EMT Short Questions For MSC

Electromagnetic Theory (EMT) Past Papers Short Questions M.
Sc Physics-II
Annual/2011-I
Q. 01: Find the expression for total charge in a volume 𝑽 when charge density is position
⃗ ).
dependent i.e. 𝝆(𝒓
Ans: The charge per unit volume is called volume charge density.
∆𝑞
𝜌 = lim
∆𝑉→0 ∆𝑉
For volume element from some reference point
𝑑𝑞
𝜌 (𝑟 ) =
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌(𝑟)𝑑𝑉
∫ 𝑑𝑞 = ∫ 𝜌(𝑟)𝑑𝑉
𝑞 = ∫ 𝜌(𝑟)𝑑𝑉
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = ∫ 𝝆(𝒓

⃗ )𝒅𝑽
Q. 02: Write down integral form of Gauss’ law. From this, derive its differential form.
Ans: The integral form of Gauss’ law is
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝜖0
Since the divergence theorem is
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ⃗∇. 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉
And
𝑑𝑞
𝜌=
𝑑𝑉
𝑞 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉
So
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝜖0
1
∫ ⃗∇. 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜖0 𝑉
𝝆
⃗𝛁. ⃗𝑬 =
𝝐𝟎
This is the differential form of Gauss’ law.
Q. 03: From 𝑬⃗⃗ = −𝛁

⃗ 𝑽 and differential form of Gauss’ law, derive the Laplace equation.
Ans: Since
𝐸⃗ = −∇⃗𝑉
So
Muhammad Bilal Azam 1

Electromagnetic Theory (EMT) Past Papers Short Questions M.Sc Physics-II
𝜌
⃗∇. (−∇
⃗ 𝑉) =
𝜖0
𝟐
𝝆
𝛁 𝑽=−
𝝐𝟎
It is the Poisson’s equation.
In the region, where there is no charge i.e.
𝜌=0
Then Poisson’s equation reduces to Laplace’s equation
𝛁𝟐𝑽 = 𝟎
Q. 04: Explain the equation of continuity

𝝏𝝆
⃗𝛁. 𝑱 = −
𝝏𝒕
Ans: Equation of continuity states that
“The divergence of the current density 𝐽 is equal to the negative rate of
change of the charge density 𝜌.”
𝜕𝜌
⃗∇. 𝐽 = −
𝜕𝑡
This relationship has its origin in the fact that charge can neither be created nor destroyed
i.e. law of conservation of energy.
Q. 05: Given that

𝟏 ⃗𝑷
⃗ .𝒏
̂ 𝟏 (−𝛁⃗⃗ . ⃗𝑷
⃗)
𝑽( 𝒓
⃗)= ∫ 𝒅𝒂′ + ∫ 𝒅𝑽′
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 |𝒓
⃗ −𝒓|⃗⃗⃗′ 𝟒𝝅𝝐 𝟎 |𝒓
⃗ −𝒓| ⃗⃗⃗′
𝑺𝒐 𝑽𝒐
Write expression for 𝝈𝑷 and 𝝆𝑷 and explain the various quantities in the expression.
Ans: Given that
1 𝑃⃗. 𝑛̂ 1 (−∇⃗ . 𝑃⃗ )
𝑉 (𝑟 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑎′ + ∫ 𝑑𝑉 ′
4𝜋𝜖0 |𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑟|′ 4𝜋𝜖 0 ⃗⃗⃗
|𝑟 − 𝑟 | ′
𝑆𝑜 𝑉𝑜
As
𝜎𝑃 = 𝑃⃗ . 𝑛̂ is the induced surface charge density due to polarization and,
𝜌𝑃 = −∇ ⃗ . 𝑃⃗ is the volume charge density due to polarization.
So,
𝟏 𝝈𝑷 𝟏 𝝆𝑷
𝑽( 𝒓
⃗)= ∫ 𝒅𝒂′ + ∫ 𝒅𝑽′
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 |𝒓 ⃗ −𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗ |
′ 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 |𝒓 ⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗
𝒓′|
𝑺𝒐 𝑽𝒐
where 𝑑𝑎′ and 𝑑𝑉′ represents the area and volume elements respectively and |𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 ′| is
the magnitude of position vector.
Q. 06: Explain the expression in words

𝟏
⃗⃗ =
𝑷 ∑ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑𝒎
∆𝑽
𝒎
Ans: It states that
“Dipole moment per unit volume is called polarization.”

1
𝑃⃗ = ∑ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝𝑚
∆𝑉
𝑚
where summation extends over all the molecules in the volume.
Unit of polarization is 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 (𝐶⁄𝑚2 ).
Q. 07: Using the differential form of Ampere’s law,

⃗𝛁
⃗ × ⃗𝑩⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝝁𝟎 𝑱(⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 )
Derive expression for Ampere’s circuital law.
Ans: Given that
⃗∇ × 𝐵 ⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐽
By taking its surface integral, we get
∮ ⃗∇ × 𝐵
⃗ . 𝑑𝑎 = 𝜇0 ∮ 𝐽 . 𝑑𝑎
𝑆 𝑆
Stokes’ theorem yields
⃗⃗ . 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰
∮𝑩
It is the necessitated integral form of Ampere’s Circuital law.
Q. 08: Given that ⃗𝑭 = ∮ 𝑰𝒅𝒍 × ⃗𝑩

⃗ . Find ⃗𝑭 when both 𝑰 and ⃗𝑩
⃗ are uniform.
𝑪
Ans: Given that
⃗
𝐹 = ∮ 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵
𝐶
⃗ are uniform
If both 𝐼 and 𝐵
⃗
𝐹 = 𝐼 {∮ 𝑑𝑙 } × 𝐵
𝐶
Since the integral is the sum of the infinitesimal vectors forming a complete circuit, so it
must be zero. Thus
⃗ =𝟎
𝑭
⃗ is uniform in a closed loop carrying current 𝐼.
It shows that 𝐵
Q. 09: Find the magnetic moment of a rectangular current loop of length 𝒍 and width 𝒘
⃗⃗ carrying
current 𝑰.
Ans: The magnetic moment is
𝑚
⃗⃗ = 𝐼𝐴
For a rectangular current loop of length 𝑙 and width 𝑤
⃗⃗ carrying current 𝐼,
∮ 𝑟 × 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝐴
𝐶
1
∮ 𝑟 × 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐴
2
𝐶
Thus magnetic dipole moment can be jotted down as

𝟏
⃗⃗⃗ =
𝒎 𝑰∮𝒓
⃗ × 𝒅𝒍
𝟐
𝑪
Q. 10: Given that 𝛁⃗ .𝑩

⃗⃗ = 𝟎, show that 𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝛁⃗ ×𝑨 ⃗ where 𝑨 ⃗ is vector potential.
Ans: Let 𝐴 is any magnetic vector potential
⃗∇. (∇
⃗ × 𝐴) = 0
And given that
⃗ .𝐵
∇ ⃗ =0
Comparison yields
⃗ .𝐵
∇ ⃗ =∇ ⃗ . (∇
⃗ × 𝐴)
⃗𝑩
⃗ = ⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑨
⃗
Q. 11: Explain the expression in words

𝝁𝟎 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟏 × (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓𝟏 )
⃗𝑩
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝑰𝟏 ∮
𝟒𝝅 |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 |
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝟑
𝟏
Ans: Given that
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × (⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 )
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = 𝐼1 ∮
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |3
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
1
This is Biot-Savart law. This is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by an
electric current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length and
proximity of the electric current.
Its differential form is
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × (⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑟1 )
𝑑𝐵⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ) = 𝐼1
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 3
Q. 12: Write down the expression for

i. Divergence of 𝑬 ⃗ and curl of 𝑬⃗ in electrostatics.
ii. Divergence of ⃗𝑩 ⃗ and curl of ⃗𝑩
⃗ in magnetostatics.
Ans: i. Divergence of ⃗𝑬 and curl of ⃗𝑬 in electrostatics
𝝆
⃗𝛁. ⃗𝑬 =
𝝐𝟎
It is the differential form of Gauss’ law.
And
⃗ ×𝑬
𝛁 ⃗ =𝟎
It represents that 𝐸⃗ is conservative.
ii. Divergence of ⃗𝑩 ⃗ and curl of ⃗𝑩
⃗ in magnetostatics
⃗𝛁
⃗ . ⃗𝑩
⃗ =𝟎
It represents that monopoles do not exist.
And

⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝝁𝟎 𝑱
It is the differential form of Ampere’s circuital law.
Q. 13: What should be the shape of Gaussian surface in case of problems in

i. Spherical symmetry
ii. Cylindrical symmetry
iii. Planer symmetry
Ans: i. In case of spherical symmetry, the Gaussian surface is in the form of a sphere.
ii. In case of cylindrical symmetry, the Gaussian surface is in the form of a cylinder.
iii. In case of planer symmetry, the Gaussian surface is in the form of a sphere.
Q. 14: The magnetic field inside a long straight wire of circular section of radius 𝑹 through
which current flow is given by the expression
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
𝑩= 𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝟐
What will be the magnetic field at the centre and on the surface of the wire. As we move
from the centre towards the surface of the wire, the field will increase or decrease?
Ans: Given that
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= 𝑟
2𝜋𝑅2
At centre, 𝑟 = 0, so
𝑩=𝟎
At surface, 𝑟 = 𝑅, so
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
𝑩= 𝑹
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝟐
𝜇0 𝐼
Thus 𝐵 will increase from 0 to 2𝜋𝑅 2 𝑟 as 𝑟 changes from 0 to 𝑅.
Q. 15: Convert 𝑬 𝒅𝚽 ⃗⃗
∮ ⃗ . 𝒅𝒍 = − 𝒅𝒕𝑩 into 𝛁 ⃗⃗ = − 𝒅𝑩.
⃗⃗ × 𝑬
𝒅𝒕
Ans: Given that
𝑑Φ𝐵
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = − ⃗ . 𝑑𝑎
∮𝐵
𝑑𝑡
𝑆
By applying Stokes’ theorem on left hand side, we get
𝑑
∮ ⃗∇ × 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝑎 = − ∮ 𝐵 ⃗ . 𝑑𝑎
𝑑𝑡
𝑆 𝑆
𝒅𝑩⃗⃗
⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑬 = −
𝒅𝒕
It is the third Maxwell’s equation in its differential form.

