CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 5. SPEED  the ratio of distance travelled and time of travel.

v = d/t

TECHNIQUES IN PROBLEM SOLVING 6. PRESSURE  a push or force against each unit area of an object’s
surface.
1. Read carefully
P = F/A P = hdg
2. Make illustration
Measurement
3. Write down the given facts or data
• A process of comparing a known quantity like measuring
4. Know what is to be found device to an unknown quantity, things or objects to be
measured.
5. Write the equation that relates the given data to the
unknown • The process of determining how many times a certain
quantity is contained in a standard measuring device.
6. Note if similar quantities are in the same units
• Can be classified as qualitative or quantitative
7. Solve the unknowns by applying the appropriate
equations. Systems of units
8. Review your work. • Units of measurement were standardized about 200 years
ago.
Physical quantities and Si units
• Two systems that carry different standardized units: the
Physical quantities
British or English system and the metric system.
• Are the numerical equivalent or quantitative description
• The English system was first adopted in England and later
of matter or object.
became widely used in the United States. It is also known
• Can be classified as fundamental quantities or derived as FPS system.
quantities.
• The metric system, which originated in France in 1791, has
• Can be also classified as scalars or vectors. the units of m, cm, kg and s.

Fundamental quantities • The modern metric system has been officially named and
is known worldwide as the International System of Units
• Are often the basis of measurements. (SI units).

• Measured directly using measuring devices and tools. • It was fully adopted in the Philippines in January 1, 1983.

1. LENGTH (meter)  the distance between two distinct • Batas Pambansa No. 8
points.
Scientific Notation
2. MASS (kilogram)  the measure of the amount of
material in an object. • A number is expressed as a product of two numbers.

3. TIME (second)  the regular interval between two • COEFFICIENT

successive points.
• EXPONENT
4. ELECTRIC CURRENT (ampere)  the measure of the flow
Rules
of electrons or charges.
• ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION  all values should have
5. LUMINOUS INTENSITY (candela)  the amount of
the same exponent.
illumination received by an object.
• MULTIPLICATION  multiply the coefficient and add the
6. AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE/ NUMBER OF MOLES (mole) 
exponents.
the amount of substance expressed in moles.
• DIVISION  divide the coefficient and subtract the
7. TEMPERATURE (kelvin)  the measure of the hotness of
exponent of the denominator from the exponent of the
an object.
numerator.
Derived quantities

• Expressed as mathematical combinations of several

fundamental quantities

• Quantities based from fundamental quantities

1. AREA  the total space within a two-dimensional figure.

A=LxW SIGNIFICANT DIGITS
2. VOLUME  the amount of space occupied by matter. V = L x W x 1.All nonzero digits are significant.
H
Ex. 123 cm 45678 L
3. DENSITY  the mass per unit volume. d = m/v
2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
4. WEIGHT  the amount of pull of gravity on an object. W = mg
Ex. 5007 g 1000237 mL • TEMPERATURE

3. Leading zeros or zeros preceding nonzero digits are not significant. °C = (°F – 32) / 1.8
They simply indicate the position of the decimal point.
° F = 1.8 (°C) + 32
Ex. 0.019 mL 0.000015 g
K = °C + 273.15
4. Trailing zeros or zeros at the end of a number and to the right of
decimal points are significant. All zero preceeding a decimal point
are significant
Systematic error and random error
Ex. 80.40 mL 97.500 g
• SYSTEMATIC ERRORS  are consistent inaccuracies in the
Significant digits in calculations result of an experiment that may be incurred due to
equipment itself or flaw in the experiment procedure.
• MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION  the number of significant (Built in errors)
digits in the product or quotient should be the same as the
given with the least number of significant digits • RANDOM ERRORS  are errors in the measurement or
reading due to the precision on the instrument.
2
Ex. (1.234 cm) (1.5 cm) = 1.851 cm = 1.9 cm
2 (Estimation)
¿ ¿
Accuracy & Precision
5.86 in / 1.98 in = 2.96 in
• ACCURACY  the closeness of the experimental values to
• ADDITION & SUBTRACTION  the number of significant the expected or true value.
digits to the right of decimal point in the result should be
the same as the measurement with the smallest number • PRECISION  the closeness of the experiment values with
of significant digits to the right of decimal point. one another.

• Example. 73.216 g + 12.34 g + 13.2 g = 98.756 g = 98.8 g Vector addition

74.626 g – 28.3 g = 46.326 g = 46.3 g Vector addition by graphical method

Conversion of units • RESULTANT  the sum of two or more vectors. This vector
may be found by using the graphical method and/or the
Common metric units component method.

• LENGTH • GRAPHICAL METHOD  it involves drawing vectors to

scale. The directions are determined by using a protractor.
1m 100 cm
Steps in the graphical method
1m 1 000 mm
• 1. choose an appropriate scale and coordinate system for
the given vectors.
1m 1 000 000 µm
• 2. draw the first vector starting from the origin of the
1m 1 000 000 000 nm coordinate system. Then draw the second vector starting
from the head of the first vector. Proceed to draw the
remaining vectors from the head of the last vector drawn.
1m 10 000 000 000 Angstrom (A)
All vectors must be connected head-to-tail.

1 000 m 1 km • 3. draw an arrow connecting the tail of the first vector to

the head of the last arrow drawn. This arrow represents
the resultant of the given vectors.

• MASS Vector addition using the Pythagorean Theorem

1 kg 1 000 g Vector addition by using component method.

1g 1 000 mg Prepared by:

1 000 kg 1 metric ton JAYMARK LADIA SANCHEZ

PHYSICS TEACHER

• VOLUME

1L 1 000 mL

1L 1 000 cc