CES 3104

Structural Theory

Lecture 7:
Analysis of Indeterminate Structures:
Exact Methods

Engr. Abbey Dale Abellanosa, MSc

Department of Civil Engineering

CES 3104 – Structural Theory December 07 – 17, 2020

Lecture Outline
Concept of Method of Consistent Deformation
Conceptual Introduction Through the Superposition Principle →
Compatibility Equations and Redundancy

Method of Consistent Deformation: Beams

Compatibility Equations for Indeterminate Beams → Closing the
Support Gaps → Analysis of Internal Releases

Method of Consistent Deformation: Trusses

Compatibility Equation for Indeterminate Trusses → First Degree of
Indeterminacy → Second Degree of Indeterminacy

Slope-Deflection Method: Frames

Frames without Sidesway → Frames with Sidesway

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-2
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 7.1:
Concept of Method of
Consistent Deformation

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020

Fundamentals of Flexibility Method
𝑤𝐿2
Concept of a Redundant 𝑀𝐴0 =
2 𝑤
𝑤 𝐵

𝐵 𝐴
𝐴
∆𝐵 = 0 𝑤𝐿4
𝑀𝐴 𝐿 𝐴𝑦0 = 𝑤𝐿 ∆𝐵0 = −
8𝐸𝐼
𝐴𝑦 Indeterminate Beam 𝐵𝑦 Primary Beam Subjected to
External Loads − 𝑭𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬

𝑤 𝐵𝑦 ∙ 𝐿3
∆𝐵𝐵 =
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 𝐿 3𝐸𝐼
𝐵
𝐴 𝐵
𝑀𝐴 𝐿
𝐴
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
Equivalent Cantilever Beam
𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑦
with the Redundant Forces
Primary Beam Subjected to the
Redundant Force 𝑩𝒚
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-4
Fundamentals of Flexibility Method
𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝐴0 =
2 𝑤
𝑤 𝐵

𝐵 𝐴
𝐴
∆𝐵 = 0 𝑤𝐿4
𝑀𝐴 𝐿 𝐴𝑦0 = 𝑤𝐿 ∆𝐵0 = −
8𝐸𝐼
𝐴𝑦 Indeterminate Beam 𝐵𝑦 Primary Beam Subjected to
External Loads − 𝑭𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬

𝑤 𝐵𝑦 ∙ 𝐿3
∆𝐵𝐵 =
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 𝐿 3𝐸𝐼
𝐵
𝐴 𝐵
𝑀𝐴 𝐿
𝐴
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
Equivalent Cantilever Beam
𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑦
with the Redundant Force
Primary Beam Subjected to the
Redundant Force 𝑩𝒚
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-5
Fundamentals of Flexibility Method
The total deflection due to the
redundant force 𝐵𝑦 can be expressed as
𝑤
∆𝐵𝐵 = 𝑓𝐵𝐵 × 𝐵𝑦
𝐵
𝐴
𝑀𝐴
1 ∙ 𝐿3
𝐿 ∆𝐵𝐵 = × 𝐵𝑦
3𝐸𝐼
𝐴𝑦 Indeterminate Beam 𝐵𝑦

𝑤 1 ∙ 𝐿3
𝑓𝐵𝐵 =
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 1 ∙ 𝐿 3𝐸𝐼
𝐵
𝐴 𝐵
𝑀𝐴 𝐿
𝐴
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
Equivalent Cantilever Beam
𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 1 1
with the Redundant Force
Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
Redundant Force 𝑩𝒚 − (𝒖𝑩 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-6
Fundamentals of Flexibility Method
By principle of superposition, we can express the total deflection at 𝐵 due to the
individual effects of the external loads and the redundant force by
∆𝐵 = ∆𝐵0 + ∆𝐵𝐵 = 0
∆𝐵0 + 𝑓𝐵𝐵 × 𝐵𝑦 = 0

For our illustrative example, we can solve the value of the redundant force by
∆𝐵0
𝐵𝑦 = −
𝑓𝐵𝐵
𝑤𝐿4
− 8𝐸𝐼
𝐵𝑦 = −
1 ∙ 𝐿3
3𝐸𝐼
3𝑤𝐿
𝐵𝑦 = ↑
8

