n" +
"<HEAD><TITLE>" + title + "</TITLE></HEAD>\n"
+ "<BODY BGCOLOR=\"#FDF5E6\">\n" +

"<H2>Information on Your Session:</H2>\n"

+ "<TABLE BORDER=1>\n" +
"<TR >\n" +"<TH>Info Type<TH>Value\n" +
"<TR>\n" + "<TD>ID\n" +" <TD>" + session.getId() + "\n" +
"<TR>\n" +" <TD>Creation Time\n"+"
<TD>" +new Date(session.getCreationTime()) + "\n"
+ "<TR>\n" + "<TD>Time of Last Access\n" +
"<TD>"+new Date(session.getLastAccessedTime()) + "\n"
+ "<TR>\n" + "<TD>Number of Previous Accesses\n" +
"<TD>" + accessCount + "\n" +
"</TABLE>\n" +
</BODY></HTML>");

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Cookies
A cookie is a bit of information sent by a web server to a browser that can later be read back
from that browser. When a browser receives a cookie, it saves the cookie and thereafter sends the
cookie back to the server each time it accesses a page on that server, subject to certain rules. Because
a cookie's value can uniquely identify a client, cookies are often used for session tracking.
• Cookies were first introduced in Netscape Navigator.
• Version 2.0 of the Servlet API provides the javax.servlet.http.Cookie class for working with
cookies. The HTTP header details for the cookies are handled by the Servlet API.
• create a cookie with the Cookie() constructor:
public Cookie(String name, String value)
This creates a new cookie with an initial name and value.

A servlet can send a cookie to the client by passing a Cookie object to the addCookie() method of
HttpServletResponse:
public void HttpServletResponse.addCookie(Cookie cookie)
This method adds the specified cookie to the response. Additional cookies can be added with
subsequent calls to addCookie() . Because cookies are sent using HTTP headers, they should be
added to the response before you send any content. Browsers are only required to accept 20
cookies per site, 300 total per user, and they can limit each cookie's size to 4096 bytes.

The code to set a cookie looks like this:

Cookie cookie = new Cookie("ID",
"123"); res.addCookie(cookie);
A servlet retrieves cookies by calling the getCookies() method of HttpServlet-
Request: public Cookie[] HttpServletRequest.getCookies()

This method returns an array of Cookie objects that contains all the cookies sent by the browser
as part of the request or null if no cookies were sent. The code to fetch cookies looks like this:

Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies();

if (cookies != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) {
String name = cookies[i].getName();
String value = cookies[i].getValue();
}
}

Session tracking using persistent cookies

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class ShoppingCartViewerCookie extends HttpServlet {

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public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse

res) throws ServletException, IOException {
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();

// Get the current session ID by searching the received

cookies. String sessionid = null;
Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies();
if (cookies != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) {
if (cookies[i].getName().equals("sessionid"))
{ sessionid = cookies[i].getValue();
break;

}
}
}

// If the session ID wasn't sent, generate one.

// Then be sure to send it to the client with the
response. if (sessionid == null) {
sessionid = generateSessionId();
Cookie c = new Cookie("sessionid",
sessionid); res.addCookie(c);
}

out.println("<HEAD><TITLE>Current Shopping Cart

Items</TITLE></HEAD>"); out.println("<BODY>");

// Cart items are associated with the session ID

String[] items = getItemsFromCart(sessionid);

// Print the current cart items.

out.println("You currently have the following items in your
cart:<BR>"); if (items == null) {
out.println("<B>None</B>");
}
else {
out.println("<UL>");
for (int i = 0; i < items.length; i++)
{ out.println("<LI>" + items[i]);
}
out.println("</UL>");
}

// Ask if they want to add more items or check out.

