Ray Optics

Ray Optics
and Optical
Instruments
1.
Optics The study of nature and propagation of light is called optics. Ray optics deals with particle
nature of light whereas wave optics considers light as a wave.
2. Reflection of Light
When a light ray incident on a smooth surface bounces back to the same medium, it is called
reflection of light.
Laws of regular Reflection
(i) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
i.e., i = r
(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal
at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
These laws hold for any reflecting surface whether
plane or curved.
There is no change in wavelength and frequency
during reflection.
Spherical Mirror: A spherical mirror is simply a part cut off from the surface of a hollow sphere
which has been made smooth and silver polished on one side.
Spherical mirrors are of two types:
(i) Concave mirror: If outer side or bulging side of the spherical surface is silver polished, it is
called a concave mirror.
(ii) Convex mirror: If inner side of a spherical surface is silver polished, it is called a convex mirror.
Relation between focal length and radius of curvature: The distance between centre (C) of
spherical surface and its pole (P) is called the radius of curvature. It is denoted by R.
The rays parallel to the principal axis (CP) after striking the mirror meet at a point (F) (in concave
mirror) or appear to be meeting at a point F (in convex mirror). This point is called the principal
focus (F) of mirror. The distance of focus (F) from pole (P) of a mirror is called the focal length of
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 337

the mirror. It is denoted by f. The focal length f is half of the radius of curvature.
R
i.e., f =
2
Mirror formula: The mirror formula is

1 1 1
= v+u
f
where u = distance of object from mirror;
v= distance of image from mirror;
and f = focal length of mirror.
Magnification produced by mirror: The ratio of the size of image to the size of object is called
linear magnification produced by the mirror.
hl v f f –v
Magnification M= =– u =– =
h u– f f
Where hl is the height of image and h is the height of object.
3. Refraction of Light
When a ray of light enters from one transparent medium into another, there is a change in speed
and direction of the ray in the second medium. This phenomenon is called refraction of light.
Laws of refraction:
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface separating the two media, all
lie in the same plane.
(ii) Snell’s Law: For two media, the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant for a beam of particular wavelength, i.e.,
sin i n2
= constant = n = 1 n2 ...(i)
sin r 1
where n1 and n2 are absolute refractive indices of I and II media respectively and 1n2 is a
refractive index of second (II) medium with respect to first (I) medium.
Due to principle of reversibility of light,
sin r
= 2 n1 …(ii)
sin i
Multiplying (i) by (ii), we get
1
1 = 2 n1 # 1 n2 or 2 n1 = n …(iii)
1 2
The frequency of light remains unchanged while passing from one medium to the other.
Refractive Index:
The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed
of light in a medium.
338
Speed of light in vacuum c

i.e., n= = v
Speed of light in medium
om air m air
= = …(iv)
om medium m medium
λair and λmedium being wavelengths of light in air and medium respectively.

n2 c/v2 v1 m1
= n f= p= v =
∴
sin i ...(v)
sin r 1 c/v1 2 m2
Formation of image due to refraction: According to Snell’s law, if n2 > n1, i > r. That is, if a ray
of light enters from rarer medium to a denser medium, it is deviated towards the normal and
if n2 < n1, i < r that is, if the ray of light enters from denser to a
rarer medium it is deviated away from the normal.
Accordingly, if the ray of light starting from object O, in the given
diagram in a denser medium travels along OP, it is deviated away
from the normal along PQ. The ray PQ appears to come from I.
Thus I is the virtual image of O. It can be shown that
Real depth (OM) t
n= = …(vi)
Apparent depth (MI) t–x
where x is the apparent shift.
∴ The apparent shift, x = a1– n k t
1
…(vii)
Refraction through a number of media: Let us consider the
refraction of light ray through a series of media as shown in fig.
The ray AB is incident on air-water interface at an angle i. The
ray is deviated in water along BC towards the normal. Then
it falls on water-glass interface and is again deviated towards
normal along CD. If the last medium is again air, the ray emerges
parallel to the incident ray. Let r1 and r2 be angles of refraction
in water and glass respectively, then from Snell’s law,
sin i nw
= n = a nw …(viii)
sin r a 1
sin r1 ng
= = n …(ix)
sin r2 nw w g
sin r2 na
= n = g na …(x)
sin i g
RS V
SSna = refractive index of air = 1WWW
SS W
SSnw = refractive index of water WWW
SSn = refractive index of glass WW
g
T X
Multiplying (viii), (ix) and (x), we get anw × wng × gna=1
1 ang
n = = …(xi)
a nw
# g na a nw
w g
4. Critical Angle
When a ray of light is incident on the interface from denser medium to rarer medium, it is deviated
away from the normal. When angle of incidence is increased, angle of refraction also increases and
at a stage it becomes 90°.

The angle of incidence in denser medium for which the angle of refraction in rarer medium is 90° is called the
critical angle (C) for the pair of media.

If nr and nd are refractive indices for rarer and denser media, then
sin i n2
∴ = n gives
sin r 1
sin C nr
= n = d nr
sin 90° d
1 1
sin C = d nr = n = n
r d
where rnd = n and n is the refractive index of a denser medium with respect to a rarer medium.
5. Total Internal Reflection
When angle of incidence in the denser medium is greater than the critical angle, the incident
ray does not refract into a rarer medium but is reflected back into the denser medium. This
phenomenon is called total internal reflection. The conditions for total internal reflection are
(i) The ray must travel from a denser into a rarer medium.
(ii) The angle of incidence i> critical angle C.
The critical angle for water-air, glass-air and diamond-air interfaces are 49°, 42° and 24°
respectively.
6. Spherical Lenses
There are two types of spherical lenses.
(i) Convex lens (Converging lens)
(ii) Concave lens (Diverging lens)
Rules of Image Formation in Lenses
(i) The ray incident on lens parallel to the principal axis, after refraction through the lens, passes
through the second focus (in convex lens) or appear to come from second focus (in concave lens).
(ii) The ray incident on lens through optical centre C, after refraction, pass straight without any
deviation.
(iii) A ray directed towards the first focus incident on the lens, after refraction becomes parallel to
the principal axis.

7. Thin Lens Formula
If u and v are object and image distances from a lens of focal length f, then thin lens formula is
1 1 1
= v – u
f
This equation holds for convex and concave lenses both, but proper signs of u, v and f are to be
used according to sign convention of coordinate geometry. Focal length of a convex lens is taken as
positive and of a concave lens is taken as negative.
340
Magnification produced by a lens
hl v f
m= = u =
h u+f
where hl is the size of image and h is the size of object.
8. Lens Maker’s Formula
If R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature of first and second refracting
surfaces of a thin lens of focal length f, then lens makers formula is
1 1 1
= (1 n2 – 1) × d – n
f R1 R2
1 1
= ( n – 1) × d
R1 R2 n
–
where 1n2=n is refractive index of material of lens with respect to

surrounding medium.
9. Power of a Lens
The power of a lens is its ability to deviate the rays towards its
principal axis. It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length in
metres.
1
Power of a lens, P =
f (in metre)
Its unit is diopter and is represented as ‘D’.
10. Lens Immersed in a Liquid

If a lens of refractive index ng is immersed in a liquid of refractive
index nl then its focal length (fl) in liquid, is given by
1 1 1
= (l n g – 1) × d – n
fl R1
R2
ng
where n
l g
= nl
ng – 1
If fa is the focal length of lens in air, then f l = n # fa
g
n –1
l
Three cases arise:
(i) If ng > nl , then fl and fa are of same sign but fl > fa.
That is, the nature of lens remains unchanged, but its focal length increases and hence the
power of lens decreases. In other words the convergent lens becomes less convergent and
divergent lens becomes less divergent.
(ii) If ng = nl, then fl = ∞. That is, the lens behaves as a glass plate.
(iii) If ng < nl, then fl and fa have opposite signs.
That is, the nature of lens changes. A convergent lens becomes divergent and vice versa.
11. Thin Lenses in Contact
If two or more lenses of focal lengths f1, f2 are placed in contact, then their equivalent focal length
F is given by
1 1 1
= + + ...
F f1 f2
The power of combination

P = P1 + P2 + ...

12. Combination of a Lens and a Mirror
Consider a coaxial arrangement of a lens and a mirror. Let an object be placed in front of the lens.
The incident rays, from the object, first undergo refraction at lens and are then incident on the
mirror. To obtain the position of the image due to the combination, we can proceed as follows:
(i) Using refraction formula, we can calculate where the image would have been formed, had
there been only the lens. We then consider this image as an object for the mirror.
(ii) Using the mirror formula, we can then locate the position of its final image formed by the
mirror. This final position, would be the position of the image due to the combined effect of
refraction at the lens and reflection at the mirror.
13. Refraction Through a Prism

A prism is a transparent medium enclosed by two plane refracting surfaces. Let EF be the
monochromatic ray incident on the face PQ of prism PQR of refracting angle A at angle of incidence
i1. This ray is refracted along FG, r1 being angle of refraction. The ray FG is incident on the face PR at
angle of incidence r2 and is refracted in air along GH. Thus GH is the emergent ray and i2 is the angle
of emergence. The angle between incident ray EF and emergent ray GH is called angle of deviation δ.
For a prism if A is the refracting angle of prism, then
r1 + r2 = A …(i)
and i1 + i2 = A + δ …(ii)
Clearly, deviation δ = i1+ i2 – A, i1 and i2 may be inter-changed, therefore, there are two values of
angles of incidence for same deviation δ.
If n is the refractive index of material of prism, then from Snell’s law
sin i1 sin i2
n= = . …(iii)
sin r1 sin r2
If angle of incidence is changed, the angle of deviation δ changes as shown in fig. For a particular
angle of incidence the deviation is minimum. This is called angle of minimum deviation δm.
Minimum deviation: At minimum deviation the refracted ray within a prism is parallel to the base.
Therefore,
i1 = i2 = i (say)
r1 = r2 = r (say)
Then from equations (i) and (ii),
r + r = A or r = A/2 …(iv)
A + dm
i + i = A + d m or i = …(v)
2
∴ The refractive index of material of prism
A + dm
sin e .o
sin i 2
n= = …(vi)
sin r sin (A/2)
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For a thin prism, viz. A ≤ 10°
δm= (n – 1) A.
14. Scattering of Light
The light is scattered by air molecules. According to Lord Rayleigh the intensity of scattered light
1 1
I? 4
&I? 4
(wavelength) m
As λblue < λred, accordingly blue colour is scattered the most and red the least, so sky appears blue.
At the time of sunrise and sunset, blue colour is scattered the most and red colour enters our eyes,
so sunrise and sunset appear red.
15. Optical Instruments (Microscopes and Telescopes)
A microscope is an optical instrument to see very small objects.
(i) Simple Microscope: It consists of a convex lens of small focal length f.
If β = angle subtended by an image on eye
a = angle subtended by an object on eye, when object is at a distance of distinct vision (D)
Magnifying power,
b D v
M = a = v c1 + m
f
D
If the final image is at ∞, v = ∞ then M =
f.
D
If the final image is at a distance of distinct vision, v = D, M = 1 + .
f
(ii) Compound Microscope: A compound microscope essentially consists of two co-axial convex
lenses of small focal lengths. The lens facing the object is called an objective lens while that
towards eye is called the eye lens (eyepiece).
∴ Magnifying power of microscope,
vo D ve
M = a (= mo # me) = u v e1 + o
b

o e fe
Separation between lenses, L = v0 + ue

Special cases:
(a) When final image is formed at a distance of distinct vision, ve = D

vo D
M = – u d1 + n and L = v0 + ue
o fe
The distance between second focal point of objective and first focal point of eye lens is called
the tube length denoted by L,then
vo L
uo = f
0
L D
f0 d
So, M=– 1+ n
fe
(b) When final image is formed at infinity, ve= ∞, then
vo D
M=–u #
o fe
L D
=– . and L = vo + fe
fo fe
Telescope: It is an optical instrument to see distant objects.
(iii) Astronomical Telescope (Refracting Telescope): It is used to see magnified images of distant
objects. An astronomical telescope essentially consists of two co-axial convex lenses. The lens
facing the object has a large focal length and a large aperture and is called objective, while the
lens towards eye has a small focal length and small aperture and is called eye lens.
The magnifying power of telescope is

Angle subtended by final image at eye b
M = =a
Angle subtended by object on eye
f0 f
= (m0 × me) = – f1 + e p
fe ve
and Length of telescope L=f0+ue
where ue = distance of real image from eye lens
ve = distance of final image A′ B′ from eye lens
f0 = focal length of objective, fe= focal length of eye lens
344
h
α = angle subtended by an object at eye =
f0
h
β = angle subtended by an image at eye =
fe
Special cases:

(a) When final image is formed at a distance of distinct vision, then ve=D

fo fe
M=– d1 + n and L = f + u
fe D o e
(b) When final image is formed at infinity, then ve= ∞

fo
M = – and L = fo + fe
fe
Reflecting Telescope: In this telescope, a concave mirror is used as an objective in place of
a convex lens. It is free from chromatic aberration and it has larger resolving power than
refracting telescope.
16. Magnifying Power of Optical Instruments
The size of an object depends on the angle subtended by the object on eye. This angle is called visual
angle. Greater the visual angle, greater the size of object. Stars are bigger than sun; but appear smaller
because stars are much farther away than sun and they subtend smaller angles on eye.
The angle subtended on eye may be increased by using telescopes and microscopes. The telescopes
and microscopes form the image of an object. The image subtends larger angle on eye; hence the
object appears big. The magnification produced by optical instrument (telescope/microscope) is
defined as the ratio of angle (β) subtended by image on eye and the angle (a) subtended by object
on eye.
b
i.e., Angular magnification M = a
Selected NCERT Textbook Questions

Reflection, Refraction and Total Internal Reflection
Q. 1. A small candle 2.5 cm in size is placed 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature
36 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to receive a sharp
image? Describe the nature and size of the image. If the candle is moved closer to the mirror,
how should the screen be moved?
Ans. Given u =–27 cm, h = 2.5 cm
| R | = | 2f | = 36 cm
36
& f=– = –18 cm (with sign convention)
2
1 1 1
= u+v
f
1 1 1 1 1 –3 + 2
v = f – u = – 18 + 27 = 54 & v = –54 cm
That is, image is formed in front of mirror at a distance 54 cm from the mirror. Therefore
the screen must be placed at a distance 54 cm from the mirror.
v ^ –54h
Size of the image hl = – u × h = – ×2.5 cm. = –5 cm
–27
The image is real, inverted and 5 cm long. If the candle is moved closer, the screen should
have to be moved farther and farther. If the candle is brought less than 18 cm, the image will
be virtual and cannot be collected on the screen.

