What is Lambda Expression?

• Lambda is equivalent to a function (method) without a name.

• Lambda’s are also referred as Anonymous functions.

• Method parameters
• Method Body
• Return Type
• Lambdas are not tied to any class like a regular method.
• Lambda can also be assigned to variable and passed around.
 Syntax of the Lambda Expression
Lambda Expression:
( ) -> { }

Lambda Arrow Lambda Body

Input
Parameters
Usages of Lambda

• Lambda is mainly used to implement Functional Interfaces(SAM).

@FunctionalInterface

public interface Comparator<T> {
int compare(T o1, T o2);

}

@FunctionalInterface

public interface Runnable {

public abstract void run();

}

Lets code our first Lambda!
Implement Runnable using Lambda
Lambda in Practice ( Things to keep in
Mind)

( ) -> Single Statement or Expression; // curly braces are not

needed.

( )-> { <Multiple Statements> }; // curly braces are needed for

multiple //statements
Lambdas vs Legacy Java(until Java7)
Legacy:
Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

System.out.println("Inside Runnable 1");

}

};

Java 8:
Runnable runnableLambda = () -> {System.out.println("Inside Runnable
2");};
Functional Interfaces

• Exists since Java 1.0

Definition:
• A Functional Interface(SAM) is an interface that has exactly one abstract
method.

@FunctionalInterface:
• This annotation is introduced as part of the JDK 1.8.

• Optional annotation to signify an interface as Functional Interface.

New Functional Interfaces in Java8
• Consumer

• Predicate

• Function

• Supplier
New Functional Interfaces in Java8
• Consumer – BiConsumer

• Predicate - BiPredicate

• Function – BiFunction, UnaryOperator, BinaryOperator

• Supplier
New Functional Interfaces in Java8
• Consumer – IntConsumer, DoubleConsumer, LongConsumer

• Predicate – IntPredicate, BiPredicate, LongPredicate

• Function – IntFunction, DoubleFunction,

LongFunction,IntToDoubleFunction,
IntoLongFunction,DoubletoIntFunction,
DoubletoLongFunction,LongtoIntFunction,
LongtoDoubleFunction,ToIntFunction,
ToDoubleFunction,ToLongFunction

• Supplier – IntSupplier, LongSupplier, DoubleSupplier, BooleanSupplier

Method Reference

• Introduced as part of Java 8 and its purpose is to simplify the

implementation Functional Interfaces.

• Shortcut for writing the Lambda Expressions.

• Refer a method in a class.

Syntax of Method Reference

ClassName::instance-methodName

ClassName::static-methodName

Instance::methodName
Where to use Method Reference?
• Lambda expressions referring to a method directly.

Using Lambda:
Function<String,String> toUpperCaseLambda = (s)->s.toUpperCase();

Using Method Reference:

Function<String,String> toUpperCaseMethodRefernce =
String::toUpperCase;
Where Method Reference is not
Applicable ?

Example:
Predicate<Student> predicateUsingLambda = (s) -> s.getGradeLevel()>=3;
Constructor Reference
• Introduced as part of Java 1.8

Syntax:
Classname::new
Example:
Supplier<Student> studentSupplier = Student::new;

Invalid:
Student student = Student::new; // compilation issue
Lambdas and Local Variables
What is a Local variable ?
• Any variable that is declared inside a method is called a local
variable.

• Lambdas have some restrictions on using local variables:

• Not allowed to use the same the local variable name as
lambda parameters or inside the lambda body.
• Not allowed re-assign a value to a local variable.

• No restrictions on instance variables.

Local Variables – Not Allowed
Repeated Variable Name:
• Variable i is declared in the same scope and used as a parameter
in Lambda.
• You cannot use the same variable as a lambda parameter or inside
the lambda body.

Same Variable as Input:

int i=0; //Repeated varibale name not allowed

Consumer<Integer> c1 = (i) -> {
System.out.println(i+value);

};
Local Variables – Not Allowed

Same Variable as Lambda parameter:

int i=0;
Consumer<Integer> c1 = (i) -> { //Repeated variable name not
allowed
System.out.println(i+value);

};
Same Variable in Lambda Body:
int i=0;
Consumer<Integer> c1 = (a) -> {

int i=0; //Repeated variable name not allowed

System.out.println(i+value);

};
Local Variables – Not Allowed
• Not allowed to modify the value inside the lamda
int value =4;

Consumer<Integer> c1 = (a) -> {

//value=6; //reassigning not allowed

// System.out.println(i+value);

};
Effectively Final
• Lambda’s are allowed to use local variables but not allowed to
modify it even though they are not declared final. This concept is
called Effectively Final.