Annual/2011-II
Q. 01: Write down the expression for electrostatic potential at a point 𝒓 due to volume charge
distribution characterized by volume charge density 𝝆(𝒓′). Draw the diagram as well.
Ans: 1 1 ′
1 ′2
3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑉= ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉′ + ∫ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝜌𝑑𝑉′ + ∫ 𝑟 ( ) 𝜌𝑑𝑉′
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝑉 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 𝑉 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 3 𝑉 2
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
𝑉= + 2
+
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 3
𝑽𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 = 𝑽𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 + 𝑽𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 + 𝑽𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒖𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
And the required diagram is
Q. 02: Find the divergence of a vector from divergence theorem and explain in words.
Ans: Divergence theorem states that
“The volume integral of the divergence of a vector taking over the volume
is equal to the surface integral of the normal component of the vector
taken over the surface enclosed by that volume.”
⃗ .𝑉
∫∇ ⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫𝑉
⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
𝑉 𝑆
Q. 03: Find the curl of a vector from Stokes’ theorem and explain in words.
Ans: Stokes’ theorem states that
“The line integral of a vector taken over the closed curve 𝐶 is equal to the
surface integral of the curl of a vector taken over the surface enclosed by
that curve.”
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫∇
∮𝑉 ⃗ ×𝑉
⃗ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
It is used to convert one-dimensional problem to two dimensional problem.
Q. 04: Write down the expression for differential form of Gauss law from its integral form.
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝜖0

∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ⃗∇. 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉
And
𝑑𝑞
𝜌=
𝑑𝑉
𝑉
So
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝜖0
1
⃗ . 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝑉 =
∫∇ ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜖0 𝑉
𝝆
⃗⃗ . 𝑬
𝛁 ⃗ =
𝝐𝟎
Q. 05: Write down the relation between ⃗𝑫 ⃗ , ⃗𝑬 and ⃗𝑷

⃗ . Also write the SI units.
Ans: The relation between 𝐷 ⃗ , 𝐸⃗ and 𝑃⃗ is
𝐷⃗ = 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ + 𝑃⃗
The units of 𝐷⃗ are 𝑪⁄ 𝟐 .
𝒎
⃗ 𝑵
The units of 𝐸 are ⁄𝑪.
The units of 𝑃⃗ are 𝑪⁄ 𝟐 .
𝒎
𝟐
The units of 𝜖0 are 𝑪 ⁄ .
𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟐
Q. 06: Write down the three equations relating any of the following quantities 𝝐𝟎 , 𝝐𝒓 , 𝑲 and 𝝌.
Ans: Since
⃗𝑫
⃗ = 𝝐𝟎 ⃗𝑬 + ⃗𝑷
⃗
where 𝑃⃗ = 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ 𝜒, so
⃗ = 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ + 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ 𝜒
𝐷
⃗⃗ = 𝝐𝟎 𝑬
𝑫 ⃗ (𝟏 + 𝝌)
By putting 1 + 𝜒 = 𝐾,we get
⃗𝑫
⃗ = 𝝐𝟎 ⃗𝑬𝑲
Q. 07: ⃗⃗ = 𝝁𝟎 𝑯
Give the names of quantities in the expression 𝑩 ⃗⃗ + 𝝁𝟎 𝑴
⃗⃗⃗ . What will be the SI
⃗ if 𝝁𝟎 = 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑻𝒎⁄ .
units of ⃗𝑯 𝑨
Ans: Given that
⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐻
𝐵 ⃗ + 𝜇0 𝑀⃗⃗
⃗ = 𝜇0 (𝐻
𝐵 ⃗ +𝑀 ⃗⃗ )
Here 𝐵 ⃗ is the magnetic field, 𝐻
⃗ is the auxiliary magnetic field, 𝑀
⃗⃗ is the magnetization and
𝜇0 is the permeability of free space.
And,
⃗ are 𝑨⁄𝒎.
The units of 𝐻
Q. 08: State the Biot and Savart law. Also write the units of ⃗𝑩 ⃗.
Ans: The Biot-Savart law is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by an electric
current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length and proximity of
the electric current.
𝜇0 𝐽(⃗⃗⃗𝑟1 ) × (⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑟1 )
𝐵⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑣1
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 3
𝑣
Its units are 𝑻 = 𝑵𝑨−𝟏𝒎−𝟏.
Q. 09: Find the potential energy of an electron-proton system in hydrogen atom.

Ans: The potential energy of an electron-proton system in hydrogen atom is
𝑒2
𝑈 = −𝑘 2 𝐽
𝑟
𝑒
𝑈 = −𝑘 2 𝑒𝑉
𝑟
9 × 10 × 1.6 × 10−19
9
𝑈=− 𝑒𝑉
(0.53 × 10−10 )2
𝑼 = −𝟐𝟕. 𝟐 𝒆𝑽
Q. 10: ⃗⃗
⃗ . 𝒅𝒍 = − 𝒅𝚽𝑩 into ⃗𝛁
Convert ∮ ⃗𝑬 ⃗ × ⃗𝑬 = − 𝒅𝑩.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Ans: Given that
𝑑Φ𝐵
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = − ⃗ . 𝑑𝑎
∮𝐵
𝑑𝑡
𝑆
By applying Stokes’ theorem on left hand side, we get
𝑑
∮∇ ⃗ × 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑎 = − ∮ 𝐵 ⃗ . 𝑑𝑎
𝑑𝑡
𝑆 𝑆
𝒅𝑩 ⃗⃗
⃗ ×𝑬
𝛁 ⃗ =−
𝒅𝒕
It is the third Maxwell’s equation in its differential form.
Q. 11: Consider an electron moving at constant speed 𝒗 in a circular path of radius 𝒓. Find the
magnitude of the orbital dipole moment for the electron.
Ans: For an electron moving at constant speed 𝒗 in a circular path of radius 𝒓
2𝜋𝑟
𝑇=
𝑣
And,
𝑞 𝑒
𝐼= =−
𝑇 2𝜋𝑟⁄
𝑣

𝑒𝑣
𝐼=−
2𝜋𝑟
Thus its magnetic dipole moment will be
𝜇 = 𝐼𝐴
𝑒𝑣
𝜇 = (− ) (𝜋𝑟 2 )
2𝜋𝑟
𝑒𝑣𝑟
𝜇=−
2
𝑒
𝜇=− (𝑚 𝑣𝑟)
2𝑚𝑒 𝑒
𝑒
𝜇=− 𝐿
2𝑚𝑒
According to Bohr’s Atomic theory
𝑛ℎ
𝐿=
2𝜋
So
𝑒 𝑛ℎ
𝜇=− ( )
2𝑚𝑒 2𝜋
𝒆𝒉
𝝁 = −𝒏
𝟒𝝅𝒎𝒆
This is the required relation for the orbital dipole moment of a revolving electron.
Q. 12: Write down the relation between 𝑬 ⃗ ,𝑩

⃗⃗ and 𝒄 for an electromagnetic wave. What is the
expression for Poynting vector ⃗𝑺. Define ⃗𝑺 and give its units.
Ans: The relation between 𝐸⃗ , 𝐵
⃗ and 𝑐 for an electromagnetic wave
⃗⃗
𝑬
⃗⃗ =
𝑩
𝒄
𝐸⃗
⃗ =
𝜇0 𝐻
𝑐
⃗𝐸
⃗ =
𝐻
𝜇0 𝑐
And,
Poynting Vector can be stated as
“The cross product of electric field intensity 𝐸⃗ and magnetic
⃗ at any point is the measure of the rate of
field intensity 𝐻
energy flow per unit area.”
⃗𝑺 = ⃗𝑬 × ⃗𝑯 ⃗
Q. 13: Given that 𝝆𝑴 (𝒓) = −𝛁 ⃗⃗ . 𝑴

