HI!

MY NAME IS TEACHER
ELAH!

Full Name: Mecaelah S. Palaganas

Age: 22 yrs old
Profession: Chemical Engineer
Hobbies: Watching YouTube vlogs, listening to music, playing musical
instruments
Favorite color: Pink
Favorite subject: Math and Science
Unique fact about me: I really love coffee!!!
Full Name:
Age:
Hobbies:
Favorite color:
Favorite subjects:
Unique fact about me:

HOW ABOUT YOU?

1. Listen carefully.
2. Raise your hand if your have questions.
3. Participate.
4. Have fun!

OUR CLASS RULES:

Welcome to the
World of
Chemistry
 The
The Language
Language of
of Chemistry
Chemistry
• The elements,
their names, and
symbols are given
on the
PERIODIC
TABLE
• How many
elements are
there? 117 elements have been identified

• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth

Examples: gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon
•35 elements have been created by scientists
Examples: technetium, americium, seaborgium
The Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

Glenn Seaborg
(1912-1999)
• Discovered 8
new elements.
• Only living
person for
whom an
element was
named.
Types of Observations and
Measurements
• We make QUALITATIVE
observations of reactions —
changes in color and physical
state.
• We also make QUANTITATIVE
MEASUREMENTS, which involve
numbers.
–Use SI units — based on the
metric system
 Chemistry In Action
On 9/23/99, $125,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter entered Mars’
atmosphere 100 km lower than planned and was destroyed by
heat.

1 lb = 1 N
1 lb = 4.45 N

“This is going to be the

cautionary tale that will be
embedded into introduction
to the metric system in
elementary school, high
school, and college science
courses till the end of time.”
 Standards of Measurement

When we measure, we use a measuring tool to

compare some dimension of an object to a standard.
For example, at one time the
standard for length was the
king’s foot. What are some
problems with this standard?
 What is Scientific Notation?

• Scientific notation is a way of

expressing really big numbers or
really small numbers.
• For very large and very small
numbers, scientific notation is
more concise.
Scientific notation consists of
two parts:
• A number between 1 and 10

• A power of 10

N x 10x
 To change standard form to
scientific notation…
• Step 1: Place the decimal point so that there
is 1 non-zero digit to the left of the decimal
point.
• Step 2: Count the number of decimal places
the decimal point has “moved” from the
original number. This will be the exponent
on the 10.
• Step 3: If the original number was less than
1, then the exponent is negative. If the
original number was greater than 1, then the
exponent is positive.
 Examples

• Given: 289,800,000
• Use: 2.898 (moved 8 places)
• Answer: 2.898 x 108

• Given: 0.000567
• Use: 5.67 (moved 4 places)
• Answer: 5.67 x 10-4
 To change scientific notation
to standard form…
• Simply move the decimal point to
the right for positive exponent 10.
• Move the decimal point to the left
for negative exponent 10.

(Use zeros to fill in places.)

 Example

• Given: 5.093 x 106

• Answer: 5,093,000 (moved 6
places to the right)

• Given: 1.976 x 10- 4

• Answer: 0.0001976 (moved 4
places to the left)
 Learning Check

• Express these numbers in

Scientific Notation:

1) 405789 1) 4.1 x 105

2) 0.003872 2) 3.9 x 10 -3
3) 2 3) 2.0 x 100
4) 0.478260 4) 4.8 x 10-1
 Stating a Measurement

In every measurement there is a

Number followed by a

 Unit from a measuring device

The number should also be as precise as the measurement!
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Use SI units — based on the metric
system
Length Meter, m

Mass Kilogram, kg

Volume Liter, L

Time Seconds, s
Celsius degrees, ˚C
Temperature
kelvins, K
 Learning Check

Match L) length M) mass V) volume

M A.
____ A bag of tomatoes is 4.6 kg.
L
____ B. A person is 2.0 m tall.
M
____ C. A medication contains 0.50 g Aspirin.
V
____ D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water.
 Metric Prefixes
• Kilo- means 1000 of that unit
– 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)
• Centi- means 1/100 of that unit
– 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)
• Milli- means 1/1000 of that unit
– 1 Liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
Metric Prefixes
 Learning Check

1. 1000 m = 1 ___ a) mm b) km c) dm

2. 0.001 g = 1 ___ a) mg b) kg c) dg

3. 0.1 L = 1 ___ a) mL b) cL c) dL

4. 0.01 m = 1 ___ a) mm b) cm c) dm
 Conversion Factors

Fractions in which the numerator and

denominator are EQUAL quantities expressed
in different units
Example: 1 in. = 2.54 cm