• Not allowed to modify the value inside the lamda

int value =4;

Consumer<Integer> c1 = (a) -> {

//value=6; //reassigning not allowed

// System.out.println(i+value);

};

• Prior to Java 8 , any variable that’s used inside the anonymous

class should be declared final.
Advantages of Effectively Final:

• Easy to perform concurrency operations.

• Promotes Functional Programming and demotes the

Imperative style programming.
Introduction to Streams API:
• Introduced as part of Java8

• Main purpose is to perform some Operation on Collections.

• Parallel operations are easy to perform with Streams API

without having to spawn a multiple threads.

• Streams API can be also used with arrays or any kind of I/O .
What is a Stream ?
• Stream is a sequence of elements which can be created out of
a collections such as List or Arrays or any kind of I/O resources
and etc.,

List<String> names = Arrays.asList("adam","dan","jenny");


names.stream(); // creates a stream


• Stream operations can be performed either sequentially or

parallel.
names.parallelStream(); // creates a parallel stream
How Stream API Works ?
Collections and Streams

Collections Streams

Can add or modify elements at any point of time. Cannot add or modify elements in the stream. It
For Example: is a fixed data set.
List -> list.add(<element>)
Elements in the collection can be accessed in any Elements in the Stream can be accessed only in
order. Use appropriate methods based on the sequence.
collection.
For Example:
List -> list.get(4);

Collection is eagerly constructed. Streams are lazily constructed.

Collections and Streams

Collections Streams

Collections can be traversed “n” number of Streams can be traversed only once.
times.

Performs External Iteration to iterate through Performs Internal Iteration to iterate through the
the elements. elements.
Stream API : map()
• map : Convert(transform) one type to another.

• Don’t get confused this with Map Collection.



Stream API : flatMap()
• flatMap : Converts(Transforms) one type to another as like
map() method
• Used in the context of Stream where each element in the
stream represents multiple elements.
Example:
• Each Stream element represents multiple elements.
• Stream<List>
• Steam<Arrays>
Stream API – distinct() , count() and
sorted()
• distinct – Returns a stream with unique elements

• count – Returns a long with the total no of elements in the

Stream.

• sorted - Sort the elements in the stream

Stream API – filter()
• filter – filters the elements in the stream.

Input to the filter is a Predicate Functional Interface.

Streams API - reduce()
• reduce – This is a terminal operation. Used to reduce the
contents of a stream to a single value.

• It takes two parameters as an input.

• First parameters – default or initial value
• Second Parameter – BinaryOperator<T>
Stream API : Max/Min using reduce()
• max -> Maximum(largest) element in the stream.

• min -> Minimum(smallest) element in the stream.

Stream API : limit() and skip()
• These two function helps to create a sub-stream.

• limit(n) – limits the “n” numbers of elements to be processed

in the stream.

• skip(n) – skips the “n” number of elements from the stream.

Streams API : anyMatch(), allMatch() ,
noneMatch()
• All these functions takes in a predicate as an input and returns
a Boolean as an output.

• anyMatch()- Returns true if any one of the element matches the

predicate, otherwise false.
• allMatch() - Returns true if all the element in the stream matches the
predicate, otherwise false.
• noneMatch() – Just opposite to allMatch(). Returns true if none of the
element in the stream matches the predicate, otherwise false.
Streams API : findFirst() and findAny()
• Used to find an element in the stream.

• Both the functions returns the result of type Optional.

• findFirst() – Returns first element in the stream.

• findAny() – Returns the first encountered element in the
stream.
Streams API - Short Circuiting
What is Short Circuiting ?
Examples of Short Circuiting:
Example 1:
if(boolean1 && boolean2){ //AND
//body
}
• If the first expression evaluates to false then the second expression
wont even execute.
Example 2:
if(boolean1 || boolean2){ //OR
//body
}
• If the first expression evaluates to true then the second expression
wont even execute.
 Streams API Short Circuit
functions

anyMatch()
findFirst()
limit() allMatch()
findAny()
noneMatch()

• All these functions does not have to iterate the whole stream
to evaluate the result.
Streams API : Stateful vs Stateless
• Does Streams have an internal state?
• Yes
• Does all the Stream functions maintain an internal state ?
• No
What is a State in Streams API ?
Converts a List<Student> to List<String>
private static List<String> namesUpperCase(List<Student> names){