Q. 2. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the
location of the image and the magnification. Describe what happens if the needle is moved
farther from the mirror.
Ans. Given u = –12 cm , f = + 15 cm (convex mirror)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= v+u & v = – u
f f
1 1 1 4+5 60 20
v = 15 + 12 = 60 & v=
9
=
3
= 6.67 cm

That is image is formed at a distance 6.67 cm behind the mirror.
v 20 5
Magnification m= – u = – =
–3 ×12 9
5
Size of image hl = mh = ×4.5 = 2.5 cm
9
The image is erect, virtual and has a size 2.5 cm.
Its position is 6.67 cm behind the mirror when needle is moved farther, the image moves towards
the focus and its size goes on decreasing.
Q. 3. A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 m. The apparent depth of the needle lying at
the bottom of the tank as measured by a microscope is 9.4 cm. What is the refractive index of
water ? If water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63 upto the same height, by what
distance would the microscope be moved to focus on the needle again?
Real depth (H)
Ans. Refractive index, n =
Apparent depth (h)
Given H = 12.5 cm, h = 9.4 cm
12.5
∴ Refractive index of water, nw = = 1.33
9.4
Refractive index of liquid, nl = 1.63
H 12.5
∴ Apparent height with liquid in tank, h = n = = 7.7 cm
l 1.63
∴ Displacement of microscope, x = 9.4 – 7.7 = 1.7 cm
Q. 4. Fig. (a) and (b) show refraction of an incident ray in air at 60° with the normal to a glass-air and
water-air interface, respectively. Predict the angle (r) of refraction of an incident ray in water
at 45° with the normal to a water-glass interface [fig. (c)].
sin i n2
Ans. Snell’s law of refraction is = = 1 n2
sin r n1
sin 60° ng
Fig. (a) = = a ng
sin 35° na
sin 60° 0.8660
⇒
Refractive index of glass with respect to air, a ng = = =1.51
sin 35° 0.5736
sin 60° nw
Fig. (b) = n = a nw
sin 41° a
346
sin 60° 0.8660
Refractive index of water with respect to air, a nw = = =1.32
an sin 41° 0.6561
sin 45° g
Fig.(c) =a
sin r n w
an
w 1.32
sin
& r = a n # sin 45° = # 0.7071 = 0.6181
g 1.51
⇒
r = sin – 1 (0.6181) = 38°
Q. 5. A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80 cm. What is
the area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive
4
index of water is .
3
Ans. The light rays starting from bulb can pass through the surface if angle of incidence at surface
is less than or equal to critical angle (C) for water-air interface. If h is depth of bulb from the
surface, the light will emerge only through a circle of radius r given by
r = h tan C, where h = 80 cm = 0.80 m
1 3
But =
sin C =
a nw 4
3
∴ tan C =
7
3
∴ r = 0.80 # e
o
7
∴ Area of circular surface of water,
3 2 9
A = rr2 = 3.14 # d 0.8 # n = 3.14 # 0.64 # = 2.6 m
2
7 7
Q. 6. Use the mirror equation to show that
(a) an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f.
[CBSE Delhi 2015, (F) 2017, 2019 (55/3/3)]
(b) a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the object.
(c) an object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and
enlarged image. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
1 1 1 1 1 1
Ans. (a) Mirror equation is = v + u or v = – u
f f

For a concave mirror, f is negative, i.e., f < 0.
For a real object (on the left of mirror), u < 0
1 1 1
∴ 2f < u < f or >u>
2f f
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
or – < – u < – or – < – u < –
2f f f 2f f f f
1 1 1
or < – v < 0 i.e, v is negative.
2f
This implies that v is negative.
Also from above inequality 2f > v
or |2f| < |v| ( a 2f and v are negative)
Hence, the real image is formed beyond 2f.
(b) For a convex mirror, f is positive, i.e., f > 0.
For a real object on the left, u is negative

1 1 1 1 1 1
= v+u & v= – u
f f
1
As u is negative and f is positive; must be positive, so v must be positive i. e. , image lies
v
behind the mirror. Hence, image is virtual whatever the value of u may be.
1 1 1
(c) For a mirror, v = f – u ...(i)
For a concave mirror, f is negative i.e., f < 0
As u is also negative, so f < u < 0
1 1
This implies, – >0
f u
1
Then from (i) v > 0 or v is positive.
i.e., image is on the right and hence virtual.
v f
Magnification, m = – u = –
u– f |f |
As u is negative and f is positive, magnification m = >1
|f | – | u |
i.e., image is enlarged.
Q. 7. A small pin fixed on a table top is viewed from above from a distance of 50 cm. By what
distance the pin appear to be raised if it is viewed from the same point through a 15 cm thick
glass slab held parallel to the table? Refractive index of glass = 1.5. Does the answer depend
on the location of the slab?
Real thickness H
Ans. Apparent thickness of slab = = n
Refractive index
Displacement of pin, x = a H – n k = H a1 – n k
H 1

Here H = 15 cm, n = 1.5,
x = H a1 – n k = 15 c
1.5 – 1
m cm = 5 cm
1
`
1.5
Thus the pin appears to be raised by 5 cm.
The answer does not depend upon the location of slab.
Refraction at Spherical Surface and by Lenses
Q. 8. A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both faces of the same
radius of curvature. Find the radius of curvature required, if the focal length is 20 cm.
[CBSE (AI) 2017]
Ans. Given, f = 20 cm and n = 1.55
Let the radius of the curvature of each of two surfaces of the lens be R.
If R1 and R, then R2 = – R
1 1 1
= (n – 1) > – H
f R1 R2
1 1 1 1 0.55 × 2

& = (1.55 – 1) < + F & =
20 R R 20 R
1 1.10
& = & R = 20 ×1.10
20 R
` R = 22 cm
Q. 9. A beam of light converges to a point P. A lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam
12 cm from P. At what point does the beam converge if the lens is (a) a convex lens of focal
length 20 cm, (b) a concave lens of focal length 16 cm?
Ans. (a) Point P acts as a virtual object for convex lens.
Given u = + 12 cm, f = + 20 cm
348
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
` = – gives = + = + v
f v u v f u 20 12
3+5
= C
60 I P
60
⇒ v = = 7.5 cm
8
This implies that the image is formed to the right of the lens u =12 cm
and is real.
(b) In this case, u = + 12 cm, f = –16 cm,
u=+12 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
` = – gives = +
f v u v f u
1 1 –3 + 4
= – + = P I
16 12 48
v = 48 cm
This shows that the image is formed at a
distance of 48 cm to the right of concave lens v
and is real.
Q. 10. An object of size 3.0 cm is placed 14 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 21 cm.
Describe the image produced by the lens. What happens if the object is moved farther from
the lens?
Ans. Size of object h = 3.0 cm,
u = – 14 cm,
f = – 21 cm (concave lens)
1 1 1 1 1 1
` Formula = v – u & v = +u
f f
1 1 1 2+3 42
or v = + =– or v=– = –8.4 cm
–21 –14 42 5
v –8 . 4
Size of image hl = u h = × 3.0 cm = 1.8 cm
–14
That is, image is formed at a distance of 8.4 cm in front of lens. The image is virtual, erect and
of size 1.8 cm. As the object is moved farther from the lens, the image goes on shifting towards
focus and its size goes on decreasing. The image is never formed beyond the focus of the concave
lens.
Q. 11. What is the focal length of a combination of a convex lens of focal length 30 cm and a concave
lens of focal length 20 cm in contact? Is the system a converging or a diverging lens? Ignore
thickness of lenses.
Ans. Given f1 = + 30 cm, f2 = – 20 cm
The focal length (F) of combination of given by
1 1 1
= +
F f1 f2
f1 f2 30 # ^ –20h
⇒
F= = = – 60 cm
f1 + f2 30 – 20
That is, the focal length of combination is 60 cm and it acts like a diverging lens.
Q. 12. The image of a small electric bulb fixed on the wall of a room is to be obtained on the opposite
wall 3 m away by means of a large convex lens. What is the maximum possible focal length of
the lens required for the purpose?
Ans. For a fixed distance D between object and image for its real image
D = |u| + |v| ...(i)
x = v – u ...(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii),
D+ x D– x
v= u=
2 2
Sign convention: u is negative and v is positive.
1 1 1 2 2 4D
=v+u = + =
f D + x D – x D2 – x2
D2 – x2
⇒ f =
4D
where x is the separation between two positions of lens.
For maximum f, x = 0
D
∴ fmax =
4
Given D = 3 m
3
f = m = 0.75 m
4
Q. 13. A screen is placed 90 cm from an object. The image of the object on the screen is formed by a
convex lens at two different locations separated by 20 cm. Determine the focal length of the lens.
Ans. Given separation between object and screen, D = 90 cm
Separation between two positions of lens, x = 20 cm
2 2
D2 – x2 (90) – (20) 8100 – 400
∴ Focal length of lens, f = = =
4D 4 # 90 4 # 90
7700
= = 21.4 cm
4 × 90
Refraction of light through prism

Q. 14. A prism is made of glass of unknown refractive index. A parallel beam of light is incident on
a face of the prism. By rotating the prism, the minimum angle of deviation is measured to be
40°. What is the refractive index of the prism ? If the prism is placed in water (refractive index
1.33), predict the new minimum angle of deviation of a parallel beam of light. The refracting
angle of prism is 60° (use: sin 50° = 0.7660 and sin 35°=0.576). [HOTS]
ng
Ans. Key idea: Refractive index of prism material and w ng =
nw
Given angle of prism A= 60°,
Minimum angle of deviation δm = 40°
A + dm
sin e
o
2
Refractive index n =
A
sin c m
2
60 + 40
sin c m
2 sin 50 ° 0.7660
= = = = 1.532.
sin c m
60 sin 30° 0 .5
2
When prism is placed in water, its refractive index becomes
ng 1.532
w =
n g = = 1.152
nw 1.33
If δ'm is the new angle of deviation, then
A + dlm 60° + dlm

sine o sin e o
2 2
wng
= =
sin A/2 sin 30 o
350
60° + dlm
sin e o
2

1.152 =
0.5
60° + dlm
= sin = 1.152 # 0.5 = 0.576
2
60° + dlm
= 35° or dlm = 10°
2
Q. 15. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of refracting angle 60° so that
it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The refractive index of prism is 1.524.
Ans. Key idea : For just total internal reflection from prism, the ray must be incident at critical angle
on the second face.
Given angle of prism, A = 60° , n = 1.524
If C is the critical angle for total internal reflection, then
1 1
sin C = n = = 0.6561
1.524
C = sin – 1 (0.6561) = 41°
Let i be the angle of incidence at first face of prism AB. The ray
follows the path PQRS
For just total internal reflection at the other face AC
r2 = C = 41°
As r1 + r2 = A
∴ r1 = A – r2 = 60° – 41° = 19°
sin i
From Snell’s law, n =
sin r
⇒ sin i = n sin r
= 1.524 sin 19° = 1.524 × 0.3256 = 0.4962
Angle of incidence i = sin – 1 (0.4962) = 29° 45′.
Microscopes and Telescopes

Q. 16. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eyepiece
of focal length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm. How far from the objective should
an object be placed in order to obtain the final image at (i) the least distance of distinct vision
(D = 25 cm) and (ii) infinity?
What is the magnifying power of the microscope in each case ?
Ans. Given f0 = 2.0 cm, fe = 6.25 cm, L = 15 cm, u0 = ?
(i) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision (D = 25 cm) :
For eye lens : Here ve = – 25 cm
1 1 1
∴ = –
fe ve ue
1 1 1 1 1 –1 – 4
⇒ ue = ve – f = – 25 – 6.25 = 25
e
or ue = – 5 cm
As L = |v0|+|ue|⇒ |v0|= L –|ue|= 15 – 5 = 10 cm
For objective lens :
1 1 1
= v – u
f0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 2 5
⇒
u0 = v0 – f = 10 – 2 = – 5 & u0 = –
2
= – 2.5 cm
0

That is distance of object from objective is 2.5 cm.
v0 D
Magnification, M = u d1 + n
0 fe
25
d1 + n = 4 # 5 = 20
10
=
2.5 6.25
(ii) When final image is formed at infinity:
In this case L = v0+ fe ⇒ v0 = L – fe = 15 – 6.25 = 8.75 cm
1 1 1
= v –u
f0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 2 – 8.75
⇒
u0 = v0 – f = 8.75 – 2 = 2 # 8.75
0
2× 8.75
u0 = −
6.75
∴ u0 = – 2.59 cm, |u0| = 2.59 cm
v D
$c m = 13.5
8.75 25
Magnification, M= 0 $ =
u0 fe 2.59 6.25
Q. 17. A person with a normal near point (25 cm) using a compound microscope with an objective of
focal length 8.0 mm and an eye-piece of focal length 2.5 cm can bring an object placed 9.0 mm
from the objective in sharp focus. What is the separation between the two lenses ? What is the
magnifying power of the microscope ?
Ans. Given focal length of objective, f0 = 8 mm
Focal length of eye-piece, fe = 2.5 cm = 25 mm
Distance of object from objective, u0 = – 9 mm
1 1 1
From lens formula = − , we get
f0 v0 u0
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = − =+ ⇒ v0 = 72mm
v0 f0 u0 8 9 72
For eye-lens if final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision, then
ve = – D = – 25 cm = – 250 mm
1 1 1
` = v –u
fe e e
1 1 1 1 1 11
ue = ve – f = – 250 – 25 = – 250
e
250
∴
ue = −
mm = − 22.7 mm
11
Separation between lenses, L =|v0|+|ue|= 72 mm + 22.7 mm
= 94.7 mm = 9.47 cm
v
Magnifying power, M = u0 d1 + D n
0 fe
72  25 cm 
=  1+  = 8 (1 +10 ) = 88
9  2.5 cm 
352
Q. 18. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 144 cm and an eye piece of focal length
6.0 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope? What is the separation between the
objective and the eye-piece?
Ans. Given f0 = 144 cm, fe = 6.0 cm
f0 144
Magnifying power of telescope, M = – =– = – 24
fe 6. 0
Negative sign shows that the final image is real and inverted.
Separation between objective and eye-piece :
L = f0 + fe = 144 + 6.0 = 150 cm
Q. 19. (a) A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an
eye-piece of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is the angular magnification of the telescope?
(b) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon
formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48× 106 m and radius of lunar
orbit is 3.8× 108 m. [CBSE (AI) 2011, Delhi 2014, 2015, 2019 (55/1/1)]
Ans. (a) Given f0 = 15 m, fe = 1.0 cm = 1.0 × 10–2 m
Angular magnification of telescope,
f0 15
m =– =– = – 1500
fe 1.0 # 10 –2
Negative sign shows that the final image is real and
inverted.
(b) Let D be diameter of moon, d diameter of image
of moon formed by objective and r the distance of
moon from objective lens, then from Fig.
D d
=
r f0
6
& d = Dr . f0 = 3.48 # 108 # 15 m = 0.137 m = 13.7 cm

3.8 # 10
Q. 20. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eye-piece of focal length
5.0 cm. What is the
(a) magnifying power of telescope for viewing distant objects when the telescope is in normal
adjustment (i.e., when the final image is at infinity)?
(b) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (D = 25 cm)?
(c) What is the separation between the objective and eye lens when final image is formed at
infinity?
(d) If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what is the height of the
image of the tower formed by the objective lens?
(e) What is the height of the final image of the tower if it is formed at the least distance of
distinct vision D = 25 cm?
Ans. Given f0 = 140 cm, fe = 5 cm.
(a) When final image is at infinity,
f0 140
magnifying power, M = – =– = – 28
fe 5. 0
Negative sign shows that the image is real and inverted.
(b) When final image is at the least distance of distinct vision,
f0 f
magnifying power, M = e1 + e o =
5.0
d1 + n = 33.6
140
fe D 5 .0 25
(c) Separation between objective and eye lens when final image is formed at infinity
L = f0 + fe = 140 cm + 5.0 cm = 145 cm

(d) Angle subtended by 100 m tall tower at 3 km away is
100 1
a = tan a = = rad
3 ×10 3 30
Let h be the height of image of tower formed by objective. The angle subtended by image
produced by objective will also be equal to a.
h h h 1
a= = & =
fo 140 140 30
140 14
h= = = 4.67 cm
30 3
D 25
(e) Magnification produced by eyepiece me =1 + =1 + = 6
fe 5
height of final image ( h2 )
For eyepiece, me =
height of image formed by objective ( h1 )
Height of final image = h2 = me h1 = 6 × 4.67 cm = 28.02 cm
Q. 21. An angular magnification of 30X is desired using an objective of focal length 1.25 cm and an
eye-piece of focal length 5 cm. How would you set up the compound microscope?
[CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
Ans. The final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision,
` D = 25 cm, fe = 5 cm
Angular magnification of the eye lens is
D 25

me = 1+ = 1+ =6
fe 5
Total magnification
m = mo × me
30 = mo× 6
∴
Angular magnification of the objective lens is
30
mo = =5
6
v
Also, mo = o ⇒ vo = – 5uo ⇒ fo = 1.25 cm
–uo
1 1 1 1 1 1 –6 1
Using, – = ⇒ – = ⇒ =
vo uo fo – 5uo uo 1.25 5uo 1.25
– 6 ×1.25
uo = = – 1.5 cm
5
The object should be placed 1.5 cm from the objective to obtain the desired magnification.
Now, vo = –5uo = –5 × (– 1.5) = 7.5 cm
1 1 1
Using – =
ve ue fe
1 1 1 1 –1–5 –6
∴
– = ⇒ = =
– 25 ue 5 ue 25 25
– 25
= – 4.17 cm
ue =
6
Separation between the lenses d =|vo|+|ue|= 7.5 + 4.17 = 11.67 cm

