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HE Lecture 19

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Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
Loss of energy head in pipes

Sudden
contraction

 Major energy loss→ Due to friction

 Minor energy loss→ Due to → Sudden enlargement


→ Sudden contraction
→ Entry loss and exit loss
→ Bend in pipe
→ An obstruction in pipe
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL → Pipe fittings 3
Major energy losses
A. Darcy’s - Weisbach Formula:
Equation of equilibrium:

Propellers force due to pressure difference


= frictional resistance

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 − 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨 = 𝒇𝒇′ 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐


𝑷𝑷 = 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 −𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇′
⇒ 𝑨𝑨 = 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨
= 𝑹𝑹 = 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝
𝒘𝒘 𝒘𝒘 𝑷𝑷

𝒇𝒇′ 𝑷𝑷 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐′
⇒𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝑳𝑳𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒇𝒇 =
𝒘𝒘
= 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝒘𝒘 𝑨𝑨
𝒗𝒗 = 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐′ 𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
⇒𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝑳𝑳 ⇒𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 =
𝒘𝒘 𝑹𝑹 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
4
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
A. Darcy’s - Weisbach Formula:
𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨 𝟒𝟒 𝑫𝑫 𝑫𝑫
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑, 𝑹𝑹 = = =
𝑷𝑷 𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅 𝟒𝟒

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = Darcy’s - Weisbach Formula
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = Where f1=Friction factor=4 x Co-efficient of friction (f)=4f
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

Co-efficient of friction (f)


𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝐟𝐟 = (for 𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆 < 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐, 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟)
𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆
𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐟𝐟 = 𝟏𝟏 (for 𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆 > 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒, 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟) 5
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL 𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆 �𝟒𝟒
B. Chezy’s Formula
Equation of equilibrium:

Propellers force due to pressure difference


= frictional resistance
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 − 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨 = 𝒇𝒇′ 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 −𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇′
⇒ 𝑨𝑨 = 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒘𝒘 𝒘𝒘
𝑨𝑨
𝒇𝒇′ 𝑷𝑷 Where, = 𝑹𝑹 = 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝
⇒𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝑳𝑳𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷
𝒘𝒘 𝑨𝑨
𝑾𝑾
= 𝐂𝐂 = 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝒚𝒚′ 𝐬𝐬 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝒘𝒘 𝑨𝑨 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 𝒇𝒇
⇒ 𝒗𝒗 =
𝒇𝒇′ 𝑷𝑷 𝑳𝑳 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇
= 𝒊𝒊 = 𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡 𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩 𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥
𝑳𝑳

Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL


⇒ 𝒗𝒗 = 𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝒊𝒊 Chezy’s Formula 6
Minor energy losses

Sudden Enlargement:
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 − 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 = = 𝟏𝟏 −
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐

Sudden Contraction:
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒄𝒄 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 = 𝑲𝑲
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
𝑲𝑲 = 𝒇𝒇 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 7
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Minor energy losses

Loss of head at entrance of pipe:


𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
At exit of pipe:
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Due to bend in pipe:
𝑲𝑲 = 𝒇𝒇 𝜽𝜽, 𝒌𝒌/𝑫𝑫, 𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒃𝒃 = 𝑲𝑲
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝒌𝒌/𝑫𝑫 = 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 8
Due to obstruction:
𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 = ×
𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑨𝑨 − 𝒂𝒂 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑨𝑨 − 𝒂𝒂
𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 = 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 =
𝑨𝑨

In pipe fitting:
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝑲𝑲 𝑲𝑲 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL 9

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