List<String> namesUpperCase = names.stream()
.map(Student::getName)
.map(String::toUpperCase) (Stream State) (Stream
Pipeline)
.collect(toList());


return namesUpperCase;

}
Intermediate Operations
• Stateful functions
• distinct()
• sorted()
• skip()
• limit()
• Stateless functions
• map()
• filter(), etc.,
Stateful functions:

Convert List<Student> to List<String>

public static List<String> printUniqueStudentActivities() {



List<String> studentActivities = StudentDataBase.getAllStudents()

.stream()

.map(Student::getActivities)

.flatMap(List::stream)

.distinct() // needs the state of the previously processed elements

.sorted() // needs the state of the previously processed elements

.collect(toList());

return studentActivities;



}
Stateless Functions:
Convert List<Student> to List<String>

private static List<String> namesUpperCase(List<Student> names){


List<String> namesUpperCase = names.stream() //Stream<Student>

.map(Student::getName) //Stream<String> - stateless

.map(String::toUpperCase) // Stream<String> -> UpperCase -
stateless

.collect(toList()); // returns List - stateless
return namesUpperCase;

}
Streams API – Factory methods
• Of()
• generate()
• iterate()
Streams API – of(), iterate() and
generate()
• Of() -> Creates a stream of certain values passed to this method.
Example:
Stream<String> stringStream = Stream.of(“adam”,”dan”,”Julie”);

iterate(), generate() -> Used to create infinite Streams.

Example:
Stream.iterate(1, x->x*2)

Example:
Stream.generate(<Supplier>)
Numeric Streams
Represents the primitive values in a Stream.
• IntStream
• LongStream
• DoubleStream
Numeric Stream Ranges:
Int Stream:
IntStream.range(1,50) -> Returns an IntStream of 49 elements from 1
to 49.
IntStream.rangeClosed(1,50) -> Returns an IntStream of 50 elements
from 1 to 50.
Long Stream:
LongStream.range(1,50) -> Returns a LongStream of 49 elements from
1 to 49.
LongStream.rangeClosed(1,50) -> Returns a LongStream of 50 elements
from 1 to 50.
DoubleStream:
- It does not support the range ()and rangeClosed().
Numeric Stream – Aggregate Functions
• sum()
• max()
• min()
• average()
Numeric Streams : Boxing() and
UnBoxing()
Boxing():
• Converting a primitive type to Wrapper Class type
Example:
• Converting an int (primitive) to Integer(wrapper).

UnBoxing():
• Converting a Wrapper Class type to primitive type.
Example:
• Converting an Integer(wrapper) to int(primitive).
Numeric Streams – mapToObj(), mapToLong(),
mapToDouble()

• mapToObj –> Convert a each element numeric stream to some

Object.

• mapToLong –> Convert a numeric stream to a Long Stream.

• mapToDouble –> Convert a numeric stream to a Double

Stream.
Stream Terminal Operations
• Terminal Operations collects the data for you.
• Terminal Operations starts the whole stream pipeline.

• Terminal Operations:
• forEach()
• min()
• max()
• reduce()
• collect() and etc.
Terminal Operation – collect()

• The collect() method takes in an input of type Collector.

• Produces the result as per the input passed to the collect()

method.
Terminal Operations – joining()

• joining() Collector performs the String concatenation on the

elements in the stream.

• joining() has three different overloaded versions.

Terminal Operations – counting()

• counting() Collector returns the total number of elements as a

result.
Terminal Operation – mapping()
• mapping() collector applies a transformation function first and
then collects the data in a collection( could be any type of
collection)
Terminal Operations – maxBy() ,
minBy()
• Comparator as an input parameter and Optional as an output.
• maxBy()
• This collector is used in conjunction with comparator. Returns the max
element based on the property passed to the comparator.

• minBy()
• This collector is used in conjunction with comparator. Returns the
smallest element based on the property passed to the comparator.
Terminal Operations – summingInt(),
averagingInt()

• summingInt() – this collector returns the sum as a result.

• averagingInt() – this collector returns the average as a result.

Terminal Operations - groupingBy()
• groupingBy() collector is equivalent to the groupBy() operation in SQL.

• Used to group the elements based on a property.

• The output of the groupingBy() is going to be a Map<K,V>

• There are three different versions of groupingBy().

• groupingBy(classifier)
• groupingBy(classifier,downstream)
• groupingBy(classifier,supplier,downstream)
Terminal Operations – partitioningBy()
• partitioningBy() collector is also a kind of groupingBy().

• paritioningBy() accepts a predicate as an input.