Thus to obtain, the desired magnification the separation between the lenses must be 11.67 cm
and the objective must be placed at a distance 1.5 cm in front of the objective lens.
354
Q. 22. A Cassegrain telescope uses two
mirrors as shown in fig. Such a
telescope is built with the mirrors
20 mm apart. If the radius of
curvature of the large mirror is
220 mm and of the small mirror is
140 mm, where will the final image of
an object at infinity be?
Ans. Given r1 = 220 mm,
r
f1= 1= 110 mm = 11 cm
2
r
r2 = 140 mm, f2 = 2 =70 mm = 7.0 cm
2
Distance between mirrors, d, = 20 mm = 2.0 cm
The parallel incident rays coming from distant object fall on the concave mirror and try to be
focused at the principal focus of concave mirror i.e.,
v1 = – f1 = – 11 cm
But in the path of rays reflected from concave mirror, a convex mirror is placed. Therefore the
image formed by the concave mirror, acts as a virtual object for convex mirror.
For convex mirror f2 = – 7.0 cm, u2 = – (11 – 2) = – 9 cm
1 1 1
∴ = +
f2 v2 u2
1 1 1 1 1
&
v2 = f2 – u2 = – 7 + 9
63
v2 = − cm = −31.5 cm
2
This is the distance of final image formed by the convex mirror.
Thus, the final image is formed at a distance 31.5 cm from the smaller (convex) mirror behind
the bigger mirror.
Multiple Choice Questions [1 mark]

Choose and write the correct option(s) in the following questions.
1. An object is placed at a distance of 40 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. If the
object is displaced through a distance of 20 cm towards the mirror, the displacement of the
image will be
(a) 30 cm away from the mirror
(b) 36 cm away from the mirror
(c) 30 cm towards the mirror
(d) 36 cm towards the mirror
2. The direction of ray of light incident on a concave mirror is shown by
PQ while directions in which the ray would travel after reflection is
shown by four rays marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Fig. given alongside). Which
of the four rays correctly shows the direction of reflected ray?
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4

3. A concave mirror of focal length 15 cm forms are image having twice the linear dimensions of
the object. The position of the object, when the image is virtual, will be
(a) 22.5 cm (b) 7.5 cm
(c) 30 cm (d) 45 cm
4. A short pulse of white light is incident from air to a glass slab at normal incidence. After
travelling through the slab, the first colour to emerge is [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) blue (b) green (c) violet (d) red
5. The optical density of turpentine is higher than that of water while its mass density is lower.
Figure shows a layer of turpentine floating over water in a container. For which one of the four
rays incident on turpentine in the figure, the path shown is correct? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

6. Why is refractive index in a transparent medium greater than one?
(a) Because the speed of light in vacuum is always less than speed in a transparent medium
(b) Because the speed of light in vacuum is always greater than the speed in a transparent medium
(c) Frequency of wave changes when it crosses medium
(d) None of the above
7. Transmission of light in optical fibre is due to
(a) scattering
(b) diffraction
(c) refraction
(d) multiple total internal reflection
8. You are given four sources of light each one providing a light of a single colour – red, blue,
green and yellow. Suppose the angle of refraction for a beam of yellow light corresponding
to a particular angle of incidence at the interface of two media is 90°. Which of the following
statements is correct if the source of yellow light is replaced with that of other lights without
changing the angle of incidence? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) The beam of red light would undergo total internal reflection.
(b) The beam of red light would bend towards normal while it gets refracted through the second
medium.
(c) The beam of blue light would undergo total internal reflection.
(d) The beam of green light would bend away from the normal as it gets refracted through the
second medium.
9. Which of the following is not due to total internal reflection ?
(a) Working of optical fibre
(b) Difference between apparent and real depth of a pond
(c) Mirage on hot summer days
(d) Brilliance of diamond
10. An object approaches a convergent lens from the left of the lens with a uniform speed 5 m/s
and stops at the focus. The image [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) moves away from the lens with an uniform speed 5 m/s.
(b) moves away from the lens with an uniform accleration.
356
(c) moves away from the lens with a non-uniform acceleration.
(d) moves towards the lens with a non-uniform acceleration.
11. The radius of curvature of the curved surface of a plano-convex lens is 20 cm. If the refractive
index of the material of the lens be 1.5, it will [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) act as a convex lens only for the objects that lie on its curved side.
(b) act as a concave lens for the objects that lie on its curved side.
(c) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies.
(d) act as a concave lens irrespective of side on which the object lies.
12. A student measures the focal length of a convex lens by putting an object pin at a distance 'u'
from the lens and measuring the distance 'v' of the image pin. The graph between 'u' and 'v'
plotted by the student should look like
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
13. Focal length of a convex lens of refractive index 1.5 is 2 cm. Focal length of lens, when
immersed in a liquid of refractive index of 1.25 will be
(a) 10 cm (b) 7.5 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 2.5 cm
14. An equiconvex lens is cut into two halves along (i) XOX' and (ii) Y
YOY ' as shown in the figure. Let f, f ' and f '' be the of the focal
lengths of complete lens of each half in case (i) and of each half
in case (ii) respectively. Choose the correct statement from the X′ X
following : O
(a) f ' = 2 f and f '' = f (b) f ' = f and f '' = f

(c) f ' = 2 f and f '' = 2 f (d) f ' = f and f '' = 2 f
Y′
15. A ray of light incident at an angle q on a refracting face of a prism
emerges from the other face normally. If the angle of the prism is 5° and the prism is made of
a material of refractive index 1.5, the angle of incidence is [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 7.5° (b) 5° (c) 15° (d) 2.5°
16. The refractive index of the material of a prism is 2 and the angle of the prism is 30°. One
of the two refracting surfaces of the prism is made a mirror inwards, by silver coating. A
beam of monochromatic light entering the prism from the other face will retrace it path (after
reflection from the silvered surface) if its angle of incidence of the prism is
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) zero
17. A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue colours
is incident on a right angled prism. The refractive index of
the material of the prism for the above red, green and blue
wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively.
The prism will
(a) not separate the three colours at all

(b) separate the red colour part from the green and blue colours
(c) separate the blue colour part from the red and green colours
(d) separate all the three colours from one another
18. A thin prism having refracting angle 10° is made of glass of refractive index 1.42. This prism is
combined with another thin prism of glass of refractive index 1.7. This combination produces
dispersion without deviation. This refracting angle of second prism should be
(a) 6° (b) 8° (c) 10° (d) 4°
19. The sky would appear red instead of blue if
(a) atmospheric particles scatter blue light more than red light
(b) atmospheric particles scatter all colours equally
(c) atmospheric particles scatter red light more than blue light
(d) the sun was much hotter
20. The reddish appearance of rising and setting sun is due to
(a) reflection of light (b) diffraction of light
(c) scattering of light (d) interference of light
21. A setting sun appears to be at an altitude higher than it really is. This is because of
(a) absorption of light (b) reflection of light
(c) refraction of light (d) dispersion of light
22. For relaxed eye, the magnifying power of a microscope is
v0 D v0 fe u0 D u0 D
(a) × (b) × (c) × (d) ×e – o
u0 fe u0 D v0 fe v0 fe
23. If the focal length of objective lens is increased then magnifying power of
(a) microscope will increase but that of telescope decrease
(b) microscope and telescope both will increase
(c) microscope and telescope both will decrease
(d) microscope will decrease but that of telescope will increase
24. Four lenses of focal length ±15 cm and ±150 cm are available for making a telescope. To
produce the largest magnification, the focal length of the eyepiece should be
(a) +15 cm (b) +150 cm (c) –150 cm (d) –15 cm
25. The magnifying power of a telescope is 9. When it is adjusted for parallel rays the distance
between the objective and eyepiece is 20 cm. The focal length of lenses are
(a) 11 cm, 9 cm (b) 10 cm, 10 cm (c) 15 cm, 5 cm (d) 18 cm, 2 cm
Answers
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b)
7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a)
19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (a)
25. (d)
Fill in the Blanks [1 mark]

1. When the refractive index of the material of the lens is greater than that of the surroundings,
then biconvex lens acts as a _________________.
2. The power of a lens is defined as the _________________ of the angle by which it converges or
diverges a beam of light falling at unit distant from the optical centre.
358
3. A lens of power of –4.0 D means a concave lens of focal length _________________ cm.
4. When we apply the sign convention, we see that, for erect and virtual image formed by a convex
or concave lens, m is _________________.
5. The angle between the emergent ray and the direction of the incident ray is called the
_________________.
6. At the minimum deviation, the refraction ray inside the prism becomes parallel to the
_________________.
7. In the visible spectrum, red light is at the long wavelength end (~700 nm) while the
_________________ is at the short wavelength end (~400 nm).
8. The largest telescope in India is in Kavalur, Tamil Nadu. It is a _________________ diameter
reflecting telescope (cassegrain).
9. The amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the _________________ power of the
wavelength.
10. For the same angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three different medium A, B and C are
15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In medium _________________ velocity of light will be minimum.
Answers
1. converging lens 2. tangent 3. –25 cm 4. positive
5. angle of deviation 6. base 7. violet light 8. 2.34 m 9. fourth
10. A
Very Short Answer Questions [1 mark]

Q. 1. When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, why does the critical
angle of incidence depend on the colour of light? [CBSE Ajmer 2015]
b
Ans. The refractive index is different for different colour wavelength as n = a + . Hence, critical
m2
1
angle sin i C =would also be different for different colour of light.
n
Q. 2. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary if the incident violet light is
replaced by red light? [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. The angle of minimum deviation decreases, if violet light is replaced by red light i.e. dr < dv.
Q. 3. Why does bluish colour predominate in a clear sky? [CBSE Delhi 2010; Allahabad 2015]
Ans. The colour of the sky, as seen from the earth, is due to the scattering of sunlight by molecules of
earth's atmosphere. The amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of
the wavelength, i.e.,
1
I∝ 4
λ
Thus, shorter wavelengths are scattered much more than longer wavelengths.
Since λB<< λR. Hence, the bluish colour predominates in the clear sky.
Q. 4. A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with centre C as shown in the figure. The ray
emerges from the sphere parallel to the line AB. Find the angle of refraction at A if refractive
index of the material of the sphere is 3 . [CBSE (F) 2014]
sin i
Ans. Refractive index, n=
sin r
sin 60o
3=
sin r

3 1 1
sin r = × =
2 3 2
sin r = sin 30° ⇒ r = 30°
Angle of refraction = 30°.
Q. 5. For the same angle of incidence, the angle of refraction in two media A and B are 25° and 35°
respectively. In which one of the two media is the speed of light lesser?
v1 [CBSE Bhubaneshwar 2015]
sin i
Ans. n = =v
sin r 2

n A sin i/ sin rA sin rB v1 /v A
nB = sin i/ sin r = sin r = v1 /vB
B A
sin rB vB
= v
sin r
A A
rA < rB sin rA < sin rB ⇒

vA < vB
Speed of light in A is lesser.
Q. 6. The line AB in the ray diagram represents a lens. State whether the lens is convex or concave.
[CBSE Chennai 2015]
Ans. It is a concave or diverging lens.

Reason: The refracted ray is bending away from the principal axis.
Q. 7. The focal length of an equiconvex lens is equal to the radius of curvature of either face. What
is the value of refractive index of the material of the lens? [CBSE Panchkula 2015]
1 1 1
= (n – 1) d
R2 n
Ans. +
f R1
2
= (n – 1) d n
1
(` f = R)
f f
1
= ( n – 1)
2
n = 1.5
Q. 8. How does focal length of a lens change when red light incident on it is replaced by violet
light? Give reason for your answer. [CBSE (F) 2012]
1 1 1
Ans. We know = (n – 1 ) e – o
f R1 R2
1
f? and nv > nr
(n – 1 )
The increase in refractive index would result in decrease of focal length of lens. Hence, we can
say by replacing red light with violet light, decreases the focal length of the lens used.
360
Q. 9. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in a medium of refractive index 1.65. What
is the nature of the lens? [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Ans. Concave lens, in medium of high refractive index, behaves as a convex lens (or a converging lens).
ng
= e n – 1 oc – – m
1 1 1
Reason:
fm m R R
Since nm > n g
1
= + ve value
fm
So, fm>0. Hence acts a convex lens.
Q. 10. Under what condition does a biconvex lens of glass having a certain refractive index act as a
plane glass sheet when immersed in a liquid? [CBSE Delhi 2012]
Ans. When nL = n g
where nL = Refractive index of liquid and ng = Refractive index of glass
Q. 11. A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 is kept in a liquid medium having same refractive
index. What is the focal length of the lens in this medium?
Ans. The focal length of lens in a liquid-medium is given by
ng
o = e n – 1 oe
1 1 1 1 1
= (l n g – 1) e – – o
f
l R1 R 2 l R1 R 2
Given nl = n g = 1.5
1
∴ = 0 or fl = 3
fl
i.e., focal length of converging lens is infinity i.e., glass lens behaves as a glass plate.
Q. 12. Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason. [CBSE Delhi 2010]
Ans. Blue is deviated more than red.
Reason: Deviation caused by a prism δ= (n – 1) A and Refractive index (n) is more for blue than red.
Q. 13. A ray of light passes through an equilateral glass prism such that the angle of incidence is
3
equal to angle of emergence and each of these angles is equal to of angle of prism. What is
4
the value of angle of deviation? [CBSE Patna 2015]
3
Ans. In prism i + e = A + D = and i = e = A (given)
4
3 3
So, A+D = A+ A
4 4
3A A
⇒ D= – A=
2 2
Since A = 60° (being an equilateral glass prism)
60°
So, D= = 30°
2
Q. 14. Why does the sun look reddish at sunset or sunrise?
[CBSE (F) 2015, (Central) 2016, 2019 (55/2/1)]
Ans. During sunset or sunrise, the sun is just above the horizon, the blue colour gets scattered most
by the atmospheric molecules while red light gets scattered least, hence sun appears red.
1
Reason: Scattering intensity I ? 4 and m B 11 m R. . Thus, the sun appears red due to least
m
scattering of red light as it has longest wavelength.
Q. 15. Why can’t we see clearly through fog? Name the phenomenon responsible for it.
[CBSE (North) 2016]
Ans. Scattering of light: When light falls on fog then scattering takes place so the particles of fog
becomes visible. Visible light cannot pass through fog.

