Chapter 1 Units of Measurement

UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS
CHAPTER 1
CHM138
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 S.I Units
 Significant figures


Scientific notation LESSON CONTENT
Dimensional analysis
 Conversion of S.I units
LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
• Name and use SI units available

• Determine the number of significant figures in measurements.
• Perform mathematical operations involving significant figures.
• Convert measurements into scientific notation and SI prefixes.
• Perform conversion of SI unit.
CHEMISTRY
is the study of matter Either macroscopic or mi-

and the changes it un- croscopic (molecular or
dergoes. atomic) approach.
CHEMISTRY
MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC
chemical
physical change
does not alter the composi-
change
tion or identity of a sub- alters the composition or
stance. identity of the substance(s)
involved.
CHANGES in
CHEMISTRY
Examples: hydrogen burns in

air to form water
*ice melting H2(gas) + O2(gas)
*sugar dissolving. 2H2O(liq)
MEASUREMENTS
• Pipette, burette, measuring cylinder to
measures the volume
Measurements of the • Thermometer measures the temperature
macroscopic proper- • Balance measures the mass
• Stop watch measures the time
ties can be deter-
mined directly.
• atomic mass of an atoms or molecules

Measurements of the • Movement of atoms or molecules (vibra-
microscopic proper- tions, rotation, stretching, energy, wave-
length
ties must be deter-
mined by indirect
method
Measured quantity usually written as a number with appropriate unit.

International Systems of Units
There are 7 base units.
Derived quantities
Derived quantities are obtained by combining base quanti-
ties through dividing or multiplying.
Derived quantity Combination of base quantity unit
Area Length x length m2

Volume Length x length x length m3
Velocity/ speed Length ÷ time m/s
Force (Mass x length) ÷ time2 Newton
Density Mass ÷ volume Kgm-3
Pressure Force ÷ Area Pascal
SI unit can be converted into other units of measurement for
the same quantity by multiplying with conversion factors
Memorise this!
• mass – measure of the quantity of
matter
mass
• S.I unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
• 1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g
weigh
• weight – force that gravity exerts on
an object
• weight = c x mass
• on earth, c = 1.0
t • on moon, c ~ 0.1
A 1 kg bar will weight

1 kg on earth
0.1 kg on moon
Volume
unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3

1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
Density
mass
density =
volume
A graduated cylinder
containing various
coloured liquids with
different densities.
Temperatures
Kelvin ( K )
The “Absolute temperature scale” begins at absolute zero
and only has positive values.
Celsius ( oC )
The temperature scale used by science, formally called
centigrade, most commonly used scale around the world.
Water freezes at 0oC and boils at 100oC.
Fahrenheit ( oF )
Commonly used scale in the U.S. for weather reports. Wa-
ter freezes at 32oF and boils at 212oF.
[°F] = [°C] × 9⁄5 + 32 [°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9
[K] = [°C] + 273.15
Example:
Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.
[°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9
0
C = 5 x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3 0C
9
Scientific Notation
*a way of expressing numbers that are too big or too
small to be conveniently written in decimal form.
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023 Scientific notation
N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative integer
568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left move decimal right
n>0 n<0
=5.68762 x 102 = 7.72 x 10-6
Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103

the same exponent n = 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104
2. Combine N1 and N2
= 4.70 x 104
3. The exponent, n, remains
the same
Multiplication Division
1. Multiply N1 and N2 1. Divide N1 and N2
2. Add exponents n1 2. Subtract exponents n1
and n2 and n2
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109
= (4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) = (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9
= 28 x 10-2 = 1.7 x 10-5
= 2.8 x 10-1
Significant Figures
Rule Examples No. of significant
figures
ALL non-zero numbers are always significant 3.456 4
2.81456 6
627 3
ALL zeroes in between non-zero numbers 5.024 4
are significant 820.264 6
10011 5
Zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit 0.0073 2
are not significant
0.0000001 1
0.00118 3
If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros 69.0 3
to the right of the decimal point are 0.580 3
significant 0.40072 5
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot more digits to the right of the

Decimal point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 1 decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4 1 decimal point
3.70 2 decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79 2 decimal point
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set
by the original number that has the smallest
number of significant figures.
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5
3 sig figs round to 3 sig figs

3 sig figs
6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061
2 sig figs round to 2 sig figs

2 sig figs
Accuracy – how close
a measurement is to
the true value
Precision – how close a

set of measurements are
to each other
Dimensional Analysis Method
of Solving Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the problem
was solved correctly.
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit
Example:
The density of potassium iodide, KI at 27.5°C is 1.078 g/cm3.

i) Calculate its density in kg/pm3.
Step 1: list out the equivalent value
Given g kg 1 cm3 1 pm3
So: 1 kg = 1 x 103 g 1 cm3 (1 x 10-2 m)3

1 pm3 (1 x 10-12 m)3
So, now arrange the data:
1.078 g X 1 kg X 1 cm3 X
1 x 10-36 m3
cm3 1 x 103 g 1 x 10-6 m3 1 pm3
=1.078 x 10-33 kg/pm3

Let’s try this…
A block of magnesium has a mass of 14.3 g and a volume

of 8.46 cm3 at room temperature 25.1°C.
i) Determine the density of magnesium in kg/m3 to the
correct number of significant figures.
ii) Convert the room temperature to °F.

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UNITS OF

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• Name and use SI units available

is the study of matter Either macroscopic or mi-

Examples: hydrogen burns in

• atomic mass of an atoms or molecules

Measured quantity usually written as a number with appropriate unit.

Derived quantity Combination of base quantity unit

Area Length x length m2

A 1 kg bar will weight

1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3

The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:

1. Write each quantity with 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103

The answer cannot more digits to the right of the

3.70 2 decimal point

4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to 3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig figs round to 2 sig figs

Precision – how close a

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

Step 1: list out the equivalent value

Given g kg 1 cm3 1 pm3

So: 1 kg = 1 x 103 g 1 cm3 (1 x 10-2 m)3

So, now arrange the data:

=1.078 x 10-33 kg/pm3

A block of magnesium has a mass of 14.3 g and a volume

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