Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
CONTINUES
Equivalent Roughness
𝐌𝐌

� 𝐀𝐀𝒊𝒊 = 𝐀𝐀𝟏𝟏 + 𝐀𝐀𝟐𝟐 … … … + 𝐀𝐀 𝒊𝒊 … … … . 𝐀𝐀𝐍𝐍 = 𝑨𝑨

𝐢𝐢=𝟏𝟏
= 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨

𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐 = 𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = ⋯ = 𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊 … … … = 𝑽𝑽𝐍𝐍 = 𝐕𝐕

𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 𝐧𝐧𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 𝒏𝒏𝟑𝟑 𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊 𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊 𝐕𝐕𝑵𝑵 𝐧𝐧𝑵𝑵 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕
𝑺𝑺𝐨𝐨 = 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
= 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
= 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
= ⋯ = 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 … … . . = 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
𝐑𝐑 𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝑹 𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐑
𝒊𝒊

𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑

𝐕𝐕𝒊𝒊 = (𝐀𝐀/𝐏𝐏)𝒊𝒊 𝑺𝑺𝐨𝐨
𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊
⇒ 𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊 ∝ 𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊

𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
𝑨𝑨𝐢𝐢 𝟑𝟑 𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐢 𝐏𝐏𝐢𝐢
⇒ =
𝐀𝐀 𝐧𝐧 𝐏𝐏 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
⁄
� 𝒏𝒏𝟑𝟑𝒊𝒊 𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊
⁄
𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑/𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊 � 𝐧𝐧𝟑𝟑𝐢𝐢 𝟐𝟐 𝐏𝐏𝐢𝐢
⇒ 𝑨𝑨𝒊𝒊 = 𝐀𝐀 ⇒ � 𝐀𝐀 𝐢𝐢 = 𝑨𝑨 = 𝑨𝑨 ⇒ 𝐧𝐧 =
𝐧𝐧 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝒏𝒏𝟑𝟑⁄𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐⁄𝟑𝟑 3
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Problem:1
An earthen trapezoidal channel (n = 0.025) has a bottom width of 5.0 m, side slopes of 1.5 horizontal: 1 vertical
and a uniform flow depth of 1.10 m. In an economic study to remedy excessive seepage from the canal two
proposals, a) to line the sides only and, b) to line the bed only are considered. If the lining is of smooth
concrete (n = 0.012), calculate the equivalent roughness in the above two cases.

Solution: 𝒏𝒏 = 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓

a) To line the sides only

𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎,

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝑷𝑷 = 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 + 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
⁄ 𝟐𝟐
� 𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑
⇒ 𝐧𝐧 = ⇒ 𝐧𝐧 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐⁄𝟑𝟑 𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
4
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
b) To line the bed only

𝒏𝒏 = 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓

𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐, 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐,

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝑷𝑷 = 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 + 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑⁄𝟐𝟐
� 𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊
⇒ 𝐧𝐧 =
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐⁄𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐
𝟓𝟓 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑
⇒ 𝐧𝐧 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 5
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Problem:2
A triangular channel with an apex angle of 750 carries a flow of 1.20 m3/sec at a depth of 0.80 m. If
the bed slope is S0 = 0.009, find the roughness coefficient n of the channel.

Solution:
𝒚𝒚𝟎𝟎 = 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎

𝟏𝟏 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝑨𝑨 = × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝑨𝑨 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑹𝑹 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎
𝑷𝑷 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑
𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑸𝑸 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐
6
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
A steady non-uniform flow in a prismatic channel with
gradual changes in its water surface elevation is termed
as Gradually varied flow (GVF).

Example: Backwater curve behind dam.

Derivation of GVF Equation
𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 ≠ 𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝐇𝐇 = 𝐳𝐳 + 𝐄𝐄 = 𝐳𝐳 + 𝐲𝐲 +
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒛𝒛 𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 S0 = Bed slope (Decreases in direction of flow)
⇒ = + +
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 Sf = energy slope always decreases along the flow
direction
𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐
⇒ −𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 = −𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 + +
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 (−𝟐𝟐)𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨
⇒ −𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 = −𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 + +
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Derivation of GVF Equation

𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝑨𝑨 𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚

⇒ −𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 = −𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 + + −
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅𝒙𝒙

𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚

⇒ −𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇 = −𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 + − 𝑻𝑻
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒅𝒙𝒙

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎 − 𝑺𝑺𝒇𝒇

=
𝒅𝒅𝒙𝒙 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝑻 Equation of GVF
𝟏𝟏 −
𝒈𝒈𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