Q. 16. You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an
objective to construct an astronomical telescope? Give reason.
Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm)
L1 3 8
L2 6 1
L3 10 1 [CBSE Delhi 2009, CBSE (AI) 2017]
Ans. Objective : Lens L1
Eyepiece : Lens L3
Reason: The objective lens should have large aperture (here, 8 cm) and large focal length
1
df= n while the eyepiece should have small aperture and small focal length.
Power
Q. 17. Does the magnifying power of a microscope depend on the colour of the light used? Justify
your answer. [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans. Yes, since magnification depends upon focal length and focal length depends on the colour and
different colours have different wavelengths (i.e., different refractive indices).
1 1 1
= (n – 1) > – H (By Lens Makers Formula)
f R1 R2
Also, magnification of compound microscope
–L D
M= e1 + o
f0 fe
Q. 18. (a) Explain briefly how the focal length of a convex lens changes with increase in wavelength
of incident light.
(b) What happens to the focal length of convex lens when it is immersed in water? Refractive
index of the material of lens is greater than that of water. [HOTS] [CBSE (South) 2016]
Ans. (a) Focal length increases with increase of wavelength.
n2 n2
= f – 1 p R as wavelength increases, n decreases hence focal length increases.
1 2
f n1 1
n2
(b) As n2 > n1, f p decreases so, focal length increases.
n1 – 1
n2
=f p
1 2

f n1 – 1 R
. 19. Redraw the diagram given below and mark the position of the centre of curvature of the
Q
spherical mirror used in the given set up. [CBSE Sample Paper]
Ans. If the object is in between focus ‘F’ and centre of curvature ‘C’, image would be beyond the
centre of curvature, inverted real and magnified.
362
Q. 20. An equi-convex lens has refractive index 1.5. Write its focal length in terms of radius of
curvature R. [HOTS]
1 1
= _1.5 – 1 id + n ⇒ =
1 1 1 ⇒ f = R.
Ans.
f R R f R
Q. 21. A concave mirror and a converging lens have the same focal length in air. Which one of the
two will have greater focal length when both are immersed in water? [HOTS]
Ans. Converging lens; the focal length of a spherical mirror remains unaffected.
n 1 1
=f 2 – 1p f p
1 +
For converging lens, R2 R2
f n1
When it is immersed in water
n2 (in water) < n2 (air)
n2
f p decreases hence focal length of converging lens increases in water.
n1 – 1
Q. 22. A concave lens is placed in water. Will there be any change in focal length? Give reason. [HOTS]
ng − 1
Ans. Focal length of lens in water fw = fa
ng
−1
ng nw
As ng > nw , > 1, so fw > fa
nw
That is, focal length of lens in water will increase, but the nature of lens will remain unchanged.
Q. 23. For which colour the magnifying power of a simple microscope is highest? For which colour
it is lowest?
D
Ans. It is highest for violet and lowest for red colour since M = 1 + and fV 1 fR
f .
Q. 24. A telescope has been adjusted for relaxed eye. You are asked to adjust it for least distance of
distinct vision, then how will you change the distance between two lenses? [HOTS]
Ans. For relaxed eye, L = f0 + fe
For least distance of distinct vision
L′ = f0 + ue , ue < fe
Therefore, L′ < L, that is, the distance will be decreased.
Q. 25. Consider a point at the focal point of a convergent lens. Another convergent lens of short focal
length is placed on the other side. What is the nature of the wavefronts emerging from the
final image? [HOTS] [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. The focal point of a convergent lens is the position of real image formed by this lens, when
object is at infinity. When another convergent lens of short focal length is placed on the other
side, the combination will form a real point image at the combined focus of the two lenses. The
wavefronts emerging from the final image will be spherical.
Q. 26. Will the focal length of a lens for red light be more, same or less than that for blue light?
[HOTS] [NCERT Exemplar]
1
Ans. As the refractive index for red is less than that for blue \ n – 1, parallel beams of light incident
f
on a lens will be bent more towards the axis for blue light compared to red. Thus the focal length
for red light will be more than that for blue.
Q. 27. An unsymmetrical double convex thin lens forms the image of a point object on its axis. Will
the position of the image change if the lens is reversed? [HOTS] [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. No, the reversibility of the lens makes equation.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
For convex lens, v – u = = (n – 1) e – o = – _ n – 1 ie – o
f R1 R2 R2 R1
On reversing the lens, values of R1 and R2 are reversed and so their signs. Hence, for a given
position of object (u), position of image (v) remains unaffected.

Q. 28. State the condition under which a large magnification can be achieved in an astronomical
telescope. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. The condition under which a large magnification can be achieved in an astronomical telescope
is fo >> fe , focal length of objective must be greater than focal length of eyepiece.
Short Answer Questions–I [2 marks]

Q. 1. An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure. [CBSE (AI) 2012]
(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of the mirror’s
reflecting surface is painted black?
Ans. (i) Image formed will be inverted diminished between C and F.
(ii) There will be no change in the position of the image but its intensity will be reduced.
Q. 2. For paraxial rays, show that the focal length of a spherical mirror is one-half of its radius of
curvature. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. According to the law of reflection,
Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)
∴ ∠ABC = ∠FBC
But ∠ABC = ∠BCF (alternate angles)
∴ ∠FBC = ∠BCF
Triangle BCF is isosceles. Hence, CF = FB ...(i)
If aperture of mirror is small, then point B is very near to P, so
∴ FB = FP ...(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), CF = FP
FP + CF PC
∴ FP = =
2 2
R
or f=
2
Thus, the focal length of a spherical mirror (concave mirror) is half of its radius of curvature.
Q. 3. For paraxial rays, show that the focal length of a convex
mirror is one half of its radius of curvature.
Ans. According to the law of reflection,
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
∴ ∠ABN = ∠EBN
Also ∠FBC = ∠EBN (vertically opposite angles)
and ∠ABN = ∠FCB (corresponding angles)
∴ ∠FBC = ∠FCB
364
∴ Triangle FCB is isosceles
∴ FC = BF …(i)
If aperture of mirror is small, then point B is very near to the point P
∴ PF = BF
PF + BF
∴ PF =
2
PF + FC PC
= =
2 2
R
f=
2
That is, the focal length of a convex mirror is half of its radius of curvature.
Q. 4. The following data was recorded for values of object distance and the corresponding values of
image distance in the experiment on study of real image formation by a convex lens of power + 5 D.
One of these observations is incorrect. Identify this observation and give reason for your choice:
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Object distance (cm) 25 30 35 45 50 55
Image distance (cm) 97 61 37 35 32 30
Ans. Power of lens = + 5 D

1 1
Focal length of lens, f = = = 0.20 m = 20 cm
P 5
The observations at serial number (3) i.e., (object distance 35 cm and image distance 37 cm is
incorrect), because if the object is placed at a distance between f and 2f its image will be formed
beyond 2f, while in this observation the object and image distances, both are between f and 2f.
Q. 5. A spherical convex surface of radius of curvature 20 cm, made of glass (n = 1.5) is
placed in air. Find the position of the image formed, if a point object is placed at
30 cm in front of the convex surface on the principal axis. [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
O P C
30 cm 20 cm
Ans. Here, R = +20 cm, n1=1.0, n2=1.5, u = – 30 cm

n2 n1 n2 – n1
Using, v – u =
R
1.5 1.0 1 . 5 – 1. 0
v – – 30 = 20
1.5 1 0 .5 1
⇒
v + 30 = 20 = 40
1.5 1 1 1.5 3–4
⇒
v = 40 – 30 ⇒ v = 120
1.5 –1
⇒
v = 120
⇒
v = –180.0 cm
Q. 6. A converging and a diverging lens of equal focal lengths are placed co-axially in contact. Find
the power and the focal length of the combination. [CBSE (AI) 2010]
Ans. Let focal length of converging and diverging lenses be + f and – f respectively.
1 1
Power of converging lens P1 = Power of diverging lens P2 = –
f f

1 1
∴ Power of combination P = P1 + P2 =
– =0
f f
1 1
∴ Focal length of combination F = = = 3 (infinite)
P 0
Q. 7. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. The image formed is real
and three times the size of the object. Calculate the distance of the object from the mirror.
[CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
Ans. Here, m = –3 and f = –15 cm
v
m= – u = – 3 ` v = 3u
1 1 1
= v+u
f
1 1 1
= +
–15 3u u
⇒ u = – 20 cm
Q. 8. Calculate the radius of curvature of an equi-concave lens of refractive index 1.5, when it is
kept in a medium of refractive index 1.4, to have a power of –5D? [CBSE 2019 (55/1/1)]
Ans. We know that
n2 – n1 1 1
=f pe R – R o
1
P=
f n1 1 2
According to question P = – 5 D,
n2 = 1.5, n1 = 1.4
Also, lens is equiconcave R1 = – R, R2 = R
– 5= c mc – – m
1.5 – 1.4 1 1

1.4 R R
0.1 2 1 2
–5=– ×
1.4 R
& 5 = 14 ×
R
1 1 100 20
&R = 35 & R =
35
m=
35
cm =
7
cm = 2.86 cm
Q. 9. Calculate the distance d, so that a real image of an object at O, 15 cm in front of a convex lens
of focal length 10 cm be formed at the same point O. The radius of curvature of the mirror is
20 cm. Will the image be inverted or erect?
OR
An object is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. Find the nature and
position of the image formed. Where should a concave mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm be
placed so that the final image is formed at the position of the object itself?
[CBSE Panchkula 2015]
Ans. For lens, u = – 15 cm, f = + 10 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ = + = − ⇒ v = 30 cm
f v u v f u 10 15
366
For image to be formed at O, the rays incident on mirror should form the image at centre of
curvature. It will be so if the image I formed by the lens lies at the centre of curvature of the
mirror, then the final image of mirror will be at centre of curvature and inverted, this image will
be object for the lens.
∴ d = | v | +| R | = 30 + 20 = 50 cm
The image is inverted.
Q. 10. An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification of magnitude 5 for distant objects.
The separation between the objective and an eye piece is 36 cm and the final image is formed
at infinity. Calculate the focal length of the objective and the focal length of the eye piece?
[CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
Ans. Magnification m = f0 / fe = 5
f0 = 5 fe
Now, length of the tube, L = f0 + fe
36 = 5 fe + fe
6fe = 36 cm
fe = 6 cm
∴ f0 = 5 × 6 = 30 cm
Q. 11. The refractive index of a material of a concave lens is n1. It is immersed in a medium of
refractive index n2. A parallel beam of light is incident on the lens. Trace the path of emergent
rays when (i) n2 = n1 (ii) n2>n1 (iii) n2< n1.
=f 1 – 1p e– o
1 n 1 1
Ans. –
f n2 R2 R2
(i) for n1 = n2 f = ∞ (ii) for n1 < n2 f > 0 (iii) for n1 > n2 f<0
The path of rays in three cases is shown in fig.
Q. 12. A convex lens made of a material of refractive index n1 is kept in a medium of refractive index
n2. Parallel rays of light are incident on the lens. Complete the path of rays of light emerging
from the convex lens if: (i) n1 > n2 (ii) n1 = n2 (iii) n1<n2.
=f 1 – 1p e o
1 n 1 1
Ans. +
f n2 R 2 R2
In case (i) n1 > n2, the lens behaves as convergent lens.

In case (ii) n1= n2, the lens behaves as a plane plate.
In case (iii) n1< n2, the lens behaves as a divergent lens.
The path of rays in all the three cases is shown in fig.

Q. 13. The radii of curvature of both the surfaces of a lens are equal. If one of the surfaces is made
plane by grinding, then will the focal length of lens change? Will the power change?
[CBSE Guwahati 2015]
1 1 1 R
Ans. Focal length of lens = ( n − 1)  +  ⇒ f=
f  R R 2 ( n − 1)
1 1 1
When one surface is made plane, = ( n − 1)  + 
f R ∞
R
∴ f′ =
= 2 f . That is, the focal length will be doubled.
( n − 1)
1
As P = , so power will be halved.
f
Q. 14. A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a convex lens is placed in the path of the convergent
beam at 15 cm from P. At what point does a beam converge if the convex lens has a focal
length 10 cm? [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
Ans.
1 1 1

v – u = f (lens formula)
Here u = + 15 cm; f = +10 cm

1 1 1 1 1
` v = f + u = 10 + 15
⇒
v = 6 cm
Q. 15. A lens is placed in the path of a beam of light which converges to the point O in the absence of
the lens. The distance between the lens and the point is
15 cm, what distance from the point O will the beam
converge if the lens is a concave lens of focal length
25 cm.
Ans. In the case of concave lens, I
O

f = 25 cm, u = + 15 cm, v = ?
uf 15× (–25)
v=
= = +37.5 cm
u+f 15 – 25
The distance OI = 37.5 – 15 = 22.5 cm
Q. 16. A convex lens is placed in contact with a plane mirror. A point object at a distance of 20 cm on
the axis of this combination has its image coinciding with itself. What is the focal length of the
lens? [CBSE Delhi 2014]
368
Ans. The focal length of the lens = 20 cm
Explanation:

As the image of this combination coincides with the object itself, the rays from the object, after
refraction from the lens should fall normally on the plane mirror, so that they retrace their path.
So the rays from the point object after refraction from the lens must form parallel beam. Hence
the rays must be originating from the focus.
Q. 17. (i) State the condition under which a large magnification can be achieved in an astronomical
telescope. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
(ii) Give two reasons to explain why a reflecting telescope is preferred over a refracting
telescope. [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans. (i) (a) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision, magnification
fo f
d1 + e n
m=
fe D
(b) Magnification in normal adjustment,
fo
m=
fe
Clearly, for large magnification
fo >> fe
(ii) Reflecting telescope is preferred over refracting telescope because
(a) No chromatic aberration, because mirror is used.
(b) Spherical aberration can be removed by using a parabolic mirror.
(c) Image is bright because no loss of energy due to reflection.
(d) Large mirror can provide easier mechanical support.
Q. 18. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 45°. [CBSE Patna 2015]
Does critical angle for a given pair of media depend on wave length of incident light? Give reason.
Ans. Critical angle in the medium, iC = 45°
1 1
So, refractive index, n = =
sin iC sin 45°
⇒ n = 2
c0
Refractive index, n =
cm
3×108
2=
cm
3×108
cm = = 2.1×108 m/s
2
b
Yes, critical angle for a pair of media depends on wavelength, because n = a + 2 , where a and
b are constants of the media. m
Q. 19. A ray of light incident normally on one face of a right isosceles prism is totally reflected
as shown in figure. What must be minimum value of refractive index glass? Give relevant
calculations. [CBSE Delhi 2016]

Ans. The critical angle depends on refractive index n as
1
sin ic =
n
For total internal reflection,
∠i > ∠ ic (critical angle)
⇒ 45° > ∠ ic ⇒ ∠ ic < 45°
1
⇒ sin ic ≤ sin 45° ⇒ sin ic ≤
2
1
⇒ ≥ 2 ⇒ n≥ 2
sin ic
Hence, the minimum value of refractive index must be 2 .
Q. 20. An equilateral glass prism has a refractive index 1.6 in air. Calculate the angle of minimum
deviation of the prism, when kept in a medium of refractive index 4 2 /5 .
[CBSE 2019 (55/1/1/)]
Ans. We know that
A + dm
sin e o
n2 2
n= n =
1 A
sin
2
60° + d m 60° + d m 60°
sin e o sin e o
1 .6 2 5 × 1. 6 2 δ
&
=
60 °
& =
sin 30°
4 2 sin 4 2
5 2
60° + d m 60° + d m
& 8 × 0.5 = sin e
o & 1
= sin e o
4 2 2 2 2
60° + d m 60° + d m
& sin ]45°g = sin e
o & 2
= 45 ° & d m = 90° – 60° = 30°
2
` d m = 30°

Q. 21. (a) A ray of light is incident normally on the face AB of a right-angled glass prism of refractive
index ang = 1.5. The prism is partly immersed in a liquid
of unknown refractive index. Find the value of refractive
A B
index of the liquid so that the ray grazes along the face BC 60°
after refraction through the prism.
(b) Trace the path of the rays if it were incident normally on
the face AC. [HOTS] [CBSE Ajmer 2015]
Ans. (a) From Snell’s law
ang sin ic = anl sin 90°
1.5 × sin 60° = anl

3
∴
a nl =1.5 × = 1.3
2 C
370
(b) The ray strikes at an angle of 30° <ic . So, the ray of light
deviates apart from the normal, as it moves from denser to
rarer medium.
Q. 22. A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism propagates parallel to the base line of the
prism inside it. Find the angle of incidence of this ray. Given refractive index of material of
glass prism is 3 . [CBSE Bhubaneshwar 2015]
Ans. From the figure, we see
r = 30°
We know
sin i
⇒
n21 =
sin r
sin i
⇒
3=
sin 30°
1 3
⇒
sin i = 3 sin 30° = 3 × =
2 2
⇒ i = 60°
Q. 23. A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum
3
deviation when the angle of incidence is th of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of
4
light in the prism. [CBSE (AI) 2017]
Ans. Angle of prism, A = 60° (Since prism is an equilateral glass prism)

We are given that
3 3
i= A = ×60°
4 4
∴
i = 45°
At minimum deviation,
A
r= = 30°
2
1
sin i sin 45° 2 2
∴
n= = = = = 2
sin r sin 30° 1 2
2
∴
Speed of light in the prism is given by
c 3×108
v= = = 2.1×108 m/s
n 2