Factors: 1 in. and 2.54 cm

2.54 cm 1 in.
 Learning Check

Write conversion factors that relate each of

the following pairs of units:
1. Liters and mL

2. Hours and minutes

3. Meters and kilometers

 How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

Conversion factor

2.5 hr x 60 min = 150 min

1 hr

cancel
By using dimensional analysis / factor-label method,
the UNITS ensure that you have the conversion right
side up, and the UNITS are calculated as well as the
numbers!
 Steps to Problem Solving
1. Write down the given amount. Don’t forget the units!
2. Multiply by a fraction.
3. Use the fraction as a conversion factor. Determine if
the top or the bottom should be the same unit as the
given so that it will cancel.
4. Put a unit on the opposite side that will be the new
unit. If you don’t know a conversion between those
units directly, use one that you do know that is a step
toward the one you want at the end.
5. Insert the numbers on the conversion so that the top
and the bottom amounts are EQUAL, but in different
units.
6. Multiply and divide the units (Cancel).
7. If the units are not the ones you want for your answer,
make more conversions until you reach that point.
8. Multiply and divide the numbers. Don’t forget “Please
Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally”! (order of operations)
 Learning Check

A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How

long is the snake in cm?

a) 2440 cm
b) 244 cm
c) 24.4 cm
 Solution

A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How

long is the snake in cm?
b) 244 cm

2.44 m x 100 cm = 244 cm

1m
 Learning Check

How many seconds are in 1.4 days?

Unit plan: days hr min seconds

1.4 days x 24 hr x ??
1 day
 Wait a minute!

What is wrong with the following setup?

1.4 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 sec

24 hr 1 hr 1 min
 Dealing with Two Units

If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters

per minute, how many feet per second is
this?

65 meters 3.28 feet 1 minute

1 minute 1 meter 60 seconds

= 3.5 feet / second

 Temperature Scales
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Kelvin

Anders Celsius
1701-1744

Lord Kelvin
(William Thomson)
1824-1907
 Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Boiling point
of water 212 ˚F 100 ˚C 373 K

180˚F 100˚C 100 K

Freezing point 32 ˚F 0 ˚C 273 K

of water
 Calculations Using
Temperature

•• Generally
Generally require
require temp’s in kelvins
temp’s in kelvins

••TT (K)
(K) == tt (˚C)
(˚C) ++ 273.15
273.15
•• Body
Body temp
temp == 37
37 ˚C
˚C ++ 273
273 == 310
310 K
K
•• Liquid
Liquid nitrogen
nitrogen == -196
-196 ˚C
˚C ++ 273
273 == 77
77 K
K
 Exercise

• Which temperature is colder, 172 K or -75 °C?

 Converting Between the
Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales
 Exercise

• On a summer day the temperature in the

laboratory, as measured on a lab
thermometer, is 28 °C. Express this
temperature on the Fahrenheit scale.
Accuracy and Precision
 Can you hit the bull's-eye?

Three targets
with three
arrows each to
shoot.

How do Both Precise Neither

they accurate but not accurate
and precise accurate nor precise
compare?

Can you define accuracy and precision?

A measurement always has
some degree of uncertainty.
We signify the degree of certainty for
a particular measurement by the
number of significant figures we
record.

So, how do we count significant

figures?
 Significant Figures

The numbers reported in a

measurement are limited by the
measuring tool

Significant figures in a
measurement include the known
digits plus one estimated digit
 Counting Significant Figures

RULE 1. All non-zero digits in a measured number

are significant. Only a zero could indicate that
rounding occurred.
Number of Significant Figures

38.15 cm 4
5.6 ft 2
65.6 lb ___
122.55 m ___
 Leading Zeros

RULE 2. Leading zeros in decimal numbers are

NOT significant.

Number of Significant Figures

0.008 mm 1
0.0156 oz 3
0.0042 lb ____
0.000262 mL ____
 Sandwiched Zeros

RULE 3. Zeros between nonzero numbers are significant.

(They can not be rounded unless they are on an end of a
number.)

Number of Significant Figures

50.8 mm 3

2001 min 4

0.702 lb ____

0.00405 m ____
 Trailing Zeros

RULE 4. Trailing zeros in numbers without

decimals are NOT significant. They are only
serving as place holders.
Number of Significant Figures

25,000 in. 2
200. yr 3
48,600 gal ____
25,005,000 g ____
 Learning Check

A. Which answers contain 3 significant figures?

1) 0.4760 2) 0.00476 3) 4760
B. All the zeros are significant in
1) 0.00307 2) 25.300 3) 2.050 x 103

C. 534,675 rounded to 3 significant figures is

1) 535 2) 535,000 3) 5.35 x 105
 Learning Check

State the number of significant figures in each of the

following:
A. 0.030 m 1 2 3

B. 4.050 L 2 3 4

C. 0.0008 g 1 2 4
D. 3.00 m 1 2 3
Determining Significant Figures
in Calculations

Mathematicians have studied how

uncertainty accumulates and have
designed a set of rules to determine
how many significant figures the
result of a calculation should have.
 Adding and Subtracting

The answer has the same number of decimal

places as the measurement with the fewest
decimal places.