• Return type of the collector is going to be Map<K,V>

• The key of the return type is going to be a Boolean.
• There are two different versions of partitioningBy()
• partitioningBy(predicate)
• partitioningBy(predicate,downstream) // downstream -> could be of any
collector
Introduction to Parallel Streams


What is a Parallel Stream ?


• Splits the source of data in to multiple parts.

• Process them parallelly.
• Combine the result.
How to Create a Parallel Stream ?
Sequential Stream:
IntStream.rangeClosed(1,1000)

.sum();

Parallel Stream:
IntStream.rangeClosed(1,1000)
.parallel()

.sum();
How Parallel Stream works ?
• Parallel Stream uses the Fork/Join framework that got
introduced in Java 7.

How many Threads are created ?

• Number of threads created == number of processors available in the
machine.
Introduction to Optional
• Introduced as part of Java 8 to represent a Non-Null value

• Avoids Null Pointer Exception and Unnecessary Null Checks.

• Inspired from the new languages such as scala , groovy etc.,

Default and Static Methods in Interfaces
Interfaces in Java - Prior Java 8:

• Define the contract.

• Only allowed to declare the method. Not allowed to implement

a method in Interface.

• Implementation is only allowed in the Implementation class.

• Not easy for an interface to evolve.

Default Methods – Java 8
• default keyword is used to identify a default method in an interface.

Example from List Interface:

default void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {

Object[] a = this.toArray();

Arrays.sort(a, (Comparator) c);

ListIterator<E> i = this.listIterator();

for (Object e : a) {

i.next();

i.set((E) e);

}

}

• Prior to Java 8 we normally use Collections.sort() to perform the similar

operation.
• Can be overridden in the Implementation class.
• Used to evolve the Interfaces in Java.
Static Methods – Java 8
• Similar to default methods.

• This cannot be overridden by the implementation classes.

Abstract Classes vs Interfaces in Java 8
• Instance variables are not allowed in Interfaces.

• A class can extend only one class but a class can implement
multiple interfaces.
Does this enable Multiple Inheritance in
Java?
• Yes

• This was never possible before Java 8.

Introduction to New Date/Time
Libraries
• LocalDate, LocalTime and LocalDateTime and part of the java.time
package.

• These new classes are created with the inspiration from the Joda-
Time library.

• All the new time libraries are Immutable.

• Supporting classes like Instant, Duration,Period and etc.

• Date, Calendar prior to Java 8.

LocalDate: Used to represent the date.

LocalTime: Used to represent the time.

LocalDateTime: Used to represent the date and time.

Period:
• Period is a date-based representation of time in Days , Months
and Years and is part of the java.time package.

• Compatible with LocalDate.

• It represents a Period of Time not just a specific date and time.

Example:
Period period1 = Period.ofDays(10); // represents a Period of 10 days
Period period2 = Period.ofYears(20); // represents a Period of 20 years
Period : Use-Case
• Mainly used calculate the difference between the two
dates.

Example:
LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.of(2018,01,01);

LocalDate localDate1 = LocalDate.of(2018,01,31);
Period period = Period.between(localDate,localDate1); // calculates the difference
between the two dates
Duration
• A time based representation of time in hours ,
minutes, seconds and nanoseconds.
• Compatible with LocalTime and LocalDateTime
• It represents a duration of time not just a specific
time.

Example:
Duration duration1 = Duration.ofHours(3);; // represents the duration of 3 hours
Duration duration1 = Duration. ofMinutes(3); // represents the duration of 3 minutes
Duration : Use-Case
• It can be used to calculate the difference between the time
objects such as LocalTime and LocalDateTime.
Example:
LocalTime localTime = LocalTime.of(7,20);

LocalTime localTime1 = LocalTime.of(8,20);
Duration duration = Duration.between(localTime,localTime1);
Instant:
• Represent the time in a machine readable format.

Example:
Instant ins = Instant.now();

- Represents the time in seconds from January 01,1970(EPOCH)

to current time as a huge number.
Time Zones
• ZonedDateTime, ZoneID, ZoneOffset

• ZonedDateTime - Represents the date/time with its time

zone.
Example:
2018-07-18T08:04:14.541-05:00[America/Chicago]

ZoneOffset-> -05:00
ZoneId -> America/Chicago
DateTimeFormatter
• Introduced in Java 8 and part of the java.time.format
package.

• Used to parse and format the LocalDate, LocalTime and

LocalDateTime.
Parse and Format
• parse - Converting a String to a LocalDate/LocalTime/
LocalDateTime.

• format - Converting a LocalDate/LocalTime/LocalDateTime to

a String.