Q. 24. A right-angled crown glass prism with critical angle 41° is placed before an object, PQ in two
positions as shown in the figures (i) and (ii). Trace the paths of the rays from P and Q passing
through the prisms in the two cases.
Ans. The formation of images is shown in figures (i) and (ii).
Short Answer Questions–II [3 marks]

Q. 1. (i) What is total internal reflection? Under what conditions does it occur?
(ii) Find a relation between critical angle and refractive index.
(iii) Name one phenomenon which is based on total internal reflection.
[CBSE (East) 2016, 2019 (55/1/1)]
Ans. (i) When a ray of light travels from an optically denser medium into a rarer medium at an angle
greater than the critical angle, it reflects back into the denser medium. This phenomenon is
called total internal reflection.
Conditions for total internal reflection:
(a) Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium.
(b) Angle of incidence in denser medium must be greater than critical angle.
1 sin i
(ii) n = , for total internal reflection to occur i≥ic; at critical angle, angle of refraction,
sin r
1 sin ic 1
r=90° hence n = & n=
sin 90 o sin ic
(iii) (a) Mirage (b) optical fibre (c) sparkling of diamond (d) shinning of air bubbles in water
(e) totally reflecting prism. (Any one)
Q. 2. (i) Name the phenomenon on which the working of an optical fibre is based.
(ii) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
(iii) Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre and show how light propagates through the
optical fibre using this phenomenon. [CBSE (South) 2016, 2019 (55/2/3)]
372
Ans. (i) Working of an optical fibre is based on total internal reflection.
(ii) (a) Rays of light have to travel from optically denser medium to optically rarer medium and
(b) Angle of incidence in the denser medium should be greater than critical angle.
(iii) Coating n = 1.5
n = 1.7
A
B
Q. 3. A converging beam of light travelling in air converges at

a point P as shown in the figure. When a glass sphere of
refractive index 1.5 is introduced in between the path of
the beam, calculate the new position of the image. Also P
10 cm
draw the ray diagram for the image formed.
[CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. Given, u = 20 cm 20 cm
n1 = 1
10
R = = 5 cm
2
As the light passes from rare to denser medium, so
n2 n1 n2 – n1
– =
v u R
1. 5 1 1.5 – 1
– =
v 20 5 I P
1.5 1 1
= +
v 10 20
1.5 2+1
=
v 20
v = +10 cm
Thus, the image is formed at the other end (I) of the diameter.
Q. 4. A point ‘O’ marked on the surface of a glass sphere of diameter 20 A
cm is viewed through glass from the position directly opposite to the
point O. If the refractive index of the glass is 1.5, find the position O C P
of the image formed. Also, draw the ray diagram for the image
formed. Also, draw the ray diagram for the formation of the image.
[CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. The mark O on the surface of glass sphere acts as object. The incident ray OA is in glass and
refracted ray AB is in air. I is the image of O.
Thus, n1 = 1, n2 = 1.5
u = – 20 cm (Minus sign is taken for refraction at concave surface)
As light passes from denser to rarer medium, so
n1 n2 n1 – n2
– =
v u R
1 1.5 1 – 1.5
+ =
v 20 –10

1 1 3
= – A
B
v 20 40
1 2–3 –1
= =
v 40 40 I O C P
v = – 40 cm
Negative sign shows that

the image is virtual. It is 40 cm
formed on the same side
of the refracting surface as
the object at a distance of 40 cm from the pole P.
Q. 5. How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope?
[CBSE Delhi 2012, 2019 (55/2/3)]
Ans. Difference in working of telescope and microscope:
(i) Objective of telescope forms the image of a very far off object at or within the focus of its eyepiece.
The microscope does the same for a small object kept just beyond the focus of its objective.
(ii) The final image formed by a telescope is magnified relative to its size as seen by the unaided
eye while the final image formed by a microscope is magnified relative to its absolute size.
(iii) The objective of a telescope has large focal length and large aperture while the corresponding
parameters for a microscope have very small values.
Q. 6. (a) A mobile phone lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror. Show, with the help of a
suitable diagram, the formation of its image. Explain why magnification is not uniform.
(b) Suppose the lower half of the concave mirror’s reflecting surface is covered with an opaque
material. What effect this will have on the image of the object? Explain. [CBSE Delhi 2014]
Ans. (a)
The position of the image of different parts of the mobile phone depends on their position
with respect to the mirror. The image of the part which is on the plane perpendicular to
principal axis will be on the same plane. It will be of the same size, i.e., B′C = BC. The images
of the other parts of the phone are getting magnified as when the object is placed between
C and F it gets magnified.
(b) Taking the laws of reflection to be true for all points of the remaining (uncovered) part of
the mirror, the image will be that of the whole object. As the area of the reflecting surface has
been reduced, the intensity of the image will be low (in this case half).
Q. 7. (a) Calculate the distance of an object of height h from a concave mirror of radius of curvature
20 cm, so as to obtain a real image of magnification 2. Find the location of image also.
(b) Using mirror formula, explain why does a convex mirror always produce a virtual
image. [CBSE Delhi 2016]
Ans. (a) R = – 20 cm and m = –2
R
Focal length f = = –10 cm
2
v
Magnification m = – u = –2 (given) ∴ v = 2u
Using mirror formula
374
1 1 1 1 1 1
v + u = f & 2u + u = – 10
3 1
⇒

2u
=–
10
& u = –15 cm
∴ v = 2 (–15)= –30 cm
1 1 1
(b) v + u =
f
Using sign convention for convex mirror we get
f > 0, u < 0
1 1 1
∴ From the formula: v = – u
f
As f is positive and u is negative, v is always positive, hence image is always virtual.
Q. 8. What are optical fibres? Mention their one practical application.
[CBSE Delhi 2011, Guwahati 2015]
Ans. Optical Fibre: An optical fibre is a device based on total internal reflection by which a light signal may
be transmitted from one place to another with a negligible loss of energy. It is a very long and thin
pipe of quartz (n = 1 .7) of thickness nearly ≈ 10– 4 m coated all around with a material of
refractive index 1.5. A large number of such fibres held together form a light pipe and are used
for communication of light signals. When a light ray is incident on one end at a small angle of
incidence, it suffers refraction from air to quartz and strikes the quartz-coating interface at an
angle more than the critical angle and so suffers total internal reflection and strikes the opposite
face again at an angle greater than critical angle and so again suffers total internal reflection.
Thus the ray within the fibre suffers multiple total internal reflections and finally strikes the
other end at an angle less than critical angle for quartz-air interface and emerges in air.
As there is no loss of energy in total internal reflection, the light signal is transmitted by this
device without any appreciable loss of energy.
Application : Optical fibre is used to transmit light signal to distant places.
For diagram, Refer to Question 2 (iii) on Page 372.
Q. 9. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in (i) a medium of
refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33.
(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media? [CBSE (AI) 2011]
Ans. Focal length of lens in liquid (l)
ng – 1
fl = n fa
g
nl – 1
(a) (i) ng = 1.5, nl = 1.65
ng
1.5
nl = 1.65 <1, so fl and fa are of opposite sign, so convex lens in liquid nl = 1.65
behaves as a diverging lens
(ii) ng = 1.5, nl = 1.33
ng
1.5
` nl = 1.33 > 1
so fl and fa are of same sign, so convex lens in liquid (nl = 1.33) behaves as a convergent lens.
1.5 – 1
(b) (i) Focal length, f1 = fa = – 5.5fa
1.5
–1
1.65
(Focal length becomes negative and its magnitude increases)
1. 5 – 1
(ii) Focal length, f2 = fa = 4fa (Focal length increases)
1.5
–1
1.33
Q. 10. A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R and made of
glass of refractive index 1.5, is placed on a layer of liquid placed
on top of a plane mirror as shown in the figure. An optical needle
with its tip on the principal axis of the lens is moved along the
axis until its real, inverted image coincides with the needle itself.
The distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be x.
On removing the liquid layer and repeating the experiment, the
distance is found to be y. Obtain the expression for the refractive
index of the liquid in terms of x and y. [CBSE 2018]
Ans. Let nl denote the refractive index of the liquid. When the image
of the needle coincides with the lens itself; its distance from the lens, equals the relevant focal
length.
With liquid layer present, the given set up, is equivalent to a combination of the given (convex)
lens and a concave plane/plano concave ‘liquid lens’.
1 1
= (n – 1) e R – R o
1
We have
f 1 2
1 1
=e f + f o
1
and
f 1 2
As per the given data, we then have
= y = ( 1. 5 – 1) d – n=
1 1 1 1 1

f2 R (– R ) R
– n
x = (nl –1) c – R m + y = y + y
1 1 1 l 2
\
nl 2x – y
y = y – x = e xy o
2 1
\
2x – y
or nl = d n
x
Q. 11. A biconvex lens of glass of refractive index 1.5 having focal length 20 cm is placed in a medium
of refractive index 1.65. Find its focal length. What should be the value of the refractive index
of the medium in which the lens should be placed so that it acts as a plane sheet of glass?
[CBSE Bhubaneshwar 2015]
Ans. From lens formula, when lens in a medium
ng n
= e n – 1 od
1 1 1

R
–
R n …(i)
fm m 1 2
1 1 1
= n – 1 id
fa _ g R1 R2 n
When lens in air – …(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get

ng
e o
n
fa nm – 1
=
fm _ ng – 1i
1.5
c – 1m
20 cm 1.65
=
fm ^1.5 – 1 h
20 × ^1.5 – 1h 20 × 0.5 ×1.65

⇒ fm = = = –110 cm
1.5 – 0.15
c – 1m
1.65
If lens in the medium behave as a plane sheet of glass. Then fm =∞
376
ng
1 e o 1 1
3 = nm – 1 d R – R n
1 2
ng
& e n – 1 o = 0 & n g = nm = 1.5

m
The refractive index of the medium must be 1.5.

Q. 12. A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It is made of a material of refractive index 1.6.
If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3, find its new focal length. [CBSE (F) 2017]
Ans. For spherical lens (thin) having same medium in both sides
1 1 1 nlens
= (nnet – 1) e – o where nnet =
feq R1 R2 nmed.
1 1.6 1 1
=d – 1n = R – R G … (i)
feq 1.3 1 2
1 1 1 1
Also, = = ( 1. 6 – 1) > – H …(ii)
fa 20 R1 R2
1 1 1 1
⇒
e – o= =
R1 R2 20 × 0.6 12
Substituting in (i)
1 0.3 1 12×1.3
⇒
= × ⇒ feq = = 52 cm
feq 1.3 12 0.3
Q. 13. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm and a concave lens of focal length 15 cm are kept 30
cm apart with their principal axes coincident. When an object is placed 30 cm in front of
the convex lens, calculate the position of the final image formed by the combination. Would
this result change if the object were placed 30 cm in front of the concave lens? Give reason.
[CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)]
1 1 1
Ans. =v – u
f
1 1 1
= v +
20 30
20 × 30 600
v= = = 60 cm
30 – 20 10

u for concave lens = +30 cm
1 1 1
=v – u
f
1 1 1
= v –
–15 30
15 × 30 450
v=
=– = –30 cm
15 – 30 15
No, the result will not change from principle of reversibility.
Q. 14. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a convex mirror of radius of
curvature 20 cm. The two are kept 15 cm apart. A point object is placed 40 cm in front of the
convex lens. Find the position of the image formed by this combination. Draw the ray diagram
showing the image formation. [CBSE (AI) 2014]
Ans. For convex lens, u = – 40 cm, f = 20 cm

1 1 1 1 1 1
= – & = –
f v u 20 v – 40
1 1 1
⇒ v = 20 – 40 & v = + 40 cm
This image acts as a virtual object for the convex mirror.
20
∴ u = 40 −15 = 25 cm ⇒ f = = +10 cm
2
Using mirror formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1
= v + u & = +
f 10 v 25
1 1 1 50
v = 10 – 25 & v = 3 cm - 16.67 cm
Hence, the final image is a virtual image formed at a distance of 16.67 cm.
Q. 15. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a concave mirror of focal length
10 cm at a distance of 50 cm apart from each other. A beam of light coming parallel to the
principal axis is incident on the convex lens. Find the position of the final image formed by this
combination. Draw the ray diagram showing the formation of the image. [CBSE (AI) 2014]
Ans. For the convex lens,
u = ∞, f = 20 cm
1 1 1
= −
f v u
∴ v = 20 cm
For the concave mirror, the image formed by the lens acts as the object.
Hence, u = – (50 – 20) cm = – 30 cm and f = – 10 cm
20 cm
Using mirror formula, we get

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = ⇒ + =
v u f v − 30 − 10
1 1 1
& v – 30 = – 10 & v = – 15 cm
378
The lens-mirror combination, therefore, forms a real image Im at a distance of 15 cm to the left
of the concave mirror or at a distance of 35 cm to the right of the convex lens.
Q. 16. In the following diagram, an object ‘O’ is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens L1 of focal
length 20 cm and the final image is formed at ‘I’ at a distance of 80 cm from the second lens
L2. Find the focal length of the L2. [CBSE (F) 2016]
Ans. Let focal length of lens L2 be x cm

Now, for lens, L1
u = – 15 cm; f = +20 cm; v = ?
Using lens formula
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = ⇒ = +
v u f v f u
1 1 15 – 20 –5 –1
= + = = =
20 –15 300 300 60
⇒ v = –60 cm
i.e., 60 cm from lens in the direction of object.
Now, for lens, L2
The image formed by lens L1, will act as object for lens L2
u = –60 + (–20) = –80 cm
v = +80 cm (given) and f = x cm
Applying lens formula for lens L2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= – & x= – = +
f v u 80 (– 80) 80 80
1 2
⇒ = ⇒ x = 40 cm
x 80
Hence, focal length of lens L2 is 40 cm.
Q. 17. Find the position of the image formed of an object ‘O’ by the lens combination given in the
figure. [CBSE (F) 2011, 2019 (55/4/1)]
Ans. For first lens, u1 = – 30 cm, f1 = + 10 cm

1 1 1
∴
From lens formula, = −
f1 v1 u1
1 1 1 1 1 3 –1
⇒
v1 = f + u1 = 10 – 30 = 30
1

⇒ v1 = 15 cm
The image formed by the first lens serves as the object for the second. This is at a distance of
(15 – 5) cm = 10 cm to the right of the second lens. Though the image is real, it serves as a virtual
object for the second lens, which means that the rays appear to come from it for the second lens.
For second lens, f2 = – 10 cm, u2 = 15 – 5 = + 10 cm
1 1 1 1 1
∴ v2 = f + u2 = – 10 + 10 & v2 = 3
2
The virtual image is formed at an infinite distance to the left of the second lens. This acts as an
object for the third lens.
For third lens, f3 = + 30 cm, u3 = ∞
1 1 1 1 1
From lens formula, = + = +
v2 f3 u3 30 ∞
v3 = 30 cm
The final image is formed at a distance 30 cm to the right of third lens.
Q. 18. (i) A screen is placed at a distance of 100 cm from an object. The image of the object is
formed on the screen by a convex lens for two different locations of the lens separated by
20 cm. Calculate the focal length of the lens used.
(ii) A converging lens is kept coaxially in contact with a diverging lens - both the lenses being
of equal focal length. What is the focal length of the combination? [CBSE (North) 2016]
Ans. (i) For first position of the lens, we have
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ = + ...(i)
f y ( − x) f y x
For second position of lens, we have
1 1 1
= −
f y − 20 [ −( x + 20)]
1 1 1
= + . ..(ii)
f y − 20 x + 20
From (i) and (ii), we have
1 1 1 1
+ = +
y x ( y − 20) ( x + 20)
x + y ( x + 20) + ( y − 20)
=
xy ( y − 20)( x + 20)
x+ y x+ y
=
xy ( y − 20)( x + 20)
∴ xy = (y – 20) (x + 20)
⇒ xy = xy – 20x + 20y – 400
⇒ 20x – 20y = – 400
∴ x – y = – 20
Also, x + y= 100
On solving, we have
x = 40 cm and y = 60 cm
1 1 1 5
∴
= − = ⇒ f = 24cm
f 60 −40 120
380
(ii) Let focal length of the combination be f.
1 1 1
∴ = +
f f1 f2
1 1  1
⇒
= + − 
f f  f
1
⇒
= 0 ⇒ f = infinite.
f
Q. 19. You are given three lenses L1, L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object is kept at 40 cm in
front of L1, as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus ‘I’ of L3. Find the separations
between L1, L2 and L3. [CBSE (AI) 2012]
Ans. Given f1 = f2 = f3 =20 cm

For lens L1, u1 = – 40 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
By lens formula v – u =
1 1 f
& v1 = 20 + – 40 & v1 = 40 cm
1
For lens L3, f3 = 20 cm, v3 = 20 cm, u3 = ?