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-7
Fundamentals of Flexibility Method
In general, for an indeterminate structure with a single degree of indeterminacy with
redundant force 𝐹𝑗 , the compatibility equation can be expressed as
∆𝑖 = ∆𝑖0 + ∆𝑖𝑗 = 0
∆𝑖0 + 𝑓𝑖𝑗 × 𝐹𝑗 = 0 → compatibility equation for a redundant force

And for structures with a redundant couple 𝑀𝑗

𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑖0 + 𝜃𝑖𝑗 = 0
𝜃𝑖0 + 𝑓𝑖𝑗 × 𝑀𝑗 = 0 → compatibility equation for a redundant couple

where:
∆𝒊𝟎 and 𝜽𝒊𝟎 are the displacement and rotations at joint 𝑖 from the primary
structure due to external loadings, respectively
𝑭𝒋 and 𝑴𝒋 are the redundant force and couple applied at joint 𝑗, respectively
𝒇𝒊𝒋 is the flexibility coefficient or displacement at joint 𝑖 (or rotation) due to a
unit force (or couple) at 𝑗.
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-8
Fundamentals of Flexibility Method
The other unknown reactions may now be 𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝐴0 =
2 𝑤
solved using principle of superposition
𝐵
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐴0 + 𝑢𝐵 𝐵𝑦
𝐴
𝑤𝐿2 3𝑤𝐿
= + −1 ∙ 𝐿
2 8 𝐴𝑦0 = 𝑤𝐿
Primary Beam Subjected to
𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝐴 = ↺ External Loads − 𝑭𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬
8

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 1 ∙ 𝐿
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦0 + 𝑢𝐵 𝐵𝑦
3𝑤𝐿 𝐵
= 𝑤𝐿 + −1
8 𝐴 × 𝐵𝑦
5𝑤𝐿
𝐴𝑦 = ↑ 𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 1 1
8 Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
Redundant Force 𝑩𝒚 − (𝒖𝑩 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-9
Fundamentals of Flexibility Method
In general, the unknown reaction forces of an indeterminate structure can be
expressed as a function of the redundant force given by
𝐹 = 𝐹0 + 𝑢𝑗 𝐹𝑗 → Equation to solve all other unknown forces

where:
𝑭 is the unknown reaction force
𝑭𝟎 is the corresponding reaction in the primary structure due to the
external loading
𝒖𝒋 is the corresponding reaction in the primary structure due to a unit force at 𝑗
𝑭𝒋 is the redundant force at 𝑗

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-10
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 7.2:
Method of Consistent Deformation:
Beams

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020

Application to Indeterminate Beams
Example 1: Solve for the reactions over the supports for the
continuous beam shown below.

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
𝐿 𝐿

𝐸𝐼 = constant

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-12
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Solution: Establish the compatibility equation
𝑤
∆𝐵 = ∆𝐵0 + ∆𝐵𝐵 = 0
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 ∆𝐵0 + 𝑓𝐵𝐵 × 𝐵𝑦 = 0 →①
∆𝐵 = 0
𝐿 𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 𝐶𝑦 From the Table of Formulas in Table 4.2
for beam deflection,
3
𝑤 5𝑤 2𝐿 4 1.0 2𝐿
∆𝐵0 = ↓ 𝑓𝐵𝐵 = ↑
384𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵 ∆𝐵0
Substitute the deflection equation to ①
𝐴𝑦0 = 𝑤𝐿 𝐶𝑦0 = 𝑤𝐿 5𝑤 2𝐿 4 1.0 2𝐿 3
+ − × 𝐵𝑦 = 0
384𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
𝑓𝐵𝐵 5
𝐴 𝐶 𝐵𝑦 = 𝑤𝐿 ↑
𝐵 4
× 𝐵𝑦
𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 0.5 1.0 𝐶𝑦𝐵 = 0.5

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-13
Beam Deflections
Table 4.1 - Slope and Deflection at Free End of Cantilever Beams

𝑀𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝜃 =
𝑛+1

𝑀𝐿2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 =
𝑛+2

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 4-14
Beam Deflections
Table 4.2 - Beams Under Various Loading Conditions (continued)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-15
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Solution: Solving for the other unknown reactions
𝑤
𝐹 = 𝐹0 + 𝑢𝐵 𝐵𝑦
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶
∆𝐵 = 0 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦0 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵 𝐵𝑦
𝐿 𝐿
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 𝐶𝑦
5
= 𝑤𝐿 − 0.5 𝑤𝐿
4
𝑤
3
𝐴𝑦 = 𝑤𝐿 ↑
𝐴 𝐶 8
𝐵 ∆𝐵0