⃗⃗⃗ and 𝝈𝑴(𝒓) = −𝑴
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝒏
̂ , then show that pole strength of every
magnet is zero.
Ans: Total pole strength is given as
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = ∫ 𝜌𝑀(𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗′ ) 𝑑𝑉 ′ + ∫ 𝜎𝑀(𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗′ ) 𝑑𝑎′
𝑉𝑜 𝑆𝑜
Since

𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌𝑀(𝑟′ ⃗⃗⃗′ ⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗ ) = −∇ . 𝑀 (𝑟′)
And
⃗⃗⃗′ ̂
⃗⃗⃗ ) = 𝑀(𝑟 ). 𝑛
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝜎𝑀(𝑟′
So
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = − ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) 𝑑𝑉 ′ + ∫ 𝑀(𝑟⃗⃗⃗′). 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑎′
∇′. 𝑀 (𝑟′
𝑉𝑜 𝑆𝑜
By applying divergence theorem on first integrand, we get
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = − ∫ 𝑀(𝑟⃗⃗⃗′). 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑎′ + ∫ 𝑀(𝑟⃗⃗⃗′). 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑎′
𝑆𝑜 𝑆𝑜
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎
Thus the total pole strength of every magnet is zero.
Q. 14: Explain in words

⃗⃗
𝝏𝑫
⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑯
⃗ =𝑱+
𝝏𝒕
Ans: It states that
“The auxiliary magnetic field is related in the sum of
transport current density 𝐽 and change in displacement
current.”
𝜕𝐷⃗
⃗ ×𝐻
∇ ⃗ =𝐽+
𝜕𝑡
The differential form of generalized Ampere’s law.
Q. 15: 𝟏 𝟏
Energy density in an electric field is 𝒖𝑬 = 𝟐 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐 and in magnetic field is 𝒖𝑩 = 𝟐𝝁 𝑩𝟐 .
𝟎
Show that 𝒖𝑬 = 𝒖𝑩 everywhere in electromagnetic wave.
Ans: Since
1
𝑢𝐸 = 𝜖0 𝐸2
2
1
𝑢𝐸 = 𝜖0 (𝑐𝐵)2
2
2
1 2 2
1 1
𝑢𝐸 = 𝜖0 𝑐 𝐵 = 𝜖0 ( ) 𝐵2
2 2 √ 𝜖0 𝜇0
1 1
𝑢𝐸 = 𝜖0 ( ) 𝐵2
2 𝜖0 𝜇0
1 2
𝑢𝐸 = 𝐵
2𝜇0
𝒖𝑬 = 𝒖𝑩
Hence proved.

Annual/2012-I
Q. 01: For given ⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑬 = 𝟎, show that ⃗𝑬 = −𝛁
⃗ 𝑽, where 𝑽 is a scalar potential.
Ans: Given that
⃗ × 𝐸⃗ = 0
∇
⃗ ×𝑉
∫∇ ⃗ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑆
By applying Stokes’ theorem, we get
∮𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = 0
𝐶
From the definition of electric potential
𝑏
𝑉(𝑏) − 𝑉(𝑎) = − ∫ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
According to the fundamental theorem of gradient
𝑏
⃗ 𝑉). 𝑑𝑙
𝑉 (𝑏) − 𝑉(𝑎) = ∫ (∇
𝑎
Thus
𝑏 𝑏
− ∫ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ (∇
⃗ 𝑉). 𝑑𝑙
𝑎 𝑎
It yields
⃗⃗ = −𝛁
𝑬 ⃗𝑽
where 𝑉 is a scalar potential.
Q. 02: Using integral form of Gauss’ law, derive its differential form.
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝜖0
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∇
⃗ . 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉
And
𝑑𝑞
𝜌=
𝑑𝑉
𝑉
So
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝜖0
1
∫ ⃗∇. 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜖0 𝑉
𝝆
⃗𝛁. ⃗𝑬 =
𝝐𝟎

Q. 03: Write the Laplace equation in spherical coordinate system for a scalar potential 𝝋. Also
find the solution of the equation when 𝝋 is function of 𝒓 only.
Ans: In spherical coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙), Laplace equation can be written as
𝟏 𝝏 𝟐 𝝏𝑽 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏𝑽 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝑽
(𝒓 ) + (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ) + =𝟎
𝒓𝟐 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝝏𝝓𝟐
And if 𝑉 is a function of 𝑟 only then
1 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑉
(𝑟 )=0
𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 2 𝑑𝑉
(𝑟 )=0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑉
∫ (𝑟 2 ) 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉
𝑟2 =𝑎
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉 𝑎
= 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝑉 1
∫ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑎 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝒂
𝑽=− +𝒃
𝒓
Q. 04: A point charge 𝒒 is placed in the vicinity of a conducting sphere. Sketch the ray diagram
and locate the position of the image charge while considering surface of the sphere as a
reflecting surface.
Ans:
Q. 05: Given that

⃗ +𝑷
∮(𝝐𝟎 𝑬 ⃗⃗ ). 𝒅𝒂
⃗ =𝑸
𝑺
Prove that
⃗ .𝑫
𝛁 ⃗⃗ = 𝝆
Ans: Given that

∮(𝜖0 𝐸⃗ + 𝑃⃗). 𝑑𝑎 = 𝑄
𝑆
By putting 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ + 𝑃⃗ = 𝐷
⃗ , we get
⃗ . 𝑑𝑎 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
∮𝐷
𝑆 𝑉
By applying divergence theorem on left-hand side, we get
⃗ .𝐷
∫∇ ⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
Thus,
⃗ .𝑫
𝛁 ⃗⃗ = 𝝆
Q. 06: Differentiate between polar and non-polar molecules.

Ans: A polar molecule is one which has a permanent dipole moment even in the absence of
polarizing electric field ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑚 . Such molecules are symmetric in shape.
For example, ammonia, water etc.
And
The molecule in which the centers of both positive as well as negative charges coincide is
called non-polar molecule. Such molecules are asymmetric in shape.
For example, methane, benzene etc.
Q. 07: Write down an expression for potential of a uniformly charged conducting sphere of
radius 𝑹 having total charge 𝒒 at
i. 𝒓=𝑹
ii. 𝒓 < 𝑹
iii. 𝒓 > 𝑹
Ans: i. 𝒓=𝑹
𝐴𝑅
𝑉 (𝑟 ) =
2𝜖0
ii. 𝒓 < 𝑹
𝐴
𝑉 (𝑟 ) = (2𝑅 − 𝑟)
2𝜖0
iii. 𝒓 > 𝑹
𝐴𝑅2
𝑉 (𝑟 ) =
2𝜖0 𝑟
Q. 08: Given 𝝐 = 𝝐𝟎 + 𝝌(𝑬), find the expression for dielectric constant 𝑲, write the names of
all the physical quantities.
Ans: Given that
𝜖 = 𝜖0 + 𝜒(𝐸)
Since
𝜖
𝐾=
𝜖0
By putting 𝜖 = 𝜖0 + 𝜒, we get
𝜖0 + 𝜒
𝐾=
𝜖0
Thus,
𝝐 𝝌
𝑲= =𝟏+
𝝐𝟎 𝝐𝟎
Here, 𝐾 is the dielectric constant, 𝜒 is the susceptibility of the material and, 𝜖0 is the
permittivity of free space.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑴 = 𝒒(𝒗
Q. 09: Using relation 𝑭 ⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗ ), show that magnetic force does no work.
Ans: Since the magnetic field is the tangential component of the EM force, and tangential
components can't do work.
For a moving charge
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗)
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 0°
𝑭𝑴 = 𝟎
Thus, magnetic force does no work.
Q. 10: Using the differential form of Ampere’s law

⃗⃗ × 𝑩
𝛁 ⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗ ) = 𝝁𝟎 𝑱(𝒓
⃗)
Derive the expression for Integral form of Ampere’s Circuital law.
Ans: Given that
⃗∇ × 𝐵 ⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐽
By taking its surface integral, we get
⃗ ×𝐵
∮∇ ⃗ . 𝑑𝑎 = 𝜇0 ∮ 𝐽 . 𝑑𝑎
𝑆 𝑆
Stokes’ theorem yields
∮ ⃗𝑩
⃗ . 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰
It is the necessitated integral form of Ampere’s Circuital law.
Q. 11: Discuss the atomic scale magnetism of a magnetic material. What is the general name of
the materials which acquire magnetic moments opposite to the external applied field?
Ans: On atomic scale, magnetism is because of intrinsic magnetic moments which are
associated with the spin of each electron and its orbital motion around the nucleus.
And
In diamagnets, magnetic moments opposite to the external applied field. This property is
called diamagnetism.
For such materials,
𝜒<0
Q. 12: The magnetic vector potential at large distance due to small current carrying loop is
given as
𝝁𝟎 𝟏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐
⃗𝑨(⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 ) = [ 𝑰 ∮(𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 )] × 𝟑
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 × 𝒅𝒓
𝟒𝝅 𝟐 𝒓𝟐
Rewrite it in terms of the magnetic moment 𝒎 of the circuit.

