The document discusses measurement units in chemistry, including defining the International System of Units (SI) as the standard system used in science. It explains the seven base SI units of measurement and provides examples of derived units. The document also covers significant figures, density calculations, and prefixes used in scientific notation.
The document discusses measurement units in chemistry, including defining the International System of Units (SI) as the standard system used in science. It explains the seven base SI units of measurement and provides examples of derived units. The document also covers significant figures, density calculations, and prefixes used in scientific notation.
The document discusses measurement units in chemistry, including defining the International System of Units (SI) as the standard system used in science. It explains the seven base SI units of measurement and provides examples of derived units. The document also covers significant figures, density calculations, and prefixes used in scientific notation.
The document discusses measurement units in chemistry, including defining the International System of Units (SI) as the standard system used in science. It explains the seven base SI units of measurement and provides examples of derived units. The document also covers significant figures, density calculations, and prefixes used in scientific notation.
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Measurement
Dr. Nur Adeelah
What have we learned from previous lecture?
2 In class practice.. Express each measurement to the correct number of significant figures
a b c d
3 Significant figure practices a b How many Solve the problems significant figures? according to the right 1. 1.0070 m significant figures. 2. 17.10 kg 1. 3.24 x 7.0 3. 100890 L 2. 100.0 ÷ 23.7 4. 0.0054 cm Sf = 3 3. 0.02 x 2.371 5. 320000 mL 4. 3.24 + 7.0 5. 100.0 – 23.73 6. 2.030 – 1.870 4 Revisit - Rules to significant figures • All nonzero digits and zeros between are significant. i.e. 111 1286 1001 20006
• Zeros preceding the first nonzero digit are not significant.
i.e. 0.0002 0.00206
• Zeros to the right of the decimal after a nonzero digit are significant. i.e. 0.00300 9.00 9.10 90.0 Revisit – SF in calculation • When multiplying and dividing measured quantities, give as many significant figures as the least found in the measurements used.
• When adding or subtracting measured quantities, give the same number of decimals as the least found in the measurements used.
• Which gets us to rounding: if the left most digit to be dropped is 5 or greater add 1 to last digit to be retained, if less than five, leave alone. e.g. round to 3 SF 1.214 1.21 1.216 1.22 NOTE: WE ROUND OFF AT THE END OF CALCULATION Virtual laboratory feedback • Menti.com • CODE 5781 2961 • SI units • SI base units • SI derived units
Agenda • Density
20XX 9 Si units • Measurements depend upon units that serve as reference standards. • Quantitative measurement consisting of 2 parts: a) number b) unit • E.g. 20 grams • The standards of measurement used in science before SI are those of metric system. • In 1960, the General Conference of Weights and Measures adopted the International System of units (or SI), which is a particular choice of metric units. • SI Stands for Système international d'unites (in French) • The SI system is pretty much the world standard in units. Si base units Quantity Unit Symbol Length Meter m Mass Kilogram kg Only 5 of these are commonly Time Second s used in Chemistry
Temperature Kelvin K Amount of substance Mole mol Electric current Ampere A Luminous intensity Candela cd Note: All other units are derived from these base units. SCIENTIFIC notations using SI prefixes Multiple Prefix Symbol • 1.2103 is 1200 1 x 106 mega M • 12102 is also 1200 1 x 103 kilo k • BUT 1.2103 is in normalized scientific notation (standard) 1 x 10-1 deci d • normalized when it is written in the 1 x 10-2 centi c form of a × 10n where 1 ≤ a < 10 1 x 10-3 milli m • Practice: Express 61200 in normalized 1 x 10-6 micro m scientific notation. 1 x 10-9 nano n 1 x 10-12 pico p Note: There are more prefixes, but these are the more common ones that you should know. SI BASE units
• SI is built on seven fundamental standards
called base units • The seven units of measure as defined by the International System of Units (SI) • The units are the second, kilogram, mole, candela, kelvin, ampere and metre. The base units are defined by constants of nature. Mass
• The standard unit of mass in the SI system is
the kilogram (kg). • A kilogram was originally defined as the mass of a liter of water (a cube of water with an edge length of exactly 0.1 meter). • It is now defined by a certain cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, which is kept in France. Any object with the same mass as this cylinder is said to have a mass of 1 kilogram. Time
• The SI base unit of time is the second (s).
• Small and large time intervals can be expressed with the appropriate prefixes, • E.g. 3 microseconds = 0.000003 s = 3 × 10-6 and 5 megaseconds = 5,000,000 s = 5 × 106 s. Alternatively, hours, days, and years can be used. Temperature
• The Celsius scale (formerly the Centigrade scale)
is the temperature scale in general scientific use. • However, the SI base unit of temperature is the kelvin (K), a unit based on the absolute temperature scale. • The Fahrenheit scale is at present the common temperature scale in the United States. Temperature conversion SI derived units
• All other SI units are derived by
multiplying, dividing or powering the base units in various combinations • Speed is distance divided by time and has the unit metre per second written as ms-1 • Area is length multiplied by width and has the unit m2. Volume
• Volume is the measure of the amount of space
occupied by an object. • The standard SI unit of volume is defined by the base unit of length Density • DENSITY – the amount of mass per unit volume • Density does not have an assigned SI unit – it’s a combination of mass and length SI components.
• Density is temperature-sensitive, because the volume that a sample occupies can
change with temperature. • Densities are often given with the temperature at which they were measured. If not, assume a temperature of about 25oC. • e.g. The density of water at room temperature (25oC) is ~1.00 g/mL; at 100oC = 0.96 g/mL • Density of ice vs density of water? Density of common substances Density calculation example Density calculation example Kahoot game • Get ready with your phone • Open kahoot.it • Enter CODE 835 6254 • Enter your name and join the game! • *Point-based game – those who answered fastest with correct answer get more points • Atoms and subatomic particles • Elements in periodic table • Isotopes • Electron configurations
Next lecture… Group and presentation title distribution 1. Fishery 2. Poultry 3. Livestock 4. Commercial crop 5. Ornamental crop/fish 6. Vegetable and fruit