𝐴𝑦0 = 𝑤𝐿 𝐶𝑦0 = 𝑤𝐿 𝐶𝑦 = 𝐶𝑦0 + 𝐶𝑦𝐵 𝐵𝑦

5
= 𝑤𝐿 − 0.5 𝑤𝐿
4
𝑓𝐵𝐵
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵 3
× 𝐵𝑦
𝐶𝑦 = 𝑤𝐿 ↑
8
𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 0.5 1.0 𝐶𝑦𝐵 = 0.5

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-16
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Example 2: Determine the reactions for the beam shown
below by the method of consistent deformations. Select the
reaction moment at the fixed support to be the redundant.

24 kN/m

𝐴 𝐵

10 m

𝐸𝐼 = constant

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-17
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Solution:
24 kN/m
𝜃𝐴 = 0 24 kN/m
𝐴 𝐵
𝜃𝐴0
𝐵
𝐴 10 m
𝑀𝐴 10 m 120 120
𝐴𝑦 Indeterminate Beam 𝐵𝑦 Primary Beam Subjected to
External Loads − 𝑴𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬

24 kN/m

𝐴 𝐵
𝑓𝐴𝐴
𝐴 𝐵
𝑀𝐴 10 m
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 10 m × 𝑀𝐴
Equivalent Cantilever Beam 1.0
0.1 0.1
with the Redundant Forces
Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
Redundant Couple 𝑴𝑨 − (𝒖𝑨 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-18
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Establish the compatibility equation from
the slope at the fixed-end 24 kN/m

𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴0 + 𝜃𝐴𝐴 = 0 𝐴 𝐵
𝜃𝐴0
0 = 𝜃𝐴0 + 𝑓𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝐴 10 m
120 120
We can solve for the slopes 𝜃𝐴0 and 𝑓𝐴𝐴 Primary Beam Subjected to
by the virtual method where External Loads − 𝑴𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬
𝑀0
1 ∙ 𝜃𝐴0 = න 𝑢𝐴 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
and
𝑢𝐴2 𝑓𝐴𝐴
1 ∙ 𝑓𝐴𝐴 = න 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
𝐸𝐼
10 m × 𝑀𝐴
Recall from Lecture 6: 1.0
0.1 0.1
𝑀
1 ∙ 𝜃 = න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥 Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
𝐸𝐼 Redundant Couple 𝑴𝑨 − (𝒖𝑨 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-19
Application to Indeterminate Beams
The slope at 𝐴 due to external loads can 𝑥
be calculated as 24 kN/m

𝑀0 𝐴
1 ∙ 𝜃𝐴0 = න 𝑢𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝐵
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴0

1 10 10 m
= න 0.1𝑥 − 1 120𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 120 120
𝐸𝐼 0
Primary Beam Subjected to
1000 External Loads − 𝑴𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬
𝜃𝐴0 = ⦪
𝐸𝐼
The slope at 𝐴 due to the unit couple
applied at 𝐴 can be calculated as
𝑢𝐴2 𝑓𝐴𝐴
1 ∙ 𝑓𝐴𝐴 = න 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
𝐸𝐼
𝑥
1 10 10 m × 𝑀𝐴
= න 0.1𝑥 − 1 2 𝑑𝑥 1.0
𝐸𝐼 0 0.1 0.1
3.33 Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
𝑓𝐴𝐴 = ⦨ Redundant Couple 𝑴𝑨 − (𝒖𝑨 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
𝐸𝐼
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-20
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Substitute the calculated slopes to the
compatibility equation to solve the 24 kN/m
redundant couple, gives
𝐴 𝐵
0 = 𝜃𝐴0 + 𝑓𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝐴 𝜃𝐴0
10 m
1000 3.33
0= + − 𝑀𝐴 120 120
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Primary Beam Subjected to
𝑀𝐴 = 300 kN-m ↺ External Loads − 𝑴𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬

The other unknown reactions can be

calculated as
𝐹 = 𝐹0 + 𝑢𝐴 × 𝑀𝐴
𝑓𝐴𝐴
𝐴𝑦 = 120 + 0.1 300 𝐴 𝐵

𝐴𝑦 = 150 kN ↑ 10 m × 𝑀𝐴
1.0
0.1 0.1
𝐵𝑦 = 120 + −0.1 300
Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
𝐵𝑦 = 90 kN ↑ Redundant Couple 𝑴𝑨 − (𝒖𝑨 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-21
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Example 3: Determine the reactions for the beam shown to
close a 2-inch gap of the support at 𝐵. Use the method of
consistent deformations.