Ans: Given that

𝜇0 1 𝑟2
⃗⃗⃗
𝐴(⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ) = [ 𝐼 ∮(𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 × 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 )] × 3
4𝜋 2 𝑟2
Since
1
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚
⃗⃗ = 𝐼 ∮(𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 × 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 )
2
So we get
𝝁𝟎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 𝒓𝟐 ) = ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝟑
𝒎
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
Q. 13: Consider two rigid stationary circuits close to each other carrying current 𝑰𝟏 and 𝑰𝟐 ,
respectively. Derive the Neumann formula for their mutual induction.
Ans: Consider the diagram.
For two rigid stationary circuits in a linear medium (vacuum for the present), the mutual
inductance will be
𝑑Φ21 ∝ 𝑑𝐼1
𝑑Φ21 = 𝑀21 𝑑𝐼1
𝑑Φ21
𝑀21 =
𝑑𝐼1
As
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × (⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 )
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = ∮
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |3
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝐶1
𝜇0 𝐼1 1
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = ∮ 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × [−∇
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ]
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝐶1
Using
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = −𝑏⃗ × 𝑎
We get
𝜇0 𝐼1 1
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = ∮ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝐶1
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × ∮
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝐶1
The flux density is given by
⃗ . 𝑑𝑎
Φ21 = ∫ 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2
𝑆2

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
Φ21 = ∫ { ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × ∮ } . 𝑑𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗2
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑆2 𝐶1
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
Φ21 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × { ∮ } . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑎2
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑆2 𝐶1
𝜇0 𝑑𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
𝑑Φ21 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × { ∮ } . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑎2
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑆2 𝐶1
𝑑Φ21 = ∮∮ . 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗⃗
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 | 2
𝐶2 𝐶1
𝑑Φ21 𝜇0 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 . 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗2
= ∮∮
𝑑𝐼1 4𝜋 |𝑟⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟1 |
𝐶2 𝐶1
𝝁𝟎 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟏 . 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟐
𝑴𝟐𝟏 = ∮∮
𝟒𝝅 |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 |
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟏
It is known as Neumann’s formula for the mutual inductance.
⃗⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
Q. 14: Write the equation for 𝑩 𝒓𝟐 ) due to small current loop at ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 when ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 ≫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟏 .
Ans: Since
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × (⃗⃗⃗𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑟1 )
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = 𝐼1 ∮
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 3
For ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ≫ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟1 , we get
𝝁𝟎 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐
⃗𝑩
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝑰𝟏 ∮
𝟒𝝅 𝟑
𝒓𝟐
This is the required result.
Q. 15: Using Maxwell equations, derive the wave equation in ⃗𝑬 ⃗.

Ans: Maxwell’s third equation is
𝜕𝐵⃗
⃗ × 𝐸⃗ = −
∇
𝜕𝑡
Taking its 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙
𝜕
⃗ × (∇
∇ ⃗ × 𝐸⃗ ) = − (∇ ⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
⃗ (∇
∇ ⃗ . 𝐸⃗ ) − (∇⃗ .∇
⃗ )𝐸⃗ = − (∇ ⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
⃗ (∇
∇ ⃗ . 𝐸⃗ ) − ∇2 𝐸⃗ = − (∇ ⃗ ×𝐵⃗)
𝜕𝑡
By using Maxwell’s fourth equation is
𝜕𝐷 ⃗
⃗ ×𝐻
∇ ⃗ =𝐽+
𝜕𝑡

As
⃗ = 𝜇𝐻
𝐵 ⃗ ; ⃗ = 𝜖𝐸⃗
𝐷 ; 𝐽 = 𝑔𝐸⃗
So
1 𝜕𝐸⃗
⃗ ×𝐵
∇ ⃗ = 𝑔𝐸⃗ + 𝜖
𝜇 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸⃗
⃗∇ × 𝐵
⃗ = 𝑔𝜇𝐸⃗ + 𝜇𝜖
𝜕𝑡
Thus
𝜕 𝜕𝐸⃗
⃗ (∇
∇ ⃗ . 𝐸⃗ ) − ∇2 𝐸⃗ = − (𝑔𝜇𝐸⃗ + 𝜇𝜖 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸⃗ 𝜕 2 𝐸⃗
⃗∇(∇
⃗ . 𝐸⃗) − ∇2 𝐸⃗ = −𝑔𝜇 − 𝜇𝜖 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
⃗ ⃗
For charge free region, ∇. 𝐷 = 0, so
⃗∇. 𝐸⃗ = 0
Thus
𝜕𝐸⃗ 𝜕 2 𝐸⃗
−∇2 𝐸⃗ = −𝑔𝜇 − 𝜇𝜖 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝝏𝑬 ⃗ 𝝏 ⃗𝑬
𝟐
𝛁 𝟐 ⃗𝑬
⃗ − 𝒈𝝁 − 𝝁𝝐 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
It is the required wave equation for electric field intensity 𝑬 ⃗.
Written by: Muhammad Arshad

Muhammad Bilal Azam
Edited by: Sir Hafiz Muhammad Naeem
Composed by: Muhammad Bilal Azam
M.Sc Physics (Part-II)
For feedback: bilalazam31@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/physicssocietygpgcs/

Annual/2012-II & Annual/2013-I

Q. 01: If the electric field at 𝒓 due to distribution of 𝑵 point charges, volume charge density
𝝆(𝒓′) and surface charge density 𝝈(𝒓′) is given as
𝑵
𝟏 ⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓 𝒓𝒊 ′ ⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓 𝒓𝒊 ′ ⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓 𝒓𝒊 ′
⃗⃗ =
𝑬 [∑ 𝒒𝒊 + ∫ 𝝆( 𝒓′ ) 𝒅𝑽 ′
+ ∫ ( )
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝝈 𝒓′ 𝒅𝒂′]
𝒊=𝟏⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝒓 𝒓 ′| 𝒊 ⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝒓 𝒓 ′|
𝑽 𝒊 ⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝒓 𝒓 ′|
𝑺 𝒊
⃗⃗ = 𝟎
Show that 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑬
Ans: Given that
𝑁
1 𝑟 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗𝑖 ′ 𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟𝑖 ′ 𝑟 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗𝑖 ′
𝐸⃗ = [∑ 𝑞𝑖 3 + ∫ 3 𝜌 ( 𝑟′ ) 𝑑𝑉 ′
+ ∫ 3 𝜎 (𝑟′)𝑑𝑎′]
4𝜋𝜖0 |𝑟 ⃗⃗⃗
− 𝑟𝑖 ′ | |𝑟 ⃗⃗⃗
− 𝑟𝑖 ′ | |𝑟 ⃗⃗⃗
− 𝑟𝑖 ′ |
𝑖=1 𝑉 𝑆
By taking curl on both sides, we get
𝑁
1 𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟𝑖 ′ 𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟𝑖 ′ 𝑟 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗𝑖 ′
⃗∇ × 𝐸⃗ = ⃗∇ × [∑ 𝑞𝑖 3 + ∫ 3 𝜌 ( 𝑟′ )𝑑𝑉 ′
+ ∫ 3 𝜎 (𝑟′)𝑑𝑎′]
4𝜋𝜖0 |𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 ′| |𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 ′| |𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 ′|
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑉 𝑖 𝑆 𝑖
𝑁
1 𝑟 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗𝑖 ′ 𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟𝑖 ′ 𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟𝑖 ′
⃗ × 𝐸⃗ =
∇ ⃗ ×
[∑ 𝑞𝑖 ∇ + ∫ ⃗ ×
∇ 𝜌(𝑟′)𝑑𝑉 ⃗ ×
′ + ∫∇
4𝜋𝜖0 3 3 3 𝜎(𝑟′)𝑑𝑎′]
𝑖=1 |𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 ′| 𝑖 𝑉 |𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 ′| 𝑖 |𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑆 𝑟 ′| 𝑖
As 𝐸⃗ is an ir-rotational vector, so term

𝑟 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗𝑖 ′
⃗∇ × 3
|𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟𝑖 ′|
must be vanished. Thus
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 ⃗𝑬 = 𝟎
Q. 02: State and explain Stokes’ theorem.

Ans: Stokes’ theorem states that
“The line integral of a vector taken over the closed curve 𝐶 is equal to the
surface integral of the curl of a vector taken over the surface enclosed by
that curve.”
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫∇
∮𝑉 ⃗ ×𝑉
⃗ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
It is used to convert one-dimensional problem to two dimensional problem.
Q. 03: Calculate torque on a dipole when it is placed in an electric field.

Ans: Consider a dipole placed in an electric field ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 . The point 𝑂 is the centre of rotation.