1 1 1 1 1 1
By lens formula, − = ⇒ − =
v3 u3 f3 20 u 3 20
1
=0 ⇒ u3 = ∞
u3
Thus lens L2 should produce image at infinity.
Hence, for L2, its objective should be at focus. The image formed by lens L1 is at 40 cm on the
right side of lens L1 which lies at 20 cm left of lens L2 i.e., focus of lens L2.
Hence, the distance between L1 and L2 = 40 + 20 = 60 cm.
As the image formed by lens L2 lies at infinity, then the distance between lens L2 and L3 does not
matter.
Hence, the distance between L2 and L3 can have any value.
Q. 20. A ray PQ incident on the face AB of a prism ABC, as shown
in the figure, emerges from the face AC such that AQ = AR.
Draw the ray diagram showing the passage of the ray through
the prism. If the angle of the prism is 60° and refractive
index of the material of the prism is 3 , determine
the values of angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
[CBSE Panchkula 2015]
Ans. ∠ A = 60o and n = 3
i + e= A + δ
Since QR is parallel to BC hence this is the case of minimum deviation.
i =e

2i = 60 + δ ...(i)
60
2r = 60 ⇒ r = = 30o
2
sin i
n=
sin r
sin i
3=
sin 30o
3
sin i =
⇒ ∠i = 60o
2
Substitute in (i), we have
120 = 60 + δ ⇒ δ = 60°
Q. 21. A ray PQ incident on the refracting face BA is refracted
in the prism BAC as shown in the figure and emerges
from the other refracting face AC as RS such that
AQ = AR. If the angle of prism A = 60° and refractive
index of material of prism is 3 , calculate angle θ.
[CBSE North 2016]
Ans. Given, AQ = AR, we have
QR|| BC
At the minimum deviation, the refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel to its base.
∴ θ is the angle of minimum deviation.

 A+ θ  60o + θ 
sin   sin  
n=  2  ⇒ 3=  2  θ

 A sin 30o
sin  
2
 60o + θ  3  60o + θ 
= ⇒  = sin 60
o
sin 
sin 
 2  2  2 
60o + θ
= 60o ⇒ θ = 60o
2
Q. 22. Figure shows a ray of light passing through a prism. If the refracted ray QR is parallel to the base
BC, show that
(i) r1 = r2 = A/2,
(ii) angle of minimum deviation, Dm = 2i – A.
[CBSE (F) 2014]

Ans. (i) We know that
r1 + r2 = A
382
Since QR is parallel to BC
So, r1 = r2 and i = e
Therefore, 2r1 or 2r2 = A ⇒ r1 = r2 = A / 2
(ii) Dm = Deviation at the first face + Deviation of the second face
= (i – r1) + (e – r2) = (i + e) – (r1 + r2)
= 2i – A (∴ i = e)
Q. 23. A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece lens of focal
length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens. Calculate the magnifying power
of the compound microscope. Also calculate the length of the microscope. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
Ans. Given fo = 4 cm, fe = 10 cm
uo = – 6 cm
Magnifying power of microscope
vo D
M=– e1 + o
uo fe
1 1 1
From lens formula = –
fo vo uo
1 1 1 1 1 3–2
& v = +u = – =
o fo o 4 6 12
⇒
vo = 12 cm
12  25 
∴
m = − 1 +  = −2 × 3.5 = −7
6  10 
Negative sign shows that the image is inverted.
Length of microscope L = | vo | + | ue|
1 1 1
For eye lens =v –u
fe e e
1 1 1 1 1
⇒
ue = ve – f = – 25 – 10 (ve = D = – 25 cm, ue = ?)
e
50
⇒
ue = – cm = – 7.14 cm
7
∴ L = |vo| + |ue| = 12 + 7.14 = 19.14 cm
Q. 24. The total magnification produced by a compound microscope is 20. The magnification
produced by the eye piece is 5. The microscope is focussed on a certain object. The distance
between the objective and eyepiece is observed to be 14 cm. If least distance of distinct vision
is 20 cm, calculate the focal length of the objective and the eye piece. [CBSE Delhi 2014]
Ans. Here, M = –20, me = 5, ve = –20 cm
ve
For eyepiece, me = u
e
– 20 –20
& 5= u
& ue = = – 4 cm
e 5
Using lens formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1
ve – ue = f & – 20 + 4 = f
e e
–1 + 5 1
⇒ = & fe = 5 cm
20 fe

Now, total magnification
M = me × mo
–20 = 5 × mo ⇒ mo = –4
Also |vo|+|ue|= 14
|vo|+|– 4| = 14
vo = 14 – 4 = 10 cm
vo 10
mo = 1 – & – 4 =1 –
fo fo
10
−5 = − ⇒ f0 = 2 cm.
f0
Q. 25. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and eyepiece of focal length
5 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects in normal
adjustment?
If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what is the height of the image
of the tower formed by the objective lens? [CBSE Allahabad 2015]
Ans. If the telescope is in normal adjustment, i.e., the final image is at infinity.
fo
M=
fe
= =
Since fo 150 cm, fe 5 cm
150

` M= = 30
5
If tall tower is at distance 3 km from the objective lens of focal length 150 cm. It will form its
image at distance vo So,
1 1 1
= –
fo vo uo
1 1 1
= –
150 cm vo (– 3 km)
1 1 1
= –
vo 1.5 m 3000 m
3000×1.5 4500
vo = = = 1. 5 m
3000 – 1.5 2998.5
I hi vo
Magnification, mo = = =
O ho uo
hi 1 .5 m 1 .5
= =
100 m 3 km 3000
1.5×100 1
hi = = m
3000 20
hi = 0.05 m
Q. 26. An amateur astronomer wishes to estimate roughly the size of the sun using his crude telescope
consisting of an objective lens of focal length 200 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 10 cm. By
adjusting the distance of the eyepiece from the objective, he obtains an image of the sun on a
screen 40 cm behind the eyepiece. The diameter of the sun’s image is measured to be 6.0 cm.
Estimate the sun’s size, given that the average earth-sun distance is 1.5 × 1011 m.
[CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)]
Ans. For eyepiece.
Given, ve = 40 cm, fe = 10 cm
384
1 1 1
ve – ue = f

e
1 1 1 1 1
or u = v –
= –
e e fe 40 10
– 40
⇒ ue =
cm
3
Magnification produced by eye piece is
ve 40
me = = =3
ue 40/3
Diameter of the image formed by the objective is

d = 6/3 = 2 cm
If D be the diameter of the sun then the angle subtended by it on the objective will be
D
a= rad
1.5 ×1011
Angle subtended by the image at the objective
= angle subtended by the sun
Size of image 2 1
` a=
= = rad
f0 200 100
D 1

` =
1.5 ×1011 100
⇒ D = 1.5 × 109 m
Q. 27. An object is placed 40 cm from a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. If a concave lens of focal
length 50 cm is introduced between the convex lens and the image formed such that it is
20 cm from the convex lens, find the change in the position of the image.
[CBSE Chennai 2015] [HOTS]
Ans. For the convex lens, f1 = + 30 cm and object distance u1 = – 40 cm, therefore,
1 1 1
= −
f1 v1 u1
1 1 1
= −
+ 30 v1 − 40
1 1 1 1
= − =
v1 30 40 120
⇒ v1 = + 120 cm, a real image is formed.
On introducing a concave lens, f2 = – 50 cm
and u2 = 120 – 20 = + 100 cm from the concave lens
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − = −
f2 v2 u2 − 50 v2 +100
1 1 1 1
∴
=− + =−
v2 50 100 100
v2 = – 100 cm
A virtual image is formed at the distance of 100 cm from the concave lens.
The change in position between the real image and the virtual image is 100 cm+100 cm=+ 200 cm
to the left of its original position.

Q. 28. A biconvex lens with its two faces of equal radius of curvature R is made of a transparent
medium of refractive index n1. It is kept in contact with a medium of refractive
index n2 as shown in the figure.
(a) Find the equivalent focal length of the combination.
(b) Obtain the condition when this combination acts as a diverging lens. n
(c) Draw the ray diagram for the case n1 > (n2 + 1) /2, when the object is kept far
away from the lens. Point out the nature of the image formed by the system.
n
[CBSE Patna 2015] [HOTS]
Ans. (a) If refraction occurs at first surface
n1 1 _ n1 – 1 i
v1 – u = R
...(i)
If refraction occurs at second surface, and the image of the first surface acts
as an object
n2 n1 n2 – n1
v – v1 = –R ...(ii)
On adding equation (i) and (ii), we get

n2 1 2n1 – n2 – 1 n
v – u= R
n2
If rays are coming from infinity, i.e., u = – ∞ then v = f
n2 1 2n1 – n2 – 1 n2 R
+ = ⇒ f=
f 3 R 2n1 – n2 –1
(b) If the combination behave as a diverging system then f < 0. This is possible only when
2n1 – n2 – 1< 0
⇒ 2n1 <n2 + 1
⇒
n1 <
( n 2 + 1)
2
(c) If the combination behaves as a converging lens
then f > 0. It is possible only when
2n1 – n2 – 1 > 0
⇒ 2n1 – > n2 + 1
^ n2 + 1h
⇒ n1 >
2
Nature of the image formed is real.
Q. 29. Three rays (1, 2, 3) of different colours fall normally on one of the sides of an isosceles right
angled prism as shown. The refractive index of prism for these rays is 1.39, 1.47 and 1.52
respectively. Find which of these rays get internally reflected and which get only refracted
from AC. Trace the paths of rays. Justify your answer with the help of necessary calculations.
[CBSE (F) 2016] [HOTS]
Ans. The ray incident perpendicularly on side AB, so it will pass out normally through AB.
386
On face AC, i = 45°
For total internal reflection to take place at face AC,
Angle of incidence > critical angle
45° > ic
sin 45° > sin ic
<` ic = sin –1 b lF
1 1 1
⇒
>n n
2
⇒
2<n & 1.414 < n
Hence, rays 2, 3 will undergo TIR and path of ray will
be as shown.
Ray 1 is refracted from AC.
Q. 30. A ray of light incident on one of the faces of a glass prism of angle ‘A’ has angle of incidence
2A. The refracted ray in the prism strikes the opposite face which is silvered, the reflected ray
from it retraces its path. Trace the ray diagram and find the relation between the refractive
index of the material of the prism and the angle of the prism. [CBSE Chennai 2015] [HOTS]
Ans. From Snell’s law
sin i sin 2A
n= = …(i)
sin r sin r
In ∆XQR, (90° – r) + A + 90° = 180°
or r=A …(ii)
From Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
sin i sin 2A 2 sin A cos A
n= = = = 2 cos A
sin r sin A sin A
∴ A = cos – 1 (n / 2)

Q. 31. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the
prism BAC made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray
through the prism. From which face will the ray emerge? Justify your answer.
[CBSE Central 2016] [HOTS]
Ans. For face AB,∠i = 0°, ∴ ∠r = 0°, the ray will pass through AB undeflected
Now, at face AC
−1  1 
Here, ic = sin  
n
 2
= sin −1   = sin −1 ( 0.66 )
 3
∠i on face AC is 30° which is less than ∠ic. Hence, the ray get
refracted.
And, applying Snell’s law at face AC
3
= sin r # 1
sin 30° #
2
r = sin –1 d n = sin – 1 (0 . 75)
1 3 3
& sin r = #
&
2 2 4
And, clearly r > i, as ray passes from denser to rarer medium.
Q. 32. Trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism (ABC) as
shown in the figure. If the refractive index of glass is 3 , find out of the
value of the angle of emergence from the prism. [CBSE (F) 2012] [HOTS]

Ans. Given ng = 3
i=0
At the interface AC,
By Snell’s Law
sin i ng
=
sin r na
But sin i = sin 0° = 0, hence r = 0
At the interface AB, i = 30°
Applying Snell’s Law
sin 30° na 1
=n = & sin e = 3 sin30° & e = 60°
sin e g 3
Q. 33. A ray of light incident on the face AB of an isosceles triangular A
prism makes an angle of incidence (i) and deviates by angle b as
shown in the figure. Show that in the position of minimum deviation Q β
+b = +a . Also find out the condition when the refracted ray QR R
suffers total internal reflection. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/2)] P

Ans. For minimum deviation
r1 + r2 = A; r1 = r2 α α
B C
Also, (90 – b) + (90 – b) = A
⇒
180 – 2b = A
⇒
2b = 180 – A
⇒
2b = 2a
⇒ b = a
We have, r1 + r2 = A
r1 + ic = A (Take r2 = ic)
ic = A – r1
ic = A– (90 – b)
Q. 34. A triangular prism of refracting angle 60° is made of a transparent material of refractive index
2 3 . A ray of light is incident normally on the face KL as shown in the figure. Trace the
path of the ray as it passes through the prism and calculate the angle of emergence and angle
of deviation. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)]
P K
60°
Q
L M
Ans. When light ray incident on face KL, it is pass undeviated, because it is normal to the surface and
incident on face KM. The angle of incidence for face KM is equal to 60°.
sin 60° n2 n2 = Second medium = air

>

=n
sin r 1 n1 = Glass medium = 2/ 3
388
sin 60° 1 3
= =
sin r 2/ 3 2
sin 60°
⇒ sin r =
=1
3
2
sin r = 1
r = 90°
Angle of emergence = 90°
Angle of deviation = 30°
Long Answer Questions [5 marks]

Q. 1. (i) Derive the mirror formula. What is the corresponding formula for a thin lens?
(ii) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a concave mirror when the object is
kept between its focus and the pole. Using this diagram, derive the magnification formula
for the image formed. [CBSE Delhi 2011]
Ans. (i) Mirror Formula: M1M2 is a concave mirror having pole P, focus F and centre of
curvature C.
An object AB is placed in front of mirror with point B on the principal axis. The image
formed by mirror is A' B'. The perpendicular dropped from point of incidence D on principal
axis is DN
In ∆ABC and ∆A' B' C
∠ABC = ∠A' B' C (each equal to 90°)
∠ACB = ∠A'CB' (opposite angles)
Both triangles are similar.
AB BC
` = …(i)
AB
l l Bl C
Now in ∆DNF and ∆A' B' F
∠DNF = ∠A'B'F (each equal to 90°)
∠DFN = ∠A'FB' (opposite angles)
∴ Both triangles are similar
DN FN FN
_ a AB = DN i …(ii)
AB
= or =
Al Bl Bl F Al Bl Bl F
Comparing (i) and (ii), we get
BC FN
= ...(iii)
Bl C Bl F
If aperture of mirror is very small, the point N will be very near to P, so FN = FP
BC FP PB–PC FP
` = or = …(iv)
BC
l BF
l PC–PBl PBl –PF
By sign convention
Distance of object from mirror PB = – u
Distance of image from mirror PB′ = – v
Focal length of mirror PF = – f
Radius of curvature of mirror PC = – R = – 2f

Substituting these values in (iv), we get
–u – ^ –2f h –f
=
–2f – ^ –v h –v – ^ –f h
–u + 2f –f
=
+
–2f v –v + f
⇒ 2f 2 – vf = – uf + uv + 2f2 – 2vf
or vf +uf = uv
Dividing both sides by uvf we get
1 1 1
u+v = f
The corresponding formula for thin lens is
1 1 1
v – u = f
(ii) Ray Diagram: The ray diagram of image formation for an object between focus (F) and pole
(P) of a concave mirror is shown in fig.
h i i
i
Size of image (A ' B ')

Magnification: m =
Size of object (AB)
From fig. ∠APB = ∠BPQ = i
Also, ∠BPQ = ∠A′ PB′ = i
AB
In D APB, tan i = ...(i)
BP
Al Bl
In D Al PBl , tan i = ...(ii)
Bl P
From (i) and (ii)
AB Al Bl
=
BP Bl P

Al Bl Bl P
⇒ Magnification, m = =
AB BP
v v
or m = –u or m = – u
Q. 2. With the help of a ray diagram, show the formation of image of a point object due to refraction
of light at a spherical surface separating two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 (n2 > n1)
respectively. Using this diagram, derive the relation
n2 n1 n1 – n2
v – u = R

Write the sign conventions used. What happens to the focal length of convex lens when it is
immersed in water?
390
Ans. Formula for Refraction at Spherical Surface
Concave Spherical Surface: Let SPS′ be a spherical refracting surface, which separates media ‘1’
and ‘2’. Medium ‘1’ is rarer and medium ‘2’ is denser. The refractive indices of media ‘1’ and ‘2’
are n1 and n2 respectively (n1 < n2). Let P be the pole and C the centre of curvature and PC the
principal axis of spherical refracting surface.