2 kips/ft
𝐵
𝐴
∆𝐵 = 2"
24 ft

𝐸 = 30,000 ksi
𝐼 = 600 in4

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-22
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Solution: 𝑀𝐴0 = 576 kip-ft
2 kips/ft
2 kips/ft 𝐵
∆𝐵 = 2"
𝐵 𝐴 24 ft
𝐴 24 ft
∆𝐵0
𝑀𝐴 𝐴𝑦0 = 48 kips
𝐴𝑦 Indeterminate Beam 𝐵𝑦 Primary Beam Subjected to
External Loads − 𝑭𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬

2 kips/ft
𝑓𝐵𝐵
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 1 ∙ 24
𝐴 𝐵
24 ft 𝐵
𝑀𝐴
𝐴 24 ft × 𝐵𝑦
𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
Equivalent Cantilever Beam
𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 1 1
with the Redundant Forces
Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
Redundant Force 𝑩𝒚 − (𝒖𝑩 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-23
Application to Indeterminate Beams
𝑀𝐴0 = 576 kip-ft
Establish the compatibility equation 2 kips/ft

∆𝐵 = ∆𝐵0 + ∆𝐵𝐵 = −2 𝐵

∆𝐵0 + 𝑓𝐵𝐵 × 𝐵𝑦 = −2 →① 𝐴 24 ft
∆𝐵0 = −7.962"
From the Table of Formulas in Table 4.2 𝐴𝑦0 = 48 kips
for beam deflection, Primary Beam Subjected to
𝑀𝐿2 576 24 2 12 3 External Loads − 𝑭𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬
∆𝐵0 = =
𝑛 + 2 𝐸𝐼 2 + 2 30,000 600
𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 0.44 in/kip
∆𝐵0 = 7.962 in 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 1 ∙ 24

𝑀𝐿2 24 24 2 12 3 𝐵
𝑓𝐵𝐵 = =
𝑛 + 1 𝐸𝐼 2 + 1 30,000 600 𝐴 24 ft × 𝐵𝑦
𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 0.4424 in/kip
𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 1 1
Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
Redundant Force 𝑩𝒚 − (𝒖𝑩 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-24
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Substitute the corresponding deflections 𝑀𝐴0 = 576 kip-ft
2 kips/ft
to ①
𝐵
−7.962 + 0.4424 × 𝐵𝑦 = −2
𝐴 24 ft
𝐵𝑦 = 13.48 kips ↑
∆𝐵0 = −7.962"
𝐴𝑦0 = 48 kips
The other unknown reactions can be Primary Beam Subjected to
calculated as External Loads − 𝑭𝟎 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬
𝐹 = 𝐹0 + 𝑢𝐵 × 𝐵𝑦
𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 0.44 in/kip
𝐴𝑦 = 48 − 1.0 13.48 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 1 ∙ 24

𝐴𝑦 = 34.52 kips ↑
𝐵

𝑀𝐴 = 576 + −24 13.48 𝐴 24 ft × 𝐵𝑦

𝑀𝐴 = 252.56 kip-ft ↺
𝐴𝑦𝐵 = 1 1
Primary Beam Subjected to Unit Value of the
Redundant Force 𝑩𝒚 − (𝒖𝑩 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-25
Application to Indeterminate Beams
Example 4: Determine the reactions of the beam and the
tension of the cable if a 6-kip load is applied at point 𝐵 as
shown. Use the method of consistent deformation to show
your solution.

𝐸 = 24,000 ksi
𝐸 = 30,000 ksi
𝐴 = 0.5 in2
𝐼 = 864 in4
𝐿𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 12 ft 𝐿𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 20 ft
𝐴 𝐵

6 kips

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-26
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 7.3:
Method of Consistent Deformation:
Trusses

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020

CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 7.4:
Slope-Deflection Method: Frames

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020

References
Textbook:
1. Kassimali, A., 2010, “Structural Analysis”, Fourth Edition,
Cengage Learning, CT, USA.
2. Leet, K., Uang, C-M., Lanning, J., and Gilbert, A. 2018,
“Fundamentals of Structural Analysis”, Fifth Edition,
McGrawHill Education, NY, USA

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | December 07 – 17, 2020 Lecture 7-30