Gujarati - Chap 4

Departemen Ekonomi Pembangunan
Fakultas Ekonomi
Universitas Negeri Malang
Mata Kuliah: Ekonometrika

Dr. Inayati Nuraini Dwiputri, S.Si., M.Sc.
Meeting 5
Asumsi Analisis Regresi
Asumsi Klasik Analisis Regresi
n Asumsi klasik perlu dipenuhi agar diperoleh estimator OLS yang terbaik
n Asumsi klasik:
1. Model regresi adalah linear, terspesifikasi dengan baik, dan memiliki
error term
2. Error term memiliki mean populasi= 0 (nol)
3. Semua variabel independen tidak berkorelasi dengan error term
4. Antar Error term saling tidak berkorelasi (no serial correlation)
5. Error term memiliki variance yang konstan (no heteroskedasticity)
6. Tidak ada explanatory variable yang memiliki perfect linear function
antara
explanatory variable(s) (tidak ada perfect multicollinearity)
7. Error term berdistribusi normal
© 2011 Pearson
Addison-Wesley. All
1-2 rights reserved. 4-2
© 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
1. Linear, terspesifikasi dengan baik, dan memiliki
additive error term
n Misal model regresi adalah:

Yi = β0 + β1X1i + β2X2i + ... + βKXKi + εi
n Model ini:
¨ linear (lihat pada koefisien)
¨ memiliki additive error term
n Pada model di atas diasumsikan bahwa semua
explanatory variables yang relevant telah dimasukkan
dalam model di atas, maka model di atas dapat disebut
correctly specified
© 2011 Pearson
Addison-Wesley. All
1-3 rights reserved. 4-3
© 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
II: Error term has a zero
population mean
n As was pointed out in Section 1.2, econometricians

add a stochastic (random) error term to regression
equations
n Reason: to account for variation in the dependent
variable that is not explained by the model
n The specific value of the error term for each
observation is determined purely by chance
n This can be illustrated by Figure 4.1
Figure 4.1 An Error Term
Distribution with a Mean of Zero
III: All explanatory variables are
uncorrelated with the error term
n If not, the OLS estimates would be likely to attribute to
the X some of the variation in Y that actually came from
the error term
n For example, if the error term and X were positively
correlated then the estimated coefficient would probably
be higher than it would otherwise have been (biased
upward)
n This assumption is violated most frequently when a
researcher omits an important independent variable from
an equation
IV: No serial correlation of
error term
n If a systematic correlation does exist between one
observation of the error term and another, then it will be more
difficult for OLS to get accurate estimates of the standard
errors of the coefficients
n This assumption is most likely to be violated in time-series
models:
¨ An increase in the error term in one time period (a random
shock, for example) is likely to be followed by an increase in the
next period, also
¨ Example: Hurricane Katrina
n If, over all the observations of the sample εt+1 is correlated with εt
then the error term is said to be serially correlated (or auto-
correlated), and Assumption IV is violated
n Violations of this assumption are considered in more detail in
Chapter 9
V: Constant variance / No
heteroskedasticity in error term
n The error term must have a constant variance
n That is, the variance of the error term cannot
change for each observation or range of
observations
n If it does, there is heteroskedasticity present in
the error term
n An example of this can bee seen from Figure
4.2
Figure 4.2 An Error Term Whose Variance
Increases as Z Increases (Heteroskedasticity)
VI: No perfect multicollinearity
n Perfect collinearity between two independent variables

implies that:
¨ they are really the same variable, or
¨ one is a multiple of the other, and/or
¨ that a constant has been added to one of the variables
n Example:
¨ Including both annual sales (in dollars) and the annual sales tax
paid in a regression at the level of an individual store, all in the
same city
¨ Since the stores are all in the same city, there is no variation in
the percentage sales tax
VII: The error term is normally distributed
n Basically implies that the error term follows a

bell-shape (see Figure 4.3)
n Strictly speaking not required for OLS
estimation (related to the Gauss-Markov
Theorem: more on this in Section 4.3)
n Its major application is in hypothesis testing,
which uses the estimated regression coefficient
to investigate hypotheses about economic
behavior (see Chapter 5)
Figure 4.3
Normal Distributions
The Sampling
Distribution of
n We saw earlier that the error term follows a
probability distribution (Classical Assumption VII)
n But so do the estimates of β!
¨ The probability distribution of these values across
different samples is called the sampling distribution
of
n We will now look at the properties of the mean,
the variance, and the standard error of this
sampling distribution
Properties of the Mean
• A desirable property of a distribution of estimates in that its mean
equals the true mean of the variables being estimated
• Formally, an estimator is an unbiased estimator if its sampling
distribution has as its expected value the true value of .
• We also write this as follows:
(4.9)
• Similarly, if this is not the case, we say that the estimator is
biased
Properties of the Variance
• Just as we wanted the mean of the sampling distribution to be
centered around the true population , so too it is desirable for
the sampling distribution to be as narrow (or precise) as possible.
– Centering around “the truth” but with high variability might be of very
little use.
• One way of narrowing the sampling distribution is to increase the
sampling size (which therefore also increases the degrees of
freedom)
• These points are illustrated in Figures 4.4 and 4.5
Figure 4.4
Distributions of
Figure 4.5 Sampling Distribution of
for Various Observations (N)
Properties of the
Standard Error
• The standard error of the estimated coefficient, SE( ),
is the square root of the estimated variance of the
estimated coefficients.
• Hence, it is similarly affected by the sample size and
the other factors discussed previously
– For example, an increase in the sample size will decrease the
standard error
– Similarly, the larger the sample, the more precise the
coefficient estimates will be
The Gauss-Markov Theorem and the
Properties of OLS Estimators
• The Gauss-Markov Theorem states that:
– Given Classical Assumptions I through VI (Assumption VII,
normality, is not needed for this theorem), the Ordinary Least
Squares estimator of –k is the minimum variance estimator
from among the set of all linear unbiased estimators of –k,
for k = 0, 1, 2, …, K
• We also say that “OLS is BLUE”: “Best (meaning

minimum variance) Linear Unbiased Estimator”
The Gauss-Markov Theorem and the
Properties of OLS Estimators (cont.)
• The Gauss-Markov Theorem only requires the first six classical
assumptions
• If we add the seventh condition, normality, the OLS coefficient
estimators can be shown to have the following properties:
– Unbiased: the OLS estimates coefficients are centered around the true
population values
– Minimum variance: no other unbiased estimator has a lower variance for
each estimated coefficient than OLS
– Consistent: as the sample size gets larger, the variance gets smaller, and
each estimate approaches the true value of the coefficient being estimated
– Normally distributed: when the error term is normally distributed, so are the
estimated coefficients—which enables various statistical tests requiring
normality to be applied (we’ll get back to this in Chapter 5)
Referensi
Gujarati, D.N. Basic Econometrics, 6th edition,
McGraw-Hill
Lind, D.A., Marchal, W. G., dan Wathen, S.A.
Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics.
15th Edition. Mc Graw Hill. New York
TERIMA KASIH

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Departemen Ekonomi Pembangunan

Mata Kuliah: Ekonometrika

n Misal model regresi adalah:

n As was pointed out in Section 1.2, econometricians

n Perfect collinearity between two independent variables

n Basically implies that the error term follows a

• We also say that “OLS is BLUE”: “Best (meaning

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