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out.println("<FORM ACTION=\"/servlet/ShoppingCart\" METHOD=POST>");

out.println("Would you like to<BR>");
out.println("<INPUT TYPE=submit VALUE=\" Add More Items \">");
out.println("<INPUT TYPE=submit VALUE=\" Check Out \">");
out.println("</FORM>");

// Offer a help page.

out.println("For help, click <A HREF=\"/servlet/Help" +
"?topic=ShoppingCartViewerCookie\">here</A>");

out.println("</BODY></HTML>");
}

private static String generateSessionId() {

String uid = new java.rmi.server.UID().toString(); // guaranteed unique

return java.net.URLEncoder.encode(uid); // encode any special chars
}

private static String[] getItemsFromCart(String sessionid)

{ // Not implemented
}
}
Persistent cookies offer an elegant, efficient, easy way to implement session tracking. Cookies
provide as automatic an introduction for each request as you could hope for. For each request, a
cookie can automatically provide a client's session ID or perhaps a list of the client's preferences. In
addition, the ability to customize cookies gives them extra power and versatility.

Advantages of cookies:
1. Cookies do not require any server resources since they are stored on the client.
2. Cookies are easy to implement.
3. You can configure cookies to expire when the browser session ends (session cookies) or they
can exist for a specified length of time on the client computer (persistent cookies).

Disadvantages:
• The biggest problem with cookies is that browsers don't always accept cookies. Sometimes this is
because the browser doesn't support cookies.
• Due to limited memory space WAP gateways doesn‘t use cookies.
• Any intruder (unauthorized person) using client‘s machine can change value of cookies.

Multi tier Application

The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access.

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In the two-tier model, a Java application talks directly to the data source. This requires a
JDBC driver that can communicate with the particular data source being accessed. A user's
commands are delivered to the database or other data source, and the results of those statements are
sent back to the user. The data source may be located on another machine to which the user is
connected via a network. This is referred to as a client/server configuration, with the user's machine
as the client, and the machine housing the data source as the server. The network can be an intranet,
which, for example, connects employees within a corporation, or it can be the Internet.

In the three-tier model, commands are sent to a "middle tier" of services, which then sends the
commands to the data source. The data source processes the commands and sends the results back to
the middle tier, which then sends them to the user. MIS directors find the three-tier model very
attractive because the middle tier makes it possible to maintain control over access and the kinds of
updates that can be made to corporate data. Another advantage is that it simplifies the deployment of
applications. Finally, in many cases, the three-tier architecture can provide performance advantages.
Until recently, the middle tier has often been written in languages such as C or C++, which
offer fast performance. However, with the introduction of optimizing compilers that translate Java
bytecode into efficient machine-specific code and technologies such as Enterprise JavaBeans™, the
Java platform is fast becoming the standard platform for middle-tier development. This is a big plus,
making it possible to take advantage of Java's robustness, multithreading, and security features.
With enterprises increasingly using the Java programming language for writing server code,
the JDBC API is being used more and more in the middle tier of a three-tier architecture. Some of the
features that make JDBC a server technology are its support for connection pooling, distributed
transactions, and disconnected rowsets. The JDBC API is also what allows access to a data source
from a Java middle tier.

JDBC drivers
JDBC is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may access a
database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards
relational databases. JDBC was first introduced in the Java 2 Platform, together with a reference
implementation JDBC-to-ODBC bridge, enabling connections to any ODBC-accessible data source
in the JVM host environment.

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JDBC Driver Types

JDBC drivers are divided into four types.

Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver (Bridge)
Type 2: Native-API/partly Java driver (Native)
Type 3: All Java/Net-protocol driver (Middleware)
Type 4: All Java/Native-protocol driver (Pure)

Type 1 JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver:

• JDBC-ODBC bridge driver provided by Sun

• Translates query obtained by JDBC into corresponding ODBC query, which is then handled
by the ODBC driver.
• Client -> JDBC Driver -> ODBC Driver -> Database
• There is some overhead associated with the translation work to go from JDBC to ODBC.
• Bridge driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no other alternative is available.

Type 2: Native-API/partly Java driver

• This converts JDBC calls into database-specific calls i.e. this driver is specific to a
particular database.
• The driver converts JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API.
• The type 2 driver is not written entirely in Java as it interfaces with non-Java code that makes
the final database calls.
• Client -> JDBC Driver -> Vendor Client DB Library -> Database

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Example: Oracle will have oracle native api.

Type 3: All Java/Net-protocol driver

• The JDBC type 3 driver, also known as the network-protocol driver is a database driver
implementation which makes use of a middle-tier between the calling program and the database.
• The middle-tier (application server) converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the vendor-
specific database protocol
• This differs from the type 4 driver in that the protocol conversion logic resides not at the
client, but in the middle-tier.

Type 4: All Java/Native-protocol driver

• The JDBC type 4 driver, also known as the native-protocol driver is a database driver
implementation that converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol.
• The Type 4 uses java networking libraries to communicate directly with the database server.
• Type 4 drivers are all Java drivers. This means that there is no client installation or configuration.

JDBC Steps
Before create a java jdbc connection to the database, you must first import the java.sql package.

1. Loading a database driver

In this step of the jdbc connection process, we load the driver class by calling
Class.forName() with the Driver class name as an argument. Once loaded, the Driver class creates an

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instance of itself. A client can connect to Database Server through JDBC Driver. Since most of the
Database servers support ODBC driver therefore JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver is commonly used.
The return type of the Class.forName (String ClassName) method is ―Class‖. Class is a class in
java.lang package.
try {
Class.forName(‖sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver‖); //Or any other driver
}
catch(Exception x){
System.out.println( ―Unable to load the driver class!‖ );
}

2. Creating a oracle jdbc Connection

The JDBC DriverManager class defines objects which can connect Java applications to a
JDBC driver. DriverManager is considered the backbone of JDBC architecture. DriverManager class
manages the JDBC drivers that are installed on the system. Its getConnection() method is used to
establish a connection to a database. It uses a username, password, and a jdbc url to establish a
connection to the database and returns a connection object.
try{
Connection dbConnection = DriverManager. getConnection (url, ‖loginName‖,
‖Password‖ );
}
catch( SQLException x ){
System.out.println( ―Couldn‘t get connection!‖ );
}

3. Creating a jdbc Statement object,

Once a connection is obtained we can interact with the database. Connection interface
defines methods for interacting with the database via the established connection. To execute SQL
statements, you need to instantiate a Statement object from your connection object by using the
createStatement() method.
Statement statement = dbConnection.createStatement();
A statement object is used to send and execute SQL statements to a
database. Three kinds of Statements
Statement: Execute simple sql queries without parameters.
Statement createStatement() - creates an SQL Statement object.
Prepared Statement: Execute precompiled sql queries with or without parameters.
PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql) - returns a new
PreparedStatement object. PreparedStatement objects are precompiled SQL
statements. Callable Statement: Execute a call to a database stored procedure.
CallableStatement prepareCall(String sql) - returns a new
CallableStatement object. CallableStatement objects are SQL stored procedure call statements

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4. Executing a SQL statement with the Statement object, and returning a jdbc resultSet.
Statement interface defines methods that are used to interact with database via the
execution of SQL statements. The Statement class has three methods for executing statements:
executeQuery(), executeUpdate(), and execute(). For a SELECT statement, the method to use is
executeQuery . For statements that create or modify tables, the method to use is executeUpdate.
Note: Statements that create a table, alter a table, or drop a table are all examples of DDL statements
and are executed with the method executeUpdate. execute() executes an SQL statement that is written
as String object.
ResultSet provides access to a table of data generated by executing a Statement. The table rows are
retrieved in sequence. A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current row of data. The next()
method is used to successively step through the rows of the tabular results.
ResultSetMetaData Interface holds information on the types and properties of the columns in a
ResultSet. It is constructed from the Connection object.

simple web application

import java.io.*;
import java.sql.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class DBPhoneLookup extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse
res) throws ServletException, IOException {
Connection con = null;
Statement stmt = null;
ResultSet rs = null;

res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();

try {
// Load (and therefore register) the Oracle Driver
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

// Get a Connection to the database

con = DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:oracle:thin:@dbhost:1528:ORCL",
"user", "passwd");

// Create a Statement object

stmt = con.createStatement();

// Execute an SQL query, get a ResultSet

rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT NAME, PHONE FROM EMPLOYEES");

// Display the result set as a list

out.println("<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Phonebook</TITLE></HEAD>");

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out.println("<BODY>");
out.println("<UL>");
while(rs.next()) {
out.println("<LI>" + rs.getString("name") + " " + rs.getString("phone"));
}
out.println("</UL>");
out.println("</BODY></HTML>");
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {
out.println("Couldn't load database driver: " + e.getMessage());
}
catch(SQLException e) {
out.println("SQLException caught: " + e.getMessage());
}}}

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