O is a point-object on the principal axis. An incident ray OA, after refraction at A on the spherical
surface bends towards the normal CAN and moves along AB. Another incident ray OP falls
on the surface normally and hence passes undeviated after refraction. These two rays, when
produced backward meet at point I on principal axis. Thus I is the virtual image of O.
Let angle of incidence of ray OA be i and angle of refraction be r i.e.,
∠ OAC = i and ∠ NAB = r
Let ∠ AOP = a, ∠ AIP = β and ∠ ACP =γ
In triangle OAC γ = a + i or i = γ -a ...(i)
In triangle AIC, γ = β + r or r= γ - β ...(ii)
sin i n2
From Snell’s law = n ...(iii)
sin r 1
If point A is very near to P, then angles i, r, a, β, γ will be very small, therefore sin i=i and sin r = r
Substituting values of i and r from (i) and (ii) we get

c–a n2
= n or n1 (γ - a) = n2 (γ - β) ...(iv)
c–b 1
The length of perpendicular AM dropped from A on the principal axis is h i.e., AM = h. As angles
a, β and γ are very small, therefore
tan a = a, tan β = β , tan γ = γ
Substituting these values in equation (iv)
n1 (tan γ - tan a) = n2 (tan γ - tan β) ...(v)
As point A is very close to P, point M is coincident with P
Perpendicular AM h
tan a = = =
Base MO PO
AM h AM h
tan b = = , tan c = =
MI PI MC PC
Substituting this value in (v), we get
n1 d n = n2 d n
h h h h
– –
PC PO PC PI
n1 n1 n2 n2
or – = – ...(vi)
PC PO PC PI
Let u, v and R be the distances of object O, image I and centre of curvature C from pole P. By
sign convention PO, PI and PC are negative, i.e., u = – PO, v = – PI and R = – PC

Substituting these values in (vi), we get
n1 n1 n2 n2 n1 n1 n2 n2
– = – or – u = – v
^ –R h ^ –u h ^ –R h ^ –v h R R
n2 n1 n2 – n1
or v – u = R
Sign Conventions:

(i) All the distances are measured from optical centre (P) of the lens.
(ii) Distances measured in the direction of incident ray of light are taken positive and vice-versa.
As we know
= ( n – 1) > H
1 1 1
–
f R1 R2
When convex lens is immersed in water, refractive index n decreases and hence focal length will
increase i.e., the focal length of a convex lens increases when it is immersed in water.
Q. 3. A spherical surface of radius of curvature R, separates a rarer and a denser medium as shown
in the figure.
Complete the path of the incident ray of light, showing the formation of a real image. Hence
derive the relation connecting object distance ‘u’, image distance ‘v’, radius of curvature R and
the refractive indices n1 and n2 of two media.
Briefly explain, how the focal length of a convex lens changes, with increase in wavelength of
incident light.
[CBSE Delhi 2014; Central 2016; (F) 2017; Sample Paper 2016]
Ans. Relation of object and image distances of a convex spherical surface: Let SPS′ be the convex
spherical refracting surface, separating the two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 respectively
(n1 < n2) i.e., medium ‘1’ is rarer and medium
‘2’ is denser. Let P be the pole, C the centre
of curvature and PC the principal axis of
convex refracting surface. O is a distant point
object on the principal axis. The ray OA
starting from O is incident on point A of the
spherical surface, CAN is normal at point A of
the surface. Due to going from rarer to
denser medium the ray OA deviates along
the normal CAN and is refracted along the
direction AB. The another ray OP starting from O is incident normally on the spherical surface
and passes undeviated after refraction along PQ. Both the rays AB and PQ meet at point I on the
principal axis, i.e., I is the real image of point object O.
Let i be the angle of incidence of ray OA and r the angle of refraction in the denser medium i.e.,
∠ OAN = i and ∠ CAI = r . Let ∠AOP = a, ∠ AIP = β and ∠ ACP = γ
392
In triangle OAC, i = γ + a ...(i)
In triangle AIC, γ=β+r or r = γ - β ...(ii)
sin i n2
From Snell’s law = n ...(iii)
sin r 1
If point A is very close to P, then angles i, r, a, β and γ will be very small, therefore
sin i = i and sin r = r
From equation (iii), n2
i
r = n1
Substituting values of i and r from (i) and (ii), we get
c+a n2
= n or n1 ^c + a h = n2 ^c–b h ...(iv)
c–b 1
Let h be the height of perpendicular drawn from A on principal axis i.e., AM = h. As a, β and γ
are very small angles.
tan a = a, tan β = β and tan γ = γ
Substituting these values in (iv)
n1(tan γ + tan a) = n2 (tan γ – tan β) ...(v)
As point A is very close to point P, point M is coincident with P.
AM h
From figure tan a = =
OM OP
AM h
tan b = =
MI PI
AM h

tan c = =
MC PC
Substituting these values in (v), we get
n1 d n = n2 d n
h h h h
+ –
PC OP PC PI
n1 d n = n2 d n ...(vi)
1 1 1 1
or + –
PC OP PC PI
If the distances of object O, image I, centre of curvature C from the pole be u, v and R respectively,
then by sign convention PO is negative while PC and PI are positive. Thus,
u = – PO, v = +PI, R = +PC
Substituting these values in (vi), we get
n1 d – u n = n2 d – v n
1 1 1 1

R R
n1 n1 n2 n2
or – u = – v
R R
n2 n1 n2 – n1
∴
v – u =
R

The focal length of a convex lens is given by
= ^ n – 1 hf p
1 1 1
–
f R1 R2
According to Cauchy’s formula
b c
n = a + 2 + 4 + ...
m m
Then n varies inversely as λ.

When wavelength increases, the refractive index n decreases; so focal length of lens increases
with increase of wavelength.
Q. 4. Draw a ray diagram for formation of image of a point object by a thin double convex lens having
radii of curvature R1 and R2. Hence, derive lens maker’s formula for a double convex lens. State
the assumptions made and sign convention used. [CBSE (F) 2013, (Central) 2016, 2020 (55/2/1)]
Ans. Lens Maker’s Formula: Suppose L is
a thin lens. The refractive index of the
material of lens is n2 and it is placed in
a medium of refractive index n1. The
optical centre of lens is C and X ′ X is the
principal axis. The radii of curvature of
the surfaces of the lens are R1 and R2 and
their poles are P1 and P2 The thickness of
lens is t, which is very small. O is a point object on the principal axis of the lens. The distance of
O from pole P1 is u. The first refracting surface forms the image of O at I ′ at a distance v′ from
P1. From the refraction formula at spherical surface
n2 n1 n2 – n1
– u = ...(i)
vl R1
The image I′ acts as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second surface, the
final image is formed at I. The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v. The distance of
virtual object (I ′ ) from pole P2 is (v′ – t).
For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from second medium (refractive index n2) to
first medium (refractive index n1), therefore from refraction formula at spherical surface
n1 n2 n1 – n2
–
v ^ vl – t h = ...(ii)
R 2
For a thin lens t is negligible as compared to v' therefore from (ii)

n1 n2 n2 – n1
v – = – ...(iii)
vl R 2
Adding equations (i) and (iii), we get

n1 n1
v – u = (n2 – n1) f R – R p
1 1

1 2
n2
f n1 – 1 pf R – R p
1 1 1 1
or –
v u =
1 2
v – u = ( 1n2 – 1) f R – R p ...(iv)
1 1 1 1

i.e.
n2 1 2
where 1 n2 = n is refractive index of second medium (i.e., medium of lens) with respect to first medium.
1
If the object O is at infinity, the image will be formed at second focus i.e.,
if u = ∞ , v = f2 =f
Therefore from equation (iv)
= ( 1n2 – 1) f p
1 1 1 1
– –
f 3 R1 R2
= (1 n2 – 1) f p ...(v)
1 1 1
i.e., –
f R1 R2
This formula is called Lens-Maker’s formula.
394
If first medium is air and refractive index of material of lens be n, then 1n2 = n, therefore the
modified equation (v) may be written as
= ^ n–1 hf p ...(vi)
1 1 1
–
f R1 R2
Q. 5. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of real image of the same size as that of the object
placed in front of a converging lens. Using this ray diagram establish the relation between u,
v and f for this lens.
Ans. Thin Lens Formula: Suppose an P
object AB of finite size is placed
normally on the principal axis of a thin
convex lens (fig.). A ray AP starting
from A parallel to the principal axis,
after refraction through the lens,
passes through the second focus F.
Another ray AC directed towards the
optical centre C of the lens, goes straight undeviated. Both the rays meet at A′ Thus A′ is the real
image of A. The perpendicular A′ B′ dropped from A′ on the principal axis is the whole image
of AB.
Let distance of object AB from lens = u
Distance of image A′B′ from lens = v
Focal length of lens = f . We can see that triangles ABC and A′B′C′ are similar
AB CB
= ...(i)
Al Bl CBl
Similarly triangles PCF and A′B′F are similar
PC CF
=
Al Bl FBl
But PC = AB
AB CF
= ...(ii)
Al Bl FBl
CB CF
From (i) and (ii), we get = ...(iii)
CB l FBl
From sign convention, CB = – u, CB′ = v, CF = f
and FB′ = CB′ – CF = v – f
u f
Substituting this value in (iii), we get, – v =
v– f
or – u (v – f) = vf or – uv + uf = vf
1 1 1
Dividing throughout by uvf , we get v – u = f ...(iv)
1 1 1
Q. 6. Derive the lens formula = v – u for a thin concave lens, using the necessary ray diagram.
f
Ans. The formation of image by a concave lens ‘L’ is shown in fig. AB is object and A′ B′ is the image.
Triangles ABO and A′ B′ O are similar
AB OB
= …(i)
Al Bl OBl
Also triangles NOF and A′ B′ F are similar
NO OF
=
Al Bl FBl
But NO = AB
AB OF
= …(ii)
Al Bl FBl

Comparing equation (i) and (ii)
OB OF OB OF
= & =
OBl FBl OBl OF – OBl
Using sign conventions of coordinate geometry
OB = – u, OB′ = – v, OF = – f
–u –f
–v = –f + v & uf – uv = vf
⇒ uv = uf – vf
Dividing throughout by uvf, we get
1 1 1
= v–u
f
This is the required lens formula.
1 1 1
Q. 7. Define power of a lens. Write its units. Deduce the relation = + for two thin lenses
f f1 f2
kept in contact coaxially. [CBSE (F) 2012, 2019(55/4/3)]
Ans. Power of lens: It is the reciprocal of focal length of a lens.
1
P= (f is in metre)
f
Unit of power of a lens is Diopter.
An object is placed at point O. The lens L1 produces an image at I1 which serves as a virtual object
for lens L2 which produces final image at I.
Given, the lenses are thin. The optical centres (P) of the lenses L1 and L2 is co-incident.
For lens L1, we have

1 1 1
v1 – u = f ...(i)
1
1 1 1
For lens L2, we have v – v =
...(ii)
1 f2
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we have
1 1 1 1 1 1
v1 – u + v – v1 = f + f
1 2
1 1 1 1
v – u = f + f ...(iii)
1 2
If two lenses are considered as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, then
1 1 1
v – u = f ...(iv)
From equation (iii) and equation (iv), we can write
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f2
396
Q. 8. (a) Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Derive an expression for its total magnification (or magnifying power), when the final
image is formed at the near point. [CBSE Delhi 2009, 2010, 2013, 2019 (55/5/1)]
Why both objective and eyepiece of a compound microscope must have short focal lengths?
(b) Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope. Hence
obtain expression for total magnification when the image is formed at infinity.
[CBSE Delhi 2013]
Ans. (a) Compound Microscope: It consists of a long cylindrical tube, containing at one end a convex
lens of small aperture and small focal length. This is called the objective lens (O). At the other
end of the tube another co-axial smaller and wide tube is fitted, which carries a convex lens
(E) at its outer end. This lens is towards the eye and is called the eye-piece. The focal length
and aperture of eyepiece are somewhat larger than those of objective lens. Cross-wires are
mounted at a definite distance before the eyepiece. The entire tube can be moved forward
and backward by the rack and pinion arrangement.
Adjustment: First of all the eyepiece is displaced backward and forward to focus it on cross-
wires. Now the object is placed just in front of the objective lens and the entire tube is moved
by rack and pinion arrangement until there is no parallax between image of object and cross
wire. In this position the image of the object appears quite distinct.
Working : Suppose a small object AB is placed slightly away from the first focus F0′ of the

objective lens. The objective lens forms the real, inverted and magnified image A′ B′ which
acts as an object for eyepiece. The eyepiece is so adjusted that the image A′ B′ lies between
the first focus Fe′ and the eyepiece E. The eyepiece forms its image A′′ B′′ which is virtual,
erect and magnified. Thus the final image A′′ B′′ formed by the microscope is inverted and
magnified and its position is outside the objective and eyepiece towards objective lens.
Magnifying power of a microscope is defined as the ratio of angle (β) subtended by final

image on the eye to the angle (a) subtended by the object on eye, when the object is placed
at the least distance of distinct vision, i.e.,

β
Magnifying power M = α . ...(i)
As object is very small, angles α and β are very small and so tan α = α and tan β = β. By
definition the object AB is placed at the least distance of distinct vision.
AB
a = tan a =
EA
AB
By sign convention EA = –D, ` α=
–D
A'B'
and from figure β = tan b =
EA '
If ue is distance of image A′ B′ from eye-piece E, then by sign convention, EA′ = - ue
A'B'
and so, b=
(–ue)
b A'B'/ (–ue) A'B' D

Hence magnifying power M = a =
= .
AB (–D) AB ue
By sign conventions, magnification of objective lens
A'B' v0
=
AB (–u0)
v0 D
M = – u . u ...(ii)
0 e
1 1 1
Using lens formula = v – u for eye-lens, (i.e., using f = fe , ve , u = – ue), we get
f
1 1 1 1 1 1

fe
= –v –
e (–ue)
or ue = f + ve
e
v0 1 1
Magnifying power M = – u Dd + v n
0 fe e
v0 D D
or M=–u d + v n
0 fe e
When final image is formed at the distance of distinct vision, ve = D

v0 D
Magnification, M = – u d1 + n
0 fe

For greater magnification of a compound microscope, fe should be small. As f0 < fe, so f0 is
small. Hence, for greater magnification both f0 and fe should be small with f0 to be smaller of
the two.
398

(b) If image A′B′ is exactly at the focus of the eyepiece, then image A"B" is formed at infinity.
If the object AB is very close to the focus of the objective lens of focal length fo, then
magnification Mo by the objective lens
L
Mo =
f0
where L is tube length (or distance between lenses L o and L e)
Magnification Me by the eyepiece
D
Me =
fe
where D = Least distance of distinct vision
L D
Total magnification, m = Mo Me = e oe o
fo fe
Q. 9. Explain with the help of a labelled ray diagram, how is image formed in an astronomical
telescope. Derive an expression for its magnifying power. [CBSE (F) 2014, 2019 (55/1/1)]
OR
Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation of a distant object by a refracting telescope.
Define its magnifying power and write the two important factors considered to increase the
magnifying power.
Describe briefly the two main limitations and explain how far these can be minimised in a
reflecting telescope. [CBSE (F) 2015]
Ans. Astronomical (Refracting) Telescope:
Construction: It consists of two co-axial cylindrical tubes, out of which one tube is long and wide,
while the other tube is small and narrow. The narrow tube may be moved in and out of the wide
tube by rack and pinion arrangement. At one end of wide tube an achromatic convex lens L1
is placed, which faces the object and is so called objective (lens). The focal length and aperture
of this lens are kept large. The large aperture of objective is taken that it may collect sufficient
light to form a bright image of a distant object. The narrow tube is towards eye and carries an
achromatic convex lens L2 of small focal length and small aperture on its outer end. This is called
eye-lens or eyepiece. The small aperture of eye-lens is taken so that the whole light refracted by
it may reach the eye. Cross-wires are fitted at a definite distance from the eye-lens.
Due to large focal length of objective lens and small focal length of eye lens, the final image
subtends a large angle at the eye and hence the object appears large. The distance between the
two lenses may be arranged by displacing narrow tube in or out of wide tube by means of rack
and pinion arrangement.