Now,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 + 𝑞 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 )
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 − 𝑞 = −𝑞𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟 )
So,
𝜏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜏+𝑞 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜏−𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜏 = (𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟) × 𝑞𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 ) + 𝑟 × (−𝑞𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟 ))
Using vector identity
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟) + ∇ 𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟). 𝑑𝑟
We get,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜏 = 𝑞[(𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟) × (𝐸 ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟 ) + ∇𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟 ). 𝑑𝑟 ) − 𝑟 × 𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟 )]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜏 = 𝑞[𝑟 × 𝐸 ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟) + 𝑟 × ∇𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟). 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 × 𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟) + 𝑑𝑟 × ∇𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟). 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑟 × 𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟)]
As
𝑑𝑟 × ⃗∇⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟). 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟 × 𝑑𝑟. ⃗∇⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟) = 0
𝜏 = 𝑞[𝑟 × ∇ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟). 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟)]
𝜏 = 𝑟 × ⃗∇⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟). 𝑞𝑑𝑟 + 𝑞𝑑𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑟)
By substituting 𝑝 = 𝑞𝑑𝑟, we get
⃗ =𝒓
𝝉 ⃗ ×𝛁 ⃗⃗ 𝑬
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒆𝒙𝒕 (𝒓
⃗ ). 𝒑
⃗ +𝒑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ ×𝑬 𝒆𝒙𝒕 (𝒓
⃗)
This is the required expression for the torque on a dipole in an external electric field.
Q. 04: Prove that the dielectric constant

𝝐 𝝌
𝑲= =𝟏+
𝝐𝟎 𝝐𝟎
Ans: Since
𝜖
𝐾=
𝜖0
By putting 𝜖 = 𝜖0 + 𝜒, we get
𝜖0 + 𝜒
𝐾=
𝜖0
Thus,
𝝐 𝝌
𝑲= =𝟏+
𝝐𝟎 𝝐𝟎
Q. 05: What is the difference between Uniform Polarization and Non-Uniform Polarization?
Also show that if 𝝈𝑷 = ⃗𝑷⃗ .𝒏
̂ then 𝝆𝑷 = −𝛁 ⃗⃗ . ⃗𝑷
⃗.
Ans: If the volume charge density is zero, then material is said to be uniformly polarized and it
is called uniform polarization.
And,
If the volume charge density is not zero, then material is said to be non-uniformly polarized
and it is called non-uniform polarization.
And,
Volume Polarization Charge Density

Consider a macroscopic volume ∆𝑉 on the boundary of a surface 𝑆. When it is placed in

an external electric field 𝐸⃗ , then positive charges are displaced by +𝑑𝑙 and negative
charges are displaced by −𝑑𝑙 distance.
Now
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑑𝑙 . 𝑑𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑞𝑁(𝑑𝑙 . 𝑑𝑠)
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 = ∯ 𝑞𝑁(+𝑑𝑙 ). 𝑑𝑠
Similarly
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 = ∯ 𝑞𝑁(−𝑑𝑙 ). 𝑑𝑠
Thus
∆𝑄 = ∯ 𝑞𝑁(−𝑑𝑙 ). 𝑑𝑠 − ∯ 𝑞𝑁(+𝑑𝑙 ). 𝑑𝑠
∆𝑄 = − ∯ 𝑁𝑞(2𝑑𝑙 ). 𝑑𝑠
By putting 𝑝 = 𝑞(2𝑑𝑙 ), we get

∆𝑄 = − ∯ 𝑁𝑝. 𝑑𝑠
On substitution of 𝑃⃗ = 𝑁𝑝, we obtain
∆𝑄 = − ∯ 𝑃⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
By applying divergence theorem, we get
⃗ . 𝑃⃗ 𝑑𝑉
∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉 = − ∫ ∇
𝑉 𝑉
It yields
⃗⃗ . 𝑷
𝝆𝑷 = −𝛁 ⃗⃗
Hence proved.
Q. 06: Briefly discuss multipole expansion.

Ans: For a given charge distribution, we can write down a multipole expansion, which gives the
1
potential as a series in powers of , where 𝑟 is the distance from the origin to the
𝑟
observation point.

2
1 1 ′
1 ′ 2 3 cos 𝜃 − 1
𝑉= ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉′ + ∫ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝜌𝑑𝑉′ + ∫𝑟 ( ) 𝜌𝑑𝑉′
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝑉 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 𝑉 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 3 𝑉 2
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
𝑉= + +
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 3
𝑽𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 = 𝑽𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 + 𝑽𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 + 𝑽𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒖𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆
Q. 07: Write the following Laplace’s equations:

a. 𝛁 𝟐 ∅(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) =
b. 𝛁 𝟐 ∅(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝋) =
c. 𝛁 𝟐 ∅(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛) =
Ans: a. In rectangular coordinates
𝝏𝟐 ∅ 𝝏𝟐 ∅ 𝝏𝟐 ∅
𝛁 𝟐 ∅(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = + +
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐
b. In spherical coordinates
𝟐
𝟏 𝝏 𝟐 𝝏∅ 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏∅ 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 ∅
𝛁 ∅(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝋) = 𝟐 (𝒓 )+ 𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ) + 𝟐
𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝝏𝝓𝟐
c. In cylindrical coordinates
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏∅ 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 ∅ 𝝏𝟐 ∅
𝛁 𝟐 ∅(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛) = (𝒓 ) + 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽 𝝏𝒛
Q. 08: Write Maxwell equations and write their physical significance.

Ans: Maxwell’s equations are
⃗∇. 𝐷⃗ =𝜌 𝑜𝑟 𝜌 (𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 ′𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤)
⃗∇. 𝐸⃗ =
𝜖0
⃗∇. 𝐵
⃗ =0 𝑜𝑟 ⃗∇. 𝐻
⃗ =0 (𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒)
𝜕𝐵⃗ (𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑦 ′𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤)
⃗ × 𝐸⃗ = −
∇
𝜕𝑡
′
𝜕𝐷 ⃗ 𝑜𝑟 𝜕𝐸⃗ ( 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ )
⃗ ×𝐻
∇ ⃗ =𝐽+ ⃗ ×𝐵
∇ ⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Physical Significance of Maxwell’s Equations

i. They show the symmetry and also the asymmetry (no magnetic monopoles)
between electric and magnetic fields.
ii. They are Lorentz-invariant, which means that they hint to the special theory of
relativity.
iii. They explain why electromagnetic waves need no medium to propagate.
iv. They show precisely how a changing electric field produces a magnetic field and
vice-versa.
Q. 09: Describe electrical conductivity 𝒈 and show that the resistance 𝑹 of a conductor is equal
to 𝒍⁄𝒈𝑨, where 𝒍 is the length and 𝑨 is the cross-section of the conductor.

Ans: Electrical conductivity is the measure of a material's ability to allow the transport of
an electric charge. Its SI is the siemens per meter.
According to Ohm’s law
𝐼 = 𝐽𝐴
𝐼 = 𝑔𝐸𝐴
Δ𝑉
𝐼=𝑔 𝐴
𝑙
𝑔𝐴
𝐼= Δ𝑉
𝑙
𝑙
Δ𝑉 = 𝐼
𝑔𝐴
Δ𝑉 = 𝑅𝐼
where
𝒍
𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑹 =
𝒈𝑨
It is measured in 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 (Ω).
𝒍
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒈 =
𝑹𝑨
And,
𝑅𝐴
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜂 =
𝑙
Q. 10: State and prove Biot and Savart’s law.

Ans: The Biot-Savart law is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by an electric
current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length and proximity of
the electric current.
Proof
Let us two closed circuits 1 and 2 carrying currents 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 respectively, placed adjacent
to each other. The current in circuit 1 will produce magnetic field which interacts with the
circuit 2.
Due to this field, circuit 2 will experience a force ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹2 . Similarly circuit 1 will
experience a force ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 due to magnetic field produced by circuit 2.
The force experienced by a current element 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 in the presence of a magnetic field 𝐵⃗ is

𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼1 (𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × 𝐵
⃗)
Force on 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗2 due to 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 is
𝜇0 (⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 )
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 = 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗⃗2 × [𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × ]
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |3
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
Force on 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 due to whole circuit 1 is
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗2 × [𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × (⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 )]
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹= 𝐼1 𝐼2 ∮
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |3
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
1
Force on whole circuit 2 due to circuit 1 is
𝜇 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗⃗ × [𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × (⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 )]
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗2 = 0 𝐼1 𝐼2 ∮ ∮ 2
𝐹 ⟶ (1)
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |3
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
1 2
By definition
𝜇0
= 10−7 𝑁𝐴−2
4𝜋
Now
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
A current carrying circuit 2 with current 𝐼2 placed in magnetic field 𝐵 𝑟2 ) will experience a
⃗⃗⃗
magnetic force 𝐹2 given by
𝐹2 = ∮ 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗⃗2 × 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ) ⟶ (2)
By comparing 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2, we get
𝝁𝟎 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟏 × (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓𝟏 )
⃗⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝑰𝟏 ∮
𝟒𝝅 |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 |
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝟑
𝟏
Its differential form is
𝝁𝟎 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟏 × (𝒓 𝒓𝟏 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝑰𝟏
𝟒𝝅 |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓𝟏 |𝟑
This is Biot-Savart Law.
Q. 11: For a given vector potential:

𝝁𝟎 𝒅𝒓𝟏
⃗𝑨
⃗ (⃗𝒓) = 𝑰∮
𝟒𝝅 |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 |
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Show that
𝒅𝒊𝒗 ⃗𝑨 = 𝟎
Ans: Magnetic vector potential is defined as
𝜇0 𝐼 1
𝐴(⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑟1 | 1
Divergence yields
𝜇0 𝐼1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . 𝐴(⃗⃗⃗𝑟2 ) = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 | 1
Using
⃗ . (𝜙𝐹 ) = (∇
∇ ⃗ 𝜙). 𝐹 + 𝜙(∇ ⃗ . 𝐹)
By putting

1
⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇ ∇2 ; 𝜙= ; 𝐹 = 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1
|⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
We get
1 1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗2
𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 ) = (∇ ) . 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 )
(∇
|⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 | 2
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
As
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 = 0
And
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1
= −∇
|⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
Thus
1 1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . ( 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 ) = −∇ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 . 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 + (0)
|⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 | |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑟1 | |𝑟⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟1 |
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . ( 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 ) = −∇ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 . 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗1
|⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 | |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
So
𝜇0 𝐼1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . 𝐴(⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ) = − ⃗⃗⃗⃗1
∫∇ . 𝑑𝑟⃗⃗⃗
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 | 1
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
Since Stokes’ theorem is
⃗ × 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑎
∮ 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ ∇
𝑆
It yields
𝜇0 𝐼1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . 𝐴(⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ) = − ∫∇⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ∇
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 . 𝑑𝑎
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
As the curl of gradient of a scalar is zero, so
⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 . 𝐴(⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ) = 0
⃗ .𝑨
𝛁 ⃗ =𝟎
This is the necessitated upshot.
Q. 12: Given that 𝝆𝑴 (𝒓) = −𝛁 ⃗ .𝑴

⃗⃗⃗ and 𝝈𝑴(𝒓) = −𝑴
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝒏
̂ , then show that pole strength of every
magnet is zero.
𝑉𝑜 𝑆𝑜
Since
⃗⃗⃗ ) = −∇ . 𝑀 (𝑟′)
And
⃗⃗⃗′ ̂
⃗⃗⃗ ) = 𝑀(𝑟 ). 𝑛
So
∇′. 𝑀 (𝑟′
𝑉𝑜 𝑆𝑜


𝑆𝑜 𝑆𝑜
Q. 13: Define Lenz law and show that

𝒅𝚽
𝑽=−
𝒅𝒕
Ans: Lenz’s law states that
“The direction of the induced current is always so as to
oppose the change which causes the current.”
Lenz’s law is also a statement of law of conservation of energy in electromagnetism.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is
𝑑Φ
𝜀𝑖𝑛𝑑 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
The negative sign in Faraday’s law indicates that the direction of the induced emf is such
as to oppose the change that produces it.
And for 𝑁 = 1, we have
𝒅𝚽
𝑽=−
𝒅𝒕
Q. 14: For a given electromagnetic wave if the electric field is given as

⃗ = 𝒊̂𝑬𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎(√𝝁𝝐𝒛 − 𝒕) + 𝒋̂𝑬𝒐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎(√𝝁𝝐𝒛 − 𝒕)
𝑬
Find expression of magnetic field ⃗𝑩
⃗.
Ans: Since
𝑘̂ × 𝐸⃗
𝐵⃗ =
𝑐
So,
1
⃗ = |
𝐵 0 0 𝑘̂ |
𝑐
𝐸𝑜 cos 𝜔(√𝜇𝜖𝑧 − 𝑡) 𝐸𝑜 sin 𝜔(√𝜇𝜖𝑧 − 𝑡) 0
Don’t know, how to proceed.
Q. 15: Using Maxwell equations, derive the wave equation in ⃗𝑯

⃗⃗ .
Ans: Maxwell’s fourth equation is
𝜕𝐷 ⃗
⃗ ×𝐻
∇ ⃗ =𝐽+
𝜕𝑡
As
⃗ = 𝜖𝐸⃗ ; 𝐽 = 𝑔𝐸⃗
𝐷
So
𝜕𝐸⃗
⃗∇ × 𝐻
⃗ = 𝑔𝐸⃗ + 𝜖
𝜕𝑡

Taking its curl

𝜕
⃗ × (∇
∇ ⃗ ×𝐻
⃗ ) = 𝑔(∇
⃗ × 𝐸⃗ ) + 𝜖 ⃗ × 𝐸⃗)
(∇
𝜕𝑡
By using Maxwell’s third equation is
⃗
𝜕𝐵
⃗∇ × 𝐸⃗ = −
𝜕𝑡
We get
𝜕𝐵⃗ 𝜕2𝐵⃗
⃗∇(∇
⃗ .𝐻
⃗ ) − (∇
⃗ . ⃗∇)𝐻
⃗ = −𝑔 −𝜖 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
⃗
𝜕𝐵 𝜕 2⃗
𝐵
⃗ (∇
∇ ⃗ .𝐻
⃗ ) − ∇2 𝐻
⃗ = −𝑔 −𝜖 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Here
⃗
𝐵 1 1
⃗ .𝐻
∇ ⃗ =∇
⃗. ⃗ .𝐵
= (∇ ⃗ ) = (0) = 0
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇
So
𝜕𝐵⃗ 𝜕2𝐵 ⃗
⃗ = −𝑔
−∇2 𝐻 −𝜖 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐵⃗ 2⃗
𝜕 𝐵
∇2 𝐻 ⃗ −𝑔 −𝜖 2 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
⃗⃗
𝝏𝑯 ⃗⃗
𝝏𝟐 𝑯
𝟐 ⃗⃗
𝛁 𝑯 − 𝒈𝝁 − 𝝐𝝁 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
⃗.
It is the required wave equation for magnetic field intensity 𝐻

Muhammad Bilal Azam

Supplementary/2013-I & Annual/2013-I

Q. 01: Differentiate between polar and non-polar molecules.
And
Q. 02: Given that

⃗ +𝑷
∮(𝝐𝟎 𝑬 ⃗⃗ ). 𝒅𝒂
⃗ =𝑸
𝑺
Prove that
⃗ .𝑫
𝛁 ⃗⃗ = 𝝆
Ans: Given that
∮(𝜖0 𝐸⃗ + 𝑃⃗). 𝑑𝑎 = 𝑄
𝑆
By putting 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ + 𝑃⃗ = 𝐷
⃗ , we get
⃗ . 𝑑𝑎 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
∮𝐷
𝑆 𝑉
By applying divergence theorem on left-hand side, we get
∫ ⃗∇. 𝐷
⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
Thus,
⃗𝛁. ⃗𝑫
⃗ =𝝆
Q. 03: For given ⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑬 = 𝟎, show that ⃗𝑬 = −𝛁

⃗ 𝑽, where 𝑽 is a scalar potential.
Ans: Given that
⃗∇ × 𝐸⃗ = 0
⃗ ×𝑉
∫∇ ⃗ . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑆
∮𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = 0
𝐶
From the definition of electric potential
𝑏
𝑉(𝑏) − 𝑉(𝑎) = − ∫ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
𝑎
According to the fundamental theorem of gradient
𝑏
⃗ 𝑉). 𝑑𝑙
𝑉 (𝑏) − 𝑉(𝑎) = ∫ (∇
𝑎
Thus

𝑏 𝑏
− ∫ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ (∇
⃗ 𝑉). 𝑑𝑙
𝑎 𝑎
It yields
⃗𝑬
⃗ = −𝛁
⃗𝑽
where 𝑉 is a scalar potential.
Q. 04: Using integral form of Gauss’ law, derive its differential form.
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝜖0
∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ⃗∇. 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉
And
𝑑𝑞
𝜌=
𝑑𝑉
𝑉
So
𝑞
∮ 𝐸⃗. 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆 𝜖0
1
⃗ . 𝐸⃗ 𝑑𝑉 =
∫∇ ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜖0 𝑉
𝝆
⃗𝛁. ⃗𝑬 =
𝝐𝟎
Q. 05: What is magnetic susceptibility? Define it for anisotropic materials.

Ans: The ratio of magnetization to magnetic field intensity is called magnetic susceptibility.
⃗⃗
𝑀
𝜒𝑚 =
⃗
𝐻
It is a dimensionless scalar quantity.
And,
The dependency of induced magnetization on orientation of the applied magnetic field in
a rock is called as anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS).
It is the directional dependence of a material's magnetic properties.
Q. 06: Using Maxwell equations, derive the wave equation in ⃗𝑬

⃗.
Ans: Maxwell’s third equation is
⃗
𝜕𝐵
⃗ × 𝐸⃗ = −
∇
𝜕𝑡
Taking its curl

𝜕
⃗ × (∇
∇ ⃗ × 𝐸⃗ ) = − (∇ ⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
⃗ (∇
∇ ⃗ . 𝐸⃗ ) − (∇ ⃗ .∇⃗ )𝐸⃗ = − (∇ ⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
⃗ (∇
∇ ⃗ . 𝐸⃗ ) − ∇2 𝐸⃗ = − (∇ ⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗)
𝜕𝑡
By using Maxwell’s fourth equation is
𝜕𝐷⃗
⃗∇ × 𝐻 ⃗ =𝐽+
𝜕𝑡
As
⃗ = 𝜇𝐻
𝐵 ⃗ ; 𝐷 ⃗ = 𝜖𝐸⃗ ; 𝐽 = 𝑔𝐸⃗
So
1 𝜕𝐸⃗
⃗∇ × 𝐵 ⃗ = 𝑔𝐸⃗ + 𝜖
𝜇 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸⃗
⃗ ×𝐵
∇ ⃗ = 𝑔𝜇𝐸⃗ + 𝜇𝜖
𝜕𝑡
Thus
𝜕 𝜕𝐸⃗
⃗∇(∇ ⃗ . 𝐸⃗ ) − ∇2 𝐸⃗ = − (𝑔𝜇𝐸⃗ + 𝜇𝜖 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸⃗ 𝜕 𝐸⃗
2
⃗∇(∇⃗ . 𝐸⃗) − ∇2 𝐸⃗ = −𝑔𝜇 − 𝜇𝜖 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
⃗ .𝐷
For charge free region, ∇ ⃗ = 0, so
⃗∇. 𝐸⃗ = 0
Thus
𝜕𝐸⃗ 𝜕 2 𝐸⃗
−∇2 𝐸⃗ = −𝑔𝜇 − 𝜇𝜖 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝝏𝑬 ⃗ 𝟐
𝝏 𝑬 ⃗
𝛁 𝟐 ⃗𝑬
⃗ − 𝒈𝝁 − 𝝁𝝐 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
It is the required wave equation for electric field intensity ⃗𝑬.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑴 = 𝒒(𝒗
Q. 07: Using relation 𝑭 ⃗⃗ ), show that magnetic force does no work.
⃗ ×𝑩
Ans: Since the magnetic field is the tangential component of the EM force, and tangential
components can't do work.
For a moving charge
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗)
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 0°
𝑭𝑴 = 𝟎
Thus, magnetic force does no work.
Q. 08: What is the difference between magnetic vector and scalar potentials.
Ans: The magnetic scalar potential 𝝓 is defined to specify the magnetic H-field in cases when
there are no free currents.
⃗ ×𝐻
∇ ⃗ =0

i.e.
⃗ = ⃗∇𝜙
𝐻
where
1 (𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 ′)
𝜙 (𝑟 ) = ⃗⃗ (𝑟⃗⃗⃗′).
∫𝑀 3 𝑑𝑉
′
4𝜋 |𝑟 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ |
′
𝑉𝑜
And,
The magnetic vector potential ⃗𝑨 is a vector field defined along with electric scalar
potential 𝜑 by the equations
⃗ =∇
𝐵 ⃗ ×𝐴
and
𝜕𝐴
𝐸⃗ = −∇
⃗𝜑−
𝜕𝑡
If 𝐴 is continuous and well-defined everywhere, then it is guaranteed not to result
in magnetic monopoles.
Q. 09: What is Brewster’s law. Give its practical applications.

Ans: Brewster’s law states that
“The tangent of the angle of polarization i.e. angle of incidence at which
there is no reflection (Brewster’s angle) is equal to the refractive index of
the medium.”
𝑛2
tan 𝜃𝐵 =
𝑛1
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝑩 = 𝝁
The quantity 𝜃𝐵 is known as Brewster’s angle for parallel polarization.
And,
Brewster’s angle has many practical applications such as
i. Polaroid sunglasses
ii. Polarizing filter camera
iii. Holograms
iv. Laser physics
Q. 10: How dispersion affects the electromagnetic wave propagation?

Ans: Dispersion relation guarantees that there is no deformation in the waveform after
propagation over a long distance.
In vacuum, an electromagnetic wave is dispersionless and for nondispersive waves, phase
and group velocities are identical and characterized by
𝜔 = 𝑐𝑘
While for dispersive waves, phase velocity is given by
𝜔
𝑣𝑝 =
𝑘
And group velocity is
𝑑𝜔
𝑣𝑔 =
𝑑𝑘

Q. 11: Give the physical significance of Maxwell’s equations.

Ans: Physical Significance of Maxwell’s Equations
i. They show the symmetry and also the asymmetry (no magnetic monopoles)
between electric and magnetic fields.
ii. They are Lorentz-invariant, which means that they hint to the special theory of
relativity.
iii. They explain why electromagnetic waves need no medium to propagate.
iv. They show precisely how a changing electric field produces a magnetic field and
vice-versa.
Q. 12: Explain the equation of continuity for dielectrics.

Ans: In the presence of dielectrics, the current density 𝐽 is the sum of current densities due to
free charges and polarization (bound) charges.
𝐽 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑓 + ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐽𝑃
Similarly
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑓 + 𝜌𝑃
So equation of continuity becomes
𝜕𝜌
⃗ .𝐽 +
∇ =0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕
⃗ . (𝐽⃗⃗⃗𝑓 + 𝐽⃗⃗⃗𝑃 ) + (𝜌𝑓 + 𝜌𝑃 ) = 0
∇
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌𝑓 𝜕𝜌𝑃
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∇ 𝐽𝑓 + +∇ ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑃 + =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
If 𝜌 is a constant then
𝜕𝜌
=0
𝜕𝑡
Thus
⃗ .𝑱 = 𝟎
𝛁
It is the equation of continuity for dielectrics having steady currents.
Q. 13: Write the equation for ⃗𝑩

⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 ) due to small current loop at ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 when ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 ≫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟏 .
Ans: Since
𝜇0 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × (⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 )
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = 𝐼1 ∮
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 3
For ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 ≫ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟1 , we get
𝝁𝟎 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐
⃗⃗ (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝑰𝟏 ∮
𝟒𝝅 𝟑
𝒓𝟐
This is the required result.
Q. 14: Given 𝝐 = 𝝐𝟎 + 𝝌(𝑬), find expression for dielectric constant 𝑲.

Ans: Given that
𝜖 = 𝜖0 + 𝜒
Dividing by 𝜖0 on both sides, we get

𝜖 𝜖0 + 𝜒
=
𝜖0 𝜖0
𝜖
Since 𝐾 = , so
𝜖0
𝝌
𝑲=𝟏+
𝝐𝟎
Q. 15: Derive the Neumann formula for their mutual induction.

Ans: Consider the diagram.
For two rigid stationary circuits in a linear medium (vacuum for the present), the mutual
inductance will be
𝑑Φ21 ∝ 𝑑𝐼1
𝑑Φ21 = 𝑀21 𝑑𝐼1
𝑑Φ21
𝑀21 =
𝑑𝐼1
As
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × (⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 )
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = ∮
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 3
𝐶1
𝜇0 𝐼1 1
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = ∮ 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 × [−∇
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ]
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝐶1
Using
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = −𝑏⃗ × 𝑎
We get
𝜇0 𝐼1 1
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = ∮ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝐶1
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
⃗ (⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑟2 ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × ∮
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝐶1
The flux density is given by
⃗ . 𝑑𝑎
Φ21 = ∫ 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2
𝑆2
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
Φ21 = ∫ { ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × ∮ } . 𝑑𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗2
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑆2 𝐶1

𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1
Φ21 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × { ∮ } . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑎2
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑆2 𝐶1
𝑑Φ21 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 × { ∮ } . 𝑛̂𝑑𝑎2
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝑆2 𝐶1
𝑑Φ21 = ∮∮ . 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗⃗
4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 | 2
𝐶2 𝐶1
𝑑Φ21 𝜇0 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗1 . 𝑑𝑙⃗⃗2
= ∮∮
𝑑𝐼1 4𝜋 |⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟1 |
𝐶2 𝐶1
𝝁𝟎 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟏 . 𝒅𝒍⃗⃗⃗𝟐
𝑴𝟐𝟏 = ∮∮
𝟒𝝅 |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒓𝟏 |
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟏
It is known as Neumann’s formula for the mutual inductance.

Muhammad Bilal Azam

Annual/2014-I
Q. 01: Give the conditions under which the scalar and vector magnetic potentials are defined.
Ans: The magnetic scalar potential 𝝓 is defined to specify the magnetic H-field in cases when
there are no free currents.
⃗∇ × 𝐻⃗ =0
i.e.
⃗ = ⃗∇𝜙
𝐻
where
1 (𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 ′)
𝜙 (𝑟 ) = ∫𝑀 ⃗⃗ (𝑟⃗⃗⃗′). 3 𝑑𝑉
′
4𝜋 |𝑟 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ |
′
𝑉𝑜
And,
The magnetic vector potential ⃗𝑨 is a vector field defined along with electric scalar
potential 𝜑 by the equations
⃗ =∇
𝐵 ⃗ ×𝐴
and
𝜕𝐴
𝐸⃗ = −∇
⃗𝜑−
𝜕𝑡
If 𝐴 is continuous and well-defined everywhere, then it is guaranteed not to result
in magnetic monopoles.
Q. 02: Explain why a uniformly magnetized bar magnet has its poles at its ends.
Ans: Field lines near the center are parallel to the length of the bar and not at the poles.
Moreover, the density of the field lines on the picture is maximized at the poles of the bar
magnet and minimized at the center which means that the magnitude of the magnetic
field is smallest at the center. That’s why a uniformly bar magnet has its poles at its ends.
Q. 03: Explain why the total pole strength of every magnet is zero.
𝑉𝑜 𝑆𝑜
Since
⃗⃗⃗ ) = −∇ . 𝑀 (𝑟′)
And
⃗⃗⃗′ ̂
⃗⃗⃗ ) = 𝑀(𝑟 ). 𝑛
So
∇′. 𝑀 (𝑟′
𝑉𝑜 𝑆𝑜
𝑆𝑜 𝑆𝑜
Q. 04: What are ferroelectric materials? Under what conditions, does a dielectric material
exhibit permanent polarization?
Ans: The condition of permanent polarization is
𝑁𝛼
=1
3𝜖0
For most materials,
𝑁𝛼
<1
3𝜖0
Such materials behave like an ordinary dielectric. Such materials are called ferroelectric
materials.
And,
A dielectric material exhibits permanent polarization if
𝑁𝛼
=1
3𝜖0
Q. 05: What is the difference between a polar and a non-polar molecule?

And,
Q. 06: What is meant by linear, homogeneous and isotropic medium?

Ans: A linear material is one whose properties do not depend upon the amplitude of the fields
in the medium.
And,
A homogeneous material is one whose properties are not the function of space.
And,
An isotropic medium is one whose properties are same in all directions from any given
point.
Q. 07: State and explain briefly the Ohm’s law for anisotropic medium.
Ans: Ohm’s law for anisotropic medium states that
“At constant temperature, current density 𝐽 is linearly proportional to the

electric field 𝐸⃗ .”
𝐽 ∝ 𝐸⃗
𝐽 = 𝑔𝐸⃗
The constant of proportionality 𝑔 is called conductivity. Its unit in 𝑚𝑘𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 is 𝛀−𝟏 𝒎−𝟏
or 𝒎𝒉𝒐⁄𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓.
This equation has approximate validity for large number of the common conducting
materials.
Q. 08: What is electromagnetic induction? Define mutual and self-induction.

Ans: The process of exciting an electric current in a conductor by means of magnetic field is
called electromagnetic induction.
And,
The phenomenon in which changing current in a coil induces an emf in itself is called self-
induction.
And,
The phenomenon in which a changing current in a coil induces an emf in another coil is
called mutual induction.
Q. 09: Explain briefly the difference between electromagnetic wave propagation in a

conducting and a non-conducting medium.
Ans: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Conducting Medium
i. Ohm’s law 𝐽 = 𝑔𝐸⃗ holds.
ii. When current or wave passes through it, magnetic field is produced.
iii. Complex permittivity is involved.
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in a Non-Conducting Medium

i. Ohm’s law 𝐽 = 𝑔𝐸⃗ does not hold.
ii. When current or wave passes through it, magnetic field is not produced.
iii. Complex permittivity is not involved.
Q. 10: What is Gauss’ law? Give its physical significance.

Ans: Gauss’ law states that
“The total electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the product
1
of 𝜖 times the total charge enclosed in it.”
0
1
Φ𝐸 = (𝑞)
𝜖0
Significance of Gauss’s Law

i. Gauss’s law is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size.
ii. The charges may be located anywhere inside the surface i.e. true for any location
of charge.

iii. Gauss’s law is often useful towards a much easier calculation of the electrostatic
field when the system has some symmetry. This is facilitated by the choice of a
suitable Gaussian surface.
iv. Any violation of Gauss’s law will indicate departure from the inverse square law.
Q. 11: How far should be the two protons, if the electric force between them us equal to the
weight of the protons? (𝒎𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈, 𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪)
Ans: Since
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=𝑘 2
𝑟
Here, 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = 𝑒, so
𝑘𝑒 2
𝐹= 2
𝑟
𝑘𝑒 2
𝑚𝑔 = 2
𝑟
𝑘
𝑟=√ 𝑒
𝑚𝑔
9 × 109
𝑟=√ −27
(1.6 × 10−19 )
1.67 × 10 × 9.8
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎
Q. 12: Show that electric field can be expressed as the negative gradient of the electrostatic
potential.
Ans: Consider a point charge 𝑞0 is moved through a uniform magnetic field from point 𝐴 to 𝐵.
The potential is
𝑊𝐴𝐵
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 =
𝑞0
Since
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 180° = −𝐹𝑑
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = −𝑞0 𝐸𝑑
So
𝑞0 𝐸𝑑
∆𝑉 = −
𝑞0
∆𝑉 = −𝐸𝑑
∆𝑉 = −𝐸∆𝑟
∆𝑽
𝑬=−
∆𝒓
Hence proved.
Q. 13: Discuss briefly the limitations of Ampere’s law.

Ans: Ampere’s circuital law, for static electromagnetic field
⃗ ×𝐻
∇ ⃗ =𝐽
i. It is applicable only in magnetostatics.

ii. It is applicable only for static current.

iii. It is only applicable for constant electric field in time.
Q. 14: Explain briefly the Brewster’s law.

Ans: Brewster’s law states that
“The tangent of the angle of polarization i.e. angle of incidence at which
there is no reflection (Brewster’s angle) is equal to the refractive index of
the medium.”
𝑛2
tan 𝜃𝐵 =
𝑛1
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝑩 = 𝝁
The quantity 𝜃𝐵 is known as Brewster’s angle for parallel polarization. The reflected light
is completely plane polarized in the plane of incidence.
Q. 15: What are waveguides?

Ans: A waveguide is a structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic waves or sound
waves. They enable a signal to propagate with minimal loss of energy by restricting
expansion to one dimension or two.
These can be circular, elliptical or rectangular. These are normally used for the propagation
in microwave and in radio frequency communications.

Muhammad Bilal Azam

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Electromagnetic Theory (EMT) Past Papers Short Questions M.

𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = ∫ 𝝆(𝒓

Q. 03: From 𝑬⃗⃗ = −𝛁

Muhammad Bilal Azam 1

Q. 04: Explain the equation of continuity

Q. 05: Given that

Q. 06: Explain the expression in words

Muhammad Bilal Azam 2

Q. 07: Using the differential form of Ampere’s law,

It is the necessitated integral form of Ampere’s Circuital law.

Q. 08: Given that ⃗𝑭 = ∮ 𝑰𝒅𝒍 × ⃗𝑩

Muhammad Bilal Azam 3

Q. 10: Given that 𝛁⃗ .𝑩

Q. 11: Explain the expression in words

Q. 12: Write down the expression for

Muhammad Bilal Azam 4

Q. 13: What should be the shape of Gaussian surface in case of problems in

Muhammad Bilal Azam 5

Muhammad Bilal Azam 6

Q. 05: Write down the relation between ⃗𝑫 ⃗ , ⃗𝑬 and ⃗𝑷

Q. 09: Find the potential energy of an electron-proton system in hydrogen atom.

Muhammad Bilal Azam 8

Q. 12: Write down the relation between 𝑬 ⃗ ,𝑩

Q. 13: Given that 𝝆𝑴 (𝒓) = −𝛁 ⃗⃗ . 𝑴

Muhammad Bilal Azam 9

𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌𝑀(𝑟′ ⃗⃗⃗′ ⃗⃗

Q. 14: Explain in words

Muhammad Bilal Azam 10

Muhammad Bilal Azam 11

Q. 05: Given that

Muhammad Bilal Azam 12

Q. 06: Differentiate between polar and non-polar molecules.

Q. 10: Using the differential form of Ampere’s law

It is the necessitated integral form of Ampere’s Circuital law.

Muhammad Bilal Azam 14

Ans: Given that

Muhammad Bilal Azam 15

Q. 15: Using Maxwell equations, derive the wave equation in ⃗𝑬 ⃗.

Muhammad Bilal Azam 16

Written by: Muhammad Arshad

Muhammad Bilal Azam 17

Annual/2012-II & Annual/2013-I

As 𝐸⃗ is an ir-rotational vector, so term

Q. 02: State and explain Stokes’ theorem.

Q. 03: Calculate torque on a dipole when it is placed in an electric field.

Muhammad Bilal Azam 18

Q. 04: Prove that the dielectric constant

Muhammad Bilal Azam 19

Consider a macroscopic volume ∆𝑉 on the boundary of a surface 𝑆. When it is placed in

By putting 𝑝 = 𝑞(2𝑑𝑙 ), we get

Q. 06: Briefly discuss multipole expansion.

Muhammad Bilal Azam 20

Q. 07: Write the following Laplace’s equations:

Q. 08: Write Maxwell equations and write their physical significance.

Physical Significance of Maxwell’s Equations

Muhammad Bilal Azam 21

Q. 10: State and prove Biot and Savart’s law.

Muhammad Bilal Azam 22