25.2 one decimal place

+ 1.34 two decimal places
26.54
answer 26.5 one decimal place
 Learning Check

In each calculation, round the answer to the

correct number of significant figures.
A. 235.05 + 19.6 + 2.1 =
1) 256.75 2) 256.8 3) 257

B. 58.925 - 18.2 =
1) 40.725 2) 40.73 3) 40.7
 Multiplying and Dividing

Round (or add zeros) to the calculated

answer until you have the same number
of significant figures as the measurement
with the fewest significant figures.
 Learning Check

A. 2.19 X 4.2 =

1) 9 2) 9.2 3) 9.198

B. 4.311 ÷ 0.07 =

1) 61.58 2) 62 3) 60
 Reading a Meterstick

. l2. . . . I . . . . I3 . . . .I . . . . I4. . cm

First digit (known) =2 2.?? cm

Second digit (known) = 0.7 2.7? cm
Third digit (estimated) between 0.05- 0.07
Length reported = 2.75 cm
or 2.74 cm
or 2.76 cm
 Known + Estimated Digits

In 2.76 cm…

• Known digits 2 and 7 are 100% certain

• The third digit 6 is estimated (uncertain)

• In the reported length, all three digits

(2.76 cm) are significant including the
estimated one
 Zero as a Measured Number

. l3. . . . I . . . . I4 . . . . I . . . . I5. . cm
What is the length of the line?
First digit 5.?? cm
Second digit 5.0? cm
Last (estimated) digit is 5.00 cm
 DENSITY

“Which is heavier, a
pound of lead or a
pound of feathers?”
DENSITY - can be defined as the amount of
matter present in a given volume of substance.

mass
mass (g)
(g)
Density 
Density
volume (cm33))
volume (cm

Platinum
Mercury

Aluminum

13.6 g/cm3 21.5 g/cm3 2.7 g/cm3

PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: Mercury
Mercury (Hg)
(Hg) has
has aa density
density
of
of 13.6
13.6 g/cm
g/cm3.. What
3
What is
is the
the mass
mass of of 95
95 mL
mL
of
of Hg
Hg in
in grams?
grams? InIn pounds?
pounds?
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: Mercury
Mercury(Hg)
(Hg)has
hasaadensity
densityof
of
13.6
13.6g/cm
g/cm .. What
33
What is
isthe
themass
massofof 95
95mL
mLofof Hg?
Hg?

First, note that 1 cm3 = 1 mL

Strategy
1. Use density to calc. mass (g) from volume.
2. Convert mass (g) to mass (lb)
Need to know conversion factor
= 454 g / 1 lb
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: Mercury
Mercury(Hg)
(Hg) has
has aadensity
densityof
of13.6
13.6
g/cm
g/cm .. What
33
Whatis
is the
themass
massofof95
95mL
mL of
of Hg?
Hg?

1. Calculate mass using density equation

3 13.6 g
95 cm • = 1.3 x 103 g
cm3
2. Convert mass (g) to mass (lb)

3 1 lb
1.3 x 10 g • = 2.8 lb
454 g
Different Densities of
Substances
Did you know…
Variable density of water
The warmer the water, the more space it
takes up, and the lower its density. When
comparing two samples of water with the
same salinity, or mass, the water sample
with the higher temperature will have a
greater volume, and it will therefore be less
dense.
BUT….

So, this explains why ice cubes float on water.


Well…
Water is unique!!!
As water cools and freezes, it becomes less dense
due to the unique nature of hydrogen bonds.
 Volume Displacement

A solid displaces a matching volume of

water when the solid is placed in water.

33 mL
25 mL
 Learning Check

What is the density (g/cm3) of 48 g of a metal if

the metal raises the level of water in a graduated
cylinder from 25 mL to 33 mL?
1) 0.2 g/ cm3 2) 6 g/m3 3) 252 g/cm3

33 mL
25 mL
 Learning Check

If blood has a density of 1.05 g/mL, how

many liters of blood are donated if 575 g
of blood are given?

1) 0.548 L
2) 1.25 L
3) 1.83 L
 Scientific Method
1. State the problem clearly.
2. Gather information.
3. Form a _hypothesis_.
4. Test the hypothesis.
5. Evaluate the data to form a conclusion.
If the conclusion is valid, then it becomes a
theory. If the theory is found to be true over
along period of time (usually 20+ years) with
no counter examples, it may be considered a
law.
6. Share the results.
 Graphing

• Why do we Graph Data?

• To show the relationship between the
graphed variables
• To gain interpolated and extrapolated
data

– ‘inter’– in between the data points

– ‘extra’ – outside the data points
 Independent & Dependent
Variables
• The Dependent Variable is always
assigned to the y-axis
– Relies on the changes in the independent
variable.
– The dependent variable is what we
measure.
• The independent variable is always
assigned to the x-axis
– Does not rely on another variable.