Adjustment: First of all the eyepiece is moved backward and forward in the narrow tube and
focused on the cross-wires. Then the objective lens is directed towards the object and narrow
tube is displaced in or out of wide tube until the image of object is formed on cross-wires and
there is no parallax between the image and cross-wires. In this position a clear image of the
object is seen. As the image is formed by refraction of light through both the lenses, this telescope
is called the refracting telescope.
Working: Suppose AB is an object whose end A is on the axis of telescope. The objective lens (L1)
forms the image A' B' of the object AB at its second principal focus F0 This image is real, inverted
and diminished. This image A' B' acts as an object for the eye-piece L2 and lies between first focus
Fe and optical centre C2 of lens L2. Therefore eye-piece forms its image A' ' B' ' which is virtual,
erect and magnified.
Thus the final image A" B" of object AB formed by the telescope is magnified, inverted and lies
between objective and eyepiece.
Magnifying Power: The magnifying power of a telescope is measured by the ratio of angle (β)
subtended by final image on the eye to the angle (α) subtended by object on the eye, i.e.,
b
Magnifying power M = a
As α and β are very small angles, therefore, from figure.
The angle subtended by final image A′′ B′′ on eye
β = angle subtended by image A′ B′ on eye
A'B'
=tan b =
C2 A'
As the object is very far (at infinity) from the telescope, the angle subtended by object at eye is
same as the angle subtended by object on objective lens.
A'B'
a = tan a =
C1 A'
b A'B'/C2 A' C1 A'
M= a = =
A'B'/C1 A' C2 A'
If the focal lengths of objective and eye-piece be fo, and fe , distance of image A′ B′ from eye-piece
be ue, then by sign convention
C1 A′ = + f0 , C2 A′ = – ue
f0
M=–u ...(i)
e
If ve is the distance of A''B'' from eye-piece, then by sign convention, fe is positive, ue and ve both
1 1 1
are negative. Hence by lens formula = v – u , we have
f
400
1 1 1 1 1 1

= –v – or u = + v
fe e (–ue) e fe e
Substituting this value in (i), we get

1 1
M = –f0 d + v n ...(ii)
f ee
This is the general formula for magnifying power. In this formula only numerical values of f0 , fe
and ve are to be used because signs have already been used.
Length of Telescope: The distance between objective and eye-piece is called the length (L) of the
telescope. Obviously
L = L1L2 = C1C2 = fo + ue ..(iii)
Now there arise two cases:
(i) When the final image is formed at minimum distance (D) of distinct vision : then ve = D
f0 fe
+ n = – d1 + n ...(iv)
1 1
M = –f0 d
fe D fe D
Length of telescope L = fo + ue
(ii) In normal adjustment position, the final image is formed at infinity : For relaxed eye, the
final image is formed at infinity. In this state, the image A′ B′ formed by objective lens should
be at first the principal focus of eyepiece, i.e.,
ue = fo and ve = ∞
1 1 fo
∴ Magnifying power, M = – fo d + 3 n = –
f e e
f
Length of telescope = f0 + fe.
For large magnifying power, fo should be large and fe should be small.
For high resolution of the telescope, diameter of the objective should be large.

Factors for increasing the magnifying power
1. Increasing focal length of objective
2. Decreasing focal length of eye piece
Limitations
1. Suffers from chromatic aberration
2. Suffers from spherical aberration
3. Small magnifying power
4. Small resolving power
Advantages:
(a) No chromatic aberration, because mirror is used.
(b) Easy mechanical support (less mechanical support is required, because mirror weighs much
less than a lens of equivalent optical quality.)
(c) Large gathering power.
(d) Large magnifying power.
(e) Large resolving power.
(f) Spherical aberration can be removed by using parabolic mirror.
Q. 10. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an astronomical telescope
in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying power. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/2)]
(ii) You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a telescope.
(a) Which lenses should be used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your answer.
(b) Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large? [CBSE (Central) 2016]

Ans. (i)
e
ag
l im ty
a ni
Fint infi
a
Definition: It is the ratio of the angle (β) subtended at the eye by the final image, to the angle

b
(α)subtended by the object on the eye, i.e., M = a
(ii) (a) Objective = 0.5 D

Eye lens = 10 D
This choice would give higher magnification as
f0 Pe
M= =
fe P0

(b) The aperture of the objective lens is preferred to be large that it may collect sufficient
light to form a brighter image of a distant object.
Q. 11. (a) With the help of a labelled ray diagram, explain the construction and working of a
Cassegrain reflecting telescope.
(b) An amateur astronomer wishes to estimate roughly the size of the sun using his crude
telescope consisting of an objective lens of focal length 200 cm and an eyepiece of focal
length 10 cm. By adjusting the distance of the eyepiece from the objective, he obtains an
image of the sun on a screen 40 cm behind the eyepiece. The diameter of the sun’s image
is measured to be 6.0 cm. Estimate the Sun’s size, given that the average earth-sun distance
is 1.5 × 1011 m. [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)]
Ans. (a)
Objective
mirror
Secondary
mirror
Eyepiece
It consists for large concave (primary) paraboidal mirror having in its central part a hole.
There is a small convex (secondary) mirror near the focus of concave mirror. Eye pieces if
placed near the hole of the concave mirror .
The parallel rays from distant object are reflected by the large concave mirror . These rays
fall on the convex mirror which reflects these rays outside the hole. The final magnified
image in formed.
(b) For eyepiece.
Given, ve = 40 cm, fe = 10 cm
402
1 1 1
ve – ue = f
e
1 1 1 1 1

or ue = ve – f = 40 – 10
e
– 40
⇒
ue = cm
3
Magnification produced by eye pieces is
ve 40
me = = =3
ue 40/3
Diameter of the image formed by the objective is

d = 6/3 = 2 cm
If D be the diameter of the sun then the angle subtended by it on the objective will be
D
a = rad
1.5 ×1011
Angle subtended by the image at the objective
= angle subtended by the sun
Size of image 2 1
` a= = = rad
f0 200 100
D 1

` =
1.5 ×1011 100
⇒ D = 1.5 × 109 m
Q. 12. Draw a graph to show the angle of deviation d with the variation of angle of incidence i for a
monochromatic ray of light passing through a prism of refracting angle A. Deduce the relation
A + dm
sin e o
2
n = [CBSE Delhi 2011, 2016; (F) 2011, 2017; Sample Paper 2016]
sin c m
A
2
Ans. Graph of deviation in δ with variation in angle of incidence
i : The homogeneous transparent medium (such as glass)
enclosed by two plane refracting surfaces is called a prism.
The angle between the refracting surfaces is called the
refracting angle or angle of prism. The section cut by a
plane perpendicular to the refracting surfaces is called the
principal section of the prism.
Let PQR be the principal section of the prism. The
refracting angle of the prism is A.
A ray of monochromatic light EF is incident on face PQ at angle of incidence i1 The refractive
index of material of prism for this ray is n. This ray enters from rarer to denser medium and
so is deviated towards the normal FN1 and gets refracted along the direction FG. The angle of
refraction for this face is r1 The refracted ray FG becomes incident on face PR and is refracted
away from the normal GN2 and emerges in the direction GH. The angle of incidence on this face
is r2 (into prism) and angle of refraction (into air) is i2. The incident ray EF and emergent ray
GH when produced meet at O. The angle between these two rays is called angle of deviation ‘δ‘.

∠ OFG = i1 – r1 and ∠ OGF = i2 – r2
In ∆ FOG, δ is exterior angle
δ = ∠ OFG + ∠OGF = (i1 – r1) + (i2 – r2)
= (i1 + i2) – (r1 + r2) ...(i)
The normals FN1 and GN2 on faces PQ and PR respectively, when produced meet at N. Let
∠FNG = θ In ∆ FGN, r1 + r2 + θ = 180° ...(ii)
In quadrilateral PFNG, ∠ PFN = 90° , ∠ PGN = 90°
A + 90° + θ + 90° = 360° or A+ θ = 180° ...(iii)
Comparing (ii) and (iii), r1 +r2 = A ...(iv)
Substituting this value in (i), we get
δ = i1 + i2 – A ...(v)
or i1 + i2 = A + δ ...(vi)
sin i1 sin i2
From Snell’s law n =
= ...(vii)
sin r1 sin r2
Minimum Deviation: From equation (v), it is clear that the angle of deviation depends upon the
angle of incidence i1 As the path of light is reversible, therefore if angle of incidence be i2 then angle
of emergence will be i1 Thus for two angles of incidence

i1 and i2 there will be one angle of deviation.
If we determine experimentally, the angles of deviation
corresponding to different angles of incidence and then
plot i (on X-axis) and δ (on Y-axis), we get a curve as shown
in figure. Clearly if angle of incidence is gradually increased,
from a small value, the angle of deviation first decreases,
becomes minimum for a particular angle of incidence and
then begins to increase. Obviously for one angle of deviation
(δ) there are two angles of incidences i1 and i2 , but for one
and only one particular value of angle of incidence (i), the angle of deviation is the minimum. This
minimum angle of deviation is represented by δm. For minimum deviation i1 and i2 become
coincident, i.e.,i1 = i2 = i (say)
So from (vii) r1 = r2 = r (say)
Hence from (iv) and (vi), we get r + r = A or r = A / 2 or
A + dm
and i + i = A + d m or i =
2
A + dm
sin e o
sin i 2
Hence from Snell’s law, n = =
A
sin c m
sin r
2
404
Self-Assessment Test
Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 30
1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. (3 × 1 = 3)
(i) Match the corresponding entries of column 1 with column 2. [Where m is the magnification
produced by the mirror]
Column 1 Column 2
(A) m = – 2 (p) Convex mirror
1
(B) m = – (q) Concave mirror
2
(C) m = + 2 (r) Real image
1
(D) m = + (s) Virtual image
2
(a) A → p and s; B → q and r; C → q and s; D → q and r
(b) A → r and s; B → q and s; C → q and r; D → p and s
(c) A → q and r; B → q and r; C → q and s; D → p and s
(d) A → p and r; B → p and s; C → p and q; D → r and s
(ii) An astronomical telescope has objective and eyepiece of focal length 40 cm and 4 cm
respectively. To view an object 200 cm away from the objective, the lenses must be separated
by a distance
(a) 50.0 cm (b) 54.0 cm (c) 37.3 cm (d) 46.0
(iii) The angle of incidence for a ray of light at a refracting surface of a prism is 45°. The angle
of prism is 60°. If they ray suffers minimum deviation through the prism, the angle of
minimum deviation and refractive index of the material of the prism respectively, are.
1 1
(a) 45°; 2 (b) 30°; (c) 45°; (d) 30°; 2
2 2
2. Fill in the blanks. (2 × 1 = 2)
(i) When the refractive index of the material of the lens is greater than that of the surroundings,
then a biconcave lens acts as a ______________.
(ii) In a reflecting type telescope, a concave mirror of large aperture is used as ______________
in place of a convex lens.
3. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of
refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging lens? Give reason. 1
4. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is replaced
by red light? Give reason. 1
5. For the same angle of incidence the angles of refraction in three different media A, B and C are
15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium the velocity of light is minimum? 1
6. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles right-
angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for the two rays ‘1’ and ‘2’ are
respectively 1.3 and 1.5. Trace the path of these rays after entering through the prism. Explain
briefly. 2

2
7. A biconvex lens has a focal length times the radius of curvature of either surface. Calculate
3
the refractive index of lens material. 2
8. Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of refractive index 1.5
and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source from the glass surface is 100 cm. At
what position is the image formed? 2
9. Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens, whose focal length is
0.3 m and the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5. 2
10. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation of a distant object by a refracting telescope.
Write the expression for its angular magnification in terms of the focal lengths of the lenses used.
State the important considerations required to achieve large resolution and their consequent
limitations.
OR
(a) Plot a graph for angle of deviation as a function of angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
(b) Derive the relation for the refractive index of the prism in terms of the angle of minimum
deviation and angle of prism. 3
11. A screen is placed 90 cm from as object. The image of the object on the screen is formed by
a convex lens at two different positions separated by 20 cm. Calculate the focal length of the
lens. [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)] 3
12. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a convex mirror of radius of curvature
20 cm. The two are kept at 15 cm from each other. A point object lies 60 cm in front of the convex
lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image by the combination. Determine the
nature and position of the image formed. 3
13. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope.
Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment. Write two basic features
which can distinguish between a telescope and a compound microscope. 5
Answers
1. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (d)
2. (i) diverging lens (ii) objective
7
7. n =
9. R = 15 cm
4
zzz
406

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Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 337

Mirror formula: The mirror formula is

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 339

where 1n2=n is refractive index of material of lens with respect to

10. Lens Immersed in a Liquid

The power of combination

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 341

13. Refraction Through a Prism

Separation between lenses, L = v0 + ue

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 343

The magnifying power of telescope is

(b) When final image is formed at infinity, then ve= ∞

Selected NCERT Textbook Questions

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 345

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 347

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 349

Refraction of light through prism

A + dlm 60° + dlm

Microscopes and Telescopes

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 351

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 353

Multiple Choice Questions [1 mark]

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 355

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

(a) f ' = 2 f and f '' = f (b) f ' = f and f '' = f

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 357

Fill in the Blanks [1 mark]

Very Short Answer Questions [1 mark]

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 359

rA < rB sin rA < sin rB ⇒

Ans. It is a concave or diverging lens.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 361

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 363

Short Answer Questions–I [2 marks]

Ans. Power of lens = + 5 D

Ans. Here, R = +20 cm, n1=1.0, n2=1.5, u = – 30 cm

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 365

In case (i) n1 > n2, the lens behaves as convergent lens.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 367

Here u = + 15 cm; f = +10 cm

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 369

1.5 × sin 60° = anl

Ans. Angle of prism, A = 60° (Since prism is an equilateral glass prism)

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 371

Ans. The formation of images is shown in figures (i) and (ii).

Short Answer Questions–II [3 marks]

Q. 3. A converging beam of light travelling in air converges at

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 373

Negative sign shows that

From equation (i) and (ii), we get

20 × ^1.5 – 1h 20 × 0.5 ×1.65

The refractive index of the medium must be 1.5.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 377

Using mirror formula, we get

Ans. Let focal length of lens L2 be x cm

Ans. For first lens, u1 = – 30 cm, f1 = + 10 cm

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 379

Ans. Given f1 = f2 = f3 =20 cm

[CBSE (